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2 ureters:
Urinary bladder:
Urethra:
B. Vasculature
Renal arteries -> Arcuate artery -> Afferent Arterioles -> enters a
portal system -> system of venules -> Renal vein
Portal system:
Cortical Nephrons Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Afferent Arteriole Afferent Arteriole
Glomerulus Glomerulus
(capillary bed #1) (capillary bed #1)
Efferent Arteriole Efferent Arteriole
Peritubular capillaries Specialized peritubular capillaries: Vasa
(capillary bed #2) Recta
(capillary bed #2)
Thin segments
o Distal tubule:
o Collecting Duct:
B. Reabsorption: movement from lumen of the tubule back into the blood
flowing through peritubular capillaries
Proximal Tubule:
Distal Tubule:
Collecting Duct:
Kf = filtration coefficient (12.5 ml/min for men, ~10% lower for women)
o Example: 10 mm Hg * 12.5 = 125 ml/min (for men)
GFR is influenced by 2 factors:
o Net Filtration Pressure (just described):
o Filtration coefficient: Kf
Efferent Arteriole:
o Macula densa:
Sympathetic Control
o Sympathetic nerve fibers vasoconstrict the afferent arteries in
emergency situations (e.g. accident, hemorrhage, severe
dehydration)
C. Reabsorption of Solutes
o Active transport of Sodium (Figure 19.8b)
- Apical side of tubule cells are close to tubule lumen.
- Basolateral side of tubule cells are close to interstitial fluid
o Step 1:
o Step 2:
o Step 2:
o Step 3:
- Renal Threshold:
- Figure 19.10a:
- Figure 19.10b:
- Figure 19.10c:
- Figure 19.10d:
D. Reabsorption of Water
o Lower hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries results
in net reabsorption in interstitial fluid (Figure 19.11)
B. Clearance = the rate at which that solute disappears from the body by
excretion or by metabolism
o Step 2:
o Step 3:
o Step 4:
We already know that The right side of Eqn #4 is identical to the clearance
equation for inulin. Thus the general equation for the
Filtered load of X = [ X] plasma * GFR (Eqn 1) clearance of any substance X (mL plasma cleared/min)
is:
We also know that 100% of the inulin that filters
into the tubule is excreted. In other words: Clearance of X = excretion rate of X (mg/min)/
[X]plasma (mg/ml plasma) (Eqn 5)
Filtered load of inulin = Excretion rate of
inulin (Eqn 2)
For inulin:
This equation can be rearranged to read
Inulin clearance = excretion rate of inulin /
GFR = excretion rate of inulin/ [inulin] plasma [inulin] plasma (Eqn 6)
(Eqn 4)
The right sides of equations (4) and (6) are identical, so by using algebra again, we can say that:
For any substance that is freely filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted, its clearance is equal to
GFR