Part1: Introduction

Human Rights are entitlements that all people enjoy by virtue of humanity
and enforceable by law.

Global human rights instruments are premised on histories of conflict and

human

Devastation that occurred during the world wars and other significant
events. The result was

The United Nations Declaration of Universal Human Rights of 1948 and

other regional

Instruments of the Americas, Europe, and Africa, - declaring the

enjoyment of human rights

For all. Example of these instruments at international and regional level

are outlined below:

International Conventions

CEDAW Convention On Elimination of All Form of Discrimination Against Women (1979)

CERD Convention On Elimination of All Form of Racial Discrimination (1965)

CRD Convention On the Rights of the Child (1989)

CRPD Convention On the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006)

ICCPR International Covenant On Civil and Political Rights (1966)

ICESCR international covenant economic, social and cultural rights (1966)

International Instruments

DEDAW United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Form Discrimination Against

Women (1967)

DEFRD United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Form of racial

Discrimination (1963)

DHRI Declaration of Human Rights in Islam (1990)

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DRCIC Declaration of The Rights and Care of the Child in Islam (1994)

GPID Guiding Principles On Internal Displacement (1998)

UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Regional Instruments

ACHPR African Charter On Human and Political Rights (1986)

ACHR American Charter On Human Rights (1992)

ACRWC African Charter On the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1999)

ECHR European Convention On Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

(1950)

ESC European Social Charter (1962, Amended in 1996)

PACHPRA Protocol to The African Charter On Human and People's Rights of Women in

Africa (1998)

Example of Human Rights Stipulated in The Above Conventions and Instruments.

Part A: Judicial Rights

Right to Equality Before the Law

Right to Legal Personality

Right to A Remedy

Right to Protection Against Ex Post Facto Laws

Protection Against Arbitrary Arrest And Detention

Rights of Persons Deprived of Their Liberty

Right to Protection Against Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment

Right to A Fair Trial

Right to Judicial Review

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Part B: Civil and Political Rights

Right to Equality and Freedom from Discrimination

Freedom from Servitude and Other Form of Violence and Abuse

Right to Privacy

Right to Freedom of Conscious, Thought and Expression

Rights to Freedom of Religion

Rights to Freedom of Assembly

Right to Participation in Government

Right to Property

Right to Freedom of Movement and Residence

Protection from Internal Displacement

Rights of Children

Part C: Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Right to Adequate Living Standards

Right to Adequate Health Care

Right to Social Security

Right to Education

Workers Rights

Right to Humanitarian Assistance

Right to Personal Documentation

Part D: Rights of Women

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 Freedom from Gender Based Discrimination

Protection from Violence and Harmful Traditional Practices

Protection from Exploitation

Consent Marriage

Equality and Protection of Womens Rights in Marriage

Womens Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Freedom of Residence and Domicile

Right to Participate in Government

Employment Rights

Part E: Rights of Children

Right to Education

Right to Health Care

Protection from Child Trafficking and Abduction

Protection from Harmful Cultural Practices

Protection from Sexual Exploitation

Protection from Child Labor

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Part 2: Has Emergence of Human Rights in Improved the World
Order and Situations of Humans Across the World?

partly Yes or No: Every human being is subject to live and let live the
others

jointly in the world with common basic needs and realities among
themselves and

to fulfill such needs for survival, security, prosperity and peace, man,
irrespective of

gender, race, religion and color, in this sense it has helped in maintenance
of world

particularly in Americas and Europe where there is legal framework,

institutional

framework and operational framework .in these continent law protects

fundamental

freedoms and rights of individuals: civil and political rights, economic,

social and

cultural rights, womens rights, rights of children and rights people with
disabilities.

African countries that were relatively enjoying human rights were Egypt
and South

Africa but recently set back by political turmoil and xenophobia

respectively.

Peace and security, development and human rights are the pillars of
United Nations

organization. Integration of human rights in peacekeeping has

significantly

enhanced United Nations missions preparedness to prevent and response

to

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human rights violation. United Nations Security Council Resolutions, for
example,

have increasingly given strong human rights mandates to peacekeeping

operations

thereby maintaining world peace and security.

There is global consensus that serious violations of human rights must not
go

unpunished, victims have the rights to claim justice, including within the
processes

to restore the rule of law following conflicts. The International Criminal

Court brings

perpetrators of war crimes and crimes against humanity to justice. On 7

August

2012, the International Criminal Court (ICC) established in 2002, issued its
first

landmark on reparation for victims in the against Thomas Lubanga, the

first person

ever convicted by the ICC. the decision set important principles for
reparation

before the ICC, confirming that victims should receive reparation and the
need of

vulnerable including women children and victims of sexual and gender-

based

violence must be address as priority. the decision recognized that the right
to

reparation is well-established and basic human rights that is enshrined in

the

universal and regional human rights treaties and in other international

instruments

hence lead to maintenance of world order.

Secondly, the answer is partly no as indicated above due to the fact that
violence,

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clash, poverty, discrimination, arms race, nuclear weaponry, injustice,
terrorism and

war are major cause of human rights abuses and threat to world peace
and

development

violence and gender disparity is prevalent in most part of Africa and

Asia that are

male-dominated or patriarchal societies resulting to gender conflict i.e.

men vs

women which is aspect that interfere with order and social justice.

Poverty also is common in the world, which makes it impossible to enjoy

the

economic, social and cultural rights thereby making the poor to rise
against the rich

creating conflict between the rich and the poor commonly referred to as
conflict of

proletariat vs the bourgeoisie.

Political activities of the ruling class such as discrimination, injustice,

and

domination cause conflict between the powerful and the powerless hence
making

the subject class to rise against the ruling class. These activities have
interfered

with peace and stability in many parts of world. Currently, countries like
Libya,

South Sudan, Syria, Iraq, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and many more are
having civil

wars as a result of the aforementioned activities thus interfering with

order in those

countries of the world.

Terrorism is also common in different parts of the world especially

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suicide attacks

which hit America, Nigeria, Yemen, Syria, Kenya, Somalia, Britain, among
others.

Some Muslim Children in those countries formed parts of suicide

attackers.

These acts have jeopardized the order and security in those parts of the
globe.

Most affected countries are on daily alert in areas of public gathering such
the air

port, football field, churches, mosques, bus station, educational

institutions thereby

threatening the world peace and security.

Arm race and nuclear weaponry has also emerged as another aspect
threatening

the world peace and security particularly among America, North Korea,
and Russia,

these countries are always at loggerhead with each other with on and off
sanction

on Russia and North Korea. These conflict is also worsened by ideological

differences between them. The arm race let to America Iraq war which
great

human suffering, violations of human rights and widespread insecurity

and political

instability resulting to public disorder in Iraq.

Lastly on this question, emergence of human rights has partly led

to

improvement of world order in some parts of the globe while in

some part that

are affected by political instabilities, terrorists activities,

injustices, poverty,

civil wars and many others have not witnessed peace and security

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since the of

Universal Declaration of Human Rights On 10, DEC,1948.

Part 3: Have States Which Have Embedded Human Rights in

National Constitution Translated the Provisions for The Benefits of
Their Citizens?

No, they havent, most of the countries which have inscribed

human

rights in their national constitution have not translated them for

benefits

of their nationals as some of the states government are not

willing to

implement the provisions while others face the real challenges

to

translate it to reality. Given the example of South Sudan, her

constitution is well written but translation is the main problems

due to

unwillingness of the ruling class leading to widespread loss of

lives,

human rights violation, child abduction, defilement, injustice as

result of

current civil strife or conflict. The rights of women are clearly

spelt out

particularly 30% share in constitutional posts but non of the

women is a

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governor in current states of the country, a fact that prove
violation of

human rights which also justify that embedding these rights

into the

constitution does not imply enjoying these rights.

Another example is Ethiopia, where human rights are not

enjoyed

regardless of constitutional provisions, the internally displaced

persons

(IDPs) are denied access to by humanitarian organizations, let

alone

political detainees. There is no freedom of speech, freedom

association,

and advocacy rights of individuals. That mean embedding these

rights

in the constitution is easy while translating for enjoyment of

citizens is

another for the country. Furthermore, life is arbitrarily taken.

In Sudan the situation is the same, authorities use political and

religious

activities to interfere with enjoyment of human rights

particularly women

and children.

YES, They Have. Some countries especially the US, Britain,

Norway, Finland, Netherland

Are example of where human rights are embedded in the

constitution

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and translated for benefits of citizens, all the rights and
freedom of

individuals are fully enjoyed regardless of religion, race,

political

affiliation, ethnicity, etc. provided that your freedom does not

amount to

sedition and libel.

Judicial rights, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, womens

rights,

Civil and Political Rights, rights of children and rights of

disabled are

fully enjoyed without any restrictions from states authorities.

Lastly, on this question, majority of counties that have inscribed

the

human rights in their national constitution are not enjoying

those

provisions while countries in the developed world are enjoying

those

rights guaranteed in the constitution.

Part 4: What Are Challenges in The Enjoyment of Human

Rights in The World Today?

Political challenges

Legal challenges

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 Economic challenges

cultural challenges

Social challenges

Religious challenges

Armed conflict and violence

Institutional challenges

Political challenges: human rights are not enjoyed in

different

parts of the world as a result of limited political will from

the state

government. Some government harass human rights

defenders

and deliberately deprive their their citizens fundamental

freedoms

and rights of individuals. This primarily interfere with

enjoyment of

civil and political rights.

Legal challenges: the leniency of the law within

domestic

jurisdiction through which human rights violation are

heard,

investigated and wrongdoers punished is major challenge.

Some

countries have not ratified international treaties,

convention and

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regional instruments. These countries lack the legal
structures for

administering justice on issues of human rights violations

making

it difficult to enjoy judicial rights.

Economic challenges: most of the people are not

enjoying

human rights due to poverty and unemployment in

different part

of underdeveloped and developing countries which makes

it an

obstacles to enjoy economic rights.

Cultural challenges: women and children are usually

denied some

of their rights on cultural ground despite the fact that

international

law should prevail over culture where they conflicting.

Children

need to be protected from harmful cultural practices such

female

genetic mutilation, scarification removal of teeth from the

lower

jaw but rigidity of some cultures make if hard to provide

those

rights to children and women as women are denied

political post

in some cultures, particularly in Arab world.

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Social Challenges: shortage of health care, educational
and

welfare services are challenges that interfere with

enjoyment of

right to education, right to social security and right to

health care.

these are also link with the countrys level capacity to

provide

socio-economic services to her national. Majority of

countries in

Africa do not have social security scheme in their national

budget

to cater for the unemployed, retirees, old age and the

disabled

persons to advance their lives with dignity.

Armed conflict and violence: armed conflict in various

part the

world is associated with serious violations of human rights

by

both parties to the conflict. During such time the

movement of

human rights and humanitarian workers is impeded by

security

personnel either from the government or rebel leaving the

victims

of the war in serious and precarious conditions.

Furthermore,

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 rights of prisoners of war (POW) is usually threatened
during time

of conflict given the high number of untrained

combatants.

Another challenge posed by conflict is the interruption of

livelihood activities such as farming, trade among others

due to

insecurity resulting to low food production implying low

income.

Lastly, challenges hindering the enjoyment of human

rights are

intertwined meaning one challenge impede the enjoyment

of

another mostly in the third world.

Part 5: Recommendations for Greater Enjoyment of Human Rights

The government should establish the legal framework through which

fundamental freedoms and rights of individuals are protected and
those who commit human rights violations are litigated.

State government should ratify and adopt international human

rights conventions and instruments and use them as tool for human
rights advocacy

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 Human rights defenders should be accorded the necessary personal
documentation to give them access to areas where human rights
are violated.

State governments and international financial institutions should

provide resources for supporting human rights activities.

The governments should formulate policies that favor human rights

and lay down procedures for translating into reality.

Individual should be sensitized about their rights and freedoms

Children should should be protected from exploitation, abduction,

defilement, forced recruitment and trafficking

State security personnel should be trained on the importance of

human rights, respect for human rights defenders or activists.

National armed forces should be trained on the rights of prisoners of

war (POWS) and of civil population

Laws should prevail over cultures where cultures and laws conflict

Women and men should enjoy human rights as equal stakeholders

Rights of elderly and the disabled should be guaranteed by

establishing social institutions legally supported.

National and transnational NGOs should lobby government for

inclusion of human rights into the national constitution of countries
of world.

State government should strive to reduce unemployment and

poverty

Part 5: Conclusion

Enjoyment of human rights is connected to political, socio-economic

activities, religious doctrines, and legal activities in the country.
Furthermore, hindering human rights activities in the country implies
political and social disorder in different countries of world.

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