Dual-engine high-speed heavy-duty non-traditional chemical rocket, referred to as "Deh-RD-

MT.", Which is a new type of high-speed heavy-duty rocket and non-traditional chemical fuel
high-

Dual-engine high-speed heavy-duty non-traditional chemical rocket design and manufacturing

technology, referred to as "Deh-RD-MT.", Dual-engine high-speed heavy- As "Deh-RD-MT."

In the 21st century, mankind began to enter the depths of the moon, Mars, Jupiter, Venus, Mercury,
Saturn and so on. Space station technology, aerospace technology has developed rapidly, and has
become the cutting-edge representative field of human high intelligence wisdom. In fact,
aerospace cutting-edge technology, nothing more than modern physics, modern chemistry,
astronomy, geology, biology, medicine, materials science, aviation science, electronic technology,
control technology, radar technology, communication technology, mechanical and electrical
integration technology , And so many collections of science and technology integration. Among
them, the most leading trend of electronic technology, aerospace technology, atomic energy
technology, biotechnology, rocket technology. Rocket technology is particularly important, not
only in the military, in the field of aerospace is extremely important. So that it can be said that the
great significance of rocket technology in human society far beyond the people's imagination and
product judgments. In particular, rocket technology and atomic energy technology are of
paramount importance in the peaceful use of outer space by humankind. Rocket technology and
atomic energy technology are very important for any country. Of course, we here mainly
emphasize the peaceful use, including atomic energy technology and rocket technology. The
Charter of the United Nations and the relevant international conventions have such constraints and
rules. The International Convention on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, the International
Convention on Atomic Energy, and so on.
1. nuclear energy technology, also known as "nuclear energy." That is, the energy released when
the nucleus changes, such as heavy nuclear fission and light nuclear fusion when the release of the
huge energy. Before the discovery of atomic energy, humans only know that the world has
mechanical energy, such as motor kinetic energy; there are chemical energy, such as burning
alcohol into carbon dioxide gas and water to release heat; there is power, when the current through
the electric wire, will be issued heat and light The The release of these energies will not change
the quality of the material and will only change the form of energy.
The birthplace of human atomic energy is the world's top universities in the United States, the
University of Chicago. During the Manhattan program, the famous physicist Fermi led the team to
build the first human (controlled) nuclear reactor at the University of Chicago, Stagg Field in
December 1942, named the Chicago Pile-1 [1]. The reactor is the use of uranium fission chain
reaction, opened the era of human atomic energy. Albert Einstein's energy equation E = mc,
where E = energy, m = mass, c = speed of light. Nuclear energy can be released through one of the
three nuclear reactions: 1, nuclear fission, heavier nucleon cleavage release binding energy. 2,
nuclear fusion, lighter nucleus polymerization together to release binding energy. 3, nuclear decay,
the nucleus spontaneously decay the process of releasing energy.

Nuclear Rocket Nuclear Power Spacecraft Nuclear Power Vehicle Nuclear Power Train Nuclear
Power Carrier Nuclear Power Submarine Nuclear Power Station Nuclear Power Battery Nuclear
Power Mars Volleycraft Nuclear Power Aircraft, etc., the key lies in nuclear power engine, nuclear
energy converter, nuclear safety technology and other successful research and manufacturing.
Nuclear energy is very important for mankind, energy application, nuclear development prospects
are very broad. As the times progress, nuclear energy will be applied to many aspects of human
life. Especially human into the moon, into Mars, into Jupiter satellites, into the far-reaching
universe, the use of nuclear energy is essential and will show their talents. (Nuclear warfare is not
included here, including nuclear missiles, atomic bombs, nuclear mines, etc., should strictly follow
the international peaceful use of nuclear energy related to international treaties and conventions, to
defend world peace, the establishment of nuclear-free world) With the development of the times,
nuclear safety Technology will be increasingly perfect, the use of nuclear energy promising.
Human into the moon, Mars, etc., nuclear energy, solar energy development and use unstoppable
The

2. Rocket technology High-speed heavy-duty traditional chemical rocket and high-speed heavy-
duty non-traditional chemical fuel rocket technology. Traditional chemical fuel rocket technology
has long been the main body of aerospace science, which is beyond doubt. So, here, do not speak
high-speed heavy traditional chemical rocket technology, mainly to explore and study non-
traditional chemical rocket technology. Traditional chemical rocket technology is more popular, all
over the world in many countries, such as satellites, spacecraft, space stations, missiles, spacecraft,
detectors, etc., we have become commonplace. However, high-speed heavy-duty non-traditional
chemical fuel rocket, it is relatively rare, or even blank. Because the high-speed heavy-duty non-
traditional chemical rocket technology developed almost zero. The United States, Russia, Europe,
China, Japan, India and other unique research and progress, but the real mention of the daily
agenda and put it into reality. First, the technology is sophisticated, the second is a huge
investment in research and development, long cycle, the third is the test detection, industrial
testing and other technologies are more complete maturity of harsh. Fourth, the lack of cutting-
edge technology, a large number of technical experts. For example, landing on Mars is a major
challenge. Although the traditional chemical rocket technology is more mature, but the high-speed
heavy load is difficult to achieve. Chemical fuel storage, the volume is too large, the weight is too
large, long-term flight safety risks a lot. Flew to Mars, round and round takes more than a year to
load thousands of tons of chemical fuel to promote, indeed a lot of difficulties. Of course, there are
major problems such as radiation protection, here is not much talk.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, with the advancement of
science and technology, modern rocket technology and space flight developed, pioneer
representatives of the former Soviet Union Ziokovsky, American Goddard and Germany Obert.

Magnetic confinement fusion engine

Magnetic confinement fusion is probably the best way to generate electricity, but it is probably not
ideal in terms of aerospace, not because we have to invent the ion plasma directional control
system, but because we must install a magnetic field generator and may still be large , And the low
density of the pulp in this way means that the engine must be made very large. But we have to
look at how the future development.
Inertial confinement fusion engine
As with the Orion program, this program is a direct use of nuclear explosions, but this program is
in the hull inside the explosion, in the tail to promote the use of laser or particle beam to detonate
small fuel ball, to detonate 30 to 250 per second. The use of particle beams in the vacuum of the
universe has a significant advantage over the atmosphere, without interference from atmospheric
molecules. Relatively speaking, this program is the most feasible, but it is clear that this way to
install other facilities, such as lasers or particle beam generator, and need to provide them with
energy, although this program is likely than magnetic confinement fusion engine To light.
meson catalytic fusion engine
This solution is also less suitable for aerospace because the meson has a very short lifetime,
which means that we have to install the mu saddle on the spacecraft to increase the weight and
eliminate the benefits of the absence of the magnetic field generator and the laser. And the current
technology to create meson need too much energy, there is no energy to launch the spacecraft.
Regardless of the way you use, you need to invent a magnetic field limit device to protect the
spacecraft's spout, or high-heat ions will soon melt the nozzle.

Nuclear fission engines are divided into the following four types:

1) Solid core nuclear engine: In this engine, the propellant is heated by the solid fuel core and is
estimated to reach about 800 seconds faster than the impulse;

2) Particle Bed nuclear engine: In such an engine, the liquid propellant is pumped into the nuclear
fuel, which achieves very high heat, so that the impulse can reach about 1,000 seconds, pushing
the weight ratio more than 1;

3) Liquid core nuclear engine: This approach is to use liquid nuclear fission fuel, because you do
not have to worry about the melting point of fissile material, so to achieve higher temperatures to
get a greater advantage than the impulse can reach about 1,500 seconds, pushing weight ratio of
more than 1 ;

4) Gas Core Nuclear Engine: In this case we do not have to worry about the evaporation of fissile
material in which the propellant flows through the fissile material of the plasma state to achieve
the highest possible temperature. After installing a cooling system, Reaching 7,000 seconds.

Nuclear power is the use of controlled nuclear reaction to obtain energy, resulting in power, heat
and electricity. The principle of nuclear power is to carry out nuclear fission in a closed container
to obtain heat, used to drive the steam engine. The steam engine can provide power directly, or
you can connect the generator to generate electricity.
And the rockets and satellites need fuel fuel injection force, if the nuclear power of the heat into
the jet force is still difficult, but also to the nuclear reactor made very small and very light to be
installed in the rockets and satellites, which is a technical difficulty The The most important thing
is the nuclear safety issue, once the rockets and satellites failure or crash, that the ground may be
suffering. Space Nuclear power refers to the general term for equipment and systems used to
convert nuclear energy into electrical energy and to supply spacecraft or electric thrust rockets. It
has the characteristics of light weight, small size, strong anti-radiation ability, long life and high
window utilization, and can be applied in interstellar navigation away from the sun, so it is
indispensable in addition to outer space exploration and lunar base activities, In the global
communications, marine military reconnaissance, space laser and particle beam weapons and the
use of electric rocket to promote the transfer of the track and so on have a potential advantage. Is
the field of aerospace for the development of advanced power plant.
Space nuclear power plant can be divided into two types of radioactive isotopes and nuclear
reactors. The former uses radioactive isotopes to absorb heat from the material and generates
electricity through the thermo-electric conversion device. The latter uses fission from the reactor
to generate heat and reacts it into electricity.
The camera first launches the nuclear reactor on the track.
And then block the block once again launched on the track, and then assembled as a whole shield.
Launch a number of slender pipes, connected in outer space into a long pipe.
Launch space cockpit and ion propulsion.
In the external spaceless weightless environment,
Radiation illumination and distance into a square inverse relationship, so with one or several long
tube to the reactor and cockpit away from tens of meters to several kilometers according to the
calculation of free choice. In the absence of gravity in outer space, the relationship between length
and structure is weak. So the tube slender also does not matter.
The shield is installed in the middle of the reactor and cockpit shielded radiation.
Ion propulsion is the use of the reactor to generate a huge power, the ionization of the media after
the use of electromagnetic field to the rear high-speed jet, get recoil power. This propeller thrust is
weak, but the work of a long time, continuous advance can accelerate the spacecraft to a very high
speed. Related technology is not profound.
The design of the heaviest shield and the center of the propeller is random, taking into account the
factors that make the center of gravity and torque better adjusted. Can be optimized.
Slender tube in the middle or outside to take the wire and control circuit.

Rocket Design Design Parameter Selection: Use the set of parameters to determine the rocket's
weight, thrust and geometry, etc., depending on the given parameters (or range), payload and
propellant for a given set of optimal design parameters The The overall design parameters are: the
engine vacuum ratio thrust (the ideal speed of the rocket is proportional to it), the rocket mass
ratio (reflect the level of weight reduction of the rocket structure and the degree of loading of the
propellant), the ratio of the thrust to the takeoff weight (Ie, the ratio of the ratio of the vacuum
ratio to the ground ratio, the ratio of the area ratio of the engine nozzle, the change in the height of
the flight), the takeoff load on the maximum unit cross section of the rocket (reflecting the rocket
Thickness level), multi-stage rocket stage takeoff mass ratio (which affects the rocket size and
carrying capacity). Of course, this is the traditional chemical fuel rocket design, if it is other types
of rockets, calculation formulas and various parameters there are many changes. Chemical rocket
design, calculation for non-traditional chemical rocket, it is also very important. Of course, there
are very similarities and differences.

Rocket engine will be energy into the working medium (working fluid) kinetic energy, the
formation of high-speed jet discharge and produce thrust.
Chemical rocket engine propellant is both energy and refrigerant, it is in the combustion chamber
for exothermic reaction, the chemical energy into heat, generate high temperature gas, through the
nozzle expansion accelerated, the heat into gas flow to high-speed from the spray Tube discharge,
produce thrust. At present, the most technically mature liquid rocket engine, especially the use of
liquid hydrogen liquid oxygen engine performance is highest, known as low-temperature high-
energy engine. The liquid rocket engine consists of a thrust chamber (including a propellant
injector, a combustion chamber and a nozzle), a propellant supply system and an engine control
system.
Nuclear rocket engine
Nuclear rocket engine with nuclear fuel for energy, with hydrogen as working fluid, by nuclear
reaction or radioactive decay release heat energy heating fluid, after the nozzle expansion
accelerated high-speed discharge, resulting in thrust. Nuclear engines are still under investigation.
Electric rocket engine
Electric rocket engine power for energy, with hydrogen, nitrogen, fluoride or hold, mercury,
riveting, potassium and other alkali metal vapor for working fluid. Power to speed up the working
fluid, the formation of high-speed jet discharge, resulting in thrust.

US Falcon Heavy (Falcon Heavy), high 69.2 meters, the Earth's low orbital load of 53 tons, thrust
up to 16900 kN, is the US private space company "SpaceX" built since the human race since the
most powerful rocket, this The rocket, called the heavy Falcon, is expected to be launched for the
first time in 2016, bringing goods and people to the moon, asteroids and even Mars. The Delta IV
rocket series has three main structures or types: medium, medium + (4.2, 5.2 and
Delta IV Heavy Rocket
5.4), heavy. Each of the structures is equipped with a first stage (2/3 at the bottom of the rocket)
and a second (rocket top 1/3) rocket, which includes a fuel tank and a main engine, which includes
a secondary engine, a fuel tank, Carrying goods and a variety of electronic equipment.
The first stage of the medium rocket includes a universal booster core (CBC) powered by the RS-
68 engine. Its second stage is powered by the RL10B-2 engine, as well as various operating and
controlled electronics, such as the Redundant Inertial Flight Control System (RIFCA) used in
Delta II and the fuel tank and oxidizer tank The
The first stage of the medium and rocket contains two or four solid rocket-tied graphite epoxy
engines (GEM) with a diameter of 1.5 meters, in addition to the same components as the medium
rocket. All medium-sized rockets use the RL10B-2 engine to power the second stage, but versions
5.2 and 5.4 have larger diameter fuel tanks and longer oxidizer tanks than medium and medium
+4.2 versions.
'Alt = Delta type IV rocket border = 0 label-module = para class = "" v: shapes = "_
x0000_i1025"> Delta IV heavy rocket
The heavy rocket looks like a super rocket, it not only has the main general boost core, but also
includes two additional bundled boosters. The three boosters are equipped with RS-68 engines, the
second stage of the heavy rocket and a fuel tank with a diameter of 5 meters and a 5-meter-
diameter carrier facility
Parameter assignment: According to the selected rocket technical indicators, the overall program
and design parameters, through the design and analysis of sub-system design parameters. This
work includes calculating the initial parameters, determining the size, volume, weight, center of
gravity, moment of inertia and various deviations of the rocket, the aerodynamic characteristics of
the rocket, the aerodynamic heating, the flight orbit procedure, the standard orbit, and the
deviation Characteristics and liquid shaking characteristics, load, delivery system pressurization,
flight stability, guidance accuracy and reliability of the calculation and comprehensive analysis.
The United States Saturn 5 is still the largest ever used in human history, the maximum weight of
the carrier rocket, up to 110.6 meters, take off the weight of 3038.5 tons; total thrust of 3408 tons,
the moon orbit carrying capacity of 45 tons, near-Earth orbit carrying capacity of 118 tons The
Saturn 5 is a three-stage rocket, made by S-1C first, S-2
Secondary, S-4B third stage, instrument compartment and payload. The first level of 42 meters, 10
meters in diameter to the bottom of the tail diameter increased to 13 meters. There are four stable
tail fins on the tail section, the wingspan of about 18 meters. The first stage uses five F-1 engines,
the propellant for liquid oxygen and kerosene, and two 10-meter-diameter aluminum propellant
tanks are reinforced with beams and frames. The second level of 25 meters, 10 meters in diameter,
the use of liquid oxygen liquid hydrogen propellant, sharing five J-2 engine. Third grade 18.8
meters, 6.6 meters in diameter, a J-2 engine, propellant liquid oxygen liquid hydrogen.
Although NASA has envisioned larger rockets (such as the Rising Rocket), Saturn 5 is the largest
rocket in the history of Saturn's launch rockets, [1] Saturn 5 by Marshall Space Flight Commander
Werner von Braun and his German rocket team served as design and development work, the main
contractors, including Boeing, North American Airlines, Douglas aircraft company and IBM.
Rockets are: chemical rocket engines
Solid rocket engine
Liquid rocket engine
Hybrid rocket engine
Electrical rocket engine
Ion rocket engine
Electromagnetic accelerator engine
Other rocket engines and so on
Solid rocket and liquid rocket is now more commonly used rocket. In addition, there are mixed
rockets - with solid fuels, but with liquid oxidants. In addition, it should be mentioned that today's
launch vehicles mostly contain liquid rockets and solid rockets; that is, the first section of a rocket
is solid, while the second section is liquid. So far only chemical rockets and ion rockets are
practical.
Rocket technology innovation, is the 21st century the most important of a cosmic revolution - the
greatest revolution in nature. Mankind out of the earth, began to enter the universe, the
significance of extraordinary. Landing on the moon, landing on Mars, the transformation of the
use of the moon and Mars, and other human beings can move the planet, will completely rewrite
the history of natural universe and human survival history, its meaning is self-evident. Therefore,
the development of high-speed heavy-duty rockets, especially non-traditional chemical fuel rocket
research and manufacturing, is of great importance. In accordance with the existing scientific and
technological capabilities, human into the moon has no big obstacles, technical maturity than
landing Mars high, use, transformation and immigration of the moon's capital investment in some
areas than landing Mars less. Landing the moon, the use of, the transformation of the moon,
immigration of the moon, and further landing Mars, the transformation of Mars, the use of Mars,
100 - 200 years will inevitably appear in the special events. 1-2 centuries, or more for centuries,
after a few hundred years, the moon will first appear in the moon village, the moon city, far more
than the Antarctic polar life circle, is entirely possible and realistic. Mars, may also be so, perhaps
later, because landing Mars transformation of Mars technical difficulty and huge investment, there
are many uncertain factors, including. The moon is the Earth's neighbors, human neighbors,
landing, use, transformation of the moon, benefit from. Mars in natural conditions seems superior
to the moon, and therefore more attractive. All in all, regardless of the moon, whether it is Mars,
Venus, Mercury, Saturn, Jupiter satellites, and other planets that can emigrate, fly from the earth to
the moon, Mars, and so on. Interstellar flight, rocket technology led first. And large heavy-duty
high-speed rocket is an inevitable choice. Only interstellar transport made a major breakthrough,
interstellar flight can become possible. Traditional chemical fuel rocket technology is more
mature, contributed; but only stop, the desire of mankind to enter the universe will be stagnant.
Therefore, the study of manufacturing new non-traditional chemical rocket of the task, placed in
front of mankind. Yes or back, the answer is yes. Many countries and outstanding scientists have
made great contributions to this, the United States, Russia, Europe, China, Japan, India, the United
Arab Emirates, as well as the world's space agencies. Of course, there is success, there will be a
failure. For example, high-speed heavy-duty non-traditional chemical fuel rocket development,
quite complex and difficult, such as the combination of atomic energy and rocket technology,
nuclear rocket, solar rocket, ion rocket, laser rocket, rocket, rockless rocket, etc. Difficult and
difficult. Especially related to engineering practice, is almost blank. Fill this gap, the difficulty can
be imagined. However, we believe that with the development of the times, rocket technology is a
major innovation and breakthrough is bound to come. Although human beings can not exhaust the
universe, but the invention of the invention of the new heavy-duty high-altitude rocket or distant
things, humans can not cross the space tunnel into the infinite universe, but great hope and
wisdom to land on Mars, Jupiter and even fly Go to the Milky Way. Human wisdom is infinite, but
the great human, after all, is part of the natural universe, and only the high-level wisdom of
animals, life animals, primate mammals. The kind of view that mankind is much higher than the
transcendent natural universe, is a call to the transcendent species, but also epistemological blind
spot or is a kind of ignorance and naive. Even if humans enter the moon into Mars into the Milky
Way, it is only a drop in the ocean. The existence of the destruction of the natural universe
continues, and species, humans, creatures have a considerable relationship, but not very large; in
other words, even without human existence, the natural universe still exists. As for the beginning
or end of the natural universe, it is only the natural and inevitable historical process and historical
process of the natural universe. In fact, the universe is not life and death. (Which belongs to the
cosmology, the classic range of physics, not too much here to elaborate). Rocket technology
combines high thrust (million Newtons), high exhaust speed (10 times the sea level sound speed),
high thrust weight ratio (> 100) and the ability to work outside the atmosphere. And can often
make another performance higher by weakening one performance.
Than the red
An important indicator of the performance of the engine is the impulse of the unit mass of the
propellant, ie, the punch (usually writing Isp). Ratio of available speed (Ve per second or foot per
second) or time (second). The engine is often better than the large engine.
Net thrust
The following is the approximate calculation formula for the net thrust of the engine:

Since the rocket engine does not have an air inlet for the jet engine, it is not necessary to subtract
the punching resistance from the total thrust, since the net thrust is equal to the total thrust
(excluding static back pressure). Here, do not make too much theoretical calculations and
theoretical research, as long as the study and study of practical nuclear-powered rockets and other
new rocket key technology. Imagine the conversion of nuclear energy into chemical or near-high-
speed jet technology in the narrow and extremely limited space environment in the high-speed
rocket, is not easy. First, the ability to convert, nuclear power security technology is quite
complex. In the current real state of technology, the breakthrough limit is impossible and
unrealistic purely ideal technology or pure test technology, rather than fully implement the full set
of mature technology, and therefore, the practical value is very small, or even do not intend to use
The Nuclear energy use, rocket technology is the first safe and reliable, technology is fully mature,
otherwise, will bring catastrophic consequences. Under these conditions, it is difficult to try to
develop nuclear rocket technology or other non-chemical fuel high-speed heavy-duty rocket
technology. Comprehensive research program, technical demonstration, double-engine high-speed
heavy-duty rocket to break through the neck bottle, open up a new non-traditional chemical fuel
heavy-duty high-speed rocket development of a door. The so-called twin engine, not only refers to
nuclear energy, chemical energy, electricity, solar energy, etc., refers to the use of several kinds of
mixed or combined or main auxiliary, which does not exclude the use of traditional chemical
energy. Technology mix, not simply mix, mix, but the technical integration, technological
innovation, technology coupling, this is the substantive revolution. For example, the application of
traditional chemical rocket technology, nuclear power (micro-reactor units), solar concentrator
board technology, transducers, converters, etc., the essence of technology. This is undoubtedly
high-speed heavy-duty rocket development to broaden the road, and that is not a test can not be
practical technology, can be really in the rocket development can be applied. In such a small
combination of rocket body technology, high technical requirements, integration, modularity,
switching, technical redundancy, technology nesting, technology enrichment, technical
compatibility and so need high, fine, sharp. The development of this rocket, from the design,
materials, manufacturing, testing, testing, industrial experiments, practical flight and other aspects
of the need for high technology, only with considerable strength and a variety of cutting-edge
technology reserves of the country may be developed. Of course, her cost is not very expensive,
but the function and function of traditional high-speed heavy-duty rocket is unparalleled. This is
undoubtedly the future high-speed heavy rocket development of the important direction.

The electric rocket engine is a rocket engine that uses electric energy to accelerate the working
fluid and form a high-speed jet to generate thrust. Unlike chemical rocket engines, the energy and
working fluid of this engine are separate. Electric energy is provided by the aircraft, usually by the
solar energy, nuclear energy, chemical energy can be obtained by the conversion device.
Refrigerants are hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, mercury, ammonia and other gases.
The electric rocket engine consists of power supply, power switch, power regulator, working fluid
supply system and electric thruster. The role of the electric thruster is to convert electrical energy
into the kinetic energy of the working fluid, so that it produces high-speed jet flow and produce
thrust.
The electric rocket engine has a very high than the red (700-2500 seconds), very long life
(repeatable million times, the cumulative work up to tens of thousands of hours). But the resulting
thrust is less than 100N. This engine is only suitable for spacecraft attitude control, position and so
on.
Nuclear rocket engine. This system consists mainly of nuclear reactor energy, propellant tanks,
and turbo pumps and other groups. The propellant (usually liquid hydrogen) is heated by the
nuclear reactor to a high temperature and then rapidly expands through the nozzle. High heat
conditions of the working fluid sprayed vigorously for the launch vehicle and its payload provides
a powerful thrust. Nuclear rocket propellant can use different working fluid. The specific impulse
of the rocket engine decreases with the increase of the molecular weight of the injected gas, so
hydrogen is an ideal propellant with a molecular weight of only 2. In order to ensure that a certain
volume of nuclear rocket is carried as much as possible with hydrogen propellant, hydrogen is
generally stored in liquid hydrogen in tanks in cryogenic conditions. Nuclear rocket propulsion
system is the use of ternary carbide as nuclear fuel, zirconium hydride for the slowdown of the
reactor system. During operation, the system's turbo pump pumps the propellant hydrogen (also
helium, xenon) from the tank and flows through the reactor cooling and decelerating material
(zirconium hydride) with an external pressure vessel. Driven by a propellant, and then through the
reactor

The electric rocket engine consists of power supply, power switch, power regulator, working fluid
supply system and electric thruster. The role of the electric thruster is to convert electrical energy
into the kinetic energy of the working fluid, so that it produces high-speed jet flow and produce
thrust.
The electric rocket engine has a very high than the red (700-2500 seconds), very long life
(repeatable million times, the cumulative work up to tens of thousands of hours). But the resulting
thrust is less than 100N. This engine is only suitable for spacecraft attitude control, position and so
on.
Nuclear rocket engine. This system consists mainly of nuclear reactor energy, propellant tanks,
and turbo pumps and other groups. The propellant (usually liquid hydrogen) is heated by the
nuclear reactor to a high temperature and then rapidly expands through the nozzle. High heat
conditions of the working fluid sprayed vigorously for the launch vehicle and its payload provides
a powerful thrust. Nuclear rocket propellant can use different working fluid. The specific impulse
of the rocket engine decreases with the increase of the molecular weight of the injected gas, so
hydrogen is an ideal propellant with a molecular weight of only 2. In order to ensure that a certain
volume of nuclear rocket is carried as much as possible with hydrogen propellant, hydrogen is
generally stored in liquid hydrogen in tanks in cryogenic conditions. Nuclear rocket propulsion
system is the use of ternary carbide as nuclear fuel, zirconium hydride for the slowdown of the
reactor system. During operation, the system's turbo pump pumps the propellant hydrogen (also
helium, xenon) from the tank and flows through the reactor cooling and decelerating material
(zirconium hydride) with an external pressure vessel. Driving the turbo pump by the heated
propellant, and then through the reactor fuel assembly, to high temperature, from the nozzle spray,
resulting in thrust. The United States, Russia (the former Soviet Union) mainly study the results
and methods of nuclear rockets. The core of the rocket nuclear thermal propulsion system is the
nuclear reactor. How to ensure that the nuclear reactor outlet temperature (because the rocket's
specific impulse, that is, the thrust generated per unit mass of propellant is proportional to the
square root of the temperature), and to extend the reactor run time is the key to the development of
the rocket thermal propulsion system. At present, the US nuclear rocket program is technically
successful, but only on the prototype of the ground test, has not yet been space to run the field
test ... the United States, Russia (the former Soviet Union) in nuclear rocket research has a lot of
experience, it is worth studying The

Nuclear rocket engine

Laser pulse rocket engine
Antique Rocket Engine
Star (space) gas filling rocket engine without rocket, etc., this will not go into details.
Nuclear rocket and laser pulse rocket, is doing the sample experiment, anti-matter rocket and
interstellar gas stamping rocket is still only in theory to explore the study.

Fission Class: Fission Type Rocket Engine The essence is to miniaturize the nuclear reactor and
place it on the rocket. Nuclear rocket engine nuclear fuel for energy, liquid hydrogen, liquid
helium, liquid ammonia for working fluid. The nuclear rocket engine consists of a nuclear reactor
installed in a thrust chamber, a cooling nozzle, a working fluid delivery system and a control
system. In the nuclear reactor, nuclear energy into heat to heat the working fluid, heated by the
nozzle after the expansion of the accelerator to 6500 ~ 11000 m / s speed from the nozzle
discharge and produce thrust. Nuclear rocket engine than the high (250-1000 seconds) long life,
but the technology is complex, only for long-term work of the spacecraft. This engine is still under
test because of nuclear radiation protection, exhaust pollution, reactor control, and efficient heat
exchanger design and other issues can not be resolved. In addition, the sun heating and photon
rocket engine is still in the theoretical stage of exploration.
Nuclear rocket engine
Fusion type: fusion rocket engine is considered to be the most promising to achieve the solar
system within the rocket engine, its principle and chemical rocket similar, but the fuel into
hydrogen isotope deuterium, tritium and helium three, the use of nuclear fusion reaction The
release of the huge energy to promote the rocket, compared to the chemical rocket several orders
of magnitude higher.
Since the material produced by the fusion nuclear reaction is neutron, proton and helium, it can
not be used in the Earth's atmosphere, but the space itself is filled with a variety of radiation, so
the use of space is not wrong. Nuclear fusion rocket engine the most important problem to be
solved is the ignition and fuel chamber high temperature materials (reaction room temperature up
to tens of millions to hundreds of millions of degrees Celsius) two issues.

The rocket name is a brief description

The following are the same as the "
Nuclear thermal rocket
Material technology limits the upper limit of temperature; some of the exhaust gas containing
radioactive particles; nuclear reaction layer is very heavy; can not be used on the surface of the
earth; push weight ratio is not high
Gas core reactor rocket
It is difficult to heat the propellant without the fissile material in the exhaust gas; the throat of the
nozzle faces a lot of heat problems; the tail gas is destined to be highly radioactive; the use of
nuclear light bulbs can contain fissile material, but the ratio is reduced by half
The following are the same as the "
Fissure sails
Theoretical stage.
Nuclear salt rocket
Nozzle heat treatment problem; propellant instability; exhaust high radioactivity; still in the
theoretical stage
Nuclear shocks (explosive atomic bombs or thermal bombs) have never been tested; thrust plates
may be damaged due to vibration; the current minimum size of the nuclear bomb is still relatively
large; small-scale use of expensive; contrary to nuclear-related treaties; in the atmosphere using
nuclear radiation
Antimatter catalyzes nuclear impulses (fission or fusion into energy) in the macro quantity of
antimatter, the product is currently impractical; still in the theoretical stage
Fusion rockets (nuclear fusion for energy) far more than the current level of technology
Antique rocket
Anti-matter products and processing problems; energy to neutrino, gamma rays and muons loss;
thermal problems; still theoretical stage
Error correction

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The world's scientists put forward a variety of new non-traditional chemical fuel high-speed
heavy-duty rocket development technology and programs, which undoubtedly laid a solid
foundation for future success.
Rocket program design includes the selection of the overall parameters, to determine the overall
program and the sub-system to prepare the initial development of the task book. Before selecting
the overall parameters, determine the propellant and engine type, the number of stages, the
connection mode, the operating mechanism type, the separation mode, the structure of the rocker
structure, the rocket shape and the part arrangement.
Propellant selection: propellant accounted for 80 to 95 percent of the rocket takeoff weight,
directly affecting the carrying capacity of the rocket. Therefore, non-traditional chemical fuel
rocket for fuel, propellant use to be limited.
Force, engine type, trajectory characteristics and performance. Liquid propellant performance is
high, thrust control is convenient. Solid propellant can make the rocket size small, the system is
simple, launch preparation time is short, take off to accelerate fast. The propellant is selected in
order to obtain as much calorific value and density as possible, requiring the propellant to be
corrosive and less toxic, and the mechanical strength of the solid propellant is high. Propellants for
missiles require stable physical and chemical properties in the use temperature range and in long
term storage.
In the new non-chemical fuel high-speed heavy-duty rocket technology development, although
there are many promising progress, but the real application of aerospace engineering practice and
complete technology mature rocket technology did not appear, the traditional chemical rocket
technology still dominate. To make a difference, it's not easy. Rocket technology limit, it is
difficult to have a big breakthrough. This requires scientists and technical experts to start their
brains, divergent thinking, not rigidly adhere to a skill, and to learn from the public, in order to get
the mind. For example, chemical energy - nuclear energy - solar - energy - heat - kinetic energy
between the conversion, transduction, multi - level, single - level, direct conversion, indirect
conversion, direct advance, indirect advance, which requires laborious study. Only in this way can
be from shallow to deep, from the table and, gradually enter the nirvana, innovative thinking, to
achieve tangible results. High-tech compound blend, traditional chemical fuel propulsion, nuclear
power propulsion, the use of solar energy, and so can play a role. This is the non-traditional
chemical high-speed heavy rocket development of the important divergent thinking, not just
convergence of thinking. And then the rocket technology to fly the specific circumstances of the
environment, must be followed and can not be violated. The human dream flew out of the earth to
the moon for about a few thousand years tens of thousands of years, the rocket was successfully
completed on the moon; so, even tens of thousands of times the human genius, it is impossible to
whip suddenly fly to Jupiter satellite, fly to the Galaxy , The time span of at least tens of thousands
of years. Even if landing Mars, probably also need a considerable period of time, may be several
decades, it may be several hundred years. The key lies in the new high-speed heavy-duty rocket
technology breakthrough and leap. This process also takes quite some time to process, is not an
easy thing. The greatness and wisdom of mankind, and the naive and ignorance of mankind are
always coexisting. Even if the day of human victory landing Mars, or landing Jupiter satellite,
human wisdom can not be compared with the huge universe. There is an essential difference
between the two worlds.

Rocket recovery first control the rocket attitude. As the rocket shape slender, landing attitude is
not easy to fall. Space exploration technology company carried out the previous recovery test
Instead of chemical energy may have nuclear energy, electromagnetic energy, solar energy and so
on. But the biggest problem is working. Pneumatic type must have a lot of working fluid to work,
and these fuels can not produce a lot of gas as chemical fuel to promote the rocket. May be able to
use a large number of photons back to promote the rocket (light momentum, back to the photon
can make the rocket produced equal size of the reverse momentum), but now can not produce such
a huge energy to promote the rocket. So to replace the chemical rocket must completely change
the rocket to push the way the F-1 rocket engine.
Now cited the United States, Russia and other large rocket instructions: (from the US Space
Agency, the Russian Space Agency, the European Space Agency, China Aerospace Bureau, the
British Space Agency, the Indian Space Agency, Japan Space Agency, the German Space Agency,
The United States developed the world's largest thrust single-chamber liquid rocket engine, for the
Saturn 5 rocket, a single thrust 700 tons, the use of kerosene as fuel, liquid oxygen as oxidant.
F-1 detailed data:
Combustion form: gas generator open cycle, liquid - liquid combustion
Propellant: kerosene - liquid oxygen
Thrust: sea level 690.988 tons
Vacuum 793.683 tons
Than the red: sea level 255.4 seconds (70 engine average)
Vacuum for 304.1 seconds
Diameter: 3.645 meters
Length: 5.598 meters
Total weight: 8451.66 kg
Workflow propellant flow: kerosene: 838.2 kg / s, liquid oxygen 1784.7 kg / s
Turbine pump power: 46225 kilowatts
Number of design starts: 20
Design life: 2250 seconds
RD-170 rocket engine
Russia developed the world's largest thrust liquid rocket engine, using kerosene + liquid oxygen, a
single thrust of 800 tons (using a four-chamber, four-nozzle design, some people think it is four
engines in parallel, but shared gas generators and turbo pumps) , For the energy source launch
vehicle and zenith carrier rocket (RD-171 rocket engine, the RD-170 improved) the first level.
Its derivative model has RD-180 rocket engine, thrust 400 tons, equivalent to the RD-170 is
divided into two, dual fuel chamber, double nozzle. Used for the first level of the US Atlas II and
the Celestial III launch vehicle.
RD-191 rocket engine, a single thrust of 200 tons, single-chamber single nozzle, the equivalent of
RD-170 and then divided into two, for the Russian Angara carrier rocket. The RD-151 derivative
model RD-151 was sold to South Korea for the first level of the Los Angeles launch vehicle.
RS-68 rocket engine
The United States developed the world's largest thrust liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen engine,
thrust 300 tons, for the first level of its fourth carrier rocket.
RD-0120 Rocket Engine
Russia thrust the largest liquid hydrogen-liquid-oxygen rocket engine, thrust 200 tons, for the
main engine of the energy carrier rocket.
Space shuttle main engine (SSME)
The main engine of the US space shuttle, the use of liquid hydrogen liquid oxygen, thrust 200
tons, the biggest feature is reusable.
Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Engine
The world's largest rocket engine, a single thrust up to 1,200 tons, can be reused 10 times for the
US space shuttle bundled booster, the improved for the Ares 1 rocket engine and the Ares 5 rocket
bundle boost Device.

(Source: Encyclopedia website world space agency official website aerospace magazine)

Wormhole utilization technology, time and space distortion technology. Nuclear pulse propeller.
Bushard jet engine. Laser power propulsion, solar sail propulsion technology, no material rocket
propulsion, etc. These technologies are still in the study or pilot flight, etc., can not be despised,
can not be anxious to succeed. As a scientific research is imperative. Of course, aerospace science
and technology needs a perfect maturity, otherwise, will bring catastrophic consequences.
Therefore, from the practical aspects of engineering technology, the rocket technology must be
safe, reliable, fully mature, really feasible, can be suitable for the application of aerospace flight.
This is a very important and important issue. Therefore, for practical rocket technology, the
preferred must be the reality can be successfully used in the existing mature technology, rather
than the opposite. Therefore, here in particular stressed that fully mature technology, other
technologies are not within the practical considerations. A variety of new heavy-duty high-speed
rocket technology is the great wisdom of mankind and scientists, must not be underestimated; but,
from the practical practicality, the preferred technology is only mature technology.

Solid rocket

Liquid rocket

Solid - liquid mixed rocket

Single component propellant rocket

Binary liquid propellant rocket

Dual mode propellant rocket

Ternary propellant rocket

Air expansion rocket

Turbo rocket engine

The following are the same as the "
Solar heat to advance the rocket
Propellant is simply designed to be heated by solar concentrator, using hydrogen as a propellant,
more than 900s, equivalent to a thermonuclear rocket used only in space because the thrust is quite
low and hydrogen is not easy to store in space. If the use of slightly higher molecular weight
propellant will reduce the ratio of red
Nuclear energy is the energy released by nuclear fragmentation or fusion.
2. Chemical energy is the energy change caused by the chemical reaction (atomic rearrangement
combination).
The engine of the working fluid refers to the energy produced by the engine (internal combustion
engine, etc.) to change the physical state of the working fluid so that the working fluid is sprayed
in the opposite direction to obtain the forward propulsion force. By the momentum theorem, when
the volume of the pushed body is constant, the mass of the procured material x is proportional to
the forward propulsion. (Working fluid: that is, working fluid, propellant)
The new heavy-duty high-speed rocket technology is the key technology developed and developed
in the world, including the United States, Russia, China, India, Europe, Japan, Brazil, the United
Arab Emirates and other countries. Countries put a lot of manpower and resources, there is
considerable progress, it is worth celebrating.

The new heavy-duty high-speed rocket, as long as different from the traditional chemical fuel
rocket, as mentioned above, non-traditional chemical fuel rocket, focusing on major innovative
technology research and development, which is the human and the entire aerospace science and
technology is an important breakthrough.

From Earth to the Moon, Mars, Jupiter or its planet, rocket technology is the first important. Non-
traditional chemical fuel high-speed heavy-duty rocket technology, mainly on the aerospace,
landing, landing Mars and so great significance, at the same time, for other areas, such as aircraft,
missiles and other development is no trivial matter, can not be underestimated. High-speed heavy-
duty rockets, first of all on the moon is also very important. It takes only a few days for mankind
to travel to the moon, the human lunar tour, the establishment of the moon village, the
transformation of the moon, the moon - the transport between the earth and so on. Costs are
greatly reduced and reduced. Can meet each other in the next 100 - 200 years, Can meet each
other in the next 100 - 200 years, the moon first human migration, not a few people, but hundreds,
thousands, followed by Mars. Human beings use the technology to emigrate the moon is now
ready, Mars is far away. Then there is a lot of money into the problem. Moon investment and Mars
investment is not the same, the tens of billions of dollars can be hundreds of billions; and Mars's
comprehensive investment may be a few trillion or tens of trillion several hundred trillion.
Investment is too high, low returns, high risk is the key reason. Some people say that the natural
environment of Mars is better than the moon, in fact, each has its own length. At this stage the
practical significance and the use of value, the value of the moon may be far more than Mars. The
late value of Mars, of course, can not be ignored.
The development of new heavy rocket, nothing more than the traditional chemical fuel rocket
and non-traditional chemical fuel rocket. Traditional chemical rocket technology has been a few
hundred years, mature, and widely used in various countries, such as aerospace engineering and
military engineering. Non-traditional chemical rockets also have many precedents and
achievements, the front has been briefly described. High-speed heavy-duty non-traditional
chemical fuel rocket technology is the most important frontier of modern science and technology,
such as nuclear rockets, rockets, ion rockets, laser rockets, solar rockets, rockless rocket, etc.,
breaking the limits of rocket technology, Great difficulty, of course, is also extremely unattainable.
Chemical energy, heat, nuclear energy, electricity, wind energy and other use and conversion, is
the key to research and development. At the same time, it does not exclude the development of
new propulsion devices. But the current human technology and the limits of wisdom, the original
intention, it seems difficult to achieve. This is the difficulty of this technological breakthrough,
many research and test results are not ideal or slow progress or failure. The main reason (1).
Traditional jet chemistry (chemical energy) combustion chemical thrust and new thrust can not be
effectively connected. For example, the transformation of nuclear energy, solar energy, electricity
conversion and so on. (2. Aerospace engineering and general technical engineering of the
particularity, nuclear submarine nuclear nuclear reactor nuclear reactor can be used to transform
nuclear energy, and in extremely limited rocket body use of nuclear energy conversion difficulties,
conditions limitations; chemical and nuclear energy, combustion chemistry and nuclear chemistry
(3). Regardless of the use of thrust or counter-thrust, it is difficult to achieve saturation on high-
speed heavy-duty rockets. (4) Various special limitations of space navigation. (5) Existing fuels (7)
other factors. Rocket flying at high altitude, its structural structure must be suitable for flying in
the air, that is, it is impossible in a small limited size of the body is too large to build a large
number of rocket launchers. Complex electromechanical system reserve system conversion
system, the use of space is extremely limited.Based on the above reasons, the dual engine high-
speed heavy-duty non-traditional chemical fuel rocket, propulsion system using twin-engine thrust
structure, the traditional chemical rocket propulsion and new non-traditional chemistry Rocket
propulsion closely linked to the overall design, and is divided into primary and secondary primary
and secondary, nuclear micro-reactor and solar concentrator integrated technology integration,
including traditional chemical advance, miniaturization integration, modular, machine, to save
space, Nuclear power and chemical energy to a certain proportion of the chemical fuel warehouse
to reduce more than half of the effective space greatly expanded rocket launch rely on chemical
fuel into the outer space flight, automatically switch to non-chemical propulsion can also be used
in both compatibility, Interchangeability, reliability, interlocking micro-nuclear reactor module
integration, solar concentrator board, and other auxiliary propulsion systems, etc. Micro-core
reactor module with secondary encapsulation technology and special safety protection technology
Core technology: Conversion system - Control system - Fuel system - emergency system - self-
help system - interlock system - etc. Core components: A miniature reactor - conversion device -
jet (other auxiliary equipment, etc.) B. Solar panels - solar energy conversion (auxiliary
equipment) C. Chemical fuel - Chemical rocket engine - nozzle, etc., this is not described in detail
Dual-engine high-speed heavy-duty rocket technology for the series of rockets, mainly
multi-engine rocket engine and auxiliary flight propulsion combined combination switch, the
implementation of interstellar space in the ultra-long-range heavy-duty high-speed flight, the
traditional chemical fuel greatly reduced, instead From other propulsion devices and power. The
so-called twin-engine rocket is not a simple mix of rocket engine propellers, but the combination
of new propulsion and traditional propulsion eccentricity, the main advance is not a chemical
advance, which is a major improvement in traditional chemical rocket technology, Heavy,
chemical fuel configuration greatly reduced, therefore, the rocket structure will be a major change.
Advancing mainly rely on a variety of propulsion devices, chemical engine to become auxiliary to
promote. Super long distance heavy load continuous flight, the main and vice forward is very
critical. Nuclear propulsion, solar and chemical energy optimization. (At present, there are many
such studies, but the arrival technology is complete and mature yet). Furthermore, the main and
auxiliary propulsion of the close combination and switching, in the interstellar flight is essential.
Especially fly to Mars, Jupiter and other planets, the advantages of the twin-engine rocket is more
obvious, ultra-long distance continuous flight, no need to add fuel, heavy load, rocket fuel tank
storage to reduce, more chemical fuel safety, speed, Can be partially recovered or fully recovered.
The overall design of the rocket and the overall technology conform to the equivalent of the
aerospace specification. Moreover, the rocket security technology, technical redundancy, there are
many breakthroughs. For example, first aid technology, radiation protection technology, self-help
technology, emergency automatic return technology, and interstellar flight warning technology,
machine integration technology, module assembly technology, automatic control, semi-automatic
control, manual control, technical reserves, switching technology , Integration technology, and so
have a new design. (Of course, many have been repeatedly verified the use of complete sets of
technology, etc., to ensure that the rocket flight safe and reliable). In order to reduce the
mechanical and electrical accidents such as the whole, the design uses seamless docking design,
compact structure, double lock, try to avoid too much cumbersome structure, as much as possible
to reduce their weight, and other technical measures and special technical means to deal with.
Major equipment and technology are basically two-way design. But it is not a spacecraft, because
the difficulty and risk of flying in space is far greater than the ocean voyage, so, to be simple,
compact, light, easy to repair and maintenance. Especially in the event of an accidental emergency
response system, with spare emergency return cabin (Rocket spacecraft automatic return capsule).
Engine structure. B. Control structure. C. Fuel structure. D auxiliary structure. A Linkage switch
structure. F. ancillary structure. G. Other structures and so on. Here mainly discusses the main
structural part of the rocket, the other slightly. Natural, high-speed heavy-duty rocket machine
parts, parts, parts a lot, versatility, interchangeability, compatibility, special nature, need special
manufacturing. Especially the core components, the core structure is particularly important. Dual-
engine high-speed heavy-duty rocket is mainly used as a long-range space flight heavy-duty
rocket technology - the main role of transport. Deep space exploration of interstellar flight is the
main feature. Of course, can also serve as its use, such as spacecraft and so on. For example, the
human landing on Mars, rocket spacecraft can be loaded Mars landing cabin, etc., no longer
elaborate. Here, focus on non-traditional chemical fuel heavy rocket design and development and
other key issues. Fantasy step by step technology is unrealistic, can only be honest step by step
forward. It is difficult to develop high-speed heavy-duty non-traditional chemical rockets, and
each time they need to pay a great price.
As mentioned above, the twin-engine rocket does not exclude the traditional chemical rocket
technology, in fact, the traditional chemical rocket technology is more mature, widely used, for
example, the United States on the moon, the former Soviet Union Gagarin fly out of the Earth, the
International Space Station, China Detection, etc., the traditional chemical rocket played a very
important role, and irreplaceable. No traditional chemical rocket, lunar landing, flying out of the
earth is simply a dream. This has already been mentioned earlier. However, science and
technology is endless, aerospace technology is bound to continue to advance, rocket technology is
bound to continue to develop innovation, otherwise, can only be marking time. Human landing on
Mars difficult, which requires innovation and development, steady progress. Chemical rocket can
not give up, at the same time, try to develop new high-speed heavy-duty rocket is the key. Rocket
technology innovation, or sooner or later will produce. As the ancients overlooking the moon and
can not enter, the US astronauts successfully lunar month, history suddenly flew for thousands of
years. A few decades later, said the conservative point, hundreds of years later, a few centuries
later, the people on Earth and then look at the moon, Mars, then, the moon, Mars has been past,
may be thousands, tens of thousands People, or hundreds of thousands of aliens in and we earth
man waving call. This is not a scientific fairy tale, but a long time in the real world. This is one of
the important reasons why we have repeatedly studied the manufacture of twin-engine high-speed
heavy-duty rockets.
Science and technology research and development experiments need a warm and lasting
progress. The power of the day is nothing but fantasy. The development of the traditional rocket
has gone through several hundred years, the computer development has also experienced nearly a
hundred years only today's brilliant. Therefore, continuous research, continuous failure,
continuous innovation, to be successful. Non-traditional high-speed heavy-duty chemical rocket
"Deh-RD-MT."
Development is also true.

Zilkovsky is a student of rocket technology and space flight research.

 Dr. Goddard began researching modern rockets in 1010. In 1919, he proposed the mathematical
principles of rocket flight, pointing out that the rocket must have a speed of 7.9km / s to overcome
the gravity of the earth. He realized that the liquid propellant rocket had great potential. In March
1926 he succeeded in developing and launching the world's first liquid propellant rocket with a
flight speed of 103km / h, an ascending height of 12.5 meters and a flight distance of 56 meters.
This is the rocket really started. Despite the limited, after all, is the first to open up the way people
really use the rocket.

Professor Obert in his book published in 1923 not only established the basic principles of the
rocket working in the vacuum of space, but also that the rocket as long as enough to produce
enough thrust, will be able to fly around the Earth orbit. Like Zilkovsky and Goddard, he has
conducted extensive research on the combination of many propellants.
 The appearance of the real modern rocket was in Germany during the Second World War. As
early as 1932 Germany launched A2 rocket, flying height of 3 km. October 1942 launch
successful V-2 rocket (A4), flying height of 85 km, the flight distance of 190 km. V-2 rocket
launch success, the theory of space pioneer into reality, is an important chapter in the history of
modern rocket technology. Germany developed the initial rocket, quite a great achievement.

Rocket engine is the use of impulse principle, comes with propellant, do not rely on the outside air
of the jet engine. The rocket engine is a highly efficient thermal engine that produces high-speed
jets, resulting in high combustion chamber temperatures and high compression ratios as well as
the Carnot cycle. Rocket engine nozzle is a convergence-diffusion nozzle (ie, Laval-DeLaval
nozzle), by the inlet section (convergence section), throat (throat lining), export cone (diffusion or
expansion section), its role Is the combustion products of thermal energy into high-speed jet
kinetic energy to produce thrust. Energy in the rocket engine into the working fluid (working
medium) kinetic energy, the formation of high-speed jet discharge and generate power. Rocket
engine according to the formation of gas flow energy types are divided into chemical rocket
engines, nuclear rocket engines and electric rocket engines and other.
Chemical rocket engine is the most mature technology, the most widely used engine. The
prototype of the nuclear rocket has been successfully developed. The electric rocket has been
applied in the space propulsion field. The latter two types of engines are much higher than the
chemical rocket. Chemical rocket engine is mainly composed of combustion chamber and nozzle,
chemical propellant is both energy and refrigerant, it is in the combustion chamber will be
converted into heat energy, the formation of high-temperature gas through the nozzle expansion
accelerated, the heat into gas flow to high speed (1500 to 5000 m / s) from the nozzle, resulting in
thrust. Chemical rocket engine according to the propellant state is divided into liquid rocket
engine, solid rocket engine and hybrid propellant rocket engine. Liquid rocket engine using room
temperature liquid storage of propellant and low temperature was liquid low temperature
propellant, with strong adaptability, can start a number of characteristics, to meet the requirements
of different launch vehicles and spacecraft. The propellant of a solid rocket engine is a mixture of
organic propellants (double-base propellants) or several propellant components (complex
propellants) containing fuel and oxidants in the molecule, directly in the combustion chamber,
simple in structure, easy to use , Long-term storage in the state to be launched, suitable for a
variety of strategic and tactical missiles. Hybrid propellant rocket engines are rarely used. The
overall layout of the rocket: also known as part of the arrangement. Reasonable arrangement of the
rocket sections and components of the location, to make the rocket structure is compact,
reasonable force, good shape, with good aerodynamic shape and flight stability, but also
conducive to the installation