Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Deep Foundations VFinal

www.geotecnia.unb.
br/gpfees
Summer Term 2015

Hochschule Munchen
Fakultat Bauingenieurwesen
Bearing Capacity and Settlement

of Deep Foundations
www.geotecnia.unb.br/gpfees
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LAYOUT
Bearing Capacity: Theory and Design Table Data
Settlement: Theory and Design Table Data

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Theoretical Methods for Bearing Capacity

Undrained behavior total Drained behavior effective
stress method stress method
(short time) (long time)
Saturated clays Unsaturated clays and sands
Alfa method Beta method

Nc 9 (5 Nc 9) Nq function of
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Short Time - Undrained

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Factor
Ca = .Cu
Poulos et al. 2001

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Long Time - Drained
b
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Factor b
Poulos (1989)
7
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Factor b
Poulos et al. 2001

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Factor b
Poulos et al. 2001

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Bearing capacity
factor Nq
(Poulos Berezantzev)
10
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Recomendations from
Prof. H.G. Poulos
a and K K s
11
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Practical Usage Tables
Stas and Kullawhy / and K/K0 Values

Table 5: Lateral unit friction for driven piles
Table 6: Lateral unit friction for bored piles
Table 7.3: ultimate lateral unit friction for driven piles in sand
Table 7.6: ultimate unit point resistance for driven piles in sand
Table 9: Unit point resistance
(fs = unit lateral friction.; fb = unit point resistance

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Stas & Kulhawy (1984)
13
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14
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Recognized Brazilian Empirical Methods via SPT
Aoki & Velloso, 1975 (general)
Dcourt & Quaresma, 1978 & 1996 (general)
Antunes & Cabral, 1986 (CFA piles)
Dcourt empirical equations for Drilled caissons
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

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Aoki & Velloso (1975)
20
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Original Values
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Some sugestions after publication

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Dcourt & Quaresma (1978) & (1996)

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1996 modification
QP Abase.q p .
QL Alateral.qs .b
Soil Type TYPE OF PILE
Bored Bored CFA Pali Micropile
with fluid radice injected
injected
Clays 0.85 0.85 0.30 0.85 1.0
Intermediate
Sands
0.60
0.50
0.60
0.50
0.30
0.30
0.60
0.50
1.0
1.0
()
Soil Type TYPE OF PILE

Bored Bored CFA Pali Micropile
with fluid radice injected
injected
Clays 0.80 0.90 1.0 1.5 3.0
Intermediate 0.65 0.75 1.0 1.5 3.0
Sands 0.50 0.60 1.0 1.5 3.0

(b)
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Tropical collapsible soil of Braslia

(few load tests @ experimental site)
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Some important remarks from Brazilian practice
Bored Piles: It is common to allow only 20% of the total capacity

of the pile to be resisted by its base
Rbase + Rlateral = Rtotal, Rbase < 20% Rtotal
Injected Piles: It is common to neglect full base resistance;
Drilled caissons: It is common to neglect full lateral resistance

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Antunes & Cabral (1986)
.D 2
Qult b1.N SPT . .D.L b 2 .N SPT
4
where: D = pile diameter; L = pile length, NSPT = SPT blow counts; Qult =
ultimate bearing capacity of the pile; and b1.NSPT and b2. NSPT are in kPa.
Empirical parameters for Antunes & Cabral (1996) methodology.

______________________________________________
Soil Type b1 (%) b2 (non dim)
______________________________________________
Sand 4.0 to 5.0 2.0 to 2.5
Silt 2.5 to 3.5 1.0 to 2.0
Clay 2.0 to 3.5 1.0 to 1.5
_____________________________________________
28
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Cunha et al. (2006): Tropical soil of the Brazilian Center (pile

load tests in Braslia and Goinia) CFA piles
3000
45 Line
Measured Ultimate Load (kN)

+10% Error Line
-10% Error Line
2000 Aoki-Velloso (Adjusted)
Dcourt-Quaresma (Adjusted)
Antunes-Cabral (Adjusted)
1000 Krez-Rocha (Adjusted)
Gotlieb et al. (Adjusted)
0
0 1000 2000 3000
Estimated Ultimate Load (kN)
Final adjusted empirical parameters for Dcourt & Quaresma and

Antunes & Cabral methodologies.
______________________________________________
Soil Type b1 (%) b2 D bD
______________________________________________
Sand 4.4 2.2 -- --
Silt 2.9 1.4 -- --
Clay 2.6 1.2 -- --
Any Soil Type -- -- 0.21 1.13
_____________________________________________
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Drilled Caissons
Qallowable at base = qbf x Abase (soil)
Qallowable at base = Ab x qba, where qba 0.33 fck (rock)
or qba 1/5 to 1/8 qu (rock)
Dcourt et al, (1996)
Dcourt (1992): Generalized usage:

quc = NSPT/40 (MPa)
Dcourt (1995): Saturated clays, not laterized
quc = 0,08NSPT (MPa)
where quc = ultimate unit point resistance

NSPT = Blow counts from Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
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Piles under Traction

Unit values of resistance
fb = 0 (base), 0.7 fs-traction/fs-compression 1.0
pile weight must be included
RLt/RLc (De Nicola e Randolph (1993)

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End Bearing via CPT Test

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Pile Group
Efficiency
Clays: 1 for large center to center spacings (floating and

end bearing piles)
< 1 for low center to center spacings (floating piles)
Sands: 1 floating and end bearing piles
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Empirical Formulae
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Floating Pile in Clay
Group capacity is the lower result of:

individual capacities
Capacity of a composite block
of soil and piles
More realistically:
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Floating pile in Sand

Driven Piles: = 1 in design ( maximum for s/d between 1.3 & 2)
Bored Piles: 0.7
Summary:
36
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Definition of Settlement
Total
Differential
Angular distortion

b
L
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Types of Settlement
Immediate, drained or Short Undrained or Long Time
Time
Saturated Clays, undrained soils
Sands, drained soils and
unsaturated soils
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Day, 2000
Poulos et al. 2001

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Load Transference Mechanism
Elastic Shortening
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Bulb of Pressure (Martins, 1945)
TOTAL el P F
(Bowles, 1988):
Friction Base
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Elastic method of Poulos & Davis (1990): Mindlins Equation

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a) Equations & general procedure
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b) Load transferred to base

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Theoretical graphics
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47 47
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c) Settlement of isolated pile
PF I F PB I B

Es d Es d
I F I 0 .RK .Rh .R
I B I 0 .RK .Rb .R
48 48
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Gibsian or stratified soils

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General remarks
Major part of settlement is IMMEDIATE settlement, typically > 80 %;
Effect of pile compressibility is most important for long slender piles;
For long compressible piles, settlement is not influenced by the nature of

the bearing stratum tip;
For piles of normal proportions, the load - settlement behaviour is

substantially linear at normal working loads;
Nonlinearity becomes important for piles which derive much of their load
capacity from base resistance eg large diameter drilled piers.
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Parameters for the Elastic Method

Poulos & Davis (1990)
and Poulos (1999)
52 52
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53 53
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Method of the Equivalent Raft

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Method of the Equivalent Pile

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REFERENCES
Velloso, D.A. & Lopes, R.F. (2002). Fundaes-Volume 2

(Fundaes Profundas). Editora COPPE-UFRJ. 472 p.
Day, R.W. (2006). Foundation Engineering Handbook. ASCE Press
Bowles, J.E. (1988). Foundation Analysis and Design. McGraw Hill
Company. New York. 4th. Edition. 1004 p.
Hachich et al. (1996). Fundaes: Teoria e Prtica. Editora PINI
Ltda. So Paulo, 1. Verso. 751 p.
Poulos, H.G. (1999). Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations.
Handouts from the Foundation Course Univ. of Sydney
Poulos, H.G. & Davis, E. H. (1990) Pile Foundation Analysis and
Design. Robert E. Krieker Pub. Company, Inc., Florida, 397 p.
Cunha, R.P. (1996). Foundations. Handouts from the Foundation
Course - Universidade de Braslia, 477 p.
Poulos, H.G, Carter, J.P., Small, J.C. (2001). Foundations and
Retaining Structures. XV ICSMGE, Instanbul, State of Art

Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Deep Foundations VFinal

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www.geotecnia.unb.

Summer Term 2015

Bearing Capacity and Settlement

Bearing Capacity: Theory and Design Table Data

Settlement: Theory and Design Table Data

Theoretical Methods for Bearing Capacity

Saturated clays Unsaturated clays and sands

Alfa method Beta method

Short Time - Undrained

Poulos et al. 2001

Long Time - Drained

Poulos et al. 2001

Poulos et al. 2001

Practical Usage Tables

Stas and Kullawhy / and K/K0 Values

(fs = unit lateral friction.; fb = unit point resistance

Stas & Kulhawy (1984)

Recognized Brazilian Empirical Methods via SPT

Aoki & Velloso, 1975 (general)

Dcourt & Quaresma, 1978 & 1996 (general)

Antunes & Cabral, 1986 (CFA piles)

Dcourt empirical equations for Drilled caissons

Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

Aoki & Velloso (1975)

Some sugestions after publication

Dcourt & Quaresma (1978) & (1996)

Soil Type TYPE OF PILE

Intermediate 0.65 0.75 1.0 1.5 3.0

Sands 0.50 0.60 1.0 1.5 3.0

Tropical collapsible soil of Braslia

Some important remarks from Brazilian practice

Bored Piles: It is common to allow only 20% of the total capacity

Injected Piles: It is common to neglect full base resistance;

Drilled caissons: It is common to neglect full lateral resistance

Antunes & Cabral (1986)

Empirical parameters for Antunes & Cabral (1996) methodology.

Cunha et al. (2006): Tropical soil of the Brazilian Center (pile

Measured Ultimate Load (kN)

-10% Error Line

2000 Aoki-Velloso (Adjusted)

1000 Krez-Rocha (Adjusted)

Gotlieb et al. (Adjusted)

Estimated Ultimate Load (kN)

Final adjusted empirical parameters for Dcourt & Quaresma and

Dcourt et al, (1996)

Dcourt (1992): Generalized usage:

where quc = ultimate unit point resistance

Piles under Traction

RLt/RLc (De Nicola e Randolph (1993)

End Bearing via CPT Test

Clays: 1 for large center to center spacings (floating and

Floating Pile in Clay

Group capacity is the lower result of:

Floating pile in Sand

Poulos et al. 2001

Load Transference Mechanism

Bulb of Pressure (Martins, 1945)

Elastic method of Poulos & Davis (1990): Mindlins Equation

a) Equations & general procedure

b) Load transferred to base

c) Settlement of isolated pile

Gibsian or stratified soils

Major part of settlement is IMMEDIATE settlement, typically > 80 %;

Effect of pile compressibility is most important for long slender piles;