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4 NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
3 FOR AERONAUTICS

TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 1292

LAWS OF FLOW IN ROUGH PIPES

By J. Nikuradse

Translation of gStromungsgesetze in rauhen Rohren."

VDI-Forschungsheft 361. Beilage zu "Forschung auf dem Gebiete des
Ingenieurwesens" Ausgabe B Band 4, ~uly/August 1933.

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Washington

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November 1950
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 NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR iZERONAUTICS

TECHNICAL I+EMORANDUM 1292

By J. Nikuradse

INTRODUCTION

Numerous r e c e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s ( r e f e r e n c e s 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 )
have g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d our knowledge of t u r b u l e n t flow i n smooth t u b e s ,
channels, and a l o n g p l a t e s s o t h a t t h e r e a r e now a v a i l a b l e s a t i s f a c t o r y
d a t a on v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n , on t h e laws c o n t r o l l i n g r e s i s t a n c e , on
impact, and on mixing l e n g t h . The d a t a cover t h e t u r b u l e n t b e h a v i o r of
t h e s e flow problems. The l o g i c a l development would now i n d i c a t e a
study of t h e laws governing t u r b u l e n t flow of f l u i d s i n rough t u b e s ,
channels, and a l o n g rough p l a n e s u r f a c e s . A s t u d y of t h e s e problems,
because of t h e i r f r e q u e n t occurrence i n p r a c t i c e , i s more importamt
than t h e s t u d y of flow a l o n g smooth s u r f a c e s and i s a l s o of g r e a t
i n t e r e s t a s an e x t e n s i o n of o u r p h y s i c a l knowledge of t u r b u l e n t flow.

Turbulent flow of water i n rough t u b e s h a s been s t u d i e d d u r i n g t h e

l a s t c e n t u r y by many i n v e s t i g a t o r s of whom t h e most o u t s t a n d i n g w i l l be
b r i e f l y mentioned h e r e . H . Darcy ( r e f e r e n c e 6 ) made comprehensive and
v e r y c a r e f u l t e s t s on 21 p i p e s of c a s t i r o n , l e a d , wrought i r o n ,
a s p h a l t - c o v e r e d c a s t i r o n , and g l a s s . With t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h e g l a s s
a l l p i p e s were 100 m e t e r s l o n g and 1 . 2 t o 30 c e n t i m e t e r s i n d i a m e t e r .
He noted t h a t t h e d i s c h a r g e was dependent upon t h e t y p e of s u r f a c e as
w e l l a s upon t h e diameter of t h e p i p e and t h e s l o p e . I f h i s r e s u l t s
a r e expressed i n t h e p r e s e n t n o t a t i o n and t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r X i s
c o n s i d e r e d dependent upon t h e Reynolds number Re, t h e n it i s found t h a t
k
a c c o r d i n g t o h i s measurements A, f o r a g i v e n r e l a t i v e roughness -
r'
v a r i e s o n l y s l i g h t l y w i t h t h e Reynolds number ( k i s t h e average d e p t h
,d
of roughness and r i s t h e r a d i u s of t h e p i p e ; Reynolds number Re = u-v
i n which ti i s t h e average v e l o c i t y , d i s t h e p i p e d i a m e t e r , and v
i s t h e k i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y ) . The f r i c t i o n f a c t o r d e c r e a s e s w i t h a n
i n c r e a s i n g Reynolds number and t h e r a t e of d e c r e a s e becomes slower f o r
g r e a t e r r e l a t i v e roughness. For c e r t a i n roughnesses h i s d a t a i n d i c a t e
t h a t t h e f r i c t i o n f a c t o r h i s independent o f t h e Reynolds number.

* " ~ t r $ m u n ~ s ~ e s e t izne rauhen Rohren. " VDI-Forschungsheft 361.

B e i l a g e zu "Forschung auf dem Gebiete d e s Ingenieurwesens" Ausgabe B
Band 4, ~ u l ~ / ~ u @ 1933.
s t
For a c o n s t a n t Reynolds number, h i n c r e a s e s markedly f o r an i n c r e a s i n g
r e l a t i v e roughness. H. Bazin ( r e f e r e n c e 7 ) , a f o l l o w e r of Darcy, c a r -
r i e d on t h e work and d e r i v e d from h i s own and D a r c y ' s t e s t d a t a an
e m p i r i c a l formula i n which t h e d i s c h a r g e i s dependent upon t h e slope
and diameter of t h e p i p e . T h i s formula was used i n p r a c t i c e u n t i l
r e c e n t times.

R . v. Mises ( r e f e r e n c e 8) i n 1914 d i d a v e r y v a l u a b l e p i e c e of
work, t r e a t i n g a l l of t h e then-known t e s t r e s u l t s from t h e viewpoint of
s i m i l a r i t y . He obtained, c h i e f l y from t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s of Darcy and
Bazin w i t h c i r c u l a r p i p e s , t h e following formula f o r t h e f r i c t i o n f a c -
t o r h i n terms of t h e Reynolds number and t h e r e l a t i v e roughness:

This formula f o r v a l u e s of Reynolds numbers near t h e c r i t i c a l , t h a t i s ,

f o r small v a l u e s , assumes t h e following form:

The term " r e l a t i v e roughness" f o r t h e r a t i o -kr i n which k is the

a b s o l u t e roughness was f i r s t used by v . Mises. Proof of s i m i l a r i t y
f o r flow through rough p i p e s was f u r n i s h e d i n 1911 by T. E . S t a n t o n
( r e f e r e n c e 9). He s t u d i e d p i p e s of two diameters i n t o whose i n n e r s u r -
f a c e s two i n t e r s e c t i n g t h r e a d s had been c u t . I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n
g e o m e t r i c a l l y s i m i l a r depths of roughness he v a r i e d t h e p i t c h and depth
of t h e t h r e a d s i n d i r e c t p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e diameter of t h e p i p e . He
compared f o r t h e same p i p e t h e l a r g e s t and s m a l l e s t Reynolds number
o b t a i n a b l e w i t h h i s a p p a r a t u s and t h e n t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r
v a r i o u s p i p e d i a m e t e r s . P e r f e c t agreement i n t h e dimensionless v e l o c i t y
p r o f i l e s was found f o r t h e f i r s t case, but a small discrepancy appeared
i n t h e immediate v i c i n i t y of t h e w a l l s f o r t h e second case. S t a n t o n
t h e r e b y proved t h e s i m i l a r i t y of flow through rough t u b e s .

More r e c e n t l y L . S c h i l l e r ( r e f e r e n c e 1 0 ) made f u r t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n s
r e g a r d i n g t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e f r i c t i o n f a c t o r X w i t h t h e Reynolds
number and w i t h t h e type of s u r f a c e . H i s t e s t s were made w i t h drawn
b r a s s p i p e s . He o b t a i n e d rough s u r f a c e s i n t h e same manner a s S t a n t o n
by u s i n g t h r e a d s of v a r i o u s depths and i n c l i n a t i o n s on t h e i n s i d e of
t h e t e s t p i p e s . The pipe diameters ranged from 8 t o 21 m i l l i m e t e r s . H i s
o b s e r v a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e c r i t i c a l Reynolds number i s independent of
t h e type of w a l l s u r f a c e . He f u r t h e r determined t h a t f o r g r e a t l y
roughened s u r f a c e s t h e q u a d r a t i c law of f r i c t i o n i s e f f e c t i v e a s soon
NACA TM 1292 3

a s t u r b u l e n c e s e t s i n . I n t h e c a s e of l e s s s e v e r e l y roughened s u r f a c e s
he observed a slow i n c r e a s e of t h e f r i c t i o n f a c t o r w i t h t h e Reynolds
number. S c h i l l e r was n o t a b l e t o determine whether t h i s i n c r e a s e goes
over i n t o t h e q u a d r a t i c law of f r i c t i o n f o r high Reynolds numbers, s i n c e
t h e ~ 8 t t i n g e nt e s t a p p a r a t u s a t t h a t time was l i m i t e d t o about Re = 103.
His r e s u l t s a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t f o r a f i x e d value of Reynolds number t h e
f r i c t i o n f a c t o r k i n c r e a s e s w i t h a n i n c r e a s i n g roughness.

L . Hopf ( r e f e r e n c e 11) made some t e s t s a t about t h e same time a s

S c h i l l e r t o determine t h e f u n c t i o n X
( -:) .
= f Re He performed system-
a t i c experiments on r e c t a n g u l a r channels of v a r i o u s d e p t h s w i t h d i f f e r -
e n t roughnesses ( w i r e mesh, z i n c p l a t e s having saw-toothed type s u r f a c e s ,
and two t y p e s of corrugated p l a t e ) . A r e c t a n g u l a r s e c t i o n was s e l e c t e d
i n o r d e r t o determine t h e e f f e c t of t h e h y d r a u l i c r a d i u s (hydra.ulic
r a d i u s r ' = a r e a of s e c t i o n d i v i d e d by wetted p e r i m e t e r ) on t h e v a r i a -
t i o n i n depth of s e c t i o n f o r a c o n s t a n t type of w a l l s u r f a c e . A t H o p f f s
suggestion t h e s e t e s t s were extended by K. F r o m ( r e f e r e n c e 1 2 ) . On
t h e b a s i s of h i s own and Fromm's t e s t s and of t h e o t h e r a v a i l a b l e t e s t
d a t a , Hopf concluded t h a t t h e r e a r e two fundamenta.1 t y p e s of roughness
involved i n t u r b u l e n t flow i n rough p i p e s . These two t y p e s , which he
terms s u r f a c e roughness and s u r f a c e c o r r u g a t i o n , f o l l o w d i f f e r e n t laws
of s i m i l a r i t y . A s u r f a c e roughness, according t o Hopf, i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d
by t h e f a c t t h a t t h e l o s s of head i s independent of t h e Reynolds number
and dependent only upon t h e type of wa.11 s u r f a c e i n accordance w i t h t h e
q u a d r a t i c law of f r i c t i o n . He c o n s i d e r s s u r f a c e c o r r u g a t i o n t o e x i s t
when t h e f r i c t i o n f a c t o r a s w e l l a s t h e Reynolds number depends upon
t h e type of w a l l s u r f a c e i n such a manner t h a t , i f p l o t t e d l o g a r i t h m i c a l l y ,
t h e curves f o r X a s a f u n c t i o n of t h e Reynolds number f o r v a r i o u s w a l l
s u r f a c e s l i e p a r a l l e l t o a smooth curve. I f a i s t h e average depth of
roughness and b i s t h e average d i s t a n c e between two p r o j e c t i o n s from
the s u r f a c e , t h e n s u r f a c e c o r r u g a t i o n e x i s t s f o r small v a l u e s of - a
b
and s u r f a c e roughness e x i s t s f o r l a r g e v a l u e s of - a
b'

A summary of t h e t e s t s of Hopf, F r o m , Darcy, Bazin and o t h e r s i s

given i n f i g u r e s 1 and 2, t h e f i r s t i l l u s t r a t i n g s u r f a c e roughness and
t h e second s u r f a c e c o r r u g a t i o n . Hopf d e r i v e d f o r t h e f r i c t i o n f a c t o r k
w i t h i n t h e range of s u r f a c e roughness t h e f o l l o w i n g e m p i r i c a l formula:

i n which r' i s t h e h y d r a u l i c r a d i u s of t h e channel (r' =

2F
F; F = area
\
of c r o s s - s e c t i o n ; U = wetted p e r i m e t e r ) . This formula a p p l i e s t o i r o n
p i p e s , cement, checkered p l a t e s and wire mesh. I n t h e case of s u r f a c e
corrugation he g i v e s t h e formula

i n which Lo i s t h e f r i c t i o n f a c t o r f o r a smooth surface and 6 i s a

p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y f a c t o r which has a value between 1 . 5 and 2 f o r wooden
p i p e s and between 1.2 and 1.5 f o r asphalted i r o n p i p e s .

The v a r i a t i o n of t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n with t h e type of wall

surface i s a l s o important, a s w e l l a s t h e law of r e s i s t a n c e . Observa-
t i o n s on t h i s problem were made by Darcy, Bazin, and Stanton ( r e f e r e n c e 9 ) .
The necessary d a t a , however, on temperature of t h e f l u i d , type of wall
surface, and l o s s of head a r e lacking. I n more r e c e n t times such obser-
v a t i o n s have been made by F r i t s c h ( r e f e r e n c e 13) a t t h e suggestion of
Von k t & using
, t h e same type of apparatus a s t h a t of Hopf and Fromm.
The channel had a length of 200 centimeters, width of 15 centimeters
and depth varying from 1 . 0 t o 3.5 centimeters. A two-dimensional condi-
t i o n of flow e x i s t e d , t h e r e f o r e , along t h e s h o r t a x i s of symmetry. He
i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r t h e following types of w a l l
s u r f ace :

1. smooth

2 . corrugated (wavy)

3. rough
I. ( f l o o r s , g l a s s p l a t e s with l i g h t c o r r u g a t i o n s )

4. rough
11. ( r i b b e d g l a s s )

5 . toothed (termed saw-toothed by From)

F r i t s c h found t h a t f o r t h e same depth of channel t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i -
bution (except f o r a. l a y e r adjacent t o t h e w a l l s ) i s congruent f o r a l l
of t h e s e types of s u r f a c e s i f t h e l o s s of head i s t h e same.

T e s t s i n a channel with extremely coarse roughness were made by

Treer, ( r e f e r e n c e s 1 4 and 15) i n which he observed t h e r e s i s t a n c e as
well a s t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n . mom t h e s e t e s t s and from those of
o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s , he found t h a t t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n depends
only upon t h e shearing s t r e s s , whether t h i s i s due t o v a r i a t i o n i n
roughness o r i n t h e Reynolds number.

The numerous and i n p a r t very painstaking t e s t s which a r e a v a i l a b l e

at t h e p r e s e n t time cover many types of roughness, but a l l l i e w i t h i n a
very small range of Reynolds number. The purpose of t h e p r e s e n t inves-
t i g a t i o n i s t o study t h e e f f e c t of coarse and f i n e roughnesses f o r a l l
Reynolds numbers and t o determine t h e laws which a r e i n d i c a t e d . It was,
r
t h e r e f o r e , necessary t o consider a d e f i n i t e r e l a t i v e roughness -
k for
a wide range of Reynolds number and t o determine whether f o r t h i s con-
r
s t a n t - t h a t i s , f o r geometrical s i m i l a r i t y , t h e value h = f ( ~ e ) i s
k '
t h e same curve f o r pipes of d i f f e r e n t diameter. There was a l s o t h e
r
question whether f o r t h e same - t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e s i m i l a r
k
and vary with t h e Reynolds number, and whether f o r a varying f: t h e
k
v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e s i m i l a r a s s t a t e d by V. K&~I&II.

I wish here t o express my s i n c e r e g r a t i t u d e t o my immedia.te

s u p e r i o r , Professor Dr. L. P r a n d t l , who has a t a l l times aided me by
h i s valuable advice.

I. EXPERIMENT
1. Description of Test Apparatus

The apparatus shown i n f i g u r e 3 was used i n making t h e t e s t s . The

same apparatus was employed i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of v e l o c i t i e s f o r t u r -
bulent flow i n smooth pipes. The d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e apparatus
and measuring devices has been presented i n Forschungsheft 356 of t h e
VDI. Only a b r i e f review w i l l be given here. Water was pumped by means
of a c e n t r i f u g a l pump kp, driven by an e l e c t r i c motor em, from t h e
supply canal vk, i n t o t h e water tank wk, t h e n through t h e t e s t pipe vr
and i n t o t h e supply canal vk. This arrangement was employed i n t h e
i n v e s t i g a t i o n with medium and l a r g e values of Reynolds number. An over-
flow was used i n obtaining observations f o r small values of Reynolds
number. The water flowed through t h e supply l i n e 2 2 , i n t o t h e open
water tank wk, and a v e r t i c a l pipe s t r , connected with t h e tank, con-
ducted t h e overflowing water over t h e t r a p and down through t h e overflow
pipe f r . The flow i n t h e t e s t pipe could be t h r o t t l e d t o any d e s i r e d
degree. A constant high p r e s s u r e i n t h e water t a n k wk was r e q u i r e d
i n order t o a t t a i n t h e highest values of Reynolds number. Observations
were made on:

1. l o s s of head

2 . v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e stream immediately a f t e r l e a v i n g
t h e t e s t pipe
 3. d i s c h a r g e q u a n t i t y
4. temperature of t h e water
Three hooked t u b e s with l a t e r a l a p e r t u r e s were used t o measure t h e
l o s s of head. These t u b e s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l i n s e c t i o n I , 3 . The
v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n was determined by means of a p i t o t t u b e w i t h
0 . 2 m i l l i m e t e r i n s i d e diameter, mounted i n t h e velocity-measuring
d e v i c e gm, and a d j u s t a b l e b o t h h o r i z o n t a l l y and v e r t i c a l l y . The d i s -
charge f o r Reynolds numbers up t o 3 X 105 was measured i n a t a n k mb
on t h e b a s i s of depth and t i m e . Larger d i s c h a r g e s were computed by
i n t e g r a t i n g t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n curve. Temperature r e a d i n g s were
t a k e n a t t h e o u t l e t of t h e v e l o c i t y - m e a s u r i n g d e v i c e gm. The t e s t
p i p e s were drawn b r a s s p i p e s of c i r c u l a r s e c t i o n whose dimensions a r e
g i v e n i n t a b l e 1. The d i a m e t e r s of t h e p i p e were determined from t h e
weight of t h e water which could be c o n t a i n e d i n t h e p i p e w i t h c l o s e d
ends and from t h e l e n g t h of t h e p i p e .

2 . F a b r i c a t i o n and Determination of Roughness

S i m i l i t u d e r e q u i r e s t h a t i f mechanically s i m i l a r flow i s t o t a k e
p l a c e i n two p i p e s t h e y must have a g e o m e t r i c a l l y s i m i l a r form and must
have s i m i l a r w a l l s u r f a c e s . The f i r s t requirement i s met by t h e u s e of
a c i r c u l a r s e c t i o n . The second requirement i s s a t i s f i e d by m a i n t a i n i n g
a c o n s t a n t r a t i o of t h e p i p e r a d i u s r t o t h e d e p t h k of p r o j e c t i o n s .
It was e s s e n t i a l , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e m a t e r i a l s producing t h e roughness
should be s i m i l a r . P r o f e s s o r D. Thoma's precedent of u s i n g sand f o r
t h i s purpose was adopted.

G r a i n s of uniform s i z e a r e r e q u i r e d t o produce uniform r o u ~ h n e s s

throughout t h e p i p e . Ordinary b u i l d i n g sand was s i f t e d . Ln o r d e r t o
o b t a i n a n average g r a i n s i z e of 0.8 m i l l i m e t e r diameter, f o r example,
s i e v e s were employed having openings of 0.82- and 0 . 7 8 - m i l l i m e t e r
diameter. A Z e i s s t h i c k n e s s gage was used t o o b t a i n t h e a c t u a l average
g r a i n s i z e by t a k i n g a c t u a l measurements of t h e diameter of s e v e r a l
hundred g r a i n s . These sand g r a i n s were spread on a. f l a t p l a t e . The
d i a m e t e r s of t h e i n d i v i d u a l g r a i n s were t h e n measured w i t h t h e Z e i s s
t h i c k n e s s gage (having a n accuracy of 0.001 mm) by s l i d i n g t h e p l a t e .
For t h e c a s e c i t e d t h e a . r i t h m e t i c a 1 average was found t o be 0 . 8 m i l l i m e t e r .

A micro-photograph of uniform s i z e (0.8-mm d i a m e t e r ) g r a i n s a s

reproduced i n f i g u r e 4 f u r n i s h e s some i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g g r a i n form.
P r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s had i n d i c a t e d t h e manner i n which t h e p i p e s could be
roughened w i t h sand. The p i p e p l a c e d i n a v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n and with
t h e lower end c l o s e d was f i l l e d w i t h a very t h i n Japanese l a c q u e r and
t h e n emptied. A f t e r about 30 minutes, which i s a p e r i o d s u f f i c i e n t f o r
t h e d r y i n g of t h e l a c q u e r on t h e p i p e s u r f a c e t o t h e "tacky" s t a t e ,
t h e pipe wa.s f i l l e d with sand of a. c e r t a i n s i z e . The sand was t h e n
allowed t o flow out a t t h e bottom. The p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s showed t h a t
t h e d r y i n g which now f o l l o w s i s of grea,t importance f o r d u r a b i l i t y . A
drying p e r i o d of two t o t h r e e weeks i s r e q u i r e d , depending upon t h e
amount of moisture i n t h e a i r . A uniform d r a f t i n t h e p i p e , due t o an
e l e c t r i c bulb placed a t t h e lower end, helped t o o b t a i n even d r y i n g .
A f t e r t h i s drying, t h e pipe was r e f i l l e d w i t h l a c q u e r and a g a i n emptied,
i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n a b e t t e r adherence of t h e g r a i n s . There followed
a n o t h e r d r y i n g p e r i o d of t h r e e t o f o u r weeks. A t each end of t h e p i p e ,
a l e n g t h of about 10 c e n t i m e t e r s was c u t o f f i n o r d e r t o prevent any
p o s s i b l e decrease i n t h e end s e c t i o n s . A f t e r t h e trea.tment j u s t described
t h e p i p e s were ready t o be measured.

One of t h e c o n d i t i o n s c i t e d above i n d i c a t e s t h a t d i f f e r e n t g r a i n
r
s i z e s must be used f o r p i p e s of d i f f e r e n t diameter i f t h e r a t i o
E'
which i s t h e gage f o r s i m i l a r i t y of w a l l s u r f a c e , i s t o remain c o n s t a n t .
Geometrical s i m i l a r i t y of t h e w a l l s u r f a c e r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e form of
t h e i n d i v i d u a l g r a i n s s h a l l be unchanged and a l s o t h a t t h e p r o j e c t i o n
of t h e roughening, which has hydrodynamical e f f e c t s , s h a l l remain con-
s t a n t . Figure 4 shows t h a t voids e x i s t between t h e gra.ins. The hydro-
dynamically e f f e c t i v e amount of p r o j e c t i o n k i s e q u a l t o t h e g r a i n
s i z e . I n o r d e r t o determine whether t h e p r e v i o u s l y observed diameter
of g r a i n s i s a c t u a l l y e f f e c t i v e , a f l a t p l a t e was coated w i t h t h i n
Japanese l a c q u e r ( t h e n e c e s s a r y degree of t h i n n e s s was determined by
p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s ) and roughened i n accordance w i t h t h e d e s c r i b e d
procedure. The p r o j e c t i o n of t h e g r a i n s above t h e s u r f a c e was measured
i n t h e manner a l r e a d y d e s c r i b e d and it was found t h a t , f o r a d e f i n i t e
degree of t h i n n e s s of t h e l a c q u e r , t h i s average p r o j e c t i o n agreed w i t h
t h e o r i g i n a l measurements of the g r a i n s .

3. Measurement of S t a t i c P r e s s u r e Gradient
Measurement of s t a t i c p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t d u r i n g flow i n smooth p i p e s
i s u s u a l l y made by piezometer h o l e s i n t h e w a l l s of t h e p i p e . Marked
e r r o r s r e s u l t , however, i f l o s s of head i n rough p i p e s i s determined
i n t h i s sane manner. These a r e due t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e v o r t i c e s which
r e s u l t from flow around t h e p r o j e c t i o n s produce p r e s s u r e o r s u c t i o n ,
depending on t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e a p e r t u r e . For t h i s reason t h e hooked
tube was adopted f o r observing t h e s t a t l c p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t . T h i s t u b e
had a r e c t a n g u l a r bend a s shown i n f i g u r e 5 and was mounted i n t h e t e s t
p i p e s o t h a t t h e f r e e l e g was p a r a l l e l t o t h e d i r e c t i o n of flow.
L a t e r a l openings o n l y were bored i n t h i s f r e e l e g . The o u t s i d e diame-
t e r d of t h e t u b e was 2 m i l l i m e t e r s . Other f e a t u r e s of t h e tube a r e
i n agreement w i t h t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s ( r e f e r e n c e 16) s e t up f o r t h e
P r a n d t l p i t o t s t a t i c t u b e ( ~ t a u r o h r ) . The f r e e l e g was placed a.t a
d i s t a n c e from t h e w a l l e q u a l t o 1 / 2 t h e r a d i u s of t h e t e s t p i p e . The
connecting l e g was bent a t an angle of about 60' i n t h e plane of t h e
f r e e l e g i n order t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e f r e e l e g might always be
indicated. The bent tube was fastened i n t h e t e s t pipe by means of a
s t u f f i n g box.

Variation of t h e pressure readings i n a hooked tube with v a r i a t i o n s

i n t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e tube r e l a t i v e t o t h e d i r e c t i o n of flow i s shown
i n f i g u r e 6'. This f i g u r e i n d i c a t e s t h a t c o r r e c t readings a r e obtained
only i f t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e f r e e l e g d e v i a t e s not more than 7.5' from
t h e d i r e c t i o n of flow. The introduction of t h e hooked tube i n t o t h e
t e s t pipe r e s u l t s i n an increase of pressure drop due t o t h e r e s i s t a n c e
t o t h e tube. The r e s i s t a n c e of t h e two hooked tubes used i n measuring
must be deducted from t h e observed pressure drop pl - p2. The r e s i s t -
ance of t h e tube must t h e r e f o r e be known. This value was found by
measuring t h e pressure drop h i n a smooth pipe i n terms of t h e d i s -
charge a t a constant temperature, f i r s t by using wall piezometer o r i f i c e s
and t h e n by measuring t h e pressure drop h + a i n terms of t h e discharge
a t t h e same temperature by means of a hooked tube. The increment a f o r
equal discharges i s t h e r e s i s t a n c e of t h e hooked tubes. The c o r r e c t i o n
curve f o r t h i s r e s i s t a n c e i s given i n f i g u r e 7.

It should be noted t h a t changes i n d i r e c t i o n of t h e tube r e s u l t

both i n an e r r o r i n t h e pressure reading and i n an increase i n t h e
r e s i s t a n c e due t o t h e tube. I f t h e corrected pressure drop pl - P2 is
divided by t h e observation l e n g t h 2 , ( d i s t a n c e between t h e holes i n t h e
s i d e of t h e hooked t u b e s ) , t h e r e i s obtained t h e s t a t i c pressure
gradient,

4. Preliminary Tests

A mixture of sieved sand and white lacquer i n a d e f i n i t e proportion

was used t o f i l l a pipe closed a t t h e bottom, i n t h e manner of Professor
D. Thoma ( r e f e r e n c e 17). The mixture was then allowed t o flow out a t
t h e bottom. After a drying period of about two t o t h r e e weeks, prelim-
i n a r y t e s t s answered t h e question whether t h e hydrodynamically e f f e c t i v e
p r o j e c t i o n of t h e roughening remained constant. The pressure drop was
measured a t hourly i n t e r v a l s f o r a given Reynolds number f o r which t h e

I
This f i g u r e i s taken from t h e work of H. Kumbruch, c i t e d herein
a s reference 16.
average v e l o c i t y u was about 20 m e t e r s p e r second. It was observed
t h a t w i t h i n a few days t h e p r e s s u r e s l o p e developed a pronounced
i n c r e a s e . A marked washing o f f of t h e l a c q u e r was i n d i c a t e d a t t h e
same t i m e by d e p o s i t s on t h e bottom of t h e supply channel. Another
o b j e c t i o n a b l e f e a t u r e was t h e p a r t i a l washing o u t of t h e sand. The
i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t i s accounted f o r by t h e i n c r e a s e i n
p r o j e c t i o n of roughness due t o t h e washing o f f of t h e l a c q u e r . There-
f o r e , t h e method of f a s t e n i n g t h e sand had t o be changed i n o r d e r t o
i n s u r e t h e r e q u i r e d c o n d i t i o n of t h e s u r f a c e d u r i n g t h e t e s t p r o c e d u r e .
The p r o j e c t i o n k of t h e roughness had t o remain c o n s t a n t d u r i n g t h e
t e s t s and t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e sand gra.ins on t h e w a l l s u r f a c e s had
t o remain unchanged.

Adhesion between sand g r a i n s was prevented by u s i n g a v e r y t h i n

l a c q u e r . T h i s l a c q u e r formed a d i r e c t c o a t i n g on t h e w a l l and a l s o a
c o v e r i n g on t h e g r a i n s no t h i c k e r t h a n t h e p e n e t r a t i o n of t h e s e g r a i n s
i n t o t h e l a c q u e r c o a t i n g of t h e w a l l . The o r i g i n a l form and s i z e of
t h e g r a i n s remained unchanged. A d e t e r m i n i n g f a c t o r i n t h i s problem
was t h e degree of t h i c k n e s s of t h e l a c q u e r which was v a r i e d by t h e
a d d i t i o n of t u r p e n t i n e u n t i l t h e o r i g i n a l g r a i n s i z e remained unchanged.
T e s t s made w i t h p i p e s w i t h o u t l a c q u e r r e c o a t i n g showed that t h e sand
would wash o u t . The r e c o a . t i n g w i t h l a c q u e r was, t h e r e f o r e , adopted.
I f o n l y a s h o r t p e r i o d of d r y i n g was used f o r b o t h c o a t s , t h e l a c q u e r
was washed o f f . I f t h e f i r s t d r y i n g was s h o r t and t h e second long,
t h e n a l l of t h e l a c q u e r was a l s o washed o f f . I f t h e f i r s t d r y i n g
p e r i o d were l o n g and t h e second s h o r t , t h e r e would a l s o be some l o s s
of sand. A c o n s t a n t c o n d i t i o n of roughness could be o b t a i n e d o n l y when
each l a c q u e r c o a t i n g was d r i e d from t h r e e t o f o u r weeks. The a c c u r a c y
of o b s e r v a t i o n s made w i t h t h e hooked t u b e was checked by c o n n e c t i n g t h e
t u b e t h r o u g h a manometer t o a w a l l piezometer o r i f i c e a t t h e same sec-
t i o n of t h e pipe. Both c o n n e c t i o n s should show t h e same p r e s s u r e i n a
smooth p i p e , t h a t i s , t h e manometer r e a d i n g must be z e r o . Hooked t u b e s
checked i n t h i s manner were used f o r t a k i n g p r i n c i p a l o b s e r v a t i o n s .

F i n a l l y , a d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e approach l e n g t h 4
was made.
d
V e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s were observed f o r t h e l a r g e s t r e l a t i v e roughness
ratio -
r
.
k -- 1
15
The v e l o c i t y a t v a r i o u s d i s t a n c e s y from t h e s u r f a c e

was determined f o r Reynolds numbers of Re = 20 x lo3, 70 x lo3, and

150 x 1 03 a t v a r i o u s d i s t a n c e s from t h e e n t r a n c e -.d
X T h i s was e f f e c t e d
by c u t t i n g o f f p o r t i o n s of t h e t e s t p i p e . T e s t s show t h a t changes i n
t h e approach l e n g t h have small e f f e c t on t h e Reynolds number. The
approach l e n g t h i s somewhat s h o r t e r t h a n t h a t f o r smooth p i p e s , % 40
X
(fig. 8). The approach l e n g t h - = 50 was used a s f o r smooth p i p e s .
d
 11. EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS

1. Law of R e s i s t a n c e

The r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r X f o r f l o w i n t h e p i p e s i s e x p r e s s e d by
t h e formula:

i n which *
dx
i s t h e p r e s s u r e drop p e r u n i t of l e n g t h , d i s t h e diam-
ii2
e t e r , and = p F , t h e dynamic p r e s s u r e of t h e average flow

v e l o c i t y E and p i s t h e d e n s i t y . An e x t e n s i v e t e s t program w i t h a
range of Re = 600 t o Re = lo6 f o r t h e Reynolds number was c a r r i e d o u t ,
m d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r t o t h e Reynolds number
was s t u d ' e d f o r p i p e s of v a r i o u s roughnesses. Six d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s of
k
r e l a t i v e roughness were used, w i t h t h e r e l a t i v e roughness - determined
r
by t h e r a t i o of t h e average p r o j e c t i o n k t o the radius r of t h e p i p e .

I n e v a l u a t i n g t h e t e s t d a t a it seemed a d v i s a b l e t o use i n s t e a d of
k r
t h e r e l a t i v e roughness - i t s r e c i p r o c a l - F i g u r e 9 shows t o a
r' k'
l o g a r i t h m i c s c a l e t h e r e l a t i o n of t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r t o t h e Reynolds
1-
number f o r t h e r e c i p r o c a l v a l u e s - o f t h e s i x r e l a t i v e roughnesses
k
t e s t e d and f o r a smooth p i p e ( s e e t a b l e s 2 t o 7 ) . The bottom curve i s
f o r t h e smooth p i p e . If t h e curve f o r X = f ( ~ e ) i s s t u d i e d f o r a
given r e l a t i v e roughness, t h e n it must be c o n s i d e r e d i n t h r e e p o r t i o n s
o r ranges.

Within t h e f i r s t range, t h a t of low Reynolds numbers, t h e rough-

r
n e s s had no e f f e c t on t h e r e s i s t a n c e , and f o r all v a l u e s of - t h e
k
curve X = f ( ~ e ) c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e curve f o r t h e smooth p i p e . T h i s
range i n c l u d e s a l l laminar flow and some t u r b u l e n t flow. The p o r t i o n
of t u r b u l e n t flow included i n c r e a s e s a s t h e r e l a t i v e roughness d e c r e a s e s .
A s l o n g a s laminar flow e x i s t s , t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r may be e x p r e s s e d
as :

T h i s i s r e p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e 9 by a s t r a i g h t l i n e of s l o p e 1:l. Within
t h e f i r s t p o r t i o n of t u r b u l e n t flow i n smooth p i p e s f o r a Reynolds num-
b e r up t o about Re = lo5 t h e B l a s i u s R e s i s t a n c e Law ( r e f e r e n c e 18) hol'
NACA TM 1292

T h i s i s r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f i g u r e by a s t r a i g h t l i n e of s l o p e 1:4. The
c r i t i c a l Reynolds number f o r a l l d e g r e e s of r e l a t i v e rollghne s s o c c u r s a t
about t h e same p o s i t i o n a s f o r t h e smooth p i p e , t h a t i s , between 2160
and 2500.

Within t h e second range, which w i l l be termed t h e t r a n s i t i o n range,

t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e roughness becomes n o t i c e a b l e i n an i n c r e a s i n g
degree; t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r X i n c r e a s e s w i t h an i n c r e a s i n g Reynolds
number. T h i s t r a n s i t i o n range i s p a r t i c u l a r l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e f a c t
t h a t t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r depends upon t h e Reynolds number a s w e l l a s
upon t h e r e l a t i v e roughness.

Within t h e t h i r d range t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r i s independent of t h e

Reynolds number and t h e c u r v e s X = f ( R e ) become p a r a l l e l t o t h e h o r i -
z o n t a l axis. T h i s i s t h e range w i t h i n which t h e q u a d r a t i c l a w of
resistance obtains.

The t h r e e r a n g e s of t h e c u r v e s X = f ( ~ e )may be p h y s i c a l l y i n t e r -
p r e t e d a s f o l l o w s . I n t h e f i r s t range t h e t h i c k n e s s 6 of t h e l a m i n a r
boundary l a y e r , which i s known t o d e c r e a s e w i t h an i n c r e a s i n g Reynolds
number, i s s t i l l l a r g e r t h a n t h e average p r o j e c t i o n ( 6 > k ) . T h e r e f o r e
energy l o s s e s due t o roughness a r e no g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e f o r t h e smooth
plpe .
I n t h e second range t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e boundary l a y e r i s of t h e
same magnitude as t h e average p r o j e c t i o n ( 6 Z k ) . I n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t i o n s
extend through t h e boundary l a y e r and cause v o r t i c e s which produce an
a d d i t i o n a l l o s s of energy. As t h e Reynolds number i n c r e a s e s , an
i n c r e a s i n g number of p r o j e c t i o n s p a s s through t h e l a m i n a r boundary l a y e r
because of t h e r e d u c t i o n i n i t s t h i c k n e s s . The a d d i t i o n a l e n e r g y l o s s
t h a n becomes g r e a t e r a s t h e Reynolds number i n c r e a s e s . T h i s i s e x p r e s s e d
by t h e r i s e of t h e c u r v e s h = f ( ~ e )w i t h i n t h i s r a n g e .

F i n a l l y , i n t h e t h i r d range t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e boundary l a y e r
h a s become s o s m a l l t h a t a l l p r o j e c t i o n s e x t e n d t h r o u g h i t . The e n e r g y
l o s s due t o t h e v o r t i c e s h a s now a t t a i n e d a c o n s t a n t v a l u e and a n
i n c r e a s e i n t h e Reynolds number no l o n g e r i n c r e a s e s t h e r e s i s t a n c e .

The r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n t h e t h i r d range a r e v e r y s i m p l e . Here t h e

r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r i s independent of t h e Reynolds number and depends only
upon t h e r e l a t i v e roughness. T h i s dependency may be e x p r e s s e d by t h e
formula
In o r d e r t o check t h i s formula e x p e r i m e n t a l l y t h e value - was p l o t t e d
fi
i n f i g u r e 10 against l o g and it was found t h a t through t h e s e p o i n t s
k
t h e r e could be passed a l i n e

The e n t i r e f i e l d of Reynolds numbers i n v e s t i g a t e d was covered by p l o t -

1 r v*k
t i n g t h e term - - 2 log - a g a i n s t l o g 7. This term i s p a r t i c u l a r l y
6 k
s u i t a b l e dimensionally s i n c e it h a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v a l u e s f o r c o n d i t i o n s
along t h e s u r f a c e . The more convenient value l o g Re 6- k
log
might
be used i n s t e a d of log -v '
v*k a s may be seen from t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n s i d e r a -
tion. From t h e formula f o r t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e s h e a r i n g s t r e s s T~ and t h e f r i c t i o n
f a c t o r X may be obtained. I n accordance w i t h t h e requirements of
e q u i l i b r i u n : f o r a f l u i d c y l i n d e r of l e n g t h dx and r a d i u s r,

o r from e q u a t i o n (1)

i n which v, =E
r o
is the f r i c t i o n velocity. There r e s u l t s

and
 - l o g Tk
log(Re fi) = 10~(~.66 y)
V*k
= const + l o g ( ~ G)
e - r
l o g i;
log

From equation (5) t h e r e i s obtained:

-1
- 2 log - =
r 1.74
f-x k

It i s evident then t h a t t h e magnitude of

constant wi-thin t h e region of t h e quadratic law of r e s i s t a n c e but
within t h e other regions i s v a r i a b l e depending on t h e Reynolds number.
The preceding explains why t h e value
r
log(Re fl) - l o g - was used a s
k
t h e a b s c i s s a i n s t e a d of l o g ( ~ efi) as was done f o r t h e smooth pipe.
Equation (58) may now be w r i t t e n i n t h e form

1 -
- 2 log r f log -
fi k
=
()k:v

There occurs here, a s t h e determining f a c t o r , t h e dimensionless term

which i s t o be expected from t h e viewpoint of dimensional a n a l y s i s .

The r e l a t i o n s h i p

--
6
2 log rk =
( "
f log

a s determined experimentally i s shown i n f i g u r e 11 ( s e e t a b l e s 2 t o 7 )

f o r f i v e degrees of r e l a t i v e roughness. The s i x t h degree of r e l a t i v e
roughness was not included because i n t h a t t h e assumption of geometrical
s i m i l a r i t y probably did not e x i s t . It i s evident t h a t a smooth curve
may be passed through all t h e p l o t t e d p o i n t s .

The range I i n which t h e r e s i s t a n c e i s unaffected by t h e roughness

and i n which a l l pipes have a behavior s i m i l a r t o t h a t of a smooth pipe
i s expressed i n t h i s diagram ( f i g . 11) by t h e equation
 1 -
- r
2 log -
k = 0.8 + 2 l o g (9)
6

i n which t h e value of a f h n c t i o n f i s determined by e q u a t i o n 8. The

f a c t t h a t t h e t e s t p o i n t s l i e below t h i s range i s due t o t h e i n f l u e n c e
of v i s c o s i t y which i s s t i l l p r e s e n t f o r t h e s e s m a l l Reynolds numbers.
This i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e law expressed i n e q u a t i o n 3 i s not e x a c t l y f u l -
f i l l e d . The t r a n s i t i o n range, range 11, i s r e p r e s e n t e d i n f i g u r e 11 by
a curve which a t f i r s t r i s e s , t h e n has a c o n s t a n t value, and f i n a l l y
drops. The curves t o be used i n l a t e r computations w i l l be approximated
by t h r e e s t r a i g h t l i n e s not shown ( r e f e r e n c e s 19 and 20) i n f i g u r e 11.
The range covered by t h e q u a d r a t i c law of r e s i s t a n c e , range 111, i n
t h i s diagram l i e s above l o g v*k = 1.83 and corresponds t o e q u a t i o n ( 5 a ) .

These l i n e s may be expressed by e q u a t i o n s of t h e form

1
- - r v k
2 l o g j; = a + b log
v
JX
i n which t h e c o n s t a n t s a and b vary with %
v k
i n t h e following
manner :

1118 + 1.13 l o gv L
k < v k <
4'x - 2 log:=
k v
for 0.55 = l o g * -
v -
0.85

v*"
for 0.85 5 log -5 1.15
v

= 2.81 - 0.588 l o g v*k for 1.15 < v*k

- l o g 71-: 1.83

It i s c l e a r t h a t f o r each s t r a i g h t l i n e

(a + b log * v
+ 2 log L
k r
2. Velocity Distribution

Observations on v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s were made f o r p i p e s with

diameters of 2.5 c e n t i m e t e r s , 5 c e n t i m e t e r s , and 10 c e n t i m e t e r s , w i t h
Reynolds numbers between lo4 and 106 ( s e e t a b l e s 8 t o 1 3 ) . Since t h e
v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s were symmetrical, only one-half t h e curve had
t o be considered i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n of t e s t d a t a . A dimensionless
equation of t h e form

was s e l e c t e d t o show t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h t h e
r
value - Ln t h i s e q u a t i o n U i s t h e maximum v e l o c i t y , and u i s t h e
k'
v e l o c i t y a t any p o i n t y d i s t a n t from t h e w a l l i n a p i p e of r a d i u s r .
This r e l a t i o n s h i p i s shown i n f i g u r e 1 2 f o r a smooth p i p e and f o r such
v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s a t v a r i o u s degrees of r e l a t i v e roughness a s l i e
w i t h i n t h e r e g i o n of t h e q u a d r a t i c law of r e s i s t a n c e . This f i g u r e i n d i -
c a t e s t h a t a s t h e r e l a t i v e roughness i n c r e a s e s , t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u -
t i o n assumes a more p o i n t e d form. Our e a r l i e r t e s t s w i t h t h e smooth
p i p e have shown, however, t h a t a s t h e Reynolds number i n c r e a s e s t h e
v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n assumes a more b l u n t form.

A very simple law f o r t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n rough p i p e s i s

u
obtained from t h e f o l l o w i n g p l o t t i n g . The dimensionless v e l o c i t y -
v*
i s shown i n f i g u r e 1 3 p l o t t e d a g a i n s t .r The term v* i s the "friction
velocity," v, a s p r e v i o u s l y introduced. This f i g u r e indicates
t h a t i n t h e r e g i o n s away from t h e w a l l t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s a r e
s i m i l a r . I f , i n accordance w i t h Von ~ a ' m ' n , t h e p l o t t i n g i s f o r
u - u
- v*
= f ( f ) , t h e s i m i l a r curves merge t o form a s i n g l e curve ( f i g . 1 7 ) .

The v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t degrees of r e l a t i v e rough-

n e s s a l s o merge t o almost a s i n g l e curve i f t h e dimensionless term --
"*
i s plotted against log 5. It may be seen t h a t a l l t h e observed p o i n t s
a g r e e very w e l l with t h e s t r a i g h t l i n e , o n l y however f o r t h o s e v e l o c i t y
d i s t r i b u t i o n s which come w i t h i n t h e r e g i o n of t h e q u a d r a t i c law of
r e s i s t a n c e ( f i g . 1 4 ) . T h i s l i n e has t h e e q u a t i o n

-- 8.48 + 5.75 log = A + B log

v* k k

Following t h e method of P r a n d t l ( r e f e r e n c e 21) i n o b t a i n i n g a u n i v e r s a l

law of v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n smooth p i p e s t h e r e i s used h e r e a
dimensionless d i s t a n c e from t h e w a l l 7 = y -
V*
v
t o obtain the universal
equation f o r v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n
 U
- = rp = 5.5 + 5.75 l o g l-) (14)
v*
I f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p cp = f ( 1 o g 7 ) i s now p l o t t e d f o r rough p i p e s , f i g -
u r e s l 5 ( a ) t o l 5 ( f ) a r e o b t a i n e d , which i n e v e r y c a s e y i e l d a s t r a i g h t
l i n e f o r t h e dimensionless v e l o c i t y . Each f i g u r e corresponds t o a
d e f i n i t e r e l a t i v e roughness and t o t h e s e v e r a l Reynolds numbers recorded;
r
f i g u r e 1 5 ( a ) corresponds t o t h e s m a l l e s t roughness i; = 507, f i g u r e 1 5 ( b )
t o t h e n e x t t o s m a l l e s t , e t c . There i s furthermore shown on e v e r y f i g -
u r e t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e smooth p i p e a s given by e q u a t i o n 1 4 .
The o b s e r v a t i o n p o i n t s l y i n g on t h i s s t r a i g h t l i n e were o b t a i n e d n o t i n
a smooth p i p e b u t i n a rough p i p e a t such a small Reynolds number t h a t
t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e roughness i s n o t n o t i c e a b l e . These s t r a i g h t l i n e s
f o r a g i v e n r e l a t i v e roughness s h i f t with an i n c r e a s i n g Reynolds number
t o a p o s i t i o n p a r a l l e l t o t h a t of t h e s t r a i g h t l i n e f o r t h e smooth p i p e .
A c a r e f u l s t u d y of t h e i n d i v i d u a l t e s t p o i n t s shows t h a t t h o s e n e a r t h e
w a l l ( s m a l l v a l u e s of l o g 7 ) a s w e l l a s t h o s e n e a r t h e a x i s ( l a r g e v a l u e s
of l o g q ) l i e s l i g h t l y above t h e l i n e .

The term A a s i n d i c a t e d by e q u a t i o n (13) has a c o n s t a n t value i n

t h e r e g i o n of t h e q u a d r a t i c law of r e s i s t a n c e . In t h e t r a n s i t i o n
-
u2r
r e g i o n s I and 11, however, A depends upon t h e Reynolds number Re = - ,'I
k
and on t h e r e l a t i v e roughness i n such a manner t h a t A e s s e n t i a l l y
depends o n l y on t h e product Re fi -kr i n accordance w i t h e q u a t i o n ( 7 a ) .
From e q u a t i o n ( 6 b )

so t h a t

There may t h e n be o b t a i n e d a n e x p r e s s i o n of t h e form

A = -
u - 5.75
v*
log r
k
= f log
( *V )

I n o r d e r t o determine t h e magnitude of A f o r e a c h v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n
u
-
curve, t h e t e r m - 5.75 l o g $
was o b t a i n e d from f i g u r e s 1 5 ( a ) t o 1 5 ( e )
v*
f o r e v e r y t e s t p o i n t of each v e l o c i t y curve and was p l o t t e d a s a f u n c t i o n
of z.
r
From t h e p l o t t e d r e s u l t t h e v a l u e of A was determined f o r t h e
NACA TM 1292 17

v e l o c i t y curve under c o n s i d e r a t i o n . P a r t i c u l a r c a r e must be used i n

t h i s d e t e r m i n a t i o n at medium d i s t a n c e s from t h e w a l l , s i n c e , on t h e one
hand, t h e value of y c m o t be a c c u r a t e l y obtained f o r p o i n t s near t h e
w a l l , and furthermore t h e v i s c o s i t y has a n o t i c e a b l e i n f l u e n c e h e r e , and
on t h e o t h e r hand, a r e g u l a r d e v i a t i o n always occurs f o r p o i n t s n e a r t h e
a x i s . The value of A a s found i n t h i s manner f o r a l l v e l o c i t y c u r v e s
was t h e n p l o t t e d a s a f u n c t i o n of l o a v*k 7 ( see f i g . 1 6 ) . The form
of curve A a s a f u n c t i o n of log *
v
i s Yery s i m i l a r t o t h e curve f o r
r v*k
t h e r e s i s t a n c e law o b t a i n e d by p l o t t i n g 2 log - against log 7
6- k
from e q u a t i o n ( 8 ) .

A n a l y t i c a l proof of t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p may be obtained by t h e same

method a s t h a t used f o r t h e smooth p i p e ( r e f e r e n c e s 5 and 2 1 ) . I n
accordance w i t h e q u a t i o n ( 1 3 )

o r , i f t h i s e q u a t i o n i s w r i t t e n f o r t h e p i p e axis, t h a t i s , u = U, y = r :

u - u
From t h e e q u a t i o n --- -
- f
r t h e r e may be obtained by i n t e g r a t i o n
%
t h e term
u- -- T i - P (174
v*

If
u - u
- i s p l o t t e d a s a f u n c t i o n of
v*
GY, t h e r e s u l t w i l l be

Then, from e q u a t i o n ( 1 7 a )

u = ii + pv* (17b)

and from e q u a t i o n (6b) t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e c o e f f i c i e n t of

r e s i s t a n c e and t h e average v e l o c i t y u i s found from
S u b s t i t u t i n g e q u a t i o n ( 1 8 ) i n t o e q u a t i o n ( 1 7 b ) and d i v i d i n g by v,

and t h e n from e q u a t i o n ( 1 6 b )

2.83
- - - A + B l o g r- - D
6 k

o r with B = 5.75

The d e s i r e d r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n and t h e law

of r e s i s t a n c e i s g i v e n i n e q u a t i o n s ( 1 5 ) and ( l o b ) . I t may be expressed
i n t h e f o l l o w i n g form

F i g u r e 1 6 c o n t a i n s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e v a l u e s of A computed from t h e
v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s by e q u a t i o n ( I ? ) ,t h e computed v a l u e s o b t a i n e d
from t h e law of r e s i s t a n c e by e q u a t i o n ( 1 9 b ) . The agreement between t h e
v a l u e s of A determined by t h e s e two methods i s s a t i s f a c t o r y .

By t h e same method as i n f i g u r e 11, t h e curve A may be r e p r e s e n t e d

v*k
a s a f u n c t i o n sf I c y -
v . Within t h e range of t h e law of r e s i s t a n c e
where t h e efi'ec.1 3f vi:;cos: t y i s n o t y e t p r e s e n t t h e law f o r smooth
p i p e s a p p l i e s , :!.lit :s ,
-v- k
0 5 log -22-
v c,.:')
A =
v*k
5.5 + 5.75 l o g T (=a)
The transition r e g i o n from tilt- 1 ~ t wcf r e s i s t a n c e of t h e smooth p i p e t o
t h e q u a d r a t i c law of r e s i s t a n c e of :,he rough p i p e may be d i v i d e d i n t o
t h r e e zones:

I . 0.85 5 l o g *<
v
v k
- 1.15 A = 9-38 (21~)

111. 1.15 5 log

v
< 1.83
- A = 11.5 - 1 . 6 2 l o g v*k (2ld)
and w i t h i n t h e zone of t h e q u a d r a t i c law of r e s i s t a n c e :

v*k
log -v > 1.83

These e x p r e s s i o n s d e s c r i b e w i t h s u f f i c i e n t a c c u r a c y t h e laws o f v e l o c i t y
d i s t r i b u t i o n and of r e s i s t a n c e f o r p i p e s w i t h w a l l s roughened i n t h e
manner h e r e c o n s i d e r e d .

F i n a l l y , it w i l l be shown b r i e f l y t h a t t h e Von &

K (reference 2)
equation f o r t h e velocity d i s t r i b u t i o n

d e r i v e d a n a l y t i c a l l y on t h e b a s i s of h i s h y p o t h e s i s of s i m i l a r i t y ,
a g r e e s w i t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a . The term K i s a u n i v e r s a l c o n s t a n t
o b t a i n e d from t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n . Ln f i g u r e 17, t h e curve drawn
through t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p o i n t s a g r e e s almost e x a c t l y w i t h t h e curve f o r
t h i s e q u a t i o n . With v e r y l a r g e Reynolds numbers where t h e i n f l u e n c e of
v i s c o s i t y i s v e r y s l i g h t t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s a c c o r d i n g t o Von
Karman's t r e a t m e n t do n o t depend upon t h e ty-pe of w a l l s u r f a c e nor upon
t h e Reynolds number. Good agreement w i t h K = 0 . 3 6 i s o b t a i n e d between
e x p e r i m e n t a l and t h e o r e t i c a l c u r v e s f o r such v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n up
t o t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e w a l l . It may be concluded from t h i s t h a t a t a
d e f i n i t e i n t e r v a l y, from t h e w a l l , t h e t y p e of flow and t h e momentum
change a r e independent of t h e t y p e of w a l l s u r f a c e .

I n order t o include those observation p o i n t s f o r v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u -

u - u
t i o n s which a r e n e a r t h e w a l l t h e term - was e v a l u a t e d from t h e
v*
u n i v e r s a l v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n e q u a t i o n ( 1 4 ) i n t h e f o l l o w i n g manner:
I f e q u a t i o n ( 1 4 ) i s w r i t t e n f o r t h e maximum v e l o c i t y by l e t t i n g u = U
and y = r , t h e n

U
-
v*
= 5.5 + 5.75 log t
v r

If e q u a t i o n (14) i s s u b t r a c t e d from t h i s e q u a t i o n , t h e r e i s o b t a i n e d

u
- -- u
v*
- 5.75 l o g yr
I n c o n t r a s t t o t h e t h e o r e t i c a l curve of Von K&TI& which a g r e e s w i t h t h e
o b s e r v a t i o n s t a k e n n e a r t h e w a l l o n l y i f a d i f f e r e n t v a l u e of K i s
used, t h e above e q u a t i o n o b t a i n e d from t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s d e s c r i b e s t h e
e n t i r e range between t h e s u r f a c e and t h e a x i s of t h e p i p e . It i s of
i n t e r e s t t o c o n s i d e r f o r comparison t h e e q u a t i o n which Darcy ( r e f e r e n c e 6 )
obtained i n 1855, on t h e b a s i s of c a r e f u l measurements. H i s e q u a t i o n f o r
v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n , i n t h e n o t a t i o n of t h i s a r t i c l e , i s

u
- -- u
v*
- 5.08jl - z) 312

I n f i g u r e 17, e q u a t i o n ( 2 3 ) i s r e p r e s e n t e d by a f u l l l i n e and equa-

t i o n ( 2 4 ) by a d o t t e d l i n e . The Darcy curve shows good agreement except
f o r p o i n t s near t h e w a l l where L < 0.35. This imperfection of t h e
r
Darcy formula i s due t o t h e f a c t t h a t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n s n e a r e s t t h e w a l l
were f o r = 0.33. Up t o t h i s l i m i t t h e agreement of e q u a t i o n ( 2 4 ) with
r
t h e observed d a t a i s very good.

3. Exponential Law
Even though t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i s adequately d e s c r i b e d by
e q u a t i o n ( 1 3 ) o r e q u a t i o n ( 2 3 ) , it i s sometimes convenient t o have a n
e x p o n e n t i a l e x p r e s s i o n which may be used a s an approximation. P r a n d t l
from a dimensional approach concluded from t h e B l a s i u s l a w of r e s i s t a n c e
t h a t t h e v e l o c i t y u n e a r t h e w a l l during t u r b u l e n t flow v a r i e s w i t h
t h e 117 power of t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e w a l l , ( r e f e r e n c e s 22, 23, and 24),
that is

u = ay117 (25)
i n which a i s a c o n s t a n t f o r each v e l o c i t y curve. It i s t o be empha-
s i z e d t h a t t h e exponent 117 h o l d s only f o r smooth p i p e s i n t h e range of
t h e B l a s i u s l a w ( u p t o H e = l o ? ) , b u t t h a t f o r l a r g e r Reynolds numbers
it d e c r e a s e s , a s shown by our e a r l i e r o b s e r v a t i o n s , ( r e f e r e n c e s 5 and 25)
t o 1/10. The s i t u a t i o n i s e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t i n t h e c a s e of rough p i p e s ;
h e r e w i t h i n t h e range of our e x p e r h e n t s t h e exponent f o r an i n c r e a s i n g
r e l a t i v e roughness i n c r e a s e s from 1 / 7 t o 1 / 4 .

Equation ( 2 5 ) may be w r i t t e n i n another form i f t h e v e l o c i t y and

t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e w a l l a r e made dimensionless by using t h e f r i c t i o n
v e l o c i t y v,:

i n which, according t o e q u a t i o n (25), n = 117. Then

log 9 = log C + n log q

I f l o g 9 i s p l o t t e d a s a f u n c t i d n of l o g 7 t h e r e r e s u l t s a s t r a i g h t
l i n e with slope n . This r e l a t i o n s h i p i s shown i n f i g u r e 18 f o r various
degrees of r e l a t i v e roughness and a l s o f o r a v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n a
smooth pipe. A l l of t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r rough p i p e s shown
i n t h i s f i g u r e l i e w i t h i n t h e range of t h e quadratic law of r e s i s t a n c e .
It i s evident from t h e f i g u r e t h a t w i t h i n t h e range of r e l a t i v e rough-
ness i n v e s t i g a t e d here t h e exponent n i n c r e a s e s from 0.133 t o 0.238.
From t h e recorded curve f o r t h e smooth pipe n = 0.116. I n order t o
determine t h e v a r i a t i o n i n t h e exponent n with t h e Reynolds number f o r
a f i x e d r e l a t i v e roughness, t h e value of l o g g, a s a f u n c t i o n of l o g 7
has been determined f o r various Reynolds numbers and f o r a r e l a t i v e
r
roughness - = 126. The change of slope of t h e l i n e was found t o be
k
very s l i g h t with v a r i a t i o n s of Reynolds number: The s m a l l e s t recorded
values of Reynolds number l i e w i t h i n t h e region defined a s range I of
t h e r e s i s t a n c e law where t h e c o e f f i c i e n t of r e s i s t a n c e )I i s t h e same
a s f o r a smooth pipe; t h e next l a r g e r Reynolds numbers l i e i n range I1
( t r a n s i t i o n r e g i o n ) , and t h e l a r g e s t i n range I11 ( q u a d r a t i c l a w of
r e s i s t a n c e ) . Figure 18 shows t h a t p o i n t s on t h e pipe a x i s d e v i a t e from
t h e l o c a t i o n s obtained by t h e exponential law.

4. P r a n d t l ' s Mixing Length

The well-known expression of P r a n d t l ( r e f e r e n c e s 1, 26, 27, and 28)
f o r t h e t u r b u l e n t shearing s t r e s s i s :

The determination of t h e mixing l e n g t h from t h e v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s

may be e a s i l y c a r r i e d out by means of equation ( 2 7 a ) . By rearrangement:

The shearing s t r e s s a t any point i s i n l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e

shearing s t r e s s T~ a t t h e wall;

In t h e computation of t h e v a r i a t i o n of mixing length with t h e d i s t a n c e

from t h e w a l l by equation ( 2 7 b ) , t h e value of -
d" was found g r a p h i c a l l y
dy
from t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s . T h i s i s somewhat d i f f i c u l t i n t h e
du
v i c i n i t y of t h e p i p e a x i s s i n c e t h e r e t h e v a l u e s of b o t h Z- and -
P dy
a r e very s m a l l . The procedure n e c e s s a r y t o o b t a i n t h e v a l u e of 1 as
a c c u r a t e l y a s p o s s i b l e h a s been d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l i n a p r e v i o u s
a r t i c l e (reference 5 ) .

The dimensionless mixing l e n g t h d i s t r i b u t i o n a r r i v e d a t i n t h i s

manner f o r l a r g e Reynolds numbers l y i n g w i t h i n t h e range of t h e q u a d r a t i c
law of r e s i s t a n c e has been p l o t t e d i n f i g u r e 19. The curve shown i s
t h a t o b t a i n e d from o b s e r v a t i o n s on smooth p i p e s , e x p r e s s e d according t o
F'randtl i n t h e form:

There e x i s t s , t h e r e f o r e , t h e same mixing l e n g t h d i s t r i b u t i o n i n rough

a s i n smooth p i p e s . T h i s f a c t l e a d s t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e mechanics
of t u r b u l e n c e , e x c e p t f o r a t h i n l a y e r a t t h e w a l l , a r e independent of
t h e t y p e of w a l l s u r f a c e .

I n o r d e r t o p r e s e n t i n a compact form t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e mixing

l e n g t h d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h t h e Reynolds number and w i t h t h e r e l a t i v e
roughness, t h e r e i s p l o t t e d i n f i g u r e 20 t h e t e r m log against the
term log 1 = log w.
v
Each of t h e c u r v e s drawn from t h e t o p t o t h e
bottom of t h e f i g u r e corresponds t o a given Reynolds number which i s
i n d i c a t e d a s a parameter. S i n c e - 2 has i t s l a r g e s t v a l u e s n e a r t h e
Y
w a l l s , t h e p o i n t s f o r t h a t r e g i o n a r e i n t h e upper p a r t of t h e f i g u r e
and p o i n t s n e a r t h e p i p e a x i s a r e i n t h e lower p a r t . The c u r v e s drawn
-

from l e f t t o r i g h t connect p o i n t s of e q u a l z-value. These c u r v e s a r e

r
p a r a l l e l t o t h e h o r i z o n t a l a x i s f o r Reynolds numbers and d e g r e e s of
r e l a t i v e roughness a t which t h e v i s c o s i t y h a s no i n f l u e n c e . T h i s h o r i -
z o n t a l d i r e c t i o n does n o t o b t a i n f o r low Reynolds numbers and f o r low
d e g r e e s of r e l a t i v e roughness; t h e r e i s , t h e r e f o r e , a n o t i c e a b l e e f f e c t
of v i s c o s i t y i n such r a n g e s . The f a c t i s a g a i n borne o u t by f i g u r e s 1 9
and 20 t h a t f o r high Reynolds numbers where v i s c o s i t y has no i n f l u e n c e
t h e mixing l e n g t h d i s t r i b u t i o n and t h e r e f o r e t h e mechanics of t u r b u l e n c e
a r e independent of the Reynolds number and of t h e r e l a t i v e roughness.

5 , R e l a t i o n s h i p between Average and Maximum V e l o c i t i e s

From e q u a t i o n (16b) :
t h e n from e q u a t i o n (17b):

i n which B i s a c o n s t a n t ( B = 5.75) f o r all Reynolds numbers and f o r

a l l degrees of r e l a t i v e roughness, while A i s c o n s t a n t o n l y w i t h i n t h e
v*k
range of t h e q u a d r a t i c law of r e s i s t a n c e and v a r i e s w i t h outside
of t h a t range, and p h a s t h e value 3.75. I f equation ( 3 0 ) i s divided
by e q u a t i o n ( 1 6 ~ ) ;

U
r
A + B log T;

Previous s t u d y has shown t h a t i n accordance w i t h e q u a t i o n s ( 2 1 a ) t o

( 2 1 e ) t h e term A i s a f u n c t i o n of -
v*k. Then f o r a f i x e d value of
v
r
t h e r e l a t i v e roughness - t h e r e i s obtained from e q u a t i o n ( 3 1 ) t h e
k
relationship;

This e x p r e s s i o n i s shown i n f i g u r e 21 w i t h each curve r e p r e s e n t i n g a

d i f f e r e n t r e l a t i v e roughness. The curves have been computed from equa-
t i o n ( 3 1 ) and t h e p o i n t s ( t a b l e s 2 t o 7) a r e experimental o b s e r v a t i o n s .

SUMMARY

T h i s study d e a l s with t h e t u r b u l e n t flow of f l u i d s i n rough p i p e s

w i t h v a r i o u s degrees of r e l a t i v e roughness k ( i n which k i s the
r
average p r o j e c t i o n of t h e roughening and r i s t h e r a d i u s of t h e p i p e ) .
The requirements of s i m i l i t u d e have been met by u s i n g t e s t p i p e s which
were g e o m e t r i c a l l y s i m i l a r i n form ( i n c l u d i n g t h e roughening). The
roughness was obtained by sand g r a i n s cemented t o t h e w a l l s . These had
k
an a p p r o x h a t e l y similar form and a corresponding diameter k. If -
r
i s t h e same f o r two p i p e s , t h e p i p e s a r e g e o m e t r i c a l l y s i m i l a r w i t h
geometrically similar wall surfaces.
 There remained t o be determined whether i n t h e s e two pipes f o r a
given Reynolds number t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r X would be t h e same and
whether t h e f u n c t i o n X = f ( R e ) would y i e l d a smooth curve.

There was f u r t h e r t o be determined whether t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u -

k
t i o n s f o r pipes with equal r e l a t i v e roughness - a r e s i m i l a r and how
r
they vary with t h e Reynolds number. The measurements show t h a t t h e r e i s
a c t u a l l y a f u n c t i o n X = f ( ~ e ) . The v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r a given
r e l a t i v e roughness show a very s l i g h t dependence on t h e Reynolds number,
but on t h e o t h e r hand, t h e form of t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i s more
pronouncedly dependent on t h e r e l a t i v e roughness. As t h e r e l a t i v e rough-
ness increases, t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n assumes a more pointed form.
A study of t h e question whether t h e exponential law of P r a n d t l a l s o applied
t o rough p i p e s showed t h a t v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s may be expressed by an
exponential l a w of t h e form u = uyn i n which t h e value of n i n c r e a s e s
from 0.133 t o 0.238, a s t h e r e l a t i v e roughness i n c r e a s e s .

Experimental d a t a were obtained f o r six d i f f e r e n t degress of r e l a -

t i v e roughness with Reynolds numbers ranging from Re = 104 t o 106 . If
flow conditions a r e considered divided i n t o t h r e e ranges, t h e observa-
t i o n s i n d i c a t e d t h e following c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r t h e l a w of r e s i s t a n c e
i n each range.

I n range I f o r s m a l l Reynolds numbers the r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r i s t h e

same f o r rough a s f o r smooth p i p e s . The p r o j e c t i o n s of t h e roughening
l i e e n t i r e l y w i t h i n t h e laminar l a y e r f o r t h i s range. .
In range I1 ( t r a n s i t i o n range) an i n c r e a s e i n t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r
was observed f o r an increasing Reynolds number. The t h i c k n e s s of t h e
laminar l a y e r i s here of t h e same order of magnitude a s t h a t of t h e
projections.

I n range I11 t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r i s independent of t h e Reynolds

number ( q u a d r a t i c law of r e s i s t a n c e ) . Here a l l t h e p r o j e c t i o n s of t h e
roughening extend through t h e laminar l a y e r and t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r X
i s expressed by t h e simple formula

= .L

(1.711 + 2 log

I f a s i n g l e expression i s d e s i r e d t o describe t h e r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r
f o r a l l ranges, t h e n f o r a l l of t h e t e s t d a t a (k- 2 l o g i;
r, may be

plotted against (log y) i n which jV* = g} The r e s u l t i n g general

expression is:

( a + b log
v*k
-V
+ 2 l o g j3
rj
i n which t h e values of a and b are d i f f e r e n t f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t
ranges .
The v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i s given by t h e g e n e r a l expression;

i n which B = 5.75 and A = 8.48 w i t h i n t h e region of t h e q u a d r a t i c

v k
law of r e s i s t a n c e , and i n t h e o t h e r r e g i o n s depends a l s o upon
+.
The r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n l a w and t h e law of
r e s i s t a n c e i s found t o be:

/
i n which P = 3.75 a s determined from t h e Von K&IEUI velocity distribu-
t i o n law

I n t e g r a t i o n of t h e preceding equation y i e l d s ;

and from t h i s , by means - of t h e v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n law, t h e r a t i o of

t h e average v e l o c i t y u t o t h e maximum v e l o c i t y U may be p l o t t e d
v*k
a g a i n s t 7.

F i n a l l y , t h e P r a n d t l mixing l e n g t h formula
was used t o o b t a i n t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e mixing l e n g t h 2 with t h e
d i s t a n c e y from t h e w a l l . The following empirical equation r e s u l t e d :

This empirical equation i s a p p l i c a b l e 0 4 y t o l a r g e Reynolds numbers

and t o t h e e n t i r e range of t h e quadratic l a w of r e s i s t a n c e , where
.
v i s c o s i t y has no influence

Translated by
A. A. Brielmaier
Washington University
S t . Louis, Missouri
April, 1937
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1. Prandt;, L . : Turbulenz und i h r e h t s t e h u n g . Tokyo-Vortrag 1929,

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2. Von K&&, Th. : Mechanische jihnlichkeit und Turbulenz. Ggttinger

Nachr., Math.-Phys. Klasse 1930 und Verh. d. 3. i n t e r n . Kongr. f .
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3. Nlkuradse, J. : Widerstandsgesetz und Geschwindigkeitsverteilung von

turbulenten Wasserstrijmungen i n g l a t t e n und rauhen Rohren.
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4. P r a n d t l , L .
: Zur turbulenten str;mung i n Rohren und l&gs P l a t t e n .
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3. N i h r a d s e , J .: G e s e t d s s i g k e i t e n der t u r b u l e n t e n ~tr0"mungi n g l a t t e n
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6. Darcy, H. : Recherche3 e r g r i m e n t a l e s r e l a t i v e s au mouvement de 1'eau

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7. Bazin, H . : m l r i e n S e s n o u w l l e s s u r l a d i s t r i b u t a t i o n des v i t e s s e s
dans l e s tuyaux, Memoires a
1'Academic d. Sciences de 1' I n s t i t u t e
de France, I3d. 32, N r . 6, 1902.

8. v. Mises, R . : Elemente der technischen Hydrodynamik. Leipzig,

B. G . Teubner 1914.
9. Stanton, T . E . : The Mechanical Viscosity of F l u i d s . Proc. Roy. Soc.
London ( A ) , Bd. 85, 1911, p. 366.
I I

10. S c h i l l e r , L . : Uber den ~ t r g m u n ~ s w i d e r s t a nvon

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Querschnitts und Rauhigkeitsgrades. Z. angew. Math. Mech., Rd. 3,
1923, P. 2.

1 1 , Hopf, L.: Die Messung der hydraulischen Rauhigkeit. Z. angew.

Math. Mech. Bd. 3, 1923, p. 329.

12. Fromm, K. : ~ t r b ' m u n ~ s w i d e r s t a nidn rauhen Rohren. Z. angew. Math.

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Fritsch, W.: Der E i n f l u s s der Wandrauhigkeit auf d i e t u r b u l e n t e
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Treer, M . F. : Der Widerstandsbeiwert b e i turbulenten str6'mungen
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.
Treer, M. F : Die Geschwindigkeit s v e r t e ilungen b e i gradlinigen
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NACA TM 302.)

Hoffmann, A. : Der Verlust i n 90~-~ohrkrijmmern m i t gleichbleibendem

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Blasius, 8 . : Das jihalichkeitsgesetz b e i ~ e i b u n ~ s v o r ~ ki ne n

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Prandtl, L . : Reibungswiderstand. Hydrodynamische Probleme des

S c h i f f s a n t r i e b s . Published by G. Kempf and E . F s r s t e r 1932, p. 87.
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Prandtl, L . : Zur turbulenten StrGrnung i n Rohren und langs P l a t t e n .

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Frandtl, L . : Ergebnisse der Aerodyn. Versuchsanstalt G t t i n g e n ,

3. L i e f , 1327, p . 1.
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Von &
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Th : Uber laminare und t u r b u l e n t e Reibung. Z. angew.
Math. Mech. Bd. 1, N r . 4, 1921, p. 233. ( ~ v a i l a b l ea s NACA
TM 1092. )
Nikuradse, J . : Untersuchungen Gber d i e Geschwindigkeitsverteilung
i n turbulenten ~tr6mungen. Forsch.-Arb. 1ng.-Wes. Heft 281,
B e r l i n 1926.
,*
Nikuradse, J. : Uber t u r b u l e n t e ~asserstr6mungeni n geraden Rohren
b e i sehr grossen Reynoldsschen Zahlen. Vortrag a. d. Geb. d.
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and Th. V. an, Berlin, J . Springer 1930, p . 63.

Prandtl, J . : Bericht Gber Untersuchungen zur ausgebildeten

Turbulenz. Z . angew Math. Mech. Bd. 5 , N r . 2, 1925, p. 136.
( ~ v a i l a b l ea s .NACA TM 1231.)
NACA TM 1292 29

27. P r a n d t l , L . : B e r i c h t i h e r neuere Turbulenzforschung. Hydraulische

Probleme, B e r l i n , VDI-Verlag 1926, p. 1.

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f . t e c h n . Mech., ~ G r i c h1927.
 TABLE 1

D l M E N S I O N S O F T E S T PIPES

d = i n s i d e diameter 2, = outlet l e n g t h

2, = approach l e n g t h x = t o t a l length

l 1 = measuring l e n g t h I If = r e l a t i v e t o t a l length
d
LII = measuring l e n g t h I1
 -
ii cm/s v cm2/s 2 dyn/cm3 log Re log(l00 A ) 1
--n 2 log r/k log
v& -
7 2 83 -
Jst
C u
r/k = 507
k=O.Olcm d=9.94cm logr/k=2.705
15.45 0.0118 0.000351 4.114 0.456 0.51 0.000 4.95 0.815
20.2 .0118 .000574 4.230 .438 .64 .OOO 5.35 .819
25.0 .0118 .00084O 4.322 .417 -79 .083 5.75 .824
27.3 .0118 .ooog75 4.362 .407 .86 .117 5.95 .825
27.3 .0118 .000966 4.362 .403 .88 .114 6.02 .824
34.4 .0118 .001525 4.462 .381 1.05 .212 6.48 .825
36.8 .0118 .00167 4.491 ,380 1.06 236 6.55 .830
40.4 .001g5 4.532 .366 1.16 .267 6.80 .829
44.0 .0118 .00230 4.568 .365 1.17 .PO 6.87 .832
46.4 .0118 .ooegl 4.591 .356 1.24 .322 7.05 .832
50.0 .0118 .00285 4.623 .347 1.31 .348 7.25 .834
55.9 .0118 .00347 4.672 .333 1.41 .391 7.50 .836
58.5 .on8 .00372 4.690 .324 1.48 ,407 7.72 .835
61.8 .0118 .00410 4.716 .320 1.52 .428 7.85 ,838
69.0 .0118 .00496 4.763 .307 1.62 .470 8.05 .839
76.0 .0118 .oogg7 4.806 .303 1.65 .508 8.08 ,842
84.4 .0118 .00718 4.851 .292 1.74 .549 8.45 ,841
94.0 .0118 .00878 4.898 .286 1.79 .593 8.58 .844
103.5 .0118 ,01087 4.940 .278 1.86 .638 8.78 .843
106.0 .ox= .01085 4.973 .274 1.89 .661 8.85 ,845
114.0 .0112 .01255 5.009 .274 1.90 .694 8.89 .848
119.8 .0112 .01378 5.025 .272 1.92 .713 8.95 .845
126 .0112 ,01515 5.049 ,270 1.93 .733 8.97 .847
147 .0116 .0202 5.100 .262 2 .OO .781 9.17 .846
162 .0116 .0245 5.143 .260 2.02 .829 9.25 .847
184 .0116 .0314 5.199 .255 2.05 .878 9.29 .849
201 .0116 .0372 5.236 .253 2.07 .g19 9.36 .847
217 .0116 .0435 5.270 .255 2.06 .944 9.35 .849
223 .0116 .0458 5.281 .253 2.07 .959 9.36 .849
234 .0116 .0501 5.303 .250 2.10 .971 9.45 .846
248 .on6 .0565 5.326 .252 2.08 1.004 9.42 .851
287 .0120 .0760 5.377 .255 2.06 1.053 9.35 .847
325 .ox20 -0975 5.430 .253 2.07 1.107 9.36 .84g
375 .0120 .I310 5.493 .258 2.03 1.172 9.25 .849
412 .0120 .1585 5.534 .260 2.01 1.214 9.19 .846
445 .0118 .1850 5.574 .262 2.00 1.255 9.15 .848
481 .0118 .2320 5.608 .290 1.95 1.303 9.05 .845
516 .0120 ,2560 5.630 .272 1.96 1.317 8.95 .848
551 .0118 .2920 5.668 .272 1.92 1.352 8.95 .846
607 .0118 .35b 5.709 .272 1.gl 1.394 8.93 .848
602 .0105 .3520 5.756 .278 1.87 1.446 8.83 .845
1/ 655
720
798
.0105
.0105
.009l
,4190
.5100
.634o
5.792
5.833
5.940
.279
.283
.286
1.85
1.82
1.80
1.483
1.525
1.633
8.75
8.67
8.63
.846
.844
.846
845 .OOgl .7100 5.965 .288 1.78 1.659 8.55 .843
835 .0086 .5400 5.929 .289 1.77 1.623 8.51 .844
779 .0086 .6050 5.954 .288 1.78 1.648 8.55 .845
840 .0086 .7000 5.987 .286 1.79 1.680 8.57 .845
-
u = average velocity k = average projection of roughness
v = kinematic viscosity
2 = pressure gradient vY = = "friction1' velocity
Ud r0 = shearing s t r e s s a t w a l l
Re = -ij- = Reynolds number p = density
d = 2r = diameter of pipe
-
U = maximum velocity
q = dynamic pressure f o r average velocity c = 5.75 l o g ; - /3
d d
X = 2- = resistance factor
ax a
 -
ii */s v cm2/s 2 dyn/cm3 log R e log(100 A ) --1
6
v*k -
2 log r/k log --;. 2.83 - C
fi
'I
U

I k = 0.02 cm d = 9.94 cm
I
log r / k = 2.401
2.02 0.769 9.25 0.836
2.10 .884 9 . .840
2.12 ,966 9.53 .839
2.12 1.146 9.53 .840
2.05 1.272 9.30 .838
1.94 1.458 9.02 .830
1.84 1.692 8.75 .806
1.80 1.782 8.64 .832
1.76 1.881 8.50 .831
1-75 1.919 8.49 .831
1.71 1.964 8.37 -831
1.72 2.004 8.42 .830
1.72 2.000 8.40 .841
*
ii = average velocity k = average projection of roughness
V = kinematic viscosity
9 = pressure gradient ,
v = @="frictionn velocity
dx
id To = shearing stress a t w a l l
Re = 7 = Reynolds number
o = density
d = 2 r = diameter of pipe U = maximum velocity
-
q = dynamic pressure for average velocity
c = 5.75 log r - p
1= % = resistance factor
 TABLE 4

ii = average velocity k = average projection of roughness

V = kinematic viscosity
2 = pressure gradient v, = @ = 'friction" velocity

Re = = Reynolds nrrmber To = shearing stress at v

an
p = density
d = 2r = diameter of pipe u = m8xlIau.m velocity
Y = dynamic pressure for average velocity
X = 2$ = resistance factor
C = 5.75 log11 -@
 ii cm/s V cm2/s 2 dyi/cm3 log Re log(100 X ) 1
Q
- 2 log r/k log
v k
$- \li;
-C
r/k = 60

k = 0.02 cm d = 2.434 cm log r/k = 1.78

I k = 0.08 cm a = 9.8 cm log r/k - 1.78 I

8 = average velocity k = average projection of roughness

V = kinematic viscosity
v, = = ufrictionv velocity
2
dx
= pressure gradient
= shearing stress at wall
Re = $
= Reynolds number
p = density
d 2r = diameter of pipe
= U = maximum velocity
q = dynsmic pressure for average velocity
C = 5.75 log;- 0
aP
x = 9 = resistance factor
ii cm/s v ca/s 2 ayn/a3 log Re log(100 L) -2 log r/k log a
5
- C

k = 0.16 cm d = 9.64 cm log r/k = 1.486

-
u = average velocity k = average projection of roughness
-

V = kinematic viscosity
= pressure gradient = "friction" velocity
ax
iid ro = shearillg s t r e s s a t 4 1
Re = = Remolds number P = density
d = 2r = diameter of pipe U = maxirrmm velocity
y = dynamic pressure for average velocity c = 5.75 log; -p
X = g,
d d = resistance f a c t o r
 B cm/s v cm2/s 3 dyn/cm3 log Re log(100 X) 6- 2 log r/k log $ 2.83 - c
B fi
r/k = 1 5
k=0.08cm d=2.412cm logr/k=1.176
30.8 0.0126 0.00995 3.770 0.696 2.14 1.188 9.69 0.772
34.5 .0126 .01260 3.820 .699 2.13 1.239 9.66 -772
37.4 .ou6 .01505 3.855 .707 2.09 1.276 9.57 .767
42.0
46.6
.0126
.0=6
.01920
.02392
3.905
3.955
.712
.717
2.06
2.04
1.317
1.377
9.46
9.40
-775
.769
51.0 .0123 .02g50 4.000 .730 1.97 1.435 9.23 .765
56.0 .OE~ .o3600 4.041 .734 1.94 1.477 9.14 .765
60.6 .0123 .04220 4.076 .736 1.94 1.511 9.13 -767
61.2 .0123 .0439 4.079 .744 1.90 1.520 9.03 .763
66.4 .0123 .0526 4.114 .751 1.87 .760
69.4 ,0123 .0559 4.133 .740 1.92 1.572 9.06 .764
77.0 .0123 .0695 4.179 .744 1.92 1.619 9.06 .765
80.0 .0123 .0767 4.196 .754 1.85 1.641 8.89 .760
95.0 .0123 .lo97 4.270 .760 1.82 1.718 8.80 .756
99.5 .0123 .1192 4.290 .756 1.81~ 1.737 8.85 .761
105.0 .012 3 ,1370 4.314 .769 1.78 1.767 8.69 .758
1-11.5. .0123 .1526 4.340 .763 1.80 1.791 8.74 .759
ll8.0 .ole3 ,1765 4.366 .778 1.74 1.822 8.54 .757
124.0 .0123 .1930 4.386 .772 1.77 1.841 8.64 .756
131.0 .0123 .2147 4.410 .772 1.77 1.865 8.64 .758
133.4 .0121 .2280 4.425 .782 1.72 1.884 8.49 .755
149.0 .0123 .282 4.466 .785 1.74 1.924 8.54 .755
169.0 .0123 .364 4.520 .780 1.73 1.979 8.53 .758
196.5 .0122 .493 4.590 .781 1.72 2.049 8.52 .755
214 .0121 .580 4.630 .777 1.75 2.087 8.56 .756
266 .0121 .goo 4.725 .780 1.73 2.184 8.54 .756
325 .0120 1.350 4.811 .781 1.72 2.278 8.52 ,753
364 .0120 1.680 4.865 .7TT 1.74 2.322 8.55 .755
375 .0118 1.776 4.885 .776 1.75 2.342 8.58 .756
647 .on7 2.540 4.965 .779 1.73 2.422 8.54 .756
484 .o n 7 2.982 5.000 ,781 1.72 2.458 8.52 .754
532 .On7 3.611 5.042 .780 1.72 2.500 8.51 .754
560 .0108 4.019 5.098 .781 1.71 2.566 8.46 .752
640 .0108 5.100 5.155 ,778 1.74 2.608 8.54 .756
675 .0108 5.809 5.179 .781 1.72 2.636 8.52 .756
788 .00g8 7.900 5.285 .779 1.73 2.746 8.54 .755
k=0.16cm d=4.82cm logr/k=1.176

75.5 0.0132 2.91 4.440 0.775 1.75 1.899 8.59 0.756

86.5 .0132 3.82 4.500 .777 1.75 1'957 .755
95.0 .0132 4.60 4.540 .778 1.73 1.998 8.54 .756
108.0 .0132 5.96 4.596 .780 1.72 2.055 8.53 .758
128.5 .0128 8.42 4.685 .781 1.72 2.144 8.52 .755
150.0 .0128 11.50 4.722 .777 1.75 2.210 8.55 .757
184.0 .0127 17.30 4.845 ,775 1.75 2.300 8.59 .757
212
193.5 .0126 19.10 4.869 .778 1.73 2.327 8.54 ,755
.0120 23.00 4.929 .780 1.72 2.391 8.51 .755
218 ,0118 24.2 4.949 .779 1.73 2.409 8.54 .754
246 .0118 30.9 5.002 ,777 1.74 2.460 .756
248 .0118 31.4 5.005 .775 1.75 2.464 8.59 .754
254 ,0098 33.0 5.097 .778 1.73 2.555 8.54 .755
280 .0098 40.0 5.139 .783 1.72 2.599 8.49 .755
291 ,0098 43.2 5.156 ,784 1.71 2.618 8.47 .756
337 .0098 58.0 5.220 .777 1.74 2.677 8.53 .755
350 .0098 62.5 5.236 .780 1.73 2.695 8.54 .757
406 ,0096 84.0 5.310 .778 1.73 2.767 8.54 .756
456 .0096 106.0 5.360 .775 1.75 2.816 8.59 .758
512 ,0096 134.0 5.410 .780 1.72 2.870 8.51 .755
556 ,0096 158.0 5 .'446 .780 1.73 2.906 8.54 .758
568 .0096 165.0 5.455 .777 1.75 2.914 8.55 .755
652 ,0096 217.0 5.515 .781 1.72 2.976 8.51 .755
750 ,0098 287.0 5.567 .778 1.74 3.030 8.54 .752
834 ,0098 355.0 5.613 ,780 1.73 3.073 8.51 .754
996 .0098 506.0 5.690 .784 1.71 3.152 8.47 .753
1018 .0072 530.0 5.834 .781 1.73 3.293 8.51 .755
1135 .0072 657.0 5.882 .777 1.75 3.338 8.55 .756
1360 .0072 944.'0 5.959 .778 1.74 3.417 8.54 .754
1520 .0072 1180.0 6.008 .780 1.73 3.475 8.54 .750
976 .0076 497.0 5.793 .780 1.72 3.255 8.52 .755
1130 .0076 652.0 3.857 .777 1.74 3.314 8.53 .756
1342 .0076 918.0 5.930 .778 1.74 3.387 8.54 .758
1526 .0076 1190.0 5.987 ,780 1.73 3.446 8.54 .754
ii = average n l o c i t y k = average projection of roug&ss
V = kinematic viscosity
2 =pressure gradient v, = $j "frictionn velocity
=

Bd T, shearing s t r e s s a t w a l l
=
Re = = Reynolds number
p = density
d = 2r = diameter of pipe U = maximum velocity
B = dynamic pressure for average velocity
A = %
= resistance factor
C = 5.75 l o g ; -
B
 0.936 1 303 1.53 1.686
9.52 9.28 9 .O 8.68
1 I

u C S dY U cm/s dU u cm/s u cm/s

dy dy dy dy
98.0 ---- -- 265.0 ----- 2 ----- 523 ------
150 225 364 585 520 843 608 1022
6 5 116 402 306 573 444 670 526
180 69 432 178 625 256 2 309
190 50 458 1129 652 182 761 222
201 36 487 90 689 128 803 153
208 29.3 ) 505 72 719 lo1 832 119
220 20.8 531 51 758 72 874 84
2 30 15.9552 38.7788 55 912 64
237 13.1 568 31.8 812 45 940 52.5
242.5 1 0 . 8 581 26.2 832 37 960 43.6
247.5 8.75591 21.4 848 30 978 35.5
251.0 7.01600 17.0 861 24 992 28.4
2 . 4.74 608 11.6 871 16.5 1003 19.2
254.5 2.93611.2 7 . 3 875 10.2 1008 12.0
254.8 2.08 611.6 5.2 876 7.31 1010 8.7
255.0 ------ 612.0 ----- 877 ----- 1011 ------
u = v e l o c i t y a t any p o i n t 7

y = distance from w a l l v* = \jy1 To = "friction" velocity

iid
Re = = Reynolds number -r0 = shearing s t r e s s a t wall
G = average v e l o c i t y p = density
d = diameter of pipe k = average p r o j e c t i o n of roughness
v - kinematic v i s c o s i t y r
-
k
= r e l a t i v e roughness
 u = v e l o c i t y a t any p o i n t
y = distance from w a l l v+ "friction" velocity
Re = nd = Reynolds number T~ shearing s t r e s s a t w a l l
=
ii = average v e l o c i t y p = density
d = diameter of pipe k = average p r o j e c t i o n of roughness
v = kinematic v i s c o s i t y r
- = r e l a t i v e roughness
k
 TABLE 10

u = v e l o c i t y a t any point -
0
= "friction" velocity
y = distance from wall v
, = P
iid T~ = shearing s t r e s s a t w a l l
Re = -v = Reynolds number
- . = density

d -
u = average v e l o c i t y
diameter of pipe
v : kinematic v i s c o s i t y
k
- '
k
=
-
average p r o j e c t i o n of roughness
r e l a t i v e roughness
 TABLE 11 -r
0

d cm
u cm/s
1 0 2 ~cm2/s
10-3 R e
v*
v*k
log -
v

u = v e l o c i t y a t any point
d i s t a n c e from w a l l
y = - v, - \lp
IT 0
= "friction" velocity 2
E
.-
Re = ud ,= Reynolds number T,
p =
= shearing s t r e s s a t w a l l
density
P
ii
d
=
=
average v e l o c i t y
diameter of pipe
k = average p r o j e c t i o n of roughness 2
P
v = kine mat:^ v i s c o s i t y -
k
- r e l a t i v e roughness IU
u
'
ro
 TABLE 12

r/k = 30.6
d cm t-'
u cm/s 10
u3
102 v cm2/s 10
10-3 Re
v*
v&
log -
v

- - -

u = velocity a t any point

v, = = "friction" velocity
y = -
distance from w a l l
Re=-= uyd Reynolds number rO = shearing s t r e s s a t wall
-
u= average v e l o c i t y
p = density
k = average projection of roughness
d = diameter of pipe
- - r e l a t i v e roughness
v = kinematic v i s c o s i t y k
d cm
ii cm/s
1 0 2 ~m * / s
10-3 Re
v*
' v&
log -
v

u = v e l o c i t y a t any point =i=-

y = d i s t a n c e from w a l l v, = dz
P = "friction" velocity
2
iid
Re = y = Reynolds number To shearing stl-ess a t wall
= %
0
p = density 3=-
ii = average v e l o c i t y k = average projection of roughness
d = diameter of pipe
v = kinematic v i s c o s i t y -k= r e l a t i v e roughness !2
C-'
rO
\O
ru
Figure 1.- Relation between the resistance factor ~r = -h2 and the Reynolds number for surface roughness.
(The numbers on the curves indicate the test results of various investigators.)
Figure 2.- &lation between the resistance factor 1). = -A
and the Reynolds number for surface corrugation
2
(The numbers on the curves indicate the test results of various investigators.)
Figure 3.- Test apparatus.
em = electric motor h = outlet valve
kp = centrifugal pump z r = feed line
vk = supply canal mb = measuring tank
wk = water tank gm = velocity measuring device
vr = test pipe ksv = safety valve on water tank
zl = supply line sbl = gate valve between wk and kp
str = vertical pipe
fr = overflow pipe sb2 = gate valve between wk and z r
ft = trap gl = baffles for equalizing flow
Figure 4,- MicropBotograph of sand grains which produce uniform roughness,
(Magnified about 20 times)
 NACA TM 1292

Figure 5.- Hooked tube f o r measuring static y between wan

and observation point is

/nc/inafion fo word f /ow d/recfjon

Figure 6.- Variation of readings with direction of hooked tube.

 NACA TM 1292

Figure 7. - Correction curve for determining static pressure.

a isresistanceofhookedtube
h is resistance of smooth pipe

Figure 8.- Velocity distribution with 5 = 40 and 5 = 50 for = 15 and

d d k
Re = 150 lo3 ( y is distance between wall and observation point).
2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3 8 4.0 4,2 4.4 4.6 4.8 50 52 54 56 58 6.0

Figure 9.- Relation between log(100h) and log Re.

 l.0 /.2 /.4 1.6 /.8 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8

Figure 10. - Relation between - and l o g z

fl k'

Figure 11.- Relation between - 2 log c)

(1 and (log v*k
).
fl k
NACA TM 1292

Figure 12. - Relation between 2 and y within the region of the quadratic
U r
law of resistance.

Figure 13.- Relationhetween 2 and 41.

V* r
 -8 /.2 /.6 2.0

Figure 14.- Relation between -??

v*
and log $.
Figure 15. - Relation between 2 and log ll.
v*
10 /.4 43 2.2 2.6 30 34 3.8 4.2 46

Figure 15.- Continued.

8 NACA TM 1292

Figure 15.- Concluded.

.2. .4 .6 .8 LO 12 /.4 1.6 18 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 32

Figure 16.- Relation between - 5.75 log = -

2*83 - 5.75 log r. + 3.75
k G k
 NACA TM 1292

Figure 17.- Relation between = and (:).

E)
v*

Figure 18.- Relation between log cp and log 7 f o r various degrees of roughness.
Figure 19. - Relation between L and for large Reynolds numbers.
r r
Figure 20.-
( ;)
Relationbetween log 10- and log q.
 -
Figure 21. - Relation between
u and log
v
.
v*k
-