TABLE 1 - CONCEPTUAL ESTIMATING LOCATION COST FACTORS

Basis Imported Material (Average) Labor

Local
Exchange Duty, Freight, Imported Produc- Location
Country VAT, % Material $/hour
rate / $ % % Material Index tivity Factor Cost Factor
Index
Australia 1.42 A$ 0 to 7 15 20 1.35 1.3 24.80 1.6 1.4
Brazil 1.10 Real 14 10 18 1.42 1.2 4.00 1.8 1.1
7 to
Canada 1.40 C$ 0 5 1.07 1.0 20.15 1.2 1.0
19.84
China 8.32 Renm 8 10 17 1.35 0.7 3.00 3.0 1.0
France 5.8 Fr 0 5 18.6 1.236 1.2 19.83 1.2 1.15
Germany 1.72 DM 0 5 0 1.05 1.15 36.57 1.1 1.2
65
India 36.4 Rupee 20 0 1.85 1.1 2.01 3.0 1.0
max
Japan 122.5 Yen 3.4 10 3 1.13 1.4 27.30 1.0 1.35
8.2 New
Mexico 7 5 10 1.22 1.25 3.38 1.7 1.0
Peso
Poland 3.4 Zloty 14 10 22 1.46 0.8 10.33 1.7 0.95
Saudi Arabia 3.75 Riyal 0 to 12 15 0 1.15 1.2 5.00 1.6 1.0
South Africa 4.8 Rand 5 15 10 1.30 1.1 17.82 1.3 1.1
United Arab
3.67 Dirham 1 10 0 1.11 1.0 4.03 1.6 0.95
Emirates
United
0.60 Pound 0 10 17.5 1.275 1.3 42.58 1.2 1.4
Kingdom
Notes:
1. Duties for Australia and Saudi Arabia = 0 for imported materials which are not available domestically.
2. Australian sales taxes of 20 percent apply to local material.
3. Canadian VAT varies from 7 percent to 19.84 percent depending upon the province or territory.
4. China duties are shown for the special enterprise zones. Duties are higher elsewhere in China.
5. India may grant concessional duties for major projects. Duties as low as 20% have been granted for recent power
projects. Although there is no VAT in India, a national sales tax of 4% plus state sales taxes of 4 to 15% apply to local
material.
6. United Arab Emirates duty is 4 percent minus a subsequent rebate of 3 percent for a net of 1 percent.

TABLE 2 - INTERNATIONAL LABOR PRODUCTIVITY FACTORS

Basis: Southeast United States (Non Union) = 1.0.
Non
United States Locations Union
Union
Southeast (Carolinas, Florida, etc.) 1.0 ---
Alabama/Georgia --- 1.3
Alaska --- 1.9
Arizona/California 1.1 1.2
Colorado/Utah/Wyoming --- 1.5
Hawaii --- 1.5
Illinois --- 1.6
Northeast --- 1.6
Northwest --- 1.6
Texas 1.1 1.2
Remote
Other Countries Average
Areas
Australia 1.6 ---
Belgium 1.3 ---
Brazil 1.8 ---
Canada 1.2 ---
China 2.2 ---
Eastern Europe 2.0 ---
Finland 1.7 ---
France 1.3 ---
Germany 1.1 ---
Great Britain 1.5 ---
Hong Kong 1.5 ---
India 2.5 ---
Indonesia 1.9 ---
Ireland 1.65 ---
Israel 1.8 ---
Italy 1.4 ---
Japan 1.1 ---
Kuwait 2.1 ---
Malaysia 1.9 ---
Mexico 1.5 1.8
Netherlands 1.35 ---
New Zealand 1.5 ---
Norway 1.75 ---
Pakistan 2.2 ---
Philippines 2.5 ---
Poland 1.9 ---
Russia 2.0 ---
Saudi Arabia 1.6 ---
Singapore 1.6 ---
South Africa 1.4 1.9
South Korea 1.3 ---
Spain 1.7 ---
Sri Lanka 2.5 ---
Sweden 1.35 ---
Switzerland 1.5 ---
Taiwan 1.3 ---
United Arab Emirates 1.7 ---
Venezuela 1.65 1.8
Productivity factors are heavily influenced by weather (rain, cold/heat, etc.), culture and work ethic, religion, inherent
trade skills, available resources and infrastructure, and site conditions. The above factors are averages only and must be
adjusted as appropriate for specific conditions and location.

Adapted from J. A. Bent, Effective Project Management Through Applied Cost and Schedule Control, K.K.
Humphreys, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1996

TABLE 3 - INTERNATIONAL DATA SOURCES: MULTIPLE COUNTRY

Foreign Labor Trends(15) -- periodic reports of labor trends and costs for specific countries--includes key labor indicators,
information on unionization, labor availability, recent developments affecting the workforce, etc. Each report covers one
specific country and is prepared by the American Embassy staff in that particular country.
Hanscomb/Means International Construction Cost Intelligence Report(16) -- newsletter--provides comparative building
construction cost information for many countries.
U.N. Monthly Bulletin of Statistics(29) -- includes a variety of production, trade, financial, commodities, construction,
wage, and other cost/price indexes and statistics for about 190 countries.
Engineering News-Record(30) -- weekly magazine--primarily U.S. and Canada, variety of commercial/industrial
construction and builders' indexes plus materials prices and labor rates; substantial North American data featured in
"Quarterly Cost Roundup" issues; "World Parameter Costs" column features building costs for one or two countries per
quarterly issue.
Costos de Construccion Pesada y Edificacion (Heavy Construction and Building Costs)(31) -- cost estimating database
on building, industrial and heavy construction reflecting costing in Mexico and other Latin American countries, eg, Bolivia,
Venezuela, Panama, Brazil, and Chile.
Spon's Architects' and Builders' Price Book(32) -- contains a European section for tendering and costs of labor and
materials in 13 countries. Spon's European Construction Costs Handbook provides coverage of 28 countries in Europe
plus the United States and Japan. Spon's Asia Pacific Construction Costs Handbook provides similar coverage of 15
countries in Asia plus the United States and the United Kingdom. Spon's Middle East Construction Price Book is a two
volume set which provides detailed unit cost information for 6 Middle East countries. The two handbooks and the Middle
East books are also distributed by the R.S. Means Co.(33) in North America.
R.S. Means Co.(33) -- various cost books published annually for building and industrial construction in the U.S. and
Canada.
Richardson Engineering Services(34) -- unit cost database published for U.S. and Canada building and general
construction; special estimating set for process plant construction; International Construction Factors Location Cost
Manual for 16 countries worldwide.
International Construction Costs and Reference Data Yearbook(28) -- provides detailed information on construction costs,
including fully loaded labor rates, for 30 countries.
 TABLE 4 - SAMPLE LOCATION FACTORS*
Massa's Labor Productivity Bridgewater's Factors for Chemical
Factors(3,4) Plants(38)
Location US= 1.0 UK= 1.0 US=1.0
Algeria 1.82 -- --
Australia 1.20 (0.96-1.45) 1.4 1.3
Argentina 2.00 (1.30-2.60) -- --
Austria 1.60 (1.57-2.10) 1.1 1.0
Belgium 1.14 (1.14-1.50) 1.1 1.0
Canada, East 1.14 (1.08-1.17) -- --
Canada, West 1.07 (1.02-1.11) -- --
Canada -- 1.25 1.15
Central Africa -- 2.0 2.0
Central America -- 1.1 1.0
Chile 2.70 (2.00-2.90) -- --
China (imported element) -- 1.2 1.1
China (indigenous element) -- 0.6 0.55
Colombia 3.05 -- --
Denmark 1.28 (1.25-1.30) 1.1 1.0
Egypt 2.05 -- --
Finland 1.28 (1.24-1.28) 1.3 1.2
France 1.52 (0.80-1.54) 1.05 0.95
Germany (West) 1.20 (1.00-1.33) 1.1 1.0
Ghana 3.50 -- --
Greece 1.49 1.0 0.9
India 4.00 (2.50-10.0) -- --
India (imported element) -- 2.0 1.8
India (indigenous element) -- 0.7 0.65
Iran 4.00 -- --
Iraq 3.50 -- --
Ireland -- 0.9 0.8
Italy 1.48 (1.10-1.48) 1.0 0.9
Japan 1.54 (1.00-2.00) 1.0 0.9
Malaysia -- 0.9 0.8
Mexico 1.56 (1.54-3.15) -- --
Middle East -- 1.2 1.1
Netherlands 1.25 (1.25-1.60) 1.1 1.0
Newfoundland -- 1.3 1.2
New Zealand -- 1.4 1.3
Nicaragua 2.67 -- --
Nigeria 2.22 -- --
North Africa (imported element) -- 1.2 1.1
North Africa (indigenous element) -- 0.8 0.75
Norway 1.23 1.2 1.1
Philippines 2.86 -- --
Portugal 1.66 0.8 0.75
Puerto Rico 1.54 -- --
Singapore 4.00 -- --
South Africa 1.58 1.25 1.15
South America (N) -- 1.5 1.35
South America (S) -- 2.5 2.25
Spain 1.74 -- --
Spain (imported element) -- 1.3 1.2
Spain (indigenous element) -- 0.8 0.75
Sri Lanka (Ceylon) 3.50 -- --
Sweden 1.18 (1.10-1.20) 1.2 1.1
Switzerland -- 1.2 1.1
Taiwan 1.52 (1.52-7.20) -- --
Thailand 2.82 -- --
Turkey 2.32 1.1 1.0
United Kingdom 1.53 (0.70-2.46) 1.0 0.9
United States 1.00 1.1 1.0
Venezuela 2.00 -- --
*Note: Increase chemical plant factor by 10% for each 1000 miles or part of 1000 miles that the new plant location is
distant from a major manufacturing or import center or both. When materials or labor, or both, are obtained from more
than a single source, pro-rate the appropriate factors. Factors do not consider investment incentives.

Note also that the Bridgewater factors reflect currency exchange rates prevailing in the late 1970's. Appropriate
adjustments must therefore be made prior to using these factors today.
TABLE 5 - COUNTRY INDEXES
 Country/Index Comments
Australia
Building Cost Index Construction labor and material costs(40)
Construction Cost Index Weekly earnings; building and nonbuilding materials(41)
Australia Builder Price information on raw materials(42)
Cordells Building Cost Book Price information for non-residential building(43)
Manufacturing articles: materials, building/non-building materials,
Monthly Summary of Statistics
metallic materials, wage rates; indexes(44)
Brazil
Cost/price indexes for residential and non-residential construction;
Revista de Precos
Portuguese(45)
Cost/price indexes for residential and non-residential construction;
Boletim de Custos
Portuguese(46)
Residential and non-residential construction and project costs;
A Construcao
Portuguese(47)
Indexes for industrial machinery and equipment; residential and
Conjuntura
non-residential construction material; Portuguese(48)
NTC--Associacao Nacional dos Transportadores de
Transportation rates for industrial materials; Portuguese(49)
Cargas
Canada
Variety of cost/price indexes for construction costs and capital
Statistics Canada
expenditures; English and French(50)
England
A.Cost.E. Indices of Erected Plant Costs Indexes of erected cost of typical process plants(51)
Price Index Numbers for Current Cost Accounting Indexes for non-residential construction, machinery, equipment(52)
France
Index Coefficients General index for building and machinery replacement costs(53)
 Italy
Indicatori Mensili Government statistics and indexes; Italian(54)
Index Costs and indexes for various industries; Italian(55)
Indexes for residential and non-residential construction, consumer
Prezzi Informativi Delle Opere Edili in Milano
prices, raw materials, and wage rates; Italian(56)
Japan
Construction Price Indexes by Year, Price Indexes of Non-Life Insurance Institute publication for use by industrial
General Machinery and Equipment insurers in Japan; English(57)
MRC Monthly Standard Building Cost Indexes and Cost indexes of many components of construction and certain
Unit Price Data Bulletin building types; Japanese(58)
Mexico
Cifras de la Construccion General construction index; Spanish(59)
Indice Nacional de Precios al Consumidor Consumer price index; Spanish(60)
The Netherlands
Die Workgroep Begrotings Problemen in de Unit prices for chemical plant construction in the Netherlands;
Chemische Industrie (WEBCI) Dutch(61)
New Zealand
Ministry of Works and Development Construction
Weighted construction cost index(62)
Cost Index
Variety of labor force indexes by industry; residential construction,
Monthly Abstract of Statistics
wage rates, other(63)
Germany
Indexes for general machinery and building construction:
Fachserie 17: Preise
German(64)
United States
General Purpose Indexes:
Engineering News-Record, 20-city construction cost
Engineering News-Record, 20-city building cost
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, composite(65)
BuRec, general building
Construction Industry Institute, construction price(66)
Factory Mutual, industrial building
Handy Whitman, building construction(67)
Lee Saylor, Inc., material/labor
R.S. Means construction cost(33)
Selling Price Indexes, Building:

Fru-Con Corp., industrial

Lee Saylor, Inc., subcontractor
Turner, general building(68)
Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, general(69)
Valuation Indexes:

Boeckh, 20-city commercial/manufacturing(70)

Marshall & Swift, industrial equipment(71-72)
Special Purpose:

Nelson-Farrar refinery cost inflation index

Chemical Engineering, plant cost(72)
Federal Highway Construction Bid Price(73)
Handy Whitman, public utility construction
BuLabor Statistics Consumer Price Index(74)
BuLabor Statistics Producers Price Index(65)
AED Average Rental Rates for Construction Equipment(75)
Note: Many of the above listed indexes for the United States are published regularly in the Engineering News-
Record "Quarterly Cost Roundup" issues.(30)
 TABLE 6 - COUNTRY DATABASES FOR PROJECT COSTS
Country Source
Building Economist(76), quarterly
Australia Cordells Building Cost Book(43)
Rawlinsons(82), various books
A Construcao(7)
Brazil Conjuntura(48), monthly
Empresa de Obras Pblicas-RJ(84), various publications
R.S. Means(33), various books
Canada
Richardson Engineering(34), data books
China Shenzhen Construction Quotation Price Management Department(77)
Costos de Construccion Pesada y Edificacion(31)
Mexico COSTOS Edicion Nacional(80)
Costos Por Metro Cuadrado de Construccion(81)
Netherlands DACE Price Booklet (Prijzenboekje)(61)
Co-Invest(79), various publications
Russia
R.S. Means(33), various publications
United Kingdon E & FN Spon(32), various books
R.S. Means(33), various books
United States
Richardson Engineering(34), data books
Vietnam Construction Investment Guide, Rawlinsons(82)
Vietnam Construction and Development in Vietnam, Davis Langdon & Seah(83)
R.S. Means(33), various publications

>
TABLE 7 - MEMBER SOCIETIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COST ENGINEERING COUNCIL (ICEC) AND THE
INTERNATIONAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (IPMA)
 ICEC IPMA
Society Country
Member Member
AACE-CANADA, The Canadian Association of Cost Engineers Canada Yes No
AACE International, the Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering
(AACE-I) (chapters in Canada, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Australia, South Africa, United States Yes No
Trinidad and Tobago, Puerto Rico, Egypt, Malaysia and Norway)
American Society for the Advancement of Project Management United States No Yes
Asociacin Espanola de Ingenieria de Proyectos (AEIPRO) Spain Yes Yes
Associacao Portuguesa de Gestao de Projectos (APOGEP) Portugal No Yes
Association of Cost Engineers (ACostE) (chapters in Hong Kong and Siberia) United Kingdom Yes No
Association of Cost Engineers, Hong Kong Branch (ACostE HK) Hong Kong Pending No
Association Franophone de Management de Projet (AFITEP)(chapters in
France Yes Yes
Belgium and Switzerland)
Association of Project Managers (APM) United Kingdom No Yes
Association of Project Managers of South Africa (APMSA) South Africa No Yes
Association of South African Quantity Surveyors (ASAQS) South Africa Yes No
Associazione Nazionale di Implantistica Industriale (ANIMP) Italy No Yes
Associazione Italiana d'Ingegneria Economica (AICE) Italy Yes No
Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (AIQS) Australia Yes No
Azerbaijan Project Management Association (AzPMA) Azerbaijan No Yes
Brazilian Association for Project Management (ABGP) Brazil No Yes
Building Suryeyor's Institute of Japan (BSIJ) Japan Yes No
Bulgarian Project Management Association Bulgaria No Yes
Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (CIQS) Canada Yes No
China Engineering Cost Association (CECA) China Pending Yes
Cost Engineering Association of Southern Africa (CEASA) 11 countries in Yes No
 Southern Africa
Croatian Association for Project Management Croatia No Yes
Cyprus Association of Professional Quantity Surveyors (CAPQS) Cyprus Yes No
Czech Association of Project Management (SPR) Czech Republic Yes Yes
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Projektmanagement eV (GPM) Germany No Yes
Fiji Institute of Quantity Surveyors (FIQS) Fiji Yes No
Foreningen for Dansk Projektledelse (FDP) Denmark Yes Yes
Gpipari Tudomnyos Egyeslet / Mszaki Kltsgtervez Klub (GTE/MKK)
Hungary Yes No
(Hungarian Cost Engineering Club)
Ghana Institution of Surveyors (GIS) Ghana Yes No
Grupo OFC Guia Referencial de Costos (GOGRC) Venezuela Yes No
Former Former
Hellenic Project Management Association (HPMI) Greece
Member Member
Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors (HKIS) Hong Kong Yes No
Institute of Project Management of Ireland Ireland No Yes
Institute of Project Managers of Sri Lanka (IPMSL) Sri Lanka Yes No
Institute of Quantity Surveyors of Kenya (IQSK) Kenya Yes No
Institute of Namibian Quantity Surveyors (INQS) Namibia Yes No
Institute of Quantity Surveyors Sri Lanka (IQSSL) Sri Lanka Yes No
Instituto Brasileiro de Engenharia de Custos (IBEC) Brazil Yes No
Institution of Surveyors, Malaysia (ISM) Malaysia Yes No
Institution of Surveyors of Uganda (ISU) Uganda Pending No
Instituto Latinamerico de Ejecutivos de Proyectos (ILEP) Mexico No Yes
Japan Society of Cost and Project Engineers (JSCPE) Japan Yes No
Former
Korean Institute of Project Management and Technology (PROMAT) South Korea No
Member
Kazakhstan Project Management Association Kazakhstan No Yes
Latvian National Association of Project Management Latvia No Yes
Management Engineering Society (MES) Egypt No Yes
Mauritius Association of Quantity Surveyors (MAQS) Mauritius Yes No
Nederlandse Stichting Voor Kostentechniek (DACE) Netherlands Yes No
New Zealand Institute of Quantity Surveyors (NZIQS) New Zealand Yes No
Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (NIQS) Nigeria Yes No
Norsk Forening for Prosjektledelse (NFP) Norway Yes Yes
PM-Greece, The Network of Project Managers in Greece Greece Pending Yes
Project Management Associates India Yes Yes
Project Management Association of Finland (PMAF) Finland Yes Yes
Project Management Association of Hungary (FOVOSZ) Hungary No Yes
Serbia and
Project Management Association of Serbia and Montenegro (YUPMA) No Yes
Montenegro
Project Management Association of Slovakia (SPPR) Slovakia Yes Yes
Project Management Institut Nederland Netherlands No Yes
Project Management - South Africa (PMSA) South Africa Yes No
Project Management Research Committee, China China No Yes
Project Management Romania Romania No Yes
Projekt Management Austria-Institut Austria Yes Yes
Romanian Association of Cost Engineering (RACE) Romania Yes No
Russian Association of Bidding and Cost Engineering Russia Yes No
Russian Project Management Association (SOVNET) Russia No Yes
Schweeizerische Gesellschaft fr Projektmanagement (SPMS) Switzerland No Yes
Singapore Institute of Surveyors and Valuers Singapore Yes No
Slovenian Project Management Association (ZPM) Slovenia Yes Yes
Sociedad Mexicana de Ingeniera Econmica, Financiera y de Costos
Mexico Yes No
(SMIEFC)
Stowarzyszenie Project Management Polska (SPMP) Poland No Yes
Svenskt ProjektForum (SPMS) Sweden Yes Yes
Tanzania Institute of Quantity Surveyors(TIQS) Tanzania Pending No
Taiwan Project Management Association, China (TMPA) Taiwan, China No Yes
Ukranian Project Management Association (UKRNET) Ukraine No Yes
Verkefnastjrnunarflag slands (VSF) Iceland Yes Yes
ICEC Secretariat address: IPMA Secretariat address:
PO Box 301 c/o Ellen Jongeneel
Deakin West PO Box 1167
ACT 2600 3860 BD Nijkerk
AUSTRALIA THE NETHERLANDS
Phone: 61-2-6282-2222 Phone: 31-33-247-34-30
Fax: 61-2-6285-2427 Fax: 31-33-246-04-70
E-mail: icec@icoste.org E-mail: info@ipma.ch
Internet: http://www.icoste.org Internet: http://www.ipma.ch
Table 4-1 Table of indices for project locations based on 2009 data

Technolog Labour (Relative to the Land/ Right-of- Commercia Coal Prices $/GJ Natural Gas Prices $/GJ
Region
y USA) way l (Note 1) (Note 2)
ANZ
Australia 1.00 114 1.00 1.00 1.07 (Note 3) 3.39
Asia
China 1.00 3 1.00 1.00 3.84 3.52
Japan 1.00 78 1.00 1.00 3.84 4.25
India
India 1.00 4 1.00 1.00 1.47 3.98
Europe
Euro region 1.00 133 1.00 1.00 7.10 6.68
Eastern
1.00 29 1.00 1.00 4.41 8.33
Europe
ME and Africa
Saudi Arabia 1.00 80 1.00 1.00 7.10 1.39
South Africa 1.00 80 1.00 1.00 0.64 5.92
Americas
Canada 1.00 104 1.00 1.00 1.78 4.86
USA 1.00 100 1.00 1.00 2.91 (Note 4) 6.45 (Note 5)
Brazil 1.00 14 1.00 1.00 1.95 4.46

Notes:

1. Relative coal prices were based on EIA table Steam Coal Prices for Electricity Generation (EIA 2009). Cost data not available for Saudi
Arabia, assumed similar to Euro Region of Europe. Cost data not available for China, assumed coastal location with imported coal same
price as Japan.

2. Relative natural gas prices were based on EIA table Natural Gas Prices for Electricity Generation (EIA 2008).
3. From ACIL Tasman (2009)

4. Central Appalachia Coal, March 2009 (EIA 2009b).

5. Wellhead price for March 2009 (EIA 2009c).

The impact of key variables on fuel costs are shown below:

coal deposit surface deposits lead to easier recovery and lower costs
relationship between the mine and the generator revenue generated through electricity sales thus low fuel cost
transportation availability between the mine and the generator close proximity or low cost transportation leads to lower fuel costs

The fuel cost data varies significantly between regions and is difficult to quantify due to the large number of units and reporting
requirements. In select countries, significant levels of detail were obtained, while in other countries only limited information was available. In
the USA, regulated generators are required to file fuel cost data through the US EIA form 423 and form 923 (EIA 2009d). For Australia,
ACIL Tasman (2009) provides projected fuel prices for specific power generation units. The costs from these sources are compared to
market prices as well as the average USA and Australia fuel costs to the generator in Table 4-2 (all costs in US$/GJ).

Table 4-2 Range of fuel costs for Australia and USA against market value

Australia USA
Black coal Natural gas Bituminous coal Natural gas
Average 1.07 3.43 2.91 6.45
Range 0.50 to 1.46 0.71 to 5.57 0.77 to 8.98 1.56 to > 20
Regional market price 2.35 (Note 1) 2.47 (Note 2) 3.81 (Note 3)

Notes:

1. March 2009 price (IndexMundi 2009) converted from AU$ with 0.74 US$/AU$ exchange rate

2. Central Appalachia Coal, March 2009 (EIA 2009b).

3. Wellhead price for March 2009 (EIA 2009c).

The range of values presented in Table 4-2 shows the difficulty in providing a general fuel cost for a specific project in a region. When
evaluating projects, this result stresses the importance of the fuel source, the relationship between the project and the source, and the cost
of the fuel.

4.1.3 Technology maturity

The maturity of the CCS technologies is accounted for by assigning a process contingency to those components that are considered to
have technical risks associated with it not being demonstrated commercially. The process contingencies assigned to the cost of equipment
for CO2 capture are summarised in Table 4-3. These contingencies are applied to the installed cost of specific components in the capital
cost build-up described below.

Table 4-3 Process contingencies for CO2 capture elements

Ultra-Supercritical
Component Supercritical PC IGCC NGCC Oxy-Combustion
PC
Slurry Preparation
and Feed NA NA NA NA NA
Systems
PC Boiler/ 10% Unproven 15% Next generation of 15% Unproven
Gasifier and Commercially commercial technology, potential difficulties commercial operation
NA
Synthetic gas Proven operation of select with integration with power of oxy-combustion
Coolers components island boiler
20% Unproven 20% Unproven 20% Unproven
CO2removal/
technology at technology at 20% Unproven technology at technology at
separation NA
commercial scale commercial scale commercial scale with IGCC commercial scale with
system
with PCC with PCC NGCC systems
Mercury Removal 5% Minimal commercial scale
NA NA NA NA
System experience with IGCC
10% No commercial
CTG NA NA Commercially Proven NA
experience with hydrogen firing
Instrument and 5% Concerns 5% Concerns 5% Concerns regarding 5% Concerns 5% Concerns
 regarding systems regarding systems regarding systems regarding systems
Controls systems integration
integration integration integration integration

Note: NA = Not Applicable