1.

Bag filter working

a. Dust led in air succession inside the bag filter with velocity
b. Bags inside, filter the air and dust particles are separated
c. Filtered dust free air is sent to the environment
d. Reverse pulse jet flow clears the bags at pre-programmed intervals
e. Dust particles accumulated on bags are detached from bags and fall
into hopper after pulse jet cycle
2. Electrostatic precipitator
a. Carbon and other dust particles released in the atmosphere are
removed by electrostatic precipitators. In this method two
electrodes are fitted against the inside walls of the smoke stack.
When high voltage is applied, an electric discharge takes place
across the stack and as a result, the air in the stack is ionised. The
ionised air consists of ions and free electrons. The free electrons get
attached to the gaseous particles moving up the stack. The particles
get negatively charged and are attracted to the positive electrode
located on the inner wall and settle down there. These can be
dislodged from the electrode by vibration of the electrode and are
collected in a reservoir. In this way, about 99% of the particulate
matter gets removed from the fuel gasses by this process.
b. Positively or negatively charged and causing them to be deposited
on grounded collection plated. May be removed as dry material or
washed. Liquid particles are removed by letting them drain from the
plate. Collection efficiency greater than 99%. There are 3 common
types of ESP; dry negative corona, wet negative corona, wet
positive corona.
i. Dry negative corona gas enter precipitator, velocity reduced
as it passes through an expanding transition section. Several
perforated plates are typically mounted in this section to help
maintain proper flow distribution. Those plates located near
the discharge of the transition tend to collect particles on
their surface and must be clean periodically. The gas stream
exiting the transition section flows horizontally through a
large number of parallel gas passages. With vertical
discharge electrode mounted in the centre and vertical
grounded collection plates on either side. In most ESPs, small
diameter wires serve as the discharge electrodes. In other
designs, rigid mass or wires and rigid frame are used. The
discharge electrodes are divided into fields. These are
portions of the precipitators energised by a single
transformer rectifier or T-R Set power supply. Most ESPs have
three or four fields in series. However very large units may
have as many as 14 fields in series.
ii. Charging particles A high negative DC voltage is applied to
the discharge electrodes, creating a high velocity electron
discharge termed a Corona. In a portion of the Corona,
nearest the electrode, the impact of the high velocity
electrons with gas molecules, produces positive gas ions and
additional high velocity electron charges. The positive gas
ions attached to a small number of particles near the
electrode, charging them positively. These positively charged
particles deposit on the negative discharge electrodes
requiring the electrodes to be cleaned periodically. A short
distance away from the electrode, the velocity of the electron
charges reduces to the point where they began to attach to
gas molecules charging them negatively. The negative gas
ions attach to the remaining particles present in the gas
stream, charging them negatively. The negatively charged
particles then move to the collection plates and deposit on
the surface. The particle property that controls the deposition
and removal of particles from the collection plates, is the
particles resistivity. Resistivity is the opposite of conductivity.
The desirable situation is to have particles that conduct away
some of their charge once they reach the plate. So, the
deposition of other particles is not inhibited but retain enough
of their charge to lightly hold them to the plate. This
characteristic is termed moderate resistivity. If the particles
have very high resistivity, they are slow to conduct away
their charge causing a negative charge to build up on the
plates that inhibit other particles from depositing. Also
because of the high charge difference, the particles are
tightly held, making removal difficult. If the particles have
very low resistivity, they rapidly lose their charge when
reaching the plate and pick up the charge of the plate
causing them to be repelled back to the gas stream where
they are recharged negatively. This process repeats itself
until the particles exit the precipitator uncollected. Particles
with very low resistivity such as those with high carbon
content are not good candidates for dry electrostatic
precipitation. However many particles collected in ESPs have
high resistivity. Examples include fly ash from combustion
sources and cement dust. The resistivity of these particles is
brought into the moderate range by a process known as
particle conditioning. When the gas stream is below 350
Fahrenheit, adding moisture to the gas stream or reducing
the temperature, lowers particle resistivity. Resistivity can
also be lowered by addition of conditioning agents such as
SO3 and ammonia to the gas stream, to form a conductive
layer on the surface. In coal combustion, SO 3 produced from
the oxidation of sulphuring the fuel acts as a conditioning
agent. When the gas stream is above 350 Fahrenheit,
increasing the temperature lowers the particle resistivity. The
collection plates, discharge electrodes and gas distribution
plates are cleaned by separate groups of components
referred to as rappers. Some rappers provide the cleaning
energy by mechanical impact while others use vibrations.
There are two basic types of rappers; roof mounted and side
mounted. With roof mounted rapper design, there are a large
number of individual rappers, each connected to a single
electrode discharge support frame. A single gas distribution
plate or a section of collection plates. For collection plate in
gas distribution plate rappers, the striking energy is
 transmitted down a metallic rod. For discharge electrode
rappers, the energy must be transmitted through an insulator
rod to prevent carrying high voltage to the rapper and the
accessible areas on the precipitator roof. A side mounted
rapper system has motors on the exterior of the precipitator
that turn shafts running across the interior of the unit. A set
of hammers mounted to the rotating shafts in order to rap
each individual collection plate and discharge electrode
frame. For both rapper design, the frequency and intensity of
rapping must be carefully controlled in order to achieve
proper precipitation removal efficiency.

iii. Wet negative corona design

1. Useful for industrial applications for liquids particles
must be controlled or where solid particles have
undesired electrical or physical properties such as low
resistivity or moderate stickiness.
2. Quench chamber to avoid drying or saturate the gas
stream
3. Two principle designs
a. Downward flow saturated gas distributed
downward in vertical tubes that extend to
bottom of collector. Discharge electrodes
mounted in the centre, charge the electrodes.
Particles then migrate to wet surface.
Recirculated water carry the collected material
to the sump.
b. Horizontal flow uses alternating high voltage
plates and grounded collection plates to form
passages for the saturated gas stream. High
voltage plates have discharge electrode points
extending along each point of the plates.
Particles then migrate to wet surface.
4. Cleaning overhead spray or traversing header
5. Mist eliminator remove entrained spray droplets and
other particles containing droplets that would
otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere.
6. Common types of mist eliminator Chevron, tube
banks and baffle plates.
iv. Wet positive corona (two stage precipitators)
1. Organic mist from small industrial application
2. Discharge electrodes are separated from the ground
collection plates
3. Gas enter charging section, charge mist positively,
move to collector section where they are attracted to
the grounded plates and then drained into the sump.
4. Plates are manually cleaned on intermittent frequency
depending on stickiness and viscosity of collected
material.
 c. Capture efficiency controlled by various operating conditions that
affect resistivity in ranges that considered low, medium or high.
d. Loss of performance
i. Changes in dust resistivity
ii. Resistivity conditioning system failure
iii. Excessive rapping
iv. Rapping system component failure
v. Misalignment
vi. Discharge electrode failure
vii. T-R set failure
viii. Electrical insulator failure
e. Performance monitoring
i. Evaluate sources compliance to any rules monitoring
requirement and with perversion of title 5 permit
ii. See shifting in baseline value
iii. Visible emission observation and opacity monitoring data
provide information for ESP performance
iv. Slight shift in opacity shows developing problems before unit
goes out of compliance.
v. Puffing condition and opacity spikes also provide useful data,
related to re-entrainment losses or re-entry of particles into
gas stream during rapping or with short term increase of
emissions from the source.
vi. By comparing the frequency of the spiking with rapping
cycles in process operations, it can be determined either the
problem was associated with the source or with the ESP
vii. Shift in resistivity (useful parameters - voltage, current and
sparking rate)
viii. Changes in electrical data for single field
ix. Rapper condition
x. Air infiltration
xi. Compliance with applicable rules
xii. Records and physical condition
f. Safety consideration
i. Electrical shock
ii. Explosive hazards
iii. Hot surfaces
3. Cyclone dust collector
a. Primary air or gas and dust enter collector near the base and are
forced upward through the spinner
b. Secondary air or gas enters the collector near the top and spins
down towards the base
c. The result is a centrifugal effect that throws dust particles toward
the outside walls. The secondary gas intercepts the dust particles,
forcing them downward to the hopper where they are collected for
disposal or reuse
d. During the dust separation process, clean air or gas is vented
through the top of the collector
4. Scrubber system
a. Version 1:
i. Designed specifically for process that uses scrubbing liquid to
treat industrial air emissions.
 ii. Effective air pollution control devices for removing particles
and or gas from industrial exhaust streams
iii. Operate by introducing dirty gas stream with a scrubbing
liquid typically water
iv. Particulate or gases are collected in the scrubbing liquid
v. Generally the most appropriate air pollution control device for
collecting both particulate and gas in a single system
vi. Fresh air go up, particulate go down into water tank, sludge
go to drain, and water recirculate.
b. Version 2:
i. Polluted air enters through ventury into the scrubber
ii. Scrubbing liquid is sprinkled by specialized nozzles into the
scrubber
iii. Pollutants in air come in contact with fine droplets of
scrubbing liquid and pollutants are absorbed in scrubbing
liquid
iv. Clean air is sent outside into the environment
v. Scrubbing liquid is recycled up to its saturation point
5. Venturi wet scrubber
a. Designed to effectively use energy from inlet gas stream to atomize
the liquid being used to scrub the gas stream.
b. Consist of three sections; a converging section, a throat section and
a diverging section
c. The inlet gas stream enters the converging section and as area
decrease, velocity increase.
d. Liquid is introduced either at the throat or at the entrance to the
converging section
e. The inlet gas, forced to move at extremely high velocities in the
small throat section, shears the liquid from its walls, producing an
enormous number of very tiny droplets.
f. Particle and gas removal occur in the throat section as the inlet gas
stream mixes with the fog of tiny liquid droplets
g. The inlet stream then exits through the diverging section where it is
forced to slow down.
h. Venturis can be used to collect both particulate and gaseous
pollutants but are more effective in removing particles than gaseous
pollutants
i. When liquid is injected at the converging section, the liquid coats
the venturi throat making it very effective for handling hot, dry inlet
gas that contains dust. Otherwise, the dust would have tendency to
cake on or abrade a dry throat. These venturis are sometimes
referred as having a wetted approach.
j. Liquid can be injected at the venture throat. These throat are
susceptible to solids build-up when the throat is dry. These throats
are also susceptible to abrasion by dust particles. These venturis
are best when inlet stream is cool and moist. These ventris are
referred as having non-wetted approach.
k. Venturis with round throats can handle inlet flows as large as 88000
m3/h. At inlet flow rates greater than this, achieving uniform liquid
distribution is difficult, unless additional weirs or baffles are used.
l. Water sprays help prevent solid build-up
m. All venturi scrubbers require an entrainment separator because high
velocity of gas through the scrubber will have a tendency to entrain
the droplets with the outlet clean gas stream.