pak india relation 1947--2001

Gleanings from Indo-Pakistan relations

1947
August
14-15: Pakistan and India gain independence respectively.
15: Pakistan replies in affirmative to the telegram of the Prime Minister of Jammu and
Kashmir (dated August 12, 1947) desiring to enter into a standstill agreement with Pakistan
on all issues between the two as had been maintained with the outgoing British-Indian
government.

October
22-24: North-West Frontier tribes pour into Kashmir in reaction to slaughter of Muslims in
Jammu by the Maharajas troops and other anti-Muslim militants in an operation to disarm
Muslims in Kashmir.
26-27: Maharajah of Kashmir writes letter (October 26, 1947) to Indian Governor-General,
Lord Mountbatten seeking help from the Indian dominion against the tribal onslaught and
also attaching the instrument of accession to India. Mountbatten replies (October 27, 1947)
accepting accession in the special circumstances mentioned by the Maharaja, however,
observing that the question of accession should be decided in accordance with the wishes
of the people of the state, it is my governments wish that, as soon as law and order have
been restored in Kashmir and her soil cleared of the invader, the question of the states
accession should be settled by a reference to the people.
November
1: The Governors-General of Pakistan and India, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammed Ali Jinnah and
Lord Louis Mountbatten meet at Lahore to discuss the Kashmir issue. Both agreed to a
plebiscite in Kashmir, however there was a difference on the method. Mr. Jinnah proposed
the plebiscite to be held under the supervision of both Governors-General while Lord
Mountbatten stressed upon a UN sponsored one. The meeting remained inconclusive.
1948
January
1: India lodges complaint in the UN Security Council against Pakistan, accusing the latter of
aiding the tribal attacks into Kashmir. Pakistan denies the accusation and counters that India
is responsible for the genocide of Muslims.
April
13: India launches spring offensive in Kashmir as reported by The Times correspondent at
Srinagar, marking the beginning of first India-Pakistan war over Kashmir. A week later,
Pakistan army units are deployed in defensive positions in Kashmir on the advice of army
chief General Douglas Gracy who apprehends grave threat to Pakistans borders if the Indian
offensive is left unchecked.
21: UN Security Council passes a resolution allowing India to minimum retention of her
forces in Kashmir to aid civil power, and empowering the UN Secretary General to appoint a
Plebiscite Administrator to act as an Officer of the State of Jammu and Kashmir).
July
7: The United Nations Commission on India and Pakistan (UNCIP) arrives in the
subcontinent, landing in Karachi.
August
13: UNCIP adopts a resolution proposing a ceasefire to both the governments of India and
Pakistan.
December
23-25: Indian and Pakistan respectively submit to UNCIP their acceptance.
1949
January
5: UNCIP adopted the resolution, which put into effect the ceasefire between India and
Pakistan in the Kashmir conflict.
July
18: Karachi Declaration signed between India and Pakistan establishing a UN supervised
ceasefire line. The demarcation of Kashmir thus accruing, left India with control of about
139000 square kilometres including Srinagar while Pakistan controlled 83807 square
kilometres including Muzaffarabad, which eventually became the capital of Azad Kashmir.
1950
April
8: Liaquat-Nehru Pact signed between Pakistans premier Liaquat Ali Khan and Indian Prime
Minister Pandit Nehru, which promised safeguards for the minorities in both countries.
1953
July and August
25 &16: Pakistani premier Mohammed Ali Bogra and his Indian counterpart, Pandit Nehru
meet in Karachi and New Delhi respectively in direct negotiations on Kashmir. In a joint
communiqu at the end of the talks, the two leaders re-affirmed that the fate of Kashmir
should be decided in accordance with the wishes of its people as well as that a fair and
impartial plebiscite was the most feasible method of determining the wishes of the people.
1960
September
19: Indus Water Treaty and Indus Basin Development Fund Agreement signed between
Pakistan and India.
[Between December 27, 1962 to May 16, 1963: six rounds of inconclusive talks between
India and Pakistan at the ministerial level]
1965
January [Border skirmishes between Indian and Pakistani troop increase in frequency in the
Rann of Kutch]
April
9: Large scale fighting erupts in Rann of Kutch.
May
17: Indian troops cross ceasefire line in Kashmir and occupy 3 Pakistani posts in the Kargil
area.
June
30: Indian troops withdraw from Kargil posts on UN and US urgings. Pakistans President
Ayub Khan and Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri of Indian sign agreement to resolve
disputes peacefully, at the London Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference.
August
5: Armed Azad Kashmiris enter Indian Kashmir to assist local in their ongoing agitation.
India labels them regular Pakistani troops in disguise.
16: Indian troops re-occupy Pakistans Kargil posts.
23: Indian artillery shelling on Awan Sharif village in West Pakistan leaves twenty civilians
dead.
30: Indian claim capture of nine important Pakistani positions in Azad Kashmir.
September
1: Azad Kashmir forces assisted by the Pakistan Army cross the ceasefire line into Indian
Kashmir, occupying two posts in Chhamb, as announced by the Pakistan government from
Rawalpindi, to forestall further Indian aggression.
5: Pakistani and Azad Kashmiri forces occupy Jaurian near Akhnur in Indian Kashmir.
6: Indian forces launch full-scale attack on West Pakistan targeting Lahore, thus triggering
the second Indo Pakistan war.
23: UN sponsored ceasefire comes into effect.
1966
January
4-10: Peace conference at Tashkent in Uzbekistan, under USSR sponsorship, between
Pakistans President Ayub Khan and Indian Premier Lal Bahadur Shastri produces the
Tashkent Declaration both countries would withdraw their forces to positions prior to August
5, 1965.

1971
November
10-21: Indian troops intervene in East Pakistan imbroglio
December
3: Pakistan Air Force launch pre-emptive strikes on Indian airfields in the western wing.
Ground forces of both countries cross respective borders in Punjab, Rajesthan and Kashmir.
Third Indo-Pakistan war.

16: Dhaka falls to Indian forces and Bangladesh comes into being in former East Pakistan.
Indian and Pakistani troops occupy each others territory in the western wing. India
announces unilateral ceasefire. President Yahya Khan of Pakistan announces ceasefire on
following day.
1972
July
2: President Z. A. Bhutto of Pakistan and Indian Premier, Mrs. Indira Gandhi sign the Simla
Agreement, which provided for the return of territory captured in 1971, return of Pakistani
prisoners of war and resolution of mutual differences through all peaceful means possible.

1974
May
18: India detonates first nuclear device, but says it is for atomic research and not weapons.

1982
Nov
1: Indian Premier Indira Gandhi and Pakistani President Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq agree to
begin talks on a non-aggression treaty.
1986
January
20: Talks between Indian and Pakistani foreign secretaries end inconclusively in Islamabad.
But both agree on "desirability" of a peace treaty and non-aggression pact.
1988
December
31: India Premier Rajiv Gandhi and Pakistan's Benazir Bhutto sign three bilateral
agreements, during the SAARC Summit at Islamabad, including one not to attack each
other's nuclear facilities.

1989
February
5: Pakistan army chief General Mirza Aslam Beg says Pakistan has successfully test-fired its
first long-range surface-to-surface rockets, named Hatf-1 and Hatf-2.
1992
February
6: Pakistan says it has acquired knowledge to make nuclear bombs, but will not do so.
1992
December
6: Babri Mosque in Ayodhya, India, destroyed by Hindu fundamentalists seeking to build a
Hindu temple on a contested site; communal violence mounts over incident; Pakistan asks
Indian government to protect Muslims in India.
1994
January
1-3: Foreign secretaries of the two countries fail to narrow differences on Kashmir. Pakistan
rules out more talks unless India stops alleged human rights violations in Kashmir.
1994
August
23: The then former premier Nawaz Sharif tells rally in Azad Jammu & Kashmir, forming a
third of Jammu and Kashmir, that Pakistan has an atomic bomb. The government denies
this.
1996
January
30: Pakistani and Indian military officers meet on ceasefire line dividing Kashmir, to ease
tension after clashes.
June
4: Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto urges Indian counterpart H.D. Deve Gowda to
resume dialogue. Deve Gowda responds positively, but Pakistan drops idea when India holds
local elections in Held Kashmir.
1997
March
28-31: Indian and Pakistani foreign secretaries open the first round of peace talks in New
Delhi; agree to meet again in Islamabad.
April
9: Indian Foreign Minister Inder Kumar Gujral and Pakistani counterpart Gohar Ayub Khan
meet in New Delhi. India says several hundred fishermen held by each side will be freed.
May
12: Prime Ministers, Inder Kumar Gujral and Nawaz Sharif, hold separate talks at SAARC
summit in Maldives.
June
19-23: After second round of talks in Islamabad, Indian and Pakistani foreign secretaries
announce eight-point agenda for peace talks, including Kashmir issue, and say they will set
up mechanism to tackle it.
August
14-15: India and Pakistan mark 50 years of independence.
26: India rejects U.S. offer to mediate to end Kashmir border clashes, saying differences
should be solved in bilateral talks.
September
18: Talks between foreign secretaries end in stalemate, but both sides say they will meet
again.
22: In a speech to the U.N. General Assembly, Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif offers
to open talks on a non-aggression pact with India, proposing that both nations strike a deal
to restrain their nuclear and missile capabilities.
23: Sharif meets Gujral for talks in New York, which end with no breakthrough.

October
26: Gujral says he is cautiously optimistic that personal friendship with Sharif will help ease
tension over Kashmir, but their meet on the fringes of a Commonwealth summit achieves
little.
1998
February
4: Pakistan warns it might review its policy of nuclear restraint if India's new Hindu
nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party government redeems election pledge to make nuclear
weapons.
April
6: Pakistan tests its longest range, 1,500 km (932 mile) Ghauri missile.
May
11: India conducts three underground nuclear tests in the western desert state of Rajasthan
near the border with Pakistan.
May
13: India conducts two more tests and says its series of tests is complete.
28: Pakistan conducts five nuclear tests in response to the Indian blasts. President Clinton,
his request to Sharif not to test rebuffed, vows sanctions.
30: Pakistan conducts one more nuclear test and says its series of tests is complete.
June
6: U.N. Security Council condemns India and Pakistan for carrying out nuclear tests, and
urges the two nations to stop all nuclear weapons programs.
12: India and Pakistan invite each other for talks, but fail to agree on the agenda.
23: India suggests talks between the two countries' prime ministers at South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
24: Pakistan agrees to talks with India in Colombo.
July
10: Indian Prime Minister, Atal BehariVajpayee offers Pakistan a no-first-use pact, economic
cooperation, and appeals for its participation in joint efforts to achieve universal
disarmament. Pakistan in turn says it is ready to sign a non-aggression treaty with India.

25: PremierVajpayee says in a magazine interview that India is committed to resolving

differences with Pakistan through a bilateral dialogue. He also indicates that India could
conduct further tests of its Agni intermediate-range missile.

1999
February

21-22: Indian PM Vajpayee arrives in Lahore. Lahore Declaration signed between Vajpayee
and Nawaz Sharif.

May
7: The Indian Army patrols claim having detected intruders on Kargil ridges in Held Kashmir.
India begins operation to retake occupied positions
26: India launches air strikes against militants in Held Kashmir for the first time in 20 years
and says it will continue to bomb militant infiltrators in Held Kashmir until it has driven them
out. Pakistan troops on high alert in response.
27: The Indian Government confirms that two of its aircraft are lost during a series of air
strikes against militants in Kashmir.
29: Pakistan proposes sending foreign minister Sartaj Aziz to India to ease tensions in the
disputed Kashmir region.
31: India and Pakistan agree to hold talks over Kashmir in an effort to defuse escalating
tensions.
June
3: Kashmir peace talks flounder as India promises to continue ground and air strikes against
the alleged infiltrators and a senior Indian minister warns there is little point in peace talks
with Pakistan.
5: India announces a pause in bombing raids in Kashmir.
8: Pakistan and India fix a date (June 12-13) for their first significant attempt to defuse the
tension over Kashmir.
9: India continues its assault on suspected infiltrators holed up in the Himalayas with fresh
air strikes, ahead of talks with Pakistan.
13: India and Pakistan end their talks on the fierce fighting in Kashmir without agreement
on how to halt the conflict. Indian offensive in Kargil continues.
29: Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif returns from China, as a flurry of diplomatic
activity aimed at ending the ongoing Kashmir conflict gets underway in India and Pakistan.
July
4: India announces it has taken the key Tiger Hill peak following an all-out assault, as it
prepares to respond to a joint statement by Pakistan's prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and US
President Bill Clinton that "concrete steps will be taken" to restore the Line of Control.
11: Kashmiri Mujahideen are reported to be leaving the mountains of Held Kashmir as both
Pakistan and India claim victory in the two-month conflict.
12: The Pakistani Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif, appeals for a permanent settlement of the
Kashmir dispute, as fighting in the disputed territory dies down.
2000
March
19: U.S. President Bill Clinton arrives in India, beginning his six-day visit to South Asia,
partly in an attempt to ease relations between Pakistan and India over the disputed region
of Kashmir.
July
25: Hizbul Mujahedeen, a Kashmiri militant group, allegedly pro-Pakistan, declares a
unilateral ceasefire for three months in Held Kashmir.
August
3: India begins peace talks with Hizbul Mujahedeen, in Srinagar.
8: Hizbul Mujahedeen calls off its 2-week-old ceasefire and orders its forces to resume
fighting against Indian troops.
November
19: Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee announces that security forces will suspend
combat operations against militants in Held Kashmir during the Islamic holy month of
Ramadan.
27: India puts a ceasefire into effect in Held Kashmir.
2001
February
22: Prime Minister Vajpayee extends the unilateral ceasefire in Kashmir by three months.
May
23: Indian Prime Minister Vajpayee announces the end of the six-month military ceasefire
against Kashmiri Mujahideen in Held Kashmir, while also inviting Pakistan Chief Executive,
General Pervez Musharraf, to peace talks aimed at ending five decades of hostilities between
the two countries.

28: India's peace negotiator for Kashmir, Krishan Chander Pant, visits the disputed territory
to meet a cross-section of people from Pakistan and Kashmir. India refuses to yield any
ground in talks and insists that the territory is an integral part of India, and rejects
Pakistan's calls for a referendum on the future of Kashmir. Pakistan's Chief Executive,
General Pervez Musharraf, formally accepts the Indian invitation for summit talks focused
firmly on the Kashmir dispute.
June
18: Pakistan's Chief Executive, General Pervez Musharraf, announces a visit to India from
July 14 to 16, for the first summit talks between the neighbouring states in two years.

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 Indo-Pak relations post 9/11(its my assignments uploading that ..)

Ever since the partition of the sub-continent in 1947, when Britain dismantled its Indian
empire, India and Pakistan have been arch rivals. The animosity has its roots in religion and
history, and is epitomized by the long-running conflict over the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
This has recently escalated into a dangerous nuclear arms race.
The end of the Cold War created new scenarios in the international world where economics
and defense are concerned. In Third Worlds countries, many remain unsettled and full of
uncertainties as a result. India and Pakistan are such an example. Struggling to modernize
its economy while at the same time building its nuclear arsenal capabilities, India and
Pakistan is torn between these two political burdens as it struggles to remain independent.
The changes brought about by the end of the Cold War have left many Third World countries
scrambling to bolster their economy while at the same time fighting for their share of world
power.
The decline in nuclear weapons build up and the globalization of the world's markets have
been the most significant factors creating this scenario. The same is true for India, "Recent
international events show the unimpeded power and authority centered around one
superpower but also the emergence of multiple economic power poles competing for their
share of leadership. Clearly, de-nuclearization on the one hand, and globalization on the
other, emerged as the most important and challenging features of the post-Cold War
agenda, requiring both a certain identity of views and an element of conformity. This
process is marked by the removal of the West-East cleavage in favor of a more open North-
South dialogue. The new international dispensation has also provided developing countries
with new horizons for regional, political and economic cope.
Armed resistance to Indian rule broke out in the Kashmir valley in 1989, with some groups
calling for independence and others calling for union with Pakistan. India accused Pakistan
of supplying weapons to the militants. During the 1990s, with the emergence of militant
Muslim groups, the movements ideology became essentially Islamic in nature.
In 1989 armed resistance to Indian rule began in the Kashmir valley. Muslim political parties
complained that the 1987 elections to the state's legislative assembly were rigged against
them, and they formed militant wings. Some groups demanded independence for the state
of Jammu and Kashmir and others union with Pakistan. Pakistan gave its "moral and
diplomatic" support to the movement, calling for the issue to be resolved via a UN-
sponsored referendum. But the government of India maintained that Pakistan's support of
the insurgency consisted of training and supplying weapons to militant separatists and
repeatedly called for Pakistan to cease "cross-border terrorism".
During the 1990s, several new militant groups emerged, most of which held radical Islamic
views. The ideological emphasis of the movement shifted from a nationalistic and secularist
one to an Islamic one. This was in part driven by the arrival in the valley of Kashmir of large
numbers of Islamic "Jihadi" fighters who had fought in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union
in 1980s.
India and Pakistan set up low-level meetings to defuse tension over Jammu and Kashmir.
The diplomatic push became more concerted a year later and an agenda for peace talks was
agreed on. Also in 1997, Pakistan suggested that the two sides meet to discuss restraining
nuclear and missile capabilities. In 1996, Pakistani and Indian military officers met on the
Line of Control dividing the state of Jammu and Kashmir to ease tension after clashes. The
celebrations of 50 years of independence in 1997 in both countries coincided with a surge in
diplomatic activity. During 1997, Indian and Pakistani foreign ministers met in Delhi.
After a second round of talks in Islamabad, they announced an eight-point agenda for peace
talks, including discussion of the Kashmir issue. Although the talks ended in stalemate, both
sides promised to meet again. In a speech at the UN, Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif
offered to open talks on a non-aggression pact with India, proposing that both nations strike
a deal to restrain their nuclear and missile capabilities.
In 1988 India and Pakistan had signed an agreement not to attack each other's nuclear
facilities. India has consistently rejected any third party mediation to help end Kashmir
border clashes, saying differences should be solved in bilateral talks, according to the 1972
Simla agreement.
The 1980s had seen some diplomatic discussions aimed at resolving outstanding
differences, between India and Pakistan. In 1982, the two rivals began unsuccessful talks on
a non-aggression treaty. However, in 1984 Indian troops were airlifted to the Siachen glacier
in northern Kashmir which increased tension in the area. Pakistan retaliated by fortifying the
glacier from its side of what has become known as the world's highest war zone.
Fears of a nuclear confrontation grew, after both sides conducted nuclear tests. The US
ordered sanctions against both countries, with several European nations doing the same.
Tensions were reduced early the following year after the two sides signed an accord
pledging to intensify efforts to resolve all issues including that of Jammu and Kashmir.The
arms race between the rivals escalated dramatically in the 1990s. In 1998, BJP Party wins
national elections in 1998.Favors confrontation with Pakistan.Develop nuclear weapons
program, accomplish little else.
In May 1998, India conducted underground nuclear tests in the western desert state of
Rajasthan near the border with Pakistan. In response, Pakistan conducted six tests in
Baluchistan. In the same year, Pakistan tested its longest range missile, the 1,500 km (932
mile) Ghauri missile, named after a 12th Century Muslim warrior who conquered part of
India. Both sides were heavily criticized by the international community for the tests as
fears of a nuclear confrontation grew.
The United States ordered sanctions against both countries, freezing more than $20bn of
aid, loans and trade. Japan ordered a block on about $1bn of aid loans.
Several European countries followed suit, and the G-8 governments imposed a ban on non-
humanitarian loans to India and Pakistan. The UN Security Council condemned India and
Pakistan for carrying out nuclear tests and urged the two nations to stop all nuclear
weapons programmes.
Relations between India and Pakistan improved again in February 1999 when Indian Prime
Minister Atal Vajpayee travelled to Pakistan to meet Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
They signed the Lahore accord pledging again to "intensify their efforts to resolve all issues,
including the issue of Jammu and Kashmir". India had detonated its first nuclear device
in1974. In 1989, Pakistan announced the successful test firing of its first long-range
surface-to-surface missile, the Hatf-1 and Hatf-2.
In 1992 Pakistan said it had acquired the scientific know-how to make a nuclear bomb.
Conflict again erupted after India launched air strikes against Pakistani-backed forces that
had infiltrated Indian-administered Kashmir. Fighting built up towards a direct conflict
between the two states and tens of thousands of people were reported to have fled their
homes on both sides of the ceasefire line. Later that year, General Musharraf led a military
coup in Pakistan.
India carried out the Pokhran-II nuclear tests which was followed by Pakistan's Chagai-I
tests. Following the Lahore Declaration in February 1999, relations briefly improved. A few
months later however, Kashmiri insurgents and Pakistani paramilitary forces, backed by
Pakistani Army, infiltrated in large numbers into the Kargil district of Indian Kashmir. This
initiated the Kargil conflict after India moved in thousands of troops to successfully flush out
the infiltrators. Although the conflict did not result in a full-scale war between India and
Pakistan, relations between the two reached all-time low which worsened even further
following the involvement of Pakistan-based terrorists in the hijacking of the Indian Airlines
IC814 plane in December 1999. Attempts to normalize relations, such as the Agra summit
held in July 2001, failed. An attack on the Indian Parliament in December 2001, which was
blamed on Pakistan, which had condemned the attack caused a military standoff between
the two countries which lasted for nearly a year raising fears of a nuclear conflict. However,
a peace process, initiated in 2003, led to improved relations in the following years.
For the first time in nearly 30 years, in May 1999, India launched air strikes against
Pakistani-backed forces that had infiltrated into the mountains in Indian-administered
Kashmir, north of Kargil. Pakistan responded by putting its troops on high alert as the
fighting built up towards a direct conflict between the two states. India repeatedly claimed
that Pakistani forces belonging to the northern light infantry, based in the Pakistani-
administered Northern Areas, were engaged in the operations - a claim Pakistan consistently
denied.
Pakistan insisted instead that the forces were "freedom fighters" fighting for the liberation of
Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.
At the height of the conflict, thousands of shells were fired daily, and India launched
hundreds of airstrikes. The Red Cross reported that at least 30,000 people had been forced
to flee their homes on the Pakistani side of the Line of Control.
Correspondents reported that about 20,000 people became refugees on the Indian side.
Both sides claimed victory in the conflict, which ended when, under pressure from the
United States, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif called upon the infiltrating forces to withdraw.
In October 1999, General Pervez Musharraf led a military coup in Pakistan, deposing elected
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. General Musharraf's assumption of power was later validated
by the supreme court of Pakistan for a period of three years. The coup was, however, was
condemned by the international community which called for elections and an immediate
return to civilian government. Pakistan was also suspended from the Commonwealth.
Tension along the ceasefire line continued. In October 38 people were killed after an attack
on the Kashmiri assembly in Srinagar. A month later, 14 people were killed in an attack on
the Indian parliament in Delhi. India again blamed Pakistani-backed Kashmiri militants. A
dramatic build up of troops along the Indo-Pakistan border ensued.
The 11 September 2001 suicide attacks in the United States brought a rapprochement
between Pakistan and the West. Pakistan agreed to co-operate with the US's campaign
against Osama Bin Laden's al-Qaeda network and the Taleban rulers of Afghanistan. Tension
along the line of control continued. The worst fighting for more than a year broke out in
October as India, which continued to condemn Pakistan for cross-border terrorism, started
shelling Pakistani military positions.
October saw a devastating attack on the Kashmiri assembly in Srinagar in which 38 people
were killed. After the attack, the chief minister of Indian-administered Kashmir, Farooq
Abdullah, called on the Indian government to launch a war against militant training camps
across the border in Pakistan.
On 13 December, an armed attack on the Indian parliament in Delhi left 14 people dead.
India again blamed Pakistani-backed Kashmiri militants. The attack led to a dramatic build-
up of troops along the Indo-Pakistan border, military exchanges and raised fears of a wider
conflict.
2001 Gujarat Earthquake in India Pakistani President Pervez Mushrraf sent a plane load of
relief supplies to India from Islamabad to Ahmedabad.[9] That carried 200 tents and more
than 2,000 Blankets. Furthermore the President called Indian PM to express his 'sympathy'
over the loss from the earthquake.
India offered generous aid to Pakistan in response to the 2005 Earthquake. Indian and
Pakistani High Commissioners consulted with one another regarding cooperation in relief
work. India sent 25 tonnes of relief material to Pakistan including food, blankets and
medicine. [14] India opened the first of three points at Chakan Da Bagh, in Poonch, on the
Line of Control (LoC) between India and Pakistan for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake relief
work. (Rediff) Such generous gestures signalled a new age in confidence, friendliness and
cooperation between both India and Pakistan.
In January 2002 President Musharraf gave a keynote speech pledging that Pakistan would
not allow terrorists to operate from Pakistani soil. He again called on the government of
India to resolve the dispute over Jammu and Kashmir through dialogue. India said it would
wait for action to back up his words.
Since the initiation of the peace process, several confidence-building-measures (CBMs)
between India and Pakistan have taken shape. The Samjhauta Express and DelhiLahore
Bus service are two of these successful measures which have played a crucial role in
expanding people-to-people contact between the two countries. The initiation of Srinagar
Muzaffarabad Bus service in 2005 and opening of a historic trade route across the Line of
Control in 2008 further reflects increasing eagerness between the two sides to improve
relations. Although bilateral trade between India and Pakistan was a modest US$1.7 billion
in March 2007, it is expected to cross US$10 billion by 2010. After the Kashmir earthquake
in 2005, India sent aid to affected areas in Pakistani Kashmir & Punjab as well as Indian
Kashmir.
The 2008 Mumbai attacks seriously undermined the relations between the two countries.
India alleged Pakistan of harboring militants on their soil, while Pakistan vehemently denies
such claims. Relations are currently hampered since India has sent a list of 40 alleged
fugitive in various terror strikes to Pakistan, expecting them to be handed over to India.
Pakistan, on the other hand, has declared that it has no intentions whatsoever of carrying
out their extradition. The 2008 Mumbai attacks by ten terrorists killed over 173 and
wounded 308. The sole surviving gunman Ajmal Kasab who was arrested during the attacks
was found to be a Pakistani national. This fact was acknowledged by Pakistani authorities. In
May 2010, an Indian court convicted him on four counts of murder, waging war against
India, conspiracy and terrorism offences, and sentenced him to death.
India blamed the Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based militant group, for planning and
executing the attacks. Islamabad resisted the claims and demanded evidence. India
provided evidence in the form of interrogations, weapons, candy wrappers, Pakistani Brand
Milk Packets, and telephone sets. Indian officials demanded Pakistan extradite suspects for
trial. They also said that, given the sophistication of the attacks, the perpetrators "must
have had the support of some official agencies in Pakistan".
In the post cold war period, the US and Indian interests will indeed increasingly converge on
the ideological front. The Indian strategy of connecting with the United States on the issue
of terrorism argues that it holds the first line of defence against the threat of terrorism that
emanates from Pakistan. While the speculations arising out of Indo-US co-operation in
combating terrorism that the United States will declare Pakistan a state sponsoring
terrorism seem to be misplaced, the implication of such statements is that Pakistan will be
put under pressure to help the US achieve its objectives in this regard in the region.
The image problems, bad behaviour by Pakistan has influenced US policy preferences and
has generated policy changes with regard to its relations in South Asia indicating that the
US will increasingly be relying on India for ensuring regional and international security. Even
during the Cold War, the US had viewed India as being more relevant to its strategy of
containment, these have now been overtaken by new challenges which need to be
contained such as terrorism, narcotics, proliferation of small arms, and most important of
all elimination of Islamic groups imbibed with the concept of jihad. The latter has been of
grave concern to the United States.
Given the rivalry with China and the increasing American presence in the Indian Ocean,
there seems to have been erosion in the Indian vision of nonalignment. Over the last five
decades, India has evolved a set of policies and strategies in order to play a dominant role
in the South Asia and the Indian Ocean hoping to be recognized in that role by the great
power
In recent times, the country seeks a more offensively oriented strategy in order to deal with
the complex strategic dilemmas related to internal unity and potential threats from outside.
Today, more than ever, all Indian geo-strategic planning seeks to: prevent any of Indias
smaller neighbors from recourse to foreign policy or solicitation of external support deemed
inimical to Indian interests.
For all serious observers of international relations, it must be apparent that the strategic
dynamics of US interests no longer see Pakistan as a stable partner for securing strategic
interests in and around South Asia. Moreover, despite the Indian litany of China being a
major factor in its larger security concerns, there is no longer a possibility of a India-China
dispute developing into a conflict, rather the possibility of a nuclear confrontation between
Pakistan and India seems a likely possibility. And, with the United States now more
concerned with access to economically viable markets, the emphasis is on extracting
maximum mercantile advantages rather than any serious concern for resolving contentious
issues in the region.
While this does not mean that the US will ignore Pakistan in any regional security
arrangement, it does, however, mean that it will be making efforts to promote India as the
dominant power in South Asia.
Tilt of America towards India.
China as leader of communist world.
India as rising nuclear power
Scenario changed now focus of USA on China to contain china in this effort India is partner
of USA so Pakistan should understand this changed geopolitical scenario.
Some time indo-Pak relation get positive but most of the time it is in negative position

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1947 - Britain, as part of its pullout from the Indian subcontinent, divides it
into secular (but mainly Hindu) India and Muslim Pakistan on August 15 and
14 respectively. The partition causes one of the largest human migrations ever
seen, and sparks riots and violence across the region.

1947/48 - The first Indo-Pak war over Kashmir is fought, after armed
tribesmen (lashkars) from Pakistan's North West Frontier Province (now
called Khyber-Pakthunkhwa) invade the disputed territory in October 1947.
The Maharaja, faced with an internal revolt as well an external invasion,
requests the assistance of the Indian armed forces, in return for acceding to
India. He hands over control of his defence, communications and foreign
affairs to the Indian government.

Both sides agree that the instrument of accession signed by Maharaja Hari
Singh be ratified by a referendum, to be held after hostilities have ceased.
Historians on either side of the dispute remain undecided as to whether the
Maharaja signed the document after Indian troops had entered Kashmir (i.e.
under duress) or if he did so under no direct military pressure.
Fighting continues through the second half of 1948, with the regular Pakistani
army called upon to protect Pakistan's borders.

The war officially ends on January 1, 1949, when the United Nations arranges
a ceasefire, with an established ceasefire line, a UN peacekeeping force and a
recommendation that the referendum on the accession of Kashmir to India be
held as agreed earlier. That referendum has yet to be held.

Pakistan controls roughly one-third of the state, referring to it as Azad (free)

Jammu and Kashmir. It is semi-autonomous. A larger area, including the
former kingdoms of Hunza and Nagar, is controlled directly by the central
Pakistani government.

The Indian (eastern) side of the ceasefire line is referred to as Jammu and
Kashmir.

Both countries refer to the other side of the ceasefire line as "occupied"
territory.

1954 - The accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India is ratified by the state's
constituent assembly.

1957 - The Jammu and Kashmir constituent assembly approves a

constitution. India, from the point of the 1954 ratification and 1957
constitution, begins to refer to Jammu and Kashmir as an integral part of the
Indian union.

1963 - Following the 1962 Sino-Indian war, the foreign ministers of India and
Pakistan - Swaran Singh and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto - hold talks under the
auspices of the British and Americans regarding the Kashmir dispute. The
specific contents of those talks have not yet been declassified, but no
agreement was reached. In the talks, "Pakistan signified willingness to
consider approaches other than a plebiscite and India recognised that the
status of Kashmir was in dispute and territorial adjustments might be
necessary," according to a declassified US state department memo (dated
January 27, 1964).
1964 - Following the failure of the 1963 talks, Pakistan refers the Kashmir
case to the UN Security Council.

1965 - India and Pakistan fight their second war. The conflict begins after a
clash between border patrols in April in the Rann of Kutch (in the Indian state
of Gujarat), but escalates on August 5, when between 26,000 and 33,000
Pakistani soldiers cross the ceasefire line dressed as Kashmiri locals, crossing
into Indian-administered Kashmir.

Infantry, armour and air force units are involved in the conflict while it
remains localised to the Kashmir theatre, but as the war expands, Indian
troops cross the international border at Lahore on September 6. The largest
engagement of the war takes place in the Sialkot sector, where between 400
and 600 tanks square off in an inconclusive battle.

By September 22, both sides agree to a UN mandated ceasefire, ending the

war that had by that point reached a stalemate, with both sides holding some
of the other's territory.

1966 - On January 10, 1966, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahdaur Shastri and
Pakistani President Ayub Khan sign an agreement at Tashkent (now in
Uzbekistan), agreeing to withdraw to pre-August lines and that economic and
diplomatic relations would be restored.

1971 - India and Pakistan go to war a third time, this time over East Pakistan.
The conflict begins when the central Pakistani government in West Pakistan,
led by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, refuses to allow Awami League leader Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman, a Bengali whose party won the majority of seats in the 1970
parliamentary elections, to assume the premiership.

A Pakistani military crackdown on Dhaka begins in March, but India becomes

involved in the conflict in
December, after the Pakistani air force launches a pre-emptive strike on
airfields in India's northwest.

India then launches a coordinated land, air and sea assault on East Pakistan.
The Pakistani army surrenders at Dhaka, and its army of more than 90,000
become prisoners of war. Hostilities lasted 13 days, making this one of the
shortest wars in modern history.

East Pakistan becomes the independent country of Bangladesh on December

6, 1971.

1972 - Pakistani Prime Minister Zulifiqar Ali Bhutto and Indian Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi sign an agreement in the Indian town of Simla, in
which both countries agree to "put an end to the conflict and confrontation
that have hitherto marred their relations and work for the promotion of a
friendly and harmonious relationship and the establishment of a durable
peace in the subcontinent". Both sides agree to settle any disputes "by peaceful
means".

The Simla Agreement designates the ceasefire line of December 17, 1971, as
being the new "Line-of-Control (LoC)" between the two countries, which
neither side is to seek to alter unilaterally, and which "shall be respected by
both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side".

1974 - The Kashmiri state government affirms that the state "is a constituent
unit of the Union of India". Pakistan rejects the accord with the Indian
government.

On May 18, India detonates a nuclear device at Pokhran, in an operation

codenamed "Smiling Buddha". India refers to the device as a "peaceful nuclear
explosive".

1988 - The two countries sign an agreement that neither side will attack the
other's nuclear installations or facilities. These include "nuclear power and
research reactors, fuel fabrication, uranium enrichment, isotopes separation
and reprocessing facilities as well as any other installations with fresh or
irradiated nuclear fuel and materials in any form and establishments storing
significant quantities of radio-active materials".

Both sides agree to share information on the latitudes and longitudes of all
nuclear installations. This agreement is later ratified, and the two countries
share information on January 1 each year since then.
1989 - Armed resistance to Indian rule in the Kashmir valley begins. Muslim
political parties, after accusing the state government of rigging the 1987 state
legislative elections, form militant wings.

Pakistan says that it gives its "moral and diplomatic" support to the
movement, reiterating its call for the earlier UN-sponsored referendum.

India says that Pakistan is supporting the insurgency by providing weapons

and training to fighters, terming attacks against it in Kashmir "cross-border
terrorism". Pakistan denies this.

Militant groups taking part in the fight in Kashmir continue to emerge

through the 1990s, in part fuelled by a large influx of "mujahideen" who took
part in the Afghan war against the Soviets in the 1980s.

1991 - The two countries sign agreements on providing advance notification

of military exercises, manoeuvres and troop movements, as well as on
preventing airspace violations and establishing overflight rules.

1992 - A joint declaration prohibiting the use of chemical weapons is signed

in New Delhi.

1996 - Following a series of clashes, military officers from both countries

meet at the LoC in order to ease tensions.

1998 - India detonates five nuclear devices at Pokhran. Pakistan responds by

detonating six nuclear devices of its own in the Chaghai Hills. The tests result
in international sanctions being placed on both countries. In the same year,
both countries carry out tests of long-range missiles.

1999 - Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee meets with Nawaz Sharif,
his Pakistani counterpart, in Lahore. The two sign the Lahore Declaration, the
first major agreement between the two countries since the 1972 Simla Accord.
Both countries reaffirm their commitment to the Simla Accord, and agree to
undertake a number of 'Confidence Building Measures' (CBMs).

Some of the diplomatic gains are eroded, however, after the Kargil conflict
breaks out in May. Pakistani forces and Kashmiri fighters occupy strategic
positions on the Indian side of the LoC, prompting an Indian counter offensive
in which they are pushed back to the other side of the original LoC.

Kargil is the first armed conflict between the two neighbours since they
officially conducted nuclear weapons tests.

In October 1999, General Pervez Musharraf, the Pakistani chief of army staff,
leads a military coup, deposing Nawaz Sharif, the then prime minister, and
installing himself as the head of the government.

2001 - Tensions along the Line of Control remain high, with 38 people killed
in an attack on the Kashmiri assembly in Srinagar. Following that attack,
Farooq Abdullah, the chief minister of Indian-administered Kashmir, calls on
the Indian government to launch a full-scale military operation against alleged
training camps in Pakistan.

In July, Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf and Indian Prime Minister Atal
Behari Vajpayee meet for a two-day summit in the Indian city of Agra. That
summit collapses after two days, with both sides unable to reach agreement on
the core issue of Kashmir.

On December 13, an armed attack on the Indian parliament in New Delhi

leaves 14 people dead. India blames Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad
for the attacks.

The attacks lead to a massing of India's and Pakistan's militaries along the
LoC. The standoff only ends in October 2002, after international mediation.

2002 - President Musharraf pledges that Pakistan will combat extremism on

its own soil, but affirms that the country has a right to Kashmir.

2003 - After Musharraf calls for a ceasefire along the LoC during a UN
General Assembly meeting in September, the two countries reach an
agreement to cool tensions and cease hostilities across the defacto border.

2004 - Vajpayee and Musharraf hold direct talks at the 12th SAARC summit
in Islamabad in January, and the two countries' foreign secretaries meet later
in the year. This year marks the beginning of the Composite Dialogue Process,
in which bilateral meetings are held between officials at various levels of
government (including foreign ministers, foreign secretaries, military officers,
border security officials, anti-narcotics officials and nuclear experts). In
November, on the eve of a visit to Jammu and Kashmir, the new Indian prime
minister, Manmohan Singh, announces that India will be reducing its
deployment of troops there.

2006 - India redeploys 5,000 troops from Jammu and Kashmir, citing an
"improvement" in the situation there, but the two countries are unable to
reach an agreement on withdrawing forces from the Siachen glacier.

In September, President Musharraf and Prime Minister Singh agree to put

into place an Indo-Pak institutional anti-terrorism mechanism.

2007 - On February 18, the train service between India and Pakistan (the
Samjhauta Express) is bombed near Panipat, north of New Delhi. Sixty-eight
people are killed, and dozens injured.

The fifth round of talks regarding the review of nuclear and ballistic missile-
related CBMs is held as part of the Composite Dialogue Process. The second
round of the Joint Anti-Terrorism Mechanism (JATM) is also held.

2008 - India joins a framework agreement between Turkmenistan,

Afghanistan and Pakistan on a $7.6bn gas pipeline project. A series of
Kashmir-specific CBMs are also agreed to (including the approval of a triple-
entry permit facility).

In July, India blames Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate

for a bomb attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul, which kills 58 and injures
another 141.

In September, Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and Indian Prime Minister
Singh formally announce the opening of several trade routes between the two
countries.

In October, cross-LoC trade commences, though it is limited to 21 items and

can take place on only two days a week.
On November 26, armed gunmen open fire on civilians at several sites in
Mumbai, India. The attacks on the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, the Oberoi
Trident Hotel, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Leopold Cafe, Cama
Hospital, Nariman House Jewish community centre, Metro Cinema, St
Xavier's College and in a lane near the Times of India office, prompt an almost
three-day siege of the Taj, where gunmen remain holed up until all but one of
them are killed in an Indian security forces operation. More than 160 people
are killed in the attacks.

Ajmal Kasab, the only attacker captured alive, says the attackers were
members of Lashkar-e-Taiba.

In the wake of the attacks, India breaks off talks with Pakistan.

2009 - The Pakistani government admits that the Mumbai attacks may have
been partly planned on Pakistani soil, while vigorously denying allegations
that the plotters were sanctioned or aided by Pakistan's intelligence agencies.

Pakistani Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani and Indian Prime Minister Singh
meet on the sidelines of a Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) summit in Sharm
el-Sheikh, Egypt, issuing a joint statement charting future talks. Singh rules
out, however, the resumption of the Composite Dialogue Process at the
present time.

The Indian government continues to take a stern line with Pakistan, however,
with its coalition government saying that it is up to Pakistan to take the first
step towards the resumption of substantive talks by cracking down on militant
groups on its soil.

In August, India gives Pakistan a new dossier of evidence regarding the

Mumbai attacks, asking it to prosecute Hafiz Mohammad Saeed, the head of
Jamaat-ud-Dawa, an Islamic charity with ties to Lashkar-e-Taiba.

2010 - In January, Pakistani and Indian forces exchange fire across the LoC
in Kashmir, the latest in a string of such incidents that have led to rising
tension in the area.
In February, India and Pakistan's foreign secretaries meet in New Delhi for
talks. This meeting is followed by the two countries' foreign ministers meeting
in Islamabad in July.

In May, Ajmal Kasab is found guilty of murder, conspiracy and of waging war
against India in the Mumbai attacks case. He is sentenced to death.

2011 - In January, Indian Home Secretary GK Pillai says India will share
information with Pakistan regarding the 2001 Samjhauta Express bombing.
The two countries' foreign secretaries meet in Thimpu, Nepal, in February,
and agree to resume peace talks "on all issues".

2012 - In November, India execute Pakistani national Mohammad

Ajmal Kasab, the lone survivor of a fighter squad that killed 166
people in a rampage through the financial capital Mumbai in
2008, hanging him just days before the fourth anniversary of the
attack.

2013 - In January, India and Pakistan trade accusations of violating the

cease-fire in Kashmir, with Islamabad accusing Indian troops of a cross-
border raid that killed a soldier and India charging that Pakistani shelling
destroyed a home on its side.

2013 - In September, the prime ministers of India and Pakistan meet in New
York on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly. Both the leaders agree to
end tension between armies of both sides in the disputed Kashmir.

2014 - On February 12, India and Pakistan agree to release trucks detained in
their respective territories, ending a three week impasse triggered by seizure
of a truck in India-administered Kashmir coming from across the de facto Line
of Control for allegedly carrying brown sugar.

2014 - On May 1, Pakistan's Army chief General Raheel Sharif calls Kashmir
the "jugular vein" of Pakistan, and that the dispute should be resolved in
accordance with the wishes and aspirations of Kashmiris and in line with
UNSC resolutions for lasting peace in the region.
2014 - On May 25, Pakistan releases 151 Indian fishermen from its jails in a
goodwill gesture ahead of swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi as prime
minister.

2014 - On May 27, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi holds talks with
Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in New Delhi. Both sides express
willingness to begin new era of bilateral relations.
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India and Pakistan have had a complex history. Their Facebook status in this regard
explains their relationship as "its complicated."

When India became independent from Scottish rule, it was divided into two parts. Muslim-
majority areas became Pakistan. But for quite some time there were as many Muslims in the
Indian territory as there were in Pakistan; until the Indian government banned beef and the
Pakistani government debarred vegetarians. That settled things.

The Maharaja of the Muslim-majority region of Kashmir, Adinath Chandan Currynath, decided
to preserve the state of Kashmir as an independent entity, so he decided to neither join India nor
Pakistan.

Instead, he decided to join Ireland.

Pakistan sent peaceful Pakhtun tribesmen to talk to the Kashmiri government to persuade it to
join Pakistan.

Its amazing that such a meeting even took place because the tribesmen only spoke Pashto and
the Maharaja spoke Hindi, Kashmiri and a bit of Thai.

The Indian government saw Pakistans action as an incursion and sent troops to Kashmir.

The result of the first war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir was Pakistan controlling
37pc of the area while India controlled 63pc. The Kashmiris controlled 0pc. Zilch. Nil. Zip.
Zippo.

The Maharaja decided to word a protest in Thai so much so that at one point even Thailand
began claiming sovereignty over Kashmir.

See: India and Pakistan: The fault is not in our stars

Three more wars were fought between Pakistan and India. One was in 1965 AD, when fighting
broke out in the Rann of Kach, a sparingly inhabited area along the Pak-India border.

The Scottish colonialists had called this area Leg of Lamb.

Fighting spread from the Leg of Lamb to Kashmir to the Punjab and then all the way to
Kingston, Jamaica.

Then Pakistani and Indian troops crossed the partition line between the two countries called the
Line of Control (LoC) or Laal Patti. Both launched air assaults on each others heads. Pigeons
were used for this purpose.

Also read: Pakistani spy pigeon The proof

After threats of intervention by Thailand, Pakistan and India agreed to an UN-sponsored cease-
fire and withdrew their pigeons from the sky.

Indian Prime Minister, Shri Lal Bahadur Single Paslee Shastri, and President Field Air Water
Marshal Kublai Khan of Pakistan, met in Bangkok in January 1966.

But Indo-Pakistan relations deteriorated once again when in 1971 BC civil war erupted in
Pakistan, pitting the beef-munching West Pakistanis against the fish-eating East Pakistanis who
were demanding greater autonomy and more gravy.

Bengal nationalists were being backed by the Indians, so when Pakistan attacked Indian airfields
(and Thai restaurants) in Kashmir, India attacked both East and West Pakistan (after it could not
figure out where on earth North and South Pakistan were).

Under pressure from the US, the USSR and Rajesh Khanna, a UN ceasefire was arranged in mid-
December.

Many believed it was a Zino-Zoroastrian conspiracy plotted by a diabolic Soviet agent, Malala
Petrov, with whose DNA, Polish agent, Malala Yousafzai, will be spawned 25 years later to
discredit pious men.

Zulfikar Ali Toto emerged as the new leader of Pakistan. And he got kind of overexcited about it.

Anyway, tensions between India and Pakistan were eased by the historic Mexican Accord of
1974 and after Pakistan recognised Bangladesh (and Thai food) in 1974.

In 1987, threat of yet another war between the two countries began looming when India (now
called the Republic of Indira) accused Pakistan of funding a Buddhist insurgency in Indian
Punjab.
To defuse the tension, Pakistans greatest leader ever and forever, General Saladin 2.2, indulged
in some cricket diplomacy by sending Indian prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi son of Indira
Gandhi, daughter of Jawarlal Nehru, grandson of Mogambo a gift of some of the finest
crickets found in the bushes of Islamabad.

Rajiv reciprocated the gesture by sending General Saladin 2.2 who was a ferocious beef-eater
and fast-bowling enthusiast a video of cows roaming aimlessly on the streets of Delhi.

Tensions between the two countries remained defused throughout the 1990s even when both the
poverty-stricken countries tested their nuclear devices in 1998.

Pakistani prime minster, Al-Nawaz Bin Saud, invited his Indian counterpart, Utter Bihari
Bajpayee, to visit Lahore for breakfast.

But the peace initiative turned out to be brief. In 1999, Pakistan and India went to war again.

This one was called the Kargil War (aka Star Wars: The Force Awakens). A ceasefire was agreed
upon due to pressure from the United States, Britain and especially Somalian sea pirates who
threatened to ban the smuggling of illegal rhino tusks into both India and Pakistan.

The world suddenly came to realise the possibility of two poverty-stricken nuclear nations going
to war: Eeeeeek ! Scandinavian countries suggested to the UN that both India and Pakistan be
shifted to the North Pole. Even Mars. Somalia approved.

Take a look: Crossing borders: Why every Indian should visit Pakistan

But the nature of Indo-Pak relations has changed ever since the 9/11 episode in which the CIA
agents staged a devastating attack on the Twin Towers in New York and blamed it on a couple of
pious men learning to fly.

Experts suggest that India does not pose a threat to Pakistan anymore, nor does Pakistan pose a
threat to India. However, many believe India poses a threat to itself and Pakistan poses a threat to
itself as well.

That sounded grammatically awkward.

Anyway, Nobel-Prize winning Pakistani dentist and talk show host, Dr Daantist, believes that
those preaching peace between India and Pakistan are trying to sell-out the Kashmir cause and
dissuade Pakistani fast bowlers from eating beef. Somalia approved.

Have a look: 7 things that make a Pakistani feel at home in India

Meanwhile, perturbed by the peace processes; the dangerous anti-India musings of Aamir Khan;
and Naxalite sympathies of authors such as Reena Roy, India elected a pious man, Narendra
Mojo Modi, as Indias new Prime Minister.
He reprimanded the former Indian PM, Om Puri, for accepting boring peace overtures of the
Pakistanis and not being paranoid enough.

He promised his generals at least three more wars against Pakistan, two against China, and one
each against Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Rwanda.

To demonstrate this, he arrested a dangerous Pakistani spy (a pigeon) and handed it over to the
head of the Indian intelligence agency (a parrot).

Relations have once again deteriorated between the two countries. Somalia feels kind of left out.

Published in Dawn, Sunday Magazine, February 14th, 2016

India Pakistan Relations

Although India and Pakistan do have a very core and basic difference of
religion but they have made the situation even worse due to their aggressive
and arrogant attitude. From the day one India had a bad intention of
conquering Pakistan and that is why they have even have made various
attempts of doing it, amongst which the most common and most important
event took place on 6thSeptember 1965, when the Indian army penetrated in
to the Pakistani border and without warning attacked them, but they failed in
doing so as they faced a very harsh defeat by the hands of the Pakistani
army.
The political differences and war of words have never being lightened in the
history of Indo-Pak as none of the individuals do ever miss a chance of
blaming each other. The Indus Water treaty which was being signed in 1971
was a positive movement towards mutual consent but that was also being
rigged by the Indian political bodies as they do tend to stop the water from
the Indus river because they are very well aware that Pakistan is an agro
based country and their majority of the income and GDP depends on the
agricultural products, and by stopping the main river line they can cause the
damage to the crops and fields. India would have attacked one thousand
times if Pakistan would have not become an atomic power as this has surely
put India on the back foot because they know that being an atomic power
they cannot afford to get in to the state of war with Pakistan.

Mumbai Attacks on the 27th of November was another event which increased
the tension between the two countries as the terrorist attacks which was
generally the planned conspiracy by the Indian government was being
blamed on Pakistan and that was the time when the things started to get
even worse and the negotiations and treaties were being declared as void
and now we are in such situation that the line of Control on the Indian Border
has been in the state of war, as not once but numerous times Indian army
has gone against the treaty of peace and have opened firing on the borders
which have killed many people living across the border in the Pakistani
territory including members of Pakistani army.

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IndiaPakistan relations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

IndiaPakistan relations
 India Pakistan

Diplomatic Mission

High Commission of High Commission

India, Islamabad of Pakistan, New

Delhi

Envoy

Indian High Pakistan High

Commissioner Commissioner

Gautam Bambawale Abdul Basit

Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi(R) with Prime Minister of PakistanNawaz Sharif.

Relations between India and Pakistan have been complex due to a number of historical and
political events. Relations between the two states have been defined by the violent partition of British
India in 1947, the Kashmir conflict and the numerous military conflictsfought between the two
nations. Consequently, even though the two South Asian nations share linguistic, cultural,
geographic, and economic links, their relationship has been plagued by hostility and suspicion.

After the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947, two new sovereign nations were formed
the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The subsequent partition of the former British
India displaced up to 12.5 million people, with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred
thousand to 1 million.[1] India emerged as a secular nation with a Hindu majority population and a
large Muslim minority while Pakistan was established as an Islamic republic with an
overwhelming Muslim majority population;[2][3] although its constitution guarantees freedom of religion
to people of all faiths.[4]
 Soon after their independence, India and Pakistan established diplomatic relations but the violent
partition and numerous territorial claims would overshadow their relationship. Since their
independence, the two countries have fought three major wars, one undeclared war and have been
involved in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs. The Kashmir conflict is the main
centre-point of all of these conflicts with the exception of the Indo-Pakistan War of
1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War, which resulted in the secession ofEast
Pakistan (now Bangladesh).

There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationshipnotably, the Shimla summit,
the Agra summit and the Lahore summit. Since the early 1980s, relations between the two nations
soured particularly after the Siachen conflict, the intensification ofKashmir insurgency in
1989, Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests in 1998 and the 1999 Kargil war. Certain confidence-
building measures such as the 2003 ceasefire agreement and the DelhiLahore Bus service
were successful in deescalating tensions. However, these efforts have been impeded by periodic
terrorist attacks. The 2001 Indian Parliament attack almost brought the two nations to the brink of a
nuclear war. The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings, which killed 68 civilians (most of whom were
Pakistani), was also a crucial point in relations. Additionally, the 2008 Mumbai attacks carried out by
Pakistani militants[5] resulted in a severe blowto the ongoing India-Pakistan peace talks. Bilateral
discussions again stalled after the 2016 Pathankot attack.[6]

Since the election of new governments in both India and Pakistan in the early 2010s, some steps
have been taken to improve relations, in particular developing a consensus on the agreement of
Non-Discriminatory Market Access on Reciprocal Basis (NDMARB) status for each other, which will
liberalize trade.[7] In late 2015, meetings were held between the foreign secretaries and the national
security advisers of both nations, at which both sides agreed to thoroughly discuss hurdles
remaining in the relationship. In November 2015, the new Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi and
Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif agreed to the resumption of bilateral talks; the following
month, Prime Minister Modi made a brief, unscheduled visit to Pakistan while en route to India,
becoming the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Pakistan since 2004. [8] Despite those efforts, relations
between the countries have remained frigid, following repeated acts of cross-border terrorism.
According to a 2014BBC World Service Poll, 17% of Indians view Pakistan's influence positively, with
49% expressing a negative view, while 21% of Pakistanis view India's influence positively, with 58%
expressing a negative view.[9]

Contents

[hide]

1Seeds of conflict during independence

o 1.1Junagadh issue

o 1.2Kashmir conflict

2Wars, conflicts and disputes

o 2.1War of 1965
 o 2.2War of 1971

o 2.3Kargil War

o 2.4Other territorial claims

o 2.5Water disputes

o 2.6Bengal refugee crisis

o 2.7Afghanistan

o 2.8Insurgency in Kashmir

2.8.1List of some insurgent attacks

o 2.9Insurgent activities elsewhere

2.9.12001 Indian Parliament attack

2.9.2200102 IndiaPakistan standoff

2.9.32007 Samjhauta Express bombings

2.9.42008 Mumbai attacks

3Technology and education

4Talks and other confidence building measures

o 4.11990s

o 4.22000s

o 4.32010s

5Response to natural calamities

o 5.12001 Gujarat earthquake in India

o 5.22005 earthquake in Pakistan

6Fugitives

7Social relations

o 7.1Cultural links
 o 7.2Geographic links

o 7.3Linguistic ties

o 7.4Matrimonial ties

o 7.5Sporting ties

o 7.6Transport links

o 7.7Diasporic relations

8Economic relations

o 8.1Trade links

9Re-evaluation

10Country comparison

11See also

o 11.1Foreign relations

o 11.2History

o 11.3Human rights

o 11.4Cultural issues

o 11.5Terrorism and state disputes

o 11.6Sports

12References

13External links

Seeds of conflict during independence

Jinnah and Gandhi engaged in a heated conversation. A well-known photograph recently attributed to Kulwant
Roy.

About half a million Muslims and Hindus were killed in communal riots following the partition of
British India. Millions of Muslims living in India and Hindus and Sikhs living in Pakistan emigrated in
one of the most colossal transfers of population in the modern era. Both countries accused each
other of not providing adequate security to the minorities emigrating through their territory. This
served to increase tensions between the newly-born countries.

According to the British plan for the partition of British India, all the 680 princely states were allowed
to decide which of the two countries to join. With the exception of a few, most of the Muslim-majority
princely-states acceded to Pakistan while most of the Hindu-majority princely states joined India.
However, the decisions of some of the princely-states would shape the Pakistan-India relationship
considerably in the years to come.

Junagadh issue

Junagadh is one of the modern districts ofSaurastra, Gujarat

Junagadh was a state on the southwestern end of Gujarat, with the principalities of Manavadar,
Mangrol and Babriawad. It was not contiguous to Pakistan and other states physically separated it
from Pakistan. The state had an overwhelming Hindu population which constituted more than 80% of
its citizens, while its ruler, Nawab Mahabat Khan, was a Muslim. Mahabat Khan acceded to Pakistan
on 15 August 1947. Pakistan confirmed the acceptance of the accession on 15 September 1947.
India did not accept the accession as legitimate. The Indian point of view was that Junagadh was not
contiguous to Pakistan, that the Hindu majority of Junagadh wanted it to be a part of India, and that
the state was surrounded by Indian territory on three sides.

The Pakistani point of view was that since Junagadh had a ruler and governing body who chose to
accede to Pakistan, it should be allowed to do so. Also, because Junagadh had a coastline, it could
have maintained maritime links with Pakistan even as an enclavewithin India.

Neither of the states was able to resolve this issue amicably and it only added fuel to an already
charged environment. Sardar Patel, India's Home Minister, felt that if Junagadh was permitted to go
to Pakistan, it would create communal unrest across Gujarat. The government of India gave
Pakistan time to void the accession and hold a plebiscite in Junagadh to pre-empt any violence in
Gujarat.Samaldas Gandhi formed a government-in-exile, the Arzi Hukumat (in Urdu: Arzi:
Transitional, Hukumat: Government) of the people of Junagadh. Patel ordered the annexation of
Junagadh's three principalities.

India cut off supplies of fuel and coal to Junagadh, severed air and postal links, sent troops to the
frontier, and occupied the principalities of Mangrol and Babariawad that had acceded to India.[10] On
26 October, Nawab of Junagadh and his family fled to Pakistan following clashes with Indian troops.
On 7 November, Junagadh's court, facing collapse, invited the Government of India to take over the
State's administration. The Dewan of Junagadh, Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, the father of the more
famous Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, decided to invite the Government of India to intervene and wrote a letter
to Mr. Buch, the Regional Commissioner of Saurashtra in the Government of India to this effect.
[11]
TheGovernment of Pakistan protested. The government of India rejected the protests of Pakistan
and accepted the invitation of the Dewan to intervene.[12] Indian troops occupied Junagadh on 9
November 1947. In February 1948, a plebiscate held almost unanimously voted for accession to
India.

Kashmir conflict
Main article: Kashmir conflict

Kashmir was a Muslim-majority princely state, ruled by a Hindu king, Maharaja Hari Singh. At the
time of the partition of India, Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, preferred to remain
independent and did not want to join either the Union of India or the Dominion of Pakistan. He
wanted both India and Pakistan to recognise his princely state as an independent neutral country.[13]

Despite the standstill agreement with Pakistan, team of Pakistani forces were dispatched into
Kashmir in response to the Hindu Maharajah's attempted genocide of Muslims in the state. The
Maharajah of Kashmir attempted to change the predominantly Muslim demographics of his state by
engaging in an ethnic cleansing of Muslims from the Jammu section of his state, [14] as his state forces
massacred thousands of Muslims in Jammu and expelled thousands more from their homes in an
effort to shift the population ratio in favour of Hindus.[15] This precipitated a revolt by the Muslims in
the Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir against the Hindu Maharajah. [16] Backed by Pakistani
paramilitary forces, Pashtun Mehsud tribals[17] invaded Kashmir in October 1947 under the code
name "Operation Gulmarg" to seize Kashmir. They reached and captured Baramulla on 25 October.
Instead of moving on to Srinagar just 50 km away and capturing its undefended airfield, they stayed
there for several days. Kashmir's security forces turned out to be too weak and ill-equipped to fight
against Pakistan. Fearing that this invasion would bring about an accession to Pakistan, the
Maharaja now turned to India and requested India for troops to safeguard Kashmir. Indian Prime
Minister Nehru was ready to send the troops, but the acting Governor General of India, Lord
Mountbatten of Burma, advised the Maharaja to accede to India before India could send its troops.
Hence, considering the emergent situation he signed the instrument of accession to the Union of
India on 26 October 1947 (see the two-page document's photo below).

Charles Chevenix Trench writes in his 'The Frontier Scouts' (1985):

In October 1947... tribal lashkars hastened in lorries - undoubtedly with official logistic support - into
Kashmir... at least one British Officer, Harvey-Kelly took part in the campaign. It seemed that nothing
could stop these hordes of tribesmen taking Srinagar with its vital airfield. Indeed nothing did, but
their own greed. TheMahsuds in particular stopped to loot, rape and murder; Indian troops were
flown in and the lashkars pushed out of the Vale of Kashmir into the mountains. The Mahsuds
returned home in a savage mood, having muffed an easy chance, lost the loot of Srinagar and made
fools of themselves.

In the words of Gen Mohammad Akbar Khan (Brigadier-in-Charge, Pakistan, in his book "War for
Kashmir in 1947"): "The uncouth raiders delayed in Baramulla for two (whole) days for some
unknown reason."[18]

While the invading Pakistanis spread across the State and looted Baramulla town just 50 km from
the state capital, Srinagar, for several days starting 25 October 1947, the Maharaja
signed Instrument of Accession to the Dominion of India on 26 October 1947. Sheikh Mohammad
Abdullah had already reached Delhi a day earlier on 25 October to persuade Nehru to send troops.
He made no secret of the danger the State faced and asked Nehru to lose no time in accepting the
accession and ensuring the speedy dispatch of Indian troops to the State. (Sheikh Abdullah
corroborates this account in his Aatish e Chinaar (at pages 416 and 417) and records (at page 417)
that V.P. Menon returned to Delhi on 26 October with signed Instrument of accession.) [19] These are
photos of the two-page Instrument of Accession. The Instrument was accepted by the Governor-
General of India the next day, 27 October 1947. With this signing by the Maharaja and acceptance
by the Governor-General, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir became a part of Dominion of
India as per the Indian Independence Act 1947 passed by the British parliament.

By this time the raiders were close to the capital, Srinagar. Indian troops were airlifted from Delhi,
landed at Srinagar airport in Kashmir on 27 October 1947 and secured the airport before proceeding
to evict the invaders from Kashmir valley.

The Indian troops managed to evict the aggressors from parts of Kashmir but the onset of winter
made much of the state impassable. After weeks of intense fighting between Pakistan and India,
Pakistani leaders and the Indian Prime Minister Nehru declared a ceasefire and
sought U.N. arbitration with the promise of a plebiscite. In 1957, north-western Kashmir was fully
integrated into Pakistan, becoming Azad Kashmir (Pakistan-administered Kashmir). In 1962, China
occupied Aksai Chin, the northeastern region bordering Ladakh. In 1984, India launched Operation
Meghdoot and captured more than 80% of the Siachen Glacier.
Pakistan now maintains Kashmiris' right to self-determination through a plebiscite and the promised
plebiscite should be allowed to decide the fate of the Kashmiri people. India on the other hand
asserts that with the Maharaja's signing the instrument of accession, Kashmir has become an
integral part of India.

Due to all such political differences, this territorial claim has been the subject of wars between the
two countries in 1947 and 1965, and a limited conflict in 1999. The state remains divided between
the two countries by the Line of Control (LoC), which demarcates the ceasefire line agreed upon in
the 1947 conflict modified in 1972 as per Simla Agreement.

Wars, conflicts and disputes

[show]

Indo-Pakistani conflicts

Main article: Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts

Further information: Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Indo-Pakistani War of
1971, Kargil War,Siachen conflict, and Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir

India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since their independence. There are
three major wars that have taken place between the two states, namely in 1947, 1965 and the
Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In addition to this was the unofficial Kargil War and some border
skirmishes.

War of 1965
Main article: Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

This section needs

expansion.You can help
by adding to it. (July 2013)

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 started following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was
designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgencyagainst rule by
India.[20] The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. Most of the battles were
fought by opposing infantry and armoured units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval
operations. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of
the Tashkent Declaration.
War of 1971

Pakistan's Lt Gen Niazi(sitting second from right) signing the Instrument of Surrender, following the defeat of
Pakistan in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.

Main articles: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War

This section needs

expansion.You can help
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Pakistan, since independence, was geo-politically divided into two major regions, West
Pakistan and East Pakistan. East Pakistan was occupied mostly by Bengali people. In December
1971, following a political crisis in East Pakistan, the situation soon spiralled out of control in East
Pakistan and India intervened in favour of the rebelling Bengali populace. The conflict, a brief but
bloody war, resulted in an independence of East Pakistan. In the war, the Pakistani army swiftly fell
to India, forcing the independence of East Pakistan, which separated and became Bangladesh.

Kargil War
Main article: Kargil War

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During the winter months of 1998-99, the Indian army vacated its posts at very high peaks
in Kargil sector in Kashmir as it used to do every year. Pakistani Army intruded across the line of
control and occupied the posts. Indian army discovered this in May 1999 when the snow thawed.
This resulted in intense fighting between Indian and Pakistani forces, known as the Kargil conflict.
Backed by the Indian Air Force, the Indian Army regained some of the posts that Pakistan has
occupied. Pakistan later withdrew from the remaining portion under international pressure.
Other territorial claims
This section needs
expansion.You can help
by adding to it. (March 2013)

The relations are locked in other territorial claims such as the Siachen Glacier and Kori Creek.

Water disputes

The Indus Waters Treaty governs the rivers that flow from India into Pakistan. Water is cited as one
possible cause for a conflict between the two nations, but to date issues such as the Nimoo Bazgo
Project have been resolved through diplomacy.[21]

Bengal refugee crisis

Further information: East Bengali refugees

In 1949, India recorded close to 1 million Hindu refugees, who flooded into West Bengal and other
states from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), owing to communal violence, intimidation and
repression from authorities. The plight of the refugees outraged Hindus and Indian nationalists, and
the refugee population drained the resources of Indian states, which were unable to absorb them.
While not ruling out war, Prime Minister Nehru and Sardar Patel invited Liaquat Ali Khan for talks in
Delhi. Although many Indians termed this appeasement, Nehru signed a pact with Liaquat Ali Khan
that pledged both nations to the protection of minorities and creation of minority commissions. Khan
and Nehru also signed a trade agreement, and committed to resolving bilateral conflicts through
peaceful means. Steadily, hundreds of thousands of Hindus returned to East Pakistan, but the thaw
in relations did not last long, primarily owing to the Kashmir conflict.

Afghanistan
Further information: AfghanistanIndia relations and AfghanistanPakistan relations

After the Taliban defeated the Northern Alliance in much of Afghanistan in 1996 in civil war, the
Taliban regime was strongly supported by Pakistan one of the three countries to do so before
the 11 September attacks. India firmly opposed the Taliban and criticised Pakistan for supporting it.
India established its links with Northern Alliance as India officially recognised their government, with
the United Nations. India's relations with Afghanistan, Pakistan's neighbour, and its increasing
presence there has irked Pakistan.

The 2008 Indian embassy bombing in Kabul was a suicide bomb terror attack on the Indian
embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan on 7 July 2008 at 8:30 AM local time.[22] USintelligence officials
suggested that Pakistan's ISI intelligence agency had planned the attack.[23] Pakistan tried to deny
any responsibility,[23][24] but United States PresidentGeorge W. Bush confronted Pakistani Prime
Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani with evidence and warned him that in the case of another such attack he
would have to take "serious action".[25]
Pakistan has been accused by India, Afghanistan, the United States,[26][27] and the United Kingdom,
[28]
of involvement in terrorism in Kashmir and Afghanistan.[29] In July 2009, current President of
Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari admitted that the Pakistani government had "created and nurtured" terrorist
groups to achieve its short-term foreign policy goals.[30]According to an analysis published by Saban
Centre for Middle East Policy at Brookings Institution in 2008 Pakistan was the world's "most active"
state sponsor of terrorism including aiding groups and Pakistan has long aided a range of terrorist
groups fighting against India in Kashmir and is a major sponsor of Taliban forces fighting the U.S.-
backed government in Afghanistan.[31]

Insurgency in Kashmir
Main article: Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir

According to some reports published by the Council of Foreign Relations, the Pakistan military and
the ISI have provided covert support to terrorist groups active in Kashmir, including the al-
Qaeda affiliate Jaish-e-Mohammed.[32][33] Pakistan has denied any involvement in terrorist activities
in Kashmir, arguing that it only provides political and moral support to the secessionist groups who
wish to escape Indian rule. Many Kashmiri militant groups also maintain their headquarters
in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, which is cited as further proof by the Indian government.

Author Gordon Thomas stated that Pakistan "still sponsored terrorist groups in the state of Kashmir,
funding, training and arming them in their war on attrition against India." [34]Journalist Stephen
Suleyman Schwartz notes that several militant and criminal groups are "backed by senior officers in
the Pakistani army, the country's ISI intelligence establishment and other armed bodies of the
state."[35]

List of some insurgent attacks

Insurgents attack on Jammu and Kashmir State Assembly: A car bomb exploded near the Jammu
and Kashmir State Assembly on 1 October 2001, killing 27 people on an attack that was blamed on
Kashmiri separatists. It was one of the most prominent attacks against India apart from on the Indian
Parliament in December 2001. The dead bodies of the terrorists and the data recovered from them
revealed that Pakistan was solely responsible for the activity.[3]

1997 Sangrampora massacre: On 21 March 1997, 7 Kashmiri Pandits were killed in

Sangrampora village in the Budgam district.

Wandhama Massacre: In January 1998, 24 Kashmiri Pandits living in the

city Wandhama were killed by nonsense Islamic terrorists.

Qasim Nagar Attack: On 13 July 2003, armed men believed to be a part of the Lashkar-e-
Toiba threw hand grenades at the Qasim Nagar market in Srinagar and then fired on civilians
standing nearby killing twenty-seven and injuring many more. [4]

Assassination of Abdul Ghani Lone: Abdul Ghani Lone, a prominent All Party Hurriyat
Conference leader, was assassinated by an unidentified gunmen during a memorial rally
in Srinagar. The assassination resulted in wide-scale demonstrations against the Indian
occupied-forces for failing to provide enough security cover for Mr. Lone. [5]
 20 July 2005 Srinagar Bombing: A car bomb exploded near an armoured Indian Army vehicle
in the famous Church Lane area in Srinagar killing four Indian Army personnel, one civilian and
the suicide bomber. Terrorist group Hizbul Mujahideen, claimed responsibility for the attack.[6]

Budshah Chowk attack: A terrorist attack on 29 July 2005 at Srinigar's city centre, Budshah
Chowk, killed two and left more than 17 people injured. Most of those injured were media
journalists.[7]

Murder of Ghulam Nabi Lone: On 18 October 2005 suspected man killed Jammu and
Kashmir's then education minister Ghulam Nabi Lone. No Terrorist group claimed responsibility
for the attack. [8]

2016 Uri attack: A terrorist attack by four heavily armed terrorists on 18 September 2016,
near the town of Uri in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, killed 18 and left more than 20
people injured. It was reported as "the deadliest attack on security forces in Kashmir in two
decades".[36]
Insurgent activities elsewhere

The attack on the Indian Parliament was by far the most dramatic attack carried out allegedly by
Pakistani terrorists. India blamed Pakistan for carrying out the attacks, an allegation which Pakistan
strongly denied and one that brought both nations to the brink of a nuclear confrontation in 200102.
However, international peace efforts ensured the cooling of tensions between the two nuclear-
capable nations.

Apart from this, the most notable was the hijacking of Indian Airlines Flight IC 814 en route New
Delhi from Kathmandu, Nepal. The plane was hijacked on 24 December 1999 approximately one
hour after take off and was taken to Amritsar airport and then to Lahore in Pakistan. After refueling
the plane took off for Dubai and then finally landed inKandahar, Afghanistan. Under intense media
pressure, New Delhi complied with the hijackers' demand and freed Maulana Masood Azhar from its
captivity in return for the freedom of the Indian passengers on the flight. The decision, however, cost
New Delhi dearly. Maulana, who is believed to be hiding in Karachi, later became the leader of Jaish-
e-Mohammed, an organisation which has carried out several terrorist acts against Indian security
forces in Kashmir.[9]

On 22 December 2000, a group of terrorists belonging to the Lashkar-e-Toiba stormed the

famous Red Fort in New Delhi. The Fort houses an Indian military unit and a high-security
interrogation cell used both by the Central Bureau of Investigation and the Indian Army. The
terrorists successfully breached the security cover around the Red Fort and opened fire at the Indian
military personnel on duty killing two of them on spot. The attack was significant because it was
carried out just two days after the declaration of the cease-fire between India and Pakistan. [10]

In 2002, India claimed again that terrorists from Jammu and Kashmir were infiltrating into India, a
claim denied by Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf, who claimed that such infiltration had stopped
India's spokesperson for the External Affairs Ministry did away with Pakistan's claim, calling it
"terminological inexactitude."[37] Only two months later, two Kashmiri terrorists belonging to Jaish-e-
Mohammed raided the Swami Narayan temple complex in Ahmedabad, Gujarat killing 30 people,
including 18 women and five children. The attack was carried out on 25 September 2002, just few
days after state elections were held in Jammu and Kashmir. Two identical letters found on both the
terrorists claimed that the attack was done in retaliation for the deaths of thousands of Muslims
during the Gujarat riots.[11]

Two car bombs exploded in south Mumbai on 25 August 2003; one near the Gateway of India and
the other at the famous Zaveri Bazaar, killing at least 48 and injuring 150 people. Though no terrorist
group claimed responsibility for the attacks, Mumbai Police and RAW suspected Lashkar-e-Toiba's
hand in the twin blasts.[12]

In an unsuccessful attempt, six terrorists belonging to Lashkar-e-Toiba, stormed the Ayodhya Ram
Janmbhomi complex on 5 July 2005. Before the terrorists could reach the main disputed site, they
were shot down by Indian security forces. One Hindu worshipper and two policemen were injured
during the incident.[13]

The Indian intelligence agency RAW is claimed to be working in cover to malign Pakistan and train &
support insurgents for Balochistan conflict.[38][39][40][41]

2001 Indian Parliament attack

Main article: 2001 Indian Parliament attack

The 2001 Indian Parliament attack was an attack at the Parliament of India in New Delhi on 13
December 2001, during which fourteen people, including the five men who attacked the building,
were killed. The perpetrators were Lashkar-e-Taiba (Let) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) terrorists.[42]
[43]
The attack led to the deaths of five terrorists, sixDelhi Police personnel, two Parliament Security
Service personnel and a gardener, in total 14[44] and to increased tensions
between India and Pakistan, resulting in the 200102 IndiaPakistan standoff.[45]

200102 IndiaPakistan standoff

Main article: 20012002 IndiaPakistan standoff

The 20012002 IndiaPakistan standoff was a military standoff between India and Pakistan that
resulted in the massing of troops on either side of the border and along the Line of Control (LoC) in
the region of Kashmir. This was the first major military standoff between India and Pakistan since
the Kargil War in 1999. The military buildup was initiated by India responding to a 2001 Indian
Parliament attack and the 2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly attack.[46] India claimed
that the attacks were carried out by two Pakistan-based terror groups fighting
Indian administered Kashmir, the Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad, both of whom India has
said are backed by Pakistan's ISI[47] a charge that Pakistan denied.[48][49][50] Tensions de-escalated
following international diplomatic mediation which resulted in the October 2002 withdrawal of
Indian[51] and Pakistani troops[52] from the international border.

2007 Samjhauta Express bombings

Main article: 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings

The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings was a terrorist attack targeted on the Samjhauta
Express train on 18 February. The Samjhauta Express is an international train that runs from New
Delhi, India to Lahore, Pakistan, and is one of two trains to cross the India-Pakistan border. At least
68 people were killed, mostly Pakistani civilians but also some Indian security personnel and
civilians.[53]

2008 Mumbai attacks

Main article: 2008 Mumbai attacks

The 2008 Mumbai attacks by ten Pakistani terrorists killed over 173 and wounded 308. The sole
surviving gunman Ajmal Kasab who was arrested during the attacks was found to be a Pakistani
national. This fact was acknowledged by Pakistani authorities.[54] In May 2010, an Indian court
convicted him on four counts of murder, waging war against India,conspiracy and terrorism offences,
and sentenced him to death.[55]

India blamed the Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistan-based militant group, for planning and executing the
attacks. Islamabad resisted the claims and demanded evidence. India provided evidence in the form
of interrogations, weapons, candy wrappers, Pakistani Brand Milk Packets, and telephone sets.
[56]
Indian officials demanded Pakistan extradite suspects for trial. They also said that, given the
sophistication of the attacks, the perpetrators "must have had the support of some official agencies
in Pakistan".[57]

Technology and education

See also: Asian space race, India and weapons of mass destruction, Pakistan and weapons of mass
destruction, and nuclear race

Since the 1980s, India and Pakistan have carried out research and development in supercomputing,
information technology and scientific applications relating to computer science. Since the early
1990s, the economic liberalisation and privatisation policy measures and programs led to a boom in
information technology in both countries. The scientific competition in the 1970s led to increased
funding for science and technology development from primary education through the post-graduate
level in Indian and Pakistani school systems. Pakistan annually invites scientists from all over the
world to participate in a physical sciences and mathematics summer research seminar, to support
joint development of and benefit science and technology.

Aryabhata satellite launched in 1975.

India has a long history of development of nuclear weapons.[58] Origins of India's nuclear program
dates back to 1944, when started its nuclear program soon after its independence. [58] In the 1940s
1960s, India's nuclear program slowly matured towards militarisation and expanded the nuclear
power infrastructure throughout the country.[58] Decisions on the development of nuclear weapons
were made by Indian political leaders after the Chinese invasion and territorial annexation
of northern India. In 1967, India's nuclear program was aimed at the development of nuclear
weapons, with Indira Gandhi carefully overseeing the development of weapons.[59] In 1971, India
gained military and political momentum over Pakistan after a successful military campaign against
Pakistan. Starting preparations for a nuclear test in 1972, India finally exploded its first nuclear bomb
in Pokhran test range, codename Smiling Buddha, in 1974.[59]

Badr-1 satellite launched in 1990.

After the succession by East-Pakistan, Pakistan launched its own nuclear bomb program in 1972,
and accelerated its efforts in 1974.[60] This large-scale nuclear bomb program was directly in
response to India's nuclear program.[61] In 1983, Pakistan achieved a major milestone in its efforts
after it covertly performed a series of non-fission tests, codename Kirana-I. No official
announcements of such cold tests were made by Pakistan government.[61] Over the next several
years, Pakistan expanded and modernized nuclear power projects around the country to supply its
electricity sector and to provide back-up support and benefit to its national economy. In 1988, a
mutual understanding was reached between the two countries in which each pledged not to attack
nuclear facilities. Agreements on cultural exchanges and civil aviation were also initiated, also in
1988.[61] Finally, in 1998, India exploded its second nuclear test (see: Pokhran-II) which invited
Pakistan to follow the latter's step and performed its own atomic tests(see:Chagai-I and Chagai-II).

Pakistan pursued its research and development in space and astrophysics in 1961 after starting its
space program led by Space Research Commission (SUPARCO).[62] Its unmanned flight test
program launched its first rocket into orbit, Rehbar-I.[62] By 1969, India had an active and large-scale
space program directed by ISRO. Development towards launching satellites began in the 1970s; in
1975, India's space program recorded its first success when Indian ISRO put the country's first
artificial satellite, Aryabhata in orbit. Pakistani concerns that they had fallen behind India in the race
to space led quickly to a push by legislators and educators for greater emphasis on mathematics
and the physical sciences in Pakistan's schools and universities.[citation needed] (see: Pakistan inventions
and discoveries and SRC scientific missions)

Finally in 1990, Pakistan put its own first artificial satellite, Badr-1, in orbit. During the 1980s90s,
India began development of space and nuclear rockets, which marked Pakistan's efforts to engage
in the space race with India.[63] Pakistan's own program developed space and nuclear missiles and
began unmanned flight tests of its space vehicles in the mid-1990s, which continues in the present.
 In 2008, India's ISRO scored a great international success by launching its moon
[63]

probe, Chandrayaan-1 in 2008, and continues to advance its space program and enhancement of
science and technology in India.[64] With technical assistance from China, Pakistan launched its first
geostationary satellite, Paksat-1R in 2011.

Talks and other confidence building measures

After the 1971 war, Pakistan and India made slow progress towards the normalisation of relations. In
July 1972, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistani PresidentZulfikar Ali Bhutto met in the
Indian hill station of Simla. They signed the Simla Agreement, by which India would return all
Pakistani personnel (over 90,000) and captured territory in the west, and the two countries would
"settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations." Diplomatic and trade
relations were also re-established in 1976.

1990s

In 1997, high-level Indo-Pakistan talks resumed after a three-year pause. The Prime Ministers of
Pakistan and India met twice and the foreign secretaries conducted three rounds of talks. In June
1997, the foreign secretaries identified eight "outstanding issues" around which continuing talks
would be focused. The conflict over the status of Kashmir, (referred by India as Jammu and
Kashmir), an issue since Independence, remains the major stumbling block in their dialogue. India
maintains that the entire former princely state is an integral part of the Indian union, while Pakistan
insists that UN resolutions calling for self-determination of the people of the state/province must be
taken into account. It however refuses to abide by the previous part of the resolution, which calls for
it to vacate all territories occupied.

In September 1997, the talks broke down over the structure of how to deal with the issues of
Kashmir, and peace and security. Pakistan advocated that the issues be treated by separate working
groups. India responded that the two issues be taken up along with six others on a simultaneous
basis.

Attempts to restart dialogue between the two nations were given a major boost by the February 1999
meeting of both Prime Ministers in Lahore and their signing of three agreements.

A subsequent military coup in Pakistan that overturned the democratically elected Nawaz
Sharif government in October of the same year also proved a setback to relations.

2000s

In 2001, a summit was called in Agra; Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf turned up to meet
Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee. The talks fell through.

On 20 June 2004, with a new government in place in India, both countries agreed to extend
a nuclear testing ban and to set up a hotline between their foreign secretaries aimed at preventing
misunderstandings that might lead to a nuclear war.[65]
Baglihar Dam issue was a new issue raised by Pakistan in 2005.

After Dr. Manmohan Singh become prime minister of India in May 2004, the Punjab provincial
Government declared it would develop Gah, his place of birth, as a model village in his honour and
name a school after him.[66] There is also a village in India named Pakistan, despite occasional
pressure over the years to change its name the villagers have resisted. [67] Violent activities in the
region declined in 2004. There are two main reasons for this: warming of relations between New
Delhi and Islamabad which consequently lead to a ceasefire between the two countries in 2003 and
the fencing of the LOC being carried out by the Indian Army. Moreover, coming under intense
international pressure, Islamabad was compelled to take actions against the militants' training camps
on its territory. In 2004, the two countries also agreed upon decreasing the number of troops present
in the region.

Under pressure, Kashmiri militant organisations made an offer for talks and negotiations with New
Delhi, which India welcomed.

India's Border Security Force blamed the Pakistani military for providing cover-fire for the terrorists
whenever they infiltrated into Indian territory from Pakistan. Pakistan in turn has also blamed India
for providing support to terrorist organisations operating in Pakistan such as the BLA.

In 2005, Pakistan's information minister, Sheikh Rashid, was alleged to have run a terrorist training
camp in 1990 in N.W. Frontier, Pakistan. The Pakistani government dismissed the charges against
its minister as an attempt to hamper the ongoing peace process between the two neighbours.

Both India and Pakistan have launched several mutual confidence-building measures (CBMs) to
ease tensions between the two. These include more high-level talks, easing visarestrictions, and
restarting of cricket matches between the two. The new bus service
between Srinagar and Muzaffarabad has also helped bring the two sides closer. Pakistan and India
have also decided to co-operate on economic fronts.

Some improvements in the relations are seen with the re-opening of a series of transportation
networks near the IndiaPakistan border, with the most important being bus routes and railway lines.

A major clash between Indian security forces and militants occurred when a group of insurgents tried
to infiltrate into Kashmir from Pakistan in July 2005. The same month also saw a Kashmiri militant
attack on Ayodhya and Srinagar. However, these developments had little impact on the peace
process.

An Indian man held in Pakistani prisons since 1975 as an accused spy walked across the border to
freedom 3 March 2008, an unconditional release that Pakistan said was done to improve relations
between the two countries.[68]

In 2006, a "Friends Without Borders" scheme began with the help of two British tourists. The idea
was that Indian and Pakistani children would make pen pals and write friendly letters to each other.
The idea was so successful in both countries that the organisation found it "impossible to keep up".
The World's Largest Love Letter was recently sent from India to Pakistan. [69]
2010s

In December 2010, several Pakistani newspapers published stories about India's leadership and
relationship with militants in Pakistan that the papers claimed were found in theUnited States
diplomatic cables leak. A British newspaper, The Guardian, which had the Wikileaks cables in its
possession reviewed the cables and concluded that the Pakistani claims were "not accurate" and
that "WikiLeaks [was] being exploited for propaganda purposes."[70]

On 10 February 2011, India agreed to resume talks with Pakistan which were suspended after 26/11
Mumbai Attacks.[71] India had put on hold all the diplomatic relations saying it will only continue if
Pakistan will act against the accused of Mumbai attacks.

On 13 April 2012 following a thaw in relations whereby India gained MFN status in the country, India
announced the removal of restrictions on FDI investment from Pakistan to India.[72]

The Foreign Minister of Pakistan on 11 July 2012, stated in Pnom Penh that her country is willing to
resolve some of the disputes like, Sir Creek and Siachan on the basis of agreements reached in
past.[73] On 7 September 2012, Indian External Affairs Minister would pay 3-day visit to Pakistan to
review the progress of bilateral dialogue with his Pakistani counterpart. [74]

Response to natural calamities

2001 Gujarat earthquake in India

In response to the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, Pakistani President Pervez Mushrraf sent a plane load
of relief supplies to India from Islamabad to Ahmedabad.[75] That carried 200 tents and more than
2,000 blankets.[76] Furthermore, the President called Indian PM to express his 'sympathy' over the
loss from the earthquake.[77]

2005 earthquake in Pakistan

India offered generous aid to Pakistan in response to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake on 8 October.
Indian and Pakistani High Commissioners consulted with one another regarding cooperation in relief
work. India sent 25 tonnes of relief material to Pakistan including food, blankets and medicine. Large
Indian companies such as Infosys have offered aid up to $226,000. On 12 October, an Ilyushin-
76 cargo plane ferried across seven truckloads (about 82 tons) of army medicines, 15,000 blankets
and 50 tents and returned to New Delhi. A senior airforce official also stated that they had been
asked by the Indian government to be ready to fly out another similar consignment. [78] On 14 October,
India dispatched the second consignment of relief material to Pakistan, by train through the Wagah
Border. The consignment included 5,000 blankets, 370 tents, 5 tons of plastic sheets and 12 tons of
medicine. A third consignment of medicine and relief material was also sent shortly afterwards by
train.[79] India also pledged $25 million as aid to Pakistan.[80] India opened the first of three points at
Chakan Da Bagh, in Poonch, on the Line of Control (LoC) between India and Pakistan for the 2005
Kashmir earthquake relief work. (Rediff) Such generous gestures signalled a new era of confidence,
friendliness and cooperation between both India and Pakistan.
Fugitives
India has accused some of the most wanted Indian fugitives, such as Dawood Ibrahim, of having a
presence in Pakistan. On 11 May 2011, India released a list of 50 "Most Wanted Fugitives" hiding in
Pakistan. This was to tactically pressure Pakistan after the killing of Osama bin Laden in
his compound in Abbottabad.[81]

After two errors in the list received publicity, the Central Bureau of Investigation removed it from their
website pending a review.[82] After this incident the Pakistani interior ministry rejected the list of 50
Most Wanted men forwarded by India to Islamabad, saying it should first probe if those named in the
list were even living in the country.[83]

Social relations

Cultural links

India and Pakistan, to some degree have similar cultures, cuisines and languages which underpin
the historical ties between the two. Pakistani singers, musicians, comediansand entertainers have
enjoyed widespread popularity in India, with many achieving overnight fame in the Indian film
industry Bollywood. Likewise, Indian music and film are very popular in Pakistan. Being located in
the northernmost region of the South Asia, Pakistan's culture is somewhat similar to that of North
India, especially the northwest India.

The Punjab region was split into Punjab, Pakistan and Punjab, India following the independence and
partition of the two countries in 1947. The Punjabi people are today the largest ethnic group in
Pakistan and also an important ethnic group of northern India. The founder of Sikhism was born in
the modern-day Pakistani Punjab province, in the city ofNankana Sahib. Each year, millions of Indian
Sikh pilgrims cross over to visit holy Sikh sites in Nankana Sahib. The Sindhi people are the native
ethnic group of the Pakistani province of Sindh. Many Hindu Sindhis migrated to India in 1947,
making the country home to a sizable Sindhi community. In addition, the millions of Muslims who
migrated from India to the newly created Pakistan during independence came to be known as
the Muhajir people; they are settled predominantly in Karachi and still maintain family links in India.

Relations between Pakistan and India have also resumed through platforms such as media and
communications. Aman ki Asha is a joint venture and campaign between The Times of India and
the Jang Group calling for mutual peace and development of diplomatic and cultural relations.

Geographic links
Main article: Indo-Pakistani border
The evening flag lowering ceremony at the India-Pakistan International Border near Wagah.

The Indo-Pakistani border is the official international boundary that demarcates the Indian states of
Punjab, Rajasthan andGujarat from the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh. The Wagah border
is the only road crossing between India and Pakistan and lies on the famous Grand Trunk Road,
connecting Lahore, Pakistan with Amritsar, India. Each evening, theWagah border ceremony takes
place at the Wagah border in which the flags are lowered and guards on both sides make a
pompous military display and exchange handshakes.

Linguistic ties

Hindustani is the linga franca of North India and Pakistan, as well as the national language of both
countries, under the standard registers Hindi and Urdu, respectively. Standard Urdu is mutually
intelligible with Standard Hindi.

Apart from Hindustani, India and Pakistan also share a distribution of the Punjabi language (written
in the Gurmukhi script in Indian Punjab, and the Shahmukhi script in Pakistani Punjab), Kashmiri
language and Sindhi language, mainly due to population exchange. These languages belong to a
common Indo-Aryan family that are spoken in countries across the subcontinent.

Matrimonial ties

Some Indian and Pakistani people marry across the border, particularly with present generation of
relatives who had migrated from India at the time of partition.

In April 2010 a high-profile Pakistani cricketer, Shoaib Malik married the Indian tennis star Sania
Mirza.[84] The wedding received much media attention and was said to transfix both India and
Pakistan.[85]

Sporting ties
Main article: Sports diplomacy Cricket

See also: India versus Pakistan cricket rivalry

Cricket and hockey matches between the two (as well as other sports to a lesser degree such as
those of the SAARC games) have often been political in nature. During theSoviet invasion of
Afghanistan General Zia-ul Haq traveled to India for a bout of "cricket diplomacy" to keep India from
supporting the Soviets by opening another front. Pervez Musharaff also tried to do the same more
than a decade later but to no avail.

In tennis, Rohan Bopanna of India and Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi of Pakistan have formed a successful
duo and have been dubbed as the "Indo-Pak Express."[86]

Transport links
Main article: Transport between India and Pakistan

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Diasporic relations

The large size of the Indian diaspora and Pakistani diaspora in many different countries throughout
the world has created strong diasporic relations. British Indians and British Pakistanis, the largest
and second-largest ethnic minorities living in the United Kingdom respectively, are said to have
friendly relations with one another.[87][88] It is quite common for a "Little India" and a "Little Pakistan" to
co-exist in South Asian ethnic enclaves in overseas countries. There are various cities such
as Birmingham, Blackburn and Manchesterwhere British Indians and British Pakistanis live
alongside each other in peace and harmony. Both Indians and Pakistanis living in the UK fit under
the category of British Asian. The UK is also home to the Pakistan & India friendship forum. [89] In the
United States, Indians and Pakistanis are classified under the South Asian American category and
share many cultural traits. The British MEP Saj Karim is of Pakistani origin. He is a member of the
European Parliament Friends of India Group, Karim was also responsible for opening up Europe to
free trade with India.[90][91] He narrowly escaped the Mumbai attacks at Hotel Taj in November 2008.
Despite the atrocity, Mr Karim does not wish the remaining killer Ajmal Kasab to be sentenced to
death. He said: "I believe he had a fair and transparent trial and I support the guilty verdict. But I am
not a supporter of capital punishment. I believe he should be given a life sentence, but that life
should mean life."

Economic relations

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Trade links
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expansion.You can help
 by adding to it. (April 2014)

Trade across direct routes has been curtailed formally,[92] so the bulk of India-Pakistan trade is routed
through Dubai.[93]

Re-evaluation

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The insurgents who initially started their movement as a pro-Kashmiri independence movement,
have gone through a lot of change in their ideology. Most of the insurgents portray their struggle as a
religious one.

Indian analysts allege that by supporting these insurgents, Pakistan is trying to wage a proxy
war against India while Pakistan claims that it regards most of these insurgentgroups as "freedom
fighters" rather than terrorists

Internationally known to be the most deadly theatre of conflict, nearly 10 million people,
including Muslims, Hindus, and Buddhists, have been fighting a daily battle for survival. The cross-
border firing between India and Pakistan, and the terrorist attacks combined have taken its toll on
the Kashmiris, who have suffered poor living standards and an erosion of human rights.

Country comparison

India Pakistan

Population 1,210,193,422[94] 199,085,847

Area 3,287,240 km (1,269,210 sq mi) 881,913 km (307,374 sq mi)

Population
389.1/km (922/sq mi) 260.8/km (555/sq mi)
density
 Capital New Delhi Islamabad

Largest
Mumbai Karachi
city

Governmen Federal republic, Parliamentary

Islamic Parliamentary democracy
t democracy

Official Hindi, English and 20 other official

Urdu, English
languages languages

80.5% Hinduism, 13.4% Islam, 2.3% 95-98% Islam (80-95% Sunni, 5-

Main
Christianity, 1.9% Sikhism, 20% Shi'a), 1.6% Christianity,
religions
0.8% Buddhism, 0.4% Jainism[95] 1.6%Hinduism, others

GDP $270.961 billion ($1,427 per

$2.384 trillion ($1,820 per capita)
(nominal) capita)

$984.205 billion ($5,084 per

GDP (PPP) $8.727 trillion ($6,664 per capita)
capita)

Military
expenditur $36.03 billion (1.83% of GDP) $5.1 billion (2.8% of GDP)
es

See also

IndiaPakistan relations portal

India portal

Pakistan portal
Foreign relations

Foreign relations of India

 Foreign relations of Pakistan
History

History of India

History of the Republic of India

History of Pakistan

History of the Kashmir conflict

Human rights

Human rights in India

Human rights in Pakistan

Cultural issues

Persecution of Hindus

Persecution of Muslims

Hindi-Urdu controversy

Anti-Pakistan sentiment

Indophobia
Terrorism and state disputes

Indo-Pakistani Wars

201415 IndiaPakistan border skirmishes

2013 IndiaPakistan border skirmishes

Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir

Balochistan conflict

Patriotic hacking
Sports

India-Pakistan cricket rivalry

India-Pakistan field hockey rivalry