ENERGY RESEARCH, VOL.

1 1 , 289-300 (1987)

PERFORMANCE OF EJECTOR HEAT PUMPS

FANG C. CHEN
Energy Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831. U.S.A.
AND
CHENG-TSANG HSU*
Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A.

SUMMARY
An ejector-compression heat pump can use low-gradethermal energy in the neighbourhood of 93.3"C (200F) to provide
space cooling and heating. This paper applies the existing ejector theory to estimate the performance of an ejector heat
pump system at various operatingconditions. The study includes parametric, sensitivity and off-design analyses of the heat
pump performance.The performance enhancement options and desired ejector geometry are also examined. Refrigerants
1 1 . 1 i 3 and 114 are three of the halocarbons most suitable for the ejector heat pump system. The estimated coefficients of
performancefor a simple ejector heat pump are 0 3 for the cooling mode and 1.3 for the heating mode at a sample operating
condition in which the refrigerant (R-11) boiling temperature is 93.3"C (200"F),condensing temperature 43.3"C (110F)
and evaporating temperature 10C (5O"F).A 24 per cent performance improvement is predicted for a heat pump with two-
stage ejectors and regenerative heat exchangers. The off-design performance is relatively insensitive to the evaporator
temperature variations.

KEY WORDS Heat pumps Ejector heat pump performance

INTRODUCTION
The steam-jet ejector system for cooling and refrigeration has existed since the early 1900s. An
ejector-compression cycle system which has no moving parts, except possibly a liquid pump, offers mechanical
simplicity and promises reliability unmatched by the conventional Rankine refrigeration system. The cooling
temperature of a steam-jet system is bounded by the freezing temperature of water vapour. To extend the
operating range below freezing temperature and to use low-grade (around 93C) thermal resources for space-
conditioning, an ejector heat pump using freon as a working fluid has been the subject of several studies.
Coleman (1968) reported the study of a gas-fired ejector heat pump for residential space-conditioning in
which many different ejector configurations were tested. The test results showed that a parallel-convergent
ejector mixing chamber design provided the best performance. Thupvongsa (1976) analysed the performance
of an ejector heat pump using solar-heated water (around 9OOC) as the heat source. A two-dimensional ejector
flow model developed by Gilbert and Hill (1973) was used in the performance simulation. Since the ejector flow
model used applies only to ejectors with a pressure ratio around 1.1, the design pressure ratio in an ejector heat
pump is around 3 to 4. No satisfactory simulation result was obtained. Chen (1978)applied an optimum ejector
performance model (Elrod, 1945)to an automobile waste-heat-driven ejector cooling cycle. R-113 was used as
the working fluid. The optimal performance of an ejector cooling cycle at the design point was determined. The
off-design performance of the cycle was not analysed. Hamner (1978) tested and computed the performance of

At present with the Singer C o p . , Silver Spring, MD 20904, U.S.A.

0363 -907X/87/020289-12$06.00 Received 16 November 1984

0 1987 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Revised 30 March 1985
290 F. C. CHEN AND C-T. HSU

an ejector heat pump using R-11 as the working fluid. Three different ejector configurations were tested. For a
given freon boiling temperature of 93C and condensing temperature of 29"C, the best tested heat pump
coefficient of performance for cooling (COP,) was around 0.28. There was no evidence that the three ejector
configurations tested in the experiment were optimized ejectors.
The present study is to analytically investigate the performance optimization of an ejector-compression
cycle for heat pump applications. It includes a parametric study of the effect of operating temperatures on the
heat pump system COP, the sensitivity of ejector nozzle and diffuser efficiencies on the overall system
performance, and the off-design performance of an ejector heat pump. Possible methods to improve the system
performance, the desired ejector geometry determined from Elrod's optimal ejector model, and a gas dynamic
analysis of the flow in an ejector are discussed.

SYSTEM SCHEMATIC
An ejector heat pump cycle in its simple form, as illustrated in Figure 1, is a combined cycle which consists of a
power cycle and a refrigeration cycle. It differs from the conventional Rankine refrigeration cycle in which the
mechanical compressor is replaced by an ejector. The power cycle of an ejector heat pump includes a boiler, an
ejector, a condenser and a liquid pump. In addition to an expansion valve and an evaporator, the refrigeration
cycle shares the ejector and the condenser with the power cycle. Flow compression work, produced in the
power cycle by absorbing heat at the boiler and by rejecting residual heat to an intermediate temperature at the
condenser, is transferred to the refrigeration cycle at the ejector. This drives the compression process to allow
the low temperature heat to be absorbed at the evaporator, upgraded to an intermediate temperature, and
discharged through the condenser.
Since the ejector heat pump is thermally activated, low-grade thermal resources such as solar-heated water
or industrial waste heat can be used as the heat source. Alternatively, it can be driven by a gas-fired furnace.

HEAT INPUT

4 CONDENSER 4

!'

EXPANSION
DEVICE

P EVAPORATOR

HEAT
COLLECTED

Figure. 1. An ejector heat pump cycle.

 PERFORMANCE OF EJECTOR HEAT PUMPS 29 1

ANALYSIS

Ejector eficiency
A Mollier diagram and the schematic diagram of an ejector with its corresponding state points for an ejector
heat pump are shown in Figure 2. The high-pressure motive gas is the refrigerant vapour supplied from the
boiler. At state point 0 the total pressure corresponds to the boiler pressure, P,. From there, the motive gas
expands through the nozzle to a static pressure, P, (evaporator pressure), at state point 1,which is located to the
right of the isentropic expansion location 1,. The low-pressure refrigerant vapour (secondary gas) from the
evaporator enters the ejector at a total pressure P, corresponding to state point 4. The two streams are merged
at X and completely mixed at state point 2. The combined refrigerant vapour is self-compressed through the
diffuser section and then leaves the ejector at state point 3, which is located to the right of state point 3' of the
isentropic compression. The total pressure of state point 3 corresponds to the condenser pressure, P,.
The ratio of the secondary mass flow rate to the primary mass flow rate may be defined as the entrainment
rate. For given inlet conditions and outlet pressure of the working fluids, there is a maximum ideal value of
entrainment rate attainable by an ejector. This ideal entrainment rate can be used as a criterion of ejector
performance. Therefore, the efficiency of an ejector can be defined by
actual entrainment rate
''4 = ideal entrainment rate
The ideal entrainment rate may be derived by assuming the reversible processes of expansion, mixing and
compression of the refrigerant vapour throughout the ejector. If the inlet and outlet conditions of the
refrigerant are prescribed and the overall changes of kinetic and potential energy are negligible, the
conservation of energy requires that
moho + m4h4 = (fro + fi4)h3 (2)

L I
ENTROPY ( s)

Figure 2. Mollier diagram for an ejector heat pump system

292 F. C. CHEN AND C-T.HSU

The isentropic process requires that

&SO +m4s4 = (mo +&)s3 (3)
If both primary and secondary gases are of the same species, it has been shown (Chen, 1978) that the ideal
entrainment rate can be determined graphically on the Mollier diagram (Figure 2). The state point 3" is the
ideal exit condition which satisfies equations (2)and (3).The ideal entrainment rate, ( m 4 / & ) ~ , can be expressed
as the ratio of the length of line 03" to the length of line 3"4. However, it is cumbersome to construct a Mollier
diagram and measure the relevant lengths. Instead, the ideal entrainment rate is calculated using a trial-and-
error solution with an existing refrigerant property computer program (Kartsounes and Erth, 1971; Hsu,
1984).

Optimum ejector analysis

The actual entrainment rate of an ejector depends on many factors, including the ejector operating
conditions and its geometry. For a given operating condition, the optimum mixing section area, A,, can be
found by maximizing m4 subject to the governing equations which are summarized in the Appendix.
The criterion for an optimized ejector, derived by Elrod (1945), is as follows:

Applying ideal gas and isentropic process relations, equation (4) may be simplified to

where P3 = P i , and the energy equation in the diffuser section (Appendix, equation (15)) can be expressed as

(2)'L-qdMi(k-1)/2 =1

For given values of qd, k, P3 and P4, equations (5) and (6) can be solved simultaneously to obtain M 2and P2
(within the range of interest of 0 < M 2 < 1). Thus, the optimum mixing section area, A 2 , with respect to a unit
nozzle-throat area can be obtained by substituting these values into equation (19) in the Appendix.

Ideal cycle performance

From thermodynamics, a Carnot cycle machine will give the maximum thermal efficiency for an engine and
the maximum COP for a refrigerator. It has been shown (Hamner, 1978; Chen, 1978) that a reversible ejector
heat pump cycle is a combination of a Carnot engine cycle operating between the boiler and the condenser
temperatures, and a Carnot refrigeration cycle operating between the condenser and the evaporator
temperatures. The ideal system COP for cooling can then be derived as
Tb-Tc Te
Ideal COP, = _ _ _ ~ (7)
Tb Tc-Te
Similarly,the ideal COP for an ejector heat pump heating cycle can be derived as 1 plus the ideal cooling COP.
It is equal to the efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between the temperatures Tband T, multiplied by the
COP for a Carnot heat pump operating between the temperatures T, and Te.

Non-ideal cycle calculations

In reality, an ejector heat pump will be operating in a less-than ideal environment with thermodynamic
irreversibilities including imperfect energy transfer and flow friction losses.
 PERFORMANCE OF EJECTOR HEAT PUMPS 293

A non-ideal ejector heat pump in cooling mode is assumed to operate at a boiler temperature of 93.3"C,a
condenser temperature of 43.3"C,and an evaporator temperature of 10C. The refrigerant R-1 1 is selected as
the working fluid. The T-S diagram of an ejector heat pump cycle is shown in Figure 3. The boiler, condenser
and evaporator are assumed to operate at saturation pressures corresponding to the given temperatures. With
the assumed values of specific heat ratio k = 1.14(taken at 30C and 1 atmosphere), diffuser efficiency qd = 0.5
and nozzle efficiency qn = 0.97, the non-ideal ejector heat pump cycle performance with an optimized ejector
for the given operating condition can be calculated from equations (lk(6) and the conservation equations in
the Appendix. A computer code has been written to facilitate the computation (Hsu, 1984).The results and the
procedure for a sample calculation are summarized in Table I. The thermodynamic properties of different state
points of the ejector heat pump cycle are shown in Table 11. The pump work of the liquid refrigerant is small,
about 1 per cent of the equivalent thermal energy input. The COPs of the non-ideal cycle are calculated
according to the definition of coefficient of performance:
cooling energy sought - m4
(COP), = - _ (h4 - h 7 ) = 0307
energy that costs mo (ho- h 5 )

(COP), = -
+
heating energy sought - (m4 mo)(h3 - h 5 ) = 1.307
(9)
energy that costs mo (ho-h,)
These values are sought to be more representative of the actual performance of an ejector heat pump. The
ratios of actual COPs to their ideal value are 26 per cent for the cooling cycle and 60 per cent for the heating
cycle.

SYSTEM STUDY

Parametric study
The boiler, evaporator and condenser of a heat pump system usually operate at a range of temperature and
pressure conditions instead of a very specific condition. Temperature changes of any of these components will
affect the performance of an ejector heat pump.
The solid curves in Figure 4 show the results of parametric study of the ejector heat pump using R-1 1 as the
working fluid. The co-ordinates are COP,, against temperature. Curves 1-3 are for the ideal cycle and curves
1'-3' for optimum-designed ejector heat pumps. These curves intersect at the assumed reference operating
conditions (i.e. Tb = 93.3"C,T, = 43.3"Cand T, = 10C). Tbvarieson curves 1 and l', T, varies on curves 2 and
2' and T, varies on curves 3 and 3', whereas the other two temperatures are held fixed on each of these curves.
The optimum (COP),of the non-ideal cycle as shown is less than the ideal (COP),,although the trend between
these two sets of curves is similar.
The large discrepancies between ideal and actual entrainment and COPSare due to the low ejector efficiency.
When the high-velocity primary flow entrains the secondary low-velocity gas, a great deal of kinetic energy is

ENTROPY (s)

Figure 3. T-S diagram of R- 11 refrigeration cycle

294 F. C. CHEN AND C-T. HSU

Table I. A sample cycle calculation

Calculation results Determined by

M2 = 0.906 Equations (5) and (6)

P2 = 1364kPa Equations (5) and (6)
h,, = 2.236 x lo5J/kg So and P4
V1 = 291.9 m/s Equation (12)*
P* =407.4kPa The critical pressure equation
R = 6@536J/kgK
A, =0.093m2 = 1 ft2
% = 327.49 kg/s Equation (11)*
A2 =0.469m2 Equation (19)*
S2 = 838.715 J/kg K Initial assumed value
h2 = 2,4797 x lo5 J/kg S2 and P2
v 2 = 0.1364 m3/kg S2 and P2
h3, = 2.545 x lo5J/kg S2 and P3
hf = 2.5660 x lo5J/kg Equation (17)*
V2 = 131.4m/s Equation (16)*
m4 = 124.49 kg/s Equation (2)
+
(tfI,, m4)/A, = 963.7 kg/sm2 Satisfy Equation (13),
V2/v2= 963.3 kg/sm2 otherwise another S2 must
be assumed to repeat the
calculations

Equation (1)

* In the Appendix.

Table 11. Thermodynamic properties of the ejector heat pump cycle

Temperature Pressure Enthalpy Entropy

State ("C) (J/kg) CJ/(kgK)l
0 93.3 706.7 2.67 x 105 803.96
3 62.8 192.3 2.57 x 105 845.83
4 10 60.5 2.28 x 105 820.7 1
5 43.3 192.3 7.16 x 104 263.8
7 10 60.5 7.16 x 104 267.99
9 43.7 106.7 7.20 x 104 263.8

lost in mixing process. In addition, the gas has to go through shock waves which would decrease its available
energy and increase its entropy. Both mixing and shock processes are highly irreversible.

Sensitivity study
In an ejector heat pump, the nozzle and the diffuser are not ideal and they have flow friction losses. Their
effectiveness is represented by the nozzle and the diffuser efficiencies, respectively. Table I11 shows the
sensitivity of the optimum performance of an ejector heat pump with respect to the variations of the assumed
nozzle and diffuser efficiencies computed at the reference operating conditions. The values of the corresponding
A l , m4/m0, and (COP), are listed according to the variations of q n and q d - The results indicate that (COP), is
more sensitive to the variation of the nozzle efficiency than the diffuser efficiency.A 5 per cent variation in qn
 PERFORMANCE OF EJECTOR HEAT PUMPS 295

OFF- DESIGN
2 0

16

a"
0 12
u

08 -~

04 ~~

0
822 878 933 989 1 0 4 4 Tb(OC) FORCURVES I,!'

322 378 433 489 544 Tc ("C) FOR CURVES2,2'

-1 1 4 4 100 156 21 1 T, ("C) FOR CURVES 3 3 '

Figure 4. Parametric and off-design studies results for R-11

Table 111. Sensitivity study of R-1 1 at fixed temperatures

and at varying efficiencies of nozzle and diffuser

4" A2 (m') w m o (COP),

0.97 0.65 0.45 0366 0.292
0.97 0.70 0.46 0374 0.298
0.97 0.75 0.47 0385 0.307
0.97 0.80 0.48 0392 0.3 13
097 0.85 0.49 0404 0.323
0.85 0.75 0.44 0286 0.228
0.90 0.75 0.45 0329 0.263
0.95 0.75 0.46 0371 0.297
0.97 0.75 0.47 0.385 0.307
098 0.75 0.47 039 0.3 11

would result in a 10per cent variation in (COP),, whereas a 5 per cent variation in qd would result in a 2 per cent
variation in (COP),.

Ofl-design study
There is an optimum mixing section area A 2 for each operating condition. However, the ejector heat pump is
not always operating at the design conditions. An off-design study is performed to determine the effect on COP
for the ejector heat pump.
For an ejector heat pump operating at the reference operating condition using R-11 as the working fluid, the
optimum mixing section cross-sectional area was determined to be 0.469 m2 with respect to nozzle throat area
296 F. C . CHEN AND C-T.HSU

of 0.093 m2 (see Table I). For this fixed cross-sectional area, the (COP), for different operating conditions may
be calculated as follows.
First, mo and V, are calculated from equations (11) and (12), respectively. Solving equations (6) and (19)
simultaneously with known values of A , , k, P4, P3 and qd results in Pz and M , . When the conditions at state
point 2 (Pzand M,) are determined, the rest of the calculations may be carried out in a manner similar to the
method illustrated in the non-ideal cycle calculation to obtain the entrainment rate m4/lj10 and the COP. The
resulting (COP), values are plotted as discrete data points in Figure 4, in addition to the parametric study
results. When each value of Tb and T, deviates from the reference temperatures, the (COP), decreases
accordingly. As T, goes above the reference operating evaporator temperature, the off-design (COP), is
actually higher than the reference design (COP),.One might expect that the heat pump would lift heat more
efficiently as it is across a smaller temperature gradient. However, these off-design (COP), values are still less
than the corresponding optimized (COP), values shown on curve 3' in Figure 4. Each point on curve 3' has a
different mixing section area A , which is optimized with respect to its operating conditions.
For the heating mode, the evaporator may be exposed to lower temperatures. The (COP), calculation is
extended from the reference operating point to low evaporator temperatures, and the results are shown in
Figure 5 for the given Tbof 93.3"Cand T, of 43.3"C.As shown in the Figure, the (COP), is insensitive to low
evaporator temperatures. This may be of particular advantage for an ejector heat pump used in the heating
mode.

Ejector geometry
The design of ejector geometry normally proceeds from the evaporator's viewpoint (for cooling) where the
load is imposed. The ejector nozzle has a characteristic converging-diverging shape. Its throat is sized to give
the maximum flow rate (usually choked flow) at the design inlet vapour conditions and depends on the cooling
or heating capacity. The mixing section and the diffuser section are conical. The cross-sectional areas may be
determined from the isentropic expansion or compression equations. The axial length of each section can be
calculated with the cone angle assumed. For 1 ton of cooling capacity with R-1 1 as the working fluid operating
at the reference condition, an approximate ejector configuration has been calculated (Hsu, 1984) and is shown
in Figure 6.

Te ( O F )
0 10 20 30 40 50

as
0
0
08 .~

T = 93.3"C,T=
, 43.3OC
b
-OPTIMUM
0.4 - ~

OFF-DESIGN

0
-17.8 -12.2 -6.7 -1.1 4.4 10.0
Te ("C)

Figure 5. Performances for the ejector heat pump at heating mode

 PERFORMANCE OF EJECTOR HEAT PUMPS 297

-I
MIXING PCONSTANT
SECTION

Figure 6. An ejector geometry for R-11 with 1-ton cooling capacity

Methods to improve COP

Regeneration and multiple-staging are two possible met hods to improve the system performance of an
ejector heat pump. In a regenerative ejector cycle, two heat exchangers will be added to the system shown in
Figure 1. One is added in the flow loop between the ejector and the condenser, and the other between the
evaporator and the ejector. The first one is used to preheat the subcooled liquid, before it goes into the boiler,
by the heat contained in the ejector exhaust flow; and the other to subcool the liquid flow before it goes through
the expansion valve, by the evaporator exhaust flow. Seventeen per cent performance improvement can be
realized by adding these heat exchangers, and the (COP),is increased from 0307 to 0.360 for R-1 1 operating at
the reference operating condition.
In steam-jet refrigeration, multi-staging concepts are often used. In an n-stage ejector heat pump with the
same amount of cooling for each stage, the net COP, (COP), may be expressed in terms of the C O P for each
stage, as follows:

Thus an infinite-stage ejector heat pump will theoretically reach the maximum COP. An example of two-stage
cooling could increase the (COP), from 0.271 to 0288, which represents a COP improvement of 6.3 per cent.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

An analysis of the ejectorxompression heat pump cycle is developed, which yields COP values for the ideal
cycle and the real cycle. The analyses are independent of fluid species, but emphasis is placed on the halocarbon
refrigerants, particularly R-1 1, R-113 and R-114, which fall within the thermodynamic and physical criteria for
use in ejector heat pumps driven by low-grade thermal energy (Hamner, 1978). R-113 and R-114 results may
also be found (Hsu, 1984).
The parametric study results in Figure 4 indicate that the C O P is proportional to the boiler temperature. In
order to achieve high COP, the boiler temperature may be extended as high as the critical temperature, which is
198Cfor R-1 1.With fixed condenser and evaporator temperatures at 43.3"C and lWC, respectively, the boiler
temperature increases from 8272C to 182-2"C,and the (COP), can increase from 0.257 to 0.514, which is a 100
per cent improvement. However, the boiler pressure increases substantially, particularly at high operating
temperatures.
The off-design study indicates that the C O P of the ejector heat pump varies greatly with the off-design
operating conditions. In general, the C O P decreases as the operating condition moves away from the reference
design point. However, one might expect better C OP if the evaporator temperature is increased and the
condenser and the boiler temperatures are held constant.
From the application viewpoint, the ejector heat pump is more attractive in the heating mode since its COP
is insensitive to the evaporator temperature which is exposed to the ambient. Under present ejector
optimization methodology, the ejector heat pump performance can be improved by regeneration and multi-
staging.
298 F. C. CHEN AND C-T. HSU

In conclusion, an ejector heat pump device may be a viable concept for space conditioning where low-grade
(93C)heat sources are readily available. The ejector is simple to fabricate and should require less maintenance.
One of the possible means to further improve the ejector heat pump performance seems to be to increase the
ejector efficiency. To enhance the entrainment rate in an ejector, one can, for instance, use swirling flow to
promote internal mixing, which may increase the refrigerant flow through the evaporator and directly improve
the heat pump performance. The optimization of a fluid dynamically augmented ejector is not known, and the
performance potential of an augmented ejector heat pump is yet to be studied.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank F. A. Creswick, R. E. Minturn, V. C. Mei and R. W. Murphy of ORNL, and
E. G. Keshock of the University of Tennessee for their helpful suggestions and encouragements throughout
the project.
This research was a part of the building equipment research program performed at the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory for the Buildings Equipment Research Division, U.S. Department of Energy.
Research sponsored by the Office of Buildings Energy Research and Development, U.S. Department of
Energy, under Contract DE-AC05-840R21400 with Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.

APPENDIX
The conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy of each section in the ejector have been derived
(Elrod, 1945) on the basis of the assumptions that there is no external heat transfer, that the primary flow
expands through the nozzle from the boiler pressure to the evaporator pressure, that the pressure is constant
between section 1 and the mixing-tube throat 2, that there is no wall friction and that the potential energy and
exit velocity of the gas stream may be ignored.

Flows through the nozzle

The choking mass flow rate of unit nozzle-throat area is
(k + 1)/2(k - 1)

k+l
The velocity of the primary fluid at the nozzle exit is
VI = [12rln[ho-h,,11.5

Flow through the mixing section

Mass.
lit, + m4 = A2 V2/~2

Momentum.
mvl + P 4 A 2 = (mO+m4)v2++2A2

Energy.
%ho + lj24h4 = (mo + m 4 ) (h2 + V$/2)
where P4 = P, = P I .

Flow through the difluser

 PERFORMANCE OF EJECTOR HEAT PUMPS 299

Energy.
h2 + V $ / 2 = h3
Diffuser efficiency equation.
h j , - h 2 = ~ d ( h -hz)
3
where state 3 has co-ordinates P3 and S 2 .

The mixing section area

Let M 2 = Mach number at section 2, and for a perfect gas
M2 =Vz/(kPz~z)~~
From equation3 (13), (14) and (18), the cross-sectional area, A 2 , may be solved by

for the unit area of nozzle throat.

NOMENCLATURE
A area
COP coefficient of performance
h enthalpy
k specific heat ratio
M Mach number
m mass flow rate
P pressure
R gas constant for refrigerant vapour
S entropy
T temperature
V velocity
V specific volume
V eficiency

Subscripts
boiler
condenser, cooling
diffuser
ejector
evaporator
heating
nozzle
isentropic

REFERENCES
Chen, L. T. (1978). A heat driven mobile refrigeration cycle analysis, Energy Conversion, 18, (11 25-29.
Coleman, E. R. (1968). Super ejector program, progress report, Conduction Corp., Ann Arbor, prepared for American Gas Association,
N.Y., November 1968.
Elrod, Jr., H. G. (1945). The theory of ejectors, J. Appl. Mech., Trans ASME, 12, (3), A17GA174.
Gilbert, G. B. and Hill, P. G. (1973). Analysis and testing of two-dimensional slot nozzle ejectors with variable area mixing sections,
NASA CR-2251, May.
300 F. C. CHEN AND C-T. HSU

Hamner, R. M. (1978). An investigation of an ejectorcompression refrigeration cycle and its applications to heating, cooling, and energy
conservation, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Alabama, Birmingham, 1978.
Hsu, C. T. (1984). Investigation of an ejector heat pump by analytical methods, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
ORNLICON-144, July.
Kartsounes, G. T. and Erth, R. A. (1971). Computer calculation of the thermodynamic properties of refrigerants 12, 22, and 507,
ASHRAE Trans., 77, (Pt. 2), 88-103.
Thupvongsa, C. (1976). Investigation of an ejector heat pump, Ph.D. Dissertation,University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM.