CHAP.

6] INFINITE SERIES - TAYLOR'S AND LAURENT'S SERIES 157

Hence from Property 5, Page 93, we have

IV"I ~ I,( (w-a)~ f(w) dWI

211":1. z a z w
c~
1 ,,"M ,," Mr2
~ -I I
21T Z - a - r2 27Tr2 = Iz - al - r2
Then lim Vn = 0 and the proof is complete.
n ... '"

26. Find Laurent series about the indicated singularity for each of the following functions.
Name the singularity in each case and give the region of convergence of each series.
e2z
(a) (z _ 1)3; z = 1. Let z - 1 = u. Then z 1 + u and

e2z e 2 + 2u

(z -1)3
= u3
=

= - e- + 2 _ 22 e + 2e 2 + -
4e2+ 2e
-(z
2
1) + ...
(z - 1)3 (z - 1)2 Z - 1 3 3

z = 1 is a pole of order 9, or triple pole.

The series converges for all values of z"'" 1.
(b) (z 3) sin z! 2; z = -2. Let z + 2 = u or z = u 2. Then

(z - 8) sin _1_
z+2
= (u-5) sin!
u
(u-5){l _ _
u
1_ + _1__ ... }
3! u 3 5! u 5

=
1 _ 5 __ 1_ + _5_ + _1__ ...
u 3! u 2 3 ! US 6 ! u4
1 __ 6_ _ 1 5 1
= z +2 6(z + 2)2 + 6(z + 2)3 + 120(z + 2)4

z -2 is an essential. singularity.
The series converges for all values of z "'" -2.

(c) z - ~in z; z = o.
z - sinz
Z3 = ~ { z - (z - ;~ + ;~ - ;~ + ... ) }
= .!{za_ z5+ z1 _ }
1 z2 z4
z3 3! 5! 7! 3! - 5! + 7! -

z =0 is a removable singularity.
The series converges for all values of z.

(d) (z + I~Z + 2); z = -2. Let z + 2 = u. Then

u-2 2-u 1 2-u

(z + 1)(z + 2) = (u-l)u. = -u-'I"':u = -u-(I+u+u2 +u3 + .. )

= ~u + 1 + u + u2 + ... = ~2
z+
+ 1 + (z + 2) + (z + 2)2 +
z = -2 is a pole of order 1, or simple pole.
The series converges for all values of z such that 0 < Iz + 21 < 1.

(e) 1 : z = 3. Let z - 3 = u. Then by the binom~al theorem,

Z2(Z- 3)2
 ,,-- .........-~

158 INFINITE SERIES - TAYLOR'S AND LAURENT'S SERIES [CHAP. 6

1 1 1
z2(z -3)2 = u 2(3 + u)2 = 9u2(1 + U/3)2

= _12 {I +
9u
(-2)(~) +(-2){-3)(~y
3 2! 3
+ (-2)(-3)(-4>(~~i + ...
3! 8
}
1 2 1 4
- 2 - - + - - - u + ...
9u 27u 27 243
1 2 1 4(z - 3) + ...
= 9(z - 3)2 27(z - 3) + 27 243
z =3 is a pole of order 2 or double pole.
The series converges for all values of z such that 0 < Iz - 31 < 3.

27. Expand f(z) = (z + I~(Z + 3) in a Laurent series valid ~or (a) 1 < Izl < 3, (b) Izl > 3,
(c) 0 < Iz + 11 < 2, (d) Izl < 1.
(a) Resolving into partial fractions, (z + If<z + 3) = ~ (z ! 1) - ~ (z ! 3) .
If Izl > 1,
1 1 1 111
2(z + 1) = 2z(1 + l/z)
= 1:..(1_1+1-_1-+
2z z z2 z3
... ) = 2z 2Z2 + 2z3 - 2z4 +

If Izl < 3,
1
= 1
= ~(l-~+i-~+"-) =
1 z z2
18 + 54 -
z3
162 +
...
2(z + 3) 6(1 + z/3) 6

Then the required Laurent expansion valid for both Iz/ > 1 and Iz/ < 3, i.e. 1 < Izi < 3, is
1 1 1 1 1+-=--_z2 z3
. - 2z4 + 2z 3 - 2Z2 + 2z - 6 18 54 + 162 - ...

(b) If lzl > 1, we have as in part (a),

1 1 1 1 1
2(z + 1) = 2; - 2Z2 + 2z 3 - 2z4 +
If Izi > 3,
1 1
2(z + 3) = 2z(1 + 3/z)
Then the required Laurent expansion valid for both Izl > 1 and Izl > 3, i.e. Izi > 3, is by
subtraction 1 4 13 40
z2- zS+z4-7+
(c) Let z + 1 = u. Then
1
(z+ l)(z + 3) = 1
u(u + 2) = 1
2u(1 + u/2) = 1( 1 -
2u
U u2
2 +"4 -
uS
"8 + ...
)

1 1 1 1
= 2(% + 1)" -4" + '8 (z + 1) - 16 (z + 1)2 +
., valid for lui < 2. u ",.. 0 or 0 < Iz + 11 < 2.
(d) If lzl < 1,
1 1
2(z + 1) = 2(1 + z) = i(1 - z + z2 - z3 + ... ) = ! - i z + iz2 - i z3 + ..

If Izi < 3, we' have by part (a),

1 _1 z z2 z3
2(z + 3) - '6 - 18 + 54 - 162 +
Then the required Laurent expansion, valid for both Izl < 1 and Izl < 3, i.e. Izi < 1, is by
subtra~tion 1 4 13 40
3
-11
9
+ _#2
27
- -~
81
+
ThiS ill a Taulor lI(iro,a.