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Methods of Boring and Probing

Methods of Boring and Probing


Soft ground

Window sampling
Percussion sampling
Trenching
Hand Augers
Power Augers (hollow stem, continuous flight or short helical auger)
rotary core drilling

Methods of Boring and Probing


Choose a technique.

2.1.3
2.1.3

Methods of Boring and Probing


The purpose of sampling

Methods of Boring and Probing


Hand augers

A light portable method for


sampling of soft to stiff soils
near the ground surface. At
least six types of auger are
normally available.

The most commonly used is


the Posthole auger

Methods of Boring and Probing


Problems with augers
Most commonly used instrument is the Posthole
Auger (diameters between 100 and 200 mm);
Hand augering is slow in stiff or very stiff clays;
depths are normally limited to about 5 m
coarse sands, gravels and cobbles it may be
impossible to advance the hole.
It is not possible to advance hand-auger holes beyond
the water table as casing cannot be used (the hole
will collapse)

Methods of Boring and Probing


A window sampler is a steel
tube usually 1 or 2 metres long
with a series of windows cut in
the wall of the tube through
which to view or take samples
of the soil;

The sampler is driven into


the ground by a percussion
hammer and extracted using
manual or hydraulic jacks.
Samplers come in a range of
diameters.
Methods of Boring and Probing
Percussion sampling systems
Used in general site and foundation investigation,
subsidence investigations, contaminated land
assessment
Suitable ground conditions include clay, sand, finer
gravels, glacial tills and made ground above and below
the water table.
Typically disturbed samples suitable for soil profiling
and classification
Sampling is dependant on ground conditions but
depths of 10m can be achieved routinely and depths
of 20m have been reported.

Methods of Boring and Probing


Piston Sampler

Casing sizes will decrease in


depth because of friction with the
wall of the borehole. The final
casings may be:
0-14 m: 300 mm diameter
14-29 m: 250 mm diameter
29-41 m: 200 mm diameter
41-50 m: 150 mm diameter

150 mm is minimum casing


diameter allowed in the UK as the
standard sampler size is 100 mm.

Methods of Boring and Probing


Left: a light percussion drilling rig which
consists of:
1. A collapsible A-frame;
2. A diesel engine based on hand
operated friction clutch;
a winch pump which provides pulling
power to the rig rope and can be held still
with a brake.

The boring tool is then driven by


percussion.

Methods of Boring and Probing


For sampling clays

Cohesive i.e. clay rich soils a


claycutter is used.

Soil is removed through a slot


in the claycutter when the
tube is withdrawn

Methods of Boring and Probing


For cohesionless soils

A shell is used
at least 2 m of water is put in the borehole and the shell is then surged
(moving up and down by about 300 mm)
The upward stroke draws water into the hole and forces the soil into
suspension;
the downstroke captures the soil past a non-return valve

Methods of Boring and Probing


Augering is limited
by depth. If a deeper
hole is needed than
a continuous flight
auger can be used.

Such instruments
however give poor
sample for any
future testing.

Methods of Boring and Probing


Gun Wharf, Quays, Portsmouth
Carried out by Southern Testing
in 1997
Development was worth 100
million
It will contain on completion
over 300 houses together
bars and restaurants
14 screen multiplex cinema
Picture provided by CJW Photography two hotels
and southern Testing Laboratories tall ships berth
and the 165 Millennium Tower

Methods of Boring and Probing


Expected ground conditions
made ground
drift deposits of medium dense sand and gravel
soft alluvial clays
Bracklesham Beds: stiff silty clays and clayey silts of Tertiary age
London Clay of Tertiary age

Potential problems: Unexploded Ordnance; contamination from diesel and


other military fuel oils; Heavy metals

Methods of Boring and Probing


Methods used
29 cable percussion boreholes to depths up to 50m
11 rotary cored boreholes through the former harbour walls
In situ shear strength and permeability testing
8 downhole gas monitoring wells
47 trial pits and trenches to establish the location of the former
harbour wall, tide mill gates and other buried Archaeology
25 over water jet probes and five over water window samples to
establish the depth of marine mud deposits
two sub-horizontally (2o) drilled rotary boreholes 12.25 m long
and 1.55 m deep through the railway embankment

Methods of Boring and Probing


Investigating rock masses

Methods of Boring and Probing


Methods of Boring and Probing
Rotary methods are generally used in rock to
produce a hole
A flush fluid must be used in order to reduce
friction and cool the core bit.
Flush fluids may be:
Water based (bentonite
-water mix)
oil based
air
Stable foam
Methods of Boring and Probing
Mud, Mud, Glorious Mud

Why use flush fluid ??

Used to cool drill bit


reduce mechanical abrasion of tools
holds cuttings in suspension and removes
help to keep the hole open without casing

Methods of Boring and Probing


Choice of fluid flush
Air Water
only used when water would cheap
cause serious softening of the allows lower flush velocity
rocks due to higher viscosity (24-
poor lubrication properties 50 m / min)
low viscosity means that high unsuitable for arid zones
flush velocity is required due to volumes of water
(1000m/min) so that cuttings required
do not fall back into the make cause serious
borehole (termed loss of degradation of mudrocks
return)
can result in erosion of the
rocks making the hole
unsuitable for in situ tests

Methods of Boring and Probing


Choice of fluid flush
Mud Modified stable foam
water- bentonite mix https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gp30M_OqBaw

more viscous so lower flush velocity low flush velocity (as low
is required to remove cuttings as 15 m / min)
Eliminates water seepage from the low erosion
borehole low uphole velocity
Fluid may be re-circulated into a means that a smaller air
settling tank compressor is required
in mudstones and clays a thin mix has an advantage that it
is used while for drilling in gravels a cakes of shales and other
thick mix is required weak rocks and prevents
Barytes can be used to increase loss of return by
density to keep holes open expanding into pores and
voids

Methods of Boring and Probing


Methods of Boring and Probing
Methods of Boring and Probing
Bibliography
Bell, F. G. 1993. Engineering Geology. Blackwell Scientific
Publications. Oxford. (chapter 7)
Clayton, C. R. I., Simons, N. E. & Matthews, M. C. 1982.
Site Investigation a handbook for engineers. Granada,
London.
Johnson, R. B. & DeGraff, J. V. 1988. Principles of
Engineering Geology. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester
(chapters 6 and 7)

Methods of Boring and Probing

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