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#Parallel Numerical Applications as Web Servicesin Computational Grids - a
ComprehensiveSolutionBy Dr Sathish Vadhiyar and Pinaki Ranjan Das
(vss@serc.iisc.ernet.in, pinaki1234@yahoo.com) Abstract
It is often the requirement of various organizations to compute large
scale Scientific Parallel problem which gets restricted due to limited
computational resources. So the problem is remotely invoked and the input data
for the problem is staged from the web client's host to the remote computational
resources. In these scientific applications, large-size data are considered to
be the major bottlenecks. So the objective of the project is to develop
solutions that significantly reduce and/or eliminate the data movement costs
thereby improving the overall performance of the parallel web services. In the
project a set of solutions has been developed to manage and utilize input and
parallel data for adaptive parallel web service execution on computational Grid
resources.Introduction Microsoft's .NET [1] framework, has powerful
resource description interfaces (WSDL) and XML-based communication protocol
(SOAP) and is a powerful paradigm in problem solving over Web resources.
The concept of web services realized through .NET not only offers
convenient interfaces for the end-user to use the Web as a robust problem
solving environment but also offers opportunities to harness high performance
for applications from powerful remote computing resources. Hence, recently there
have been efforts in supporting parallel scientific applications for providing
high performance in the .NET framework [2, 3, 4]. Computational Grids [5]
provide tremendous computing power for high performance problem solving.
Although there are various Grid computing projects [6, 7] providing various
middleware services, there are few computational Grid projects [8, 9, 10]
providing robust solutions for execution of parallel scientific applications
over Grids.Due to large load dynamics and high fault rates of the Grid
resources, it is necessary to migrate parallel numerical applications executing
over the Grid to different sets of resources during the various stages of
application execution to withstand faults and to make use of better" resources.
Accordingly, migration frameworks have been ascertained. When a parallel problem
is remotely invoked, the input data for the problem is transferred from the
clients machine to the remote computational resources. Similarly the end-user
might submit a problem which has been submitted before; in such cases it is
necessary to efficiently manage these different input and intermediate data of
the parallel application and to use them efficiently for future problem
invocations.Research and Problem Statements In this project, a set of
solutions has been developed, by using various .NET mechanisms for achieving the
goals of the project, namely, DIME to send and receive the files between the
client and the server and Microsoft SQL server for maintaining metadata about
the scattered data segments. Apart from this, ScaLAPACK libraries have been used
for calculating Eigen values on large and dense matrices. The following
subsections describe the research challenges, proposed solutions and proposed
research contributions to efficiently support adaptive parallel web services:
Data Discovery and Matching When a user submits a problem to a remote
parallel web service by means of a web client, he/she supplies the input data
(here dense matrix) needed for problem solving. The same problem with the same
data may have been previously invoked in the web infrastructure. The previous
problem invocations may have resulted in the input, intermediate and output data
of the problem to be scattered around the Grid resources. In such cases,
available data has been discovered and also re-used. So, in this
project, the user has the option of either submitting the file and calculating
its Eigen values or reusing the scattered fragments of previously used matrices
for its Eigen values.Data Movement Optimization Instead of staging
the entire input data supplied by the end user to remote web servers, some of
the discovered input has been used for the current problem thereby optimizing
the data movement times and bypassing few stages of the application execution.
Thus the application takes into account the validity of the already available
matrix fragments for the current problem instantiation. Apart from this
a scalable, block-cyclic distribution method has been built from the scratch to
divide and send the matrix to different hosts in the Solaris cluster.User
Interfaces and Guidelines for Data Selection The end-user is having the
option of automatically scheduling decisions or of choosing the machines on
his/her own. Apart from this, the .net client provides various information about
the discovered data segments, which includes, on which machines the fragments of
previous matrices are lying, the load on each host to be chosen, the disk usage
on each host etc.System Architecture The whole system can be broken
down to three different parts namely the .net client, Solaris server and the SQL
server.The clients which submit the problem i.e. matrix file, for execution. The
client side interface is developed using .NET tools.The SQL server running on
windows machine to store the meta-data information.The Solaris server which
spawns parallel application on the grid resources. #Figure 1: Overview of the
system architectureImplementation DetailsThe implementation phase can be
subdivided into the following simple steps:Dime Attachments for transferring
files DIME encapsulation has been used to transfer files from .net
client to Solaris cluster and vice-versa. This type of encapsulation allows us
to send attachments of various types along with our SOAP message, even when the
attachments in question do not fit conveniently or efficiently into an XML
format. DIME is designed to be a fast and efficient protocol to parse. It is
supported by both .net and gSOAP, so compatibility issues dont arise. The main
client and server-side issues are as follows:Client side issues:WSE Toolkit
The Web Services Enhancements for Microsoft .NET (WSE) supports
attaching files to SOAP messages outside the SOAP envelope; these files are not
serialized as XML. This can be beneficial when sending large text or binary
files because XML serialization is a very costly process and can result in files
much larger than the originals. So, WSE Toolkit sp 3 has been installed, to use
the Dime functionality in soap messages. Maximum Request Length of Client
By default, DIME/ WSE 2.0 dont allow adding/sending attachments
larger than 4096 KB of size. As, dense matrices has been used in this process,
which are over the 4 MB limit (including the SOAP message) , some tags have been
added to the web.config file of the service as well as of the client end. The
maxRequestLengths have been overridden. Example <configuration>
<microsoft.web.services2> <messaging>
<maxRequestLength>8000</maxRequestLength> </messaging>
<diagnostics /> </microsoft.web.services2> </configuration>One can set
<maxRequestLength>-1</maxRequestLength>, for setting max request size as
infinity.Receiving Large Dime Attachment:
For receiving soap messages having Dime Attachment size greater than 4096
KB a file named app.config has been added to the .net client.The file consists
of the following code: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" > <configuration>
<appSettings> <microsoft.web.services2>
<messaging> <maxRequestLength>-1</maxRequestLength>
</messaging> </microsoft.web.services2> </appSettings>
</configuration> Here -1 is used for receiving very large dime
attachments.Server side issues:Selection of gSOAP tool kit
The gSOAP toolkit simplifies the development and deployment of SOAP/XML
Web Services and client applications in C and C++. It generates the necessary C
and C++ source codes to seamlessly glue the C/C++ applications to the SOAP/XML
Web Services stack. With the compiler the (existing) C and/or C++ applications
can be enabled to work with SOAP. The gSOAP RPC compiler produces routines to
encode native and user-defined C/C++ types in XML. To make things even easier,
gSOAP provides memory management with garbage collection so (XML-decoded) data
can be cleaned up without a hassle. gSOAP is interoperable with .net as
 both can encode/decode SOAP messages and DIME attachments.Sending Dime
attachment in gSOAP Streaming DIME is achieved with callback functions to
fetch and send data during transmission. Three function callbacks have been used
for streaming DIME output void *(*soap.fdimereadopen) (struct soap *soap, void
*handle, const char *id, const char *type, const char *options) :-size_t
(*soap.fdimeread) (struct soap *soap, void *handle, char *buf, size_t len)
void(*soap.fdimereadclose) (struct soap *soap, void *handle) The function
fdimereadopen is called by the gSOAP run-time DIME attachment sender to start
reading from a (binary) data source for outbound transmission. The function
fdimeread is used by the gSOAP run-time DIME attachment sender to read more data
from a (binary) data source for streaming into the output stream. Again
fdimereadclose by the gSOAP run-time DIME attachment sender at the end of the
streaming process to close the data sourceReceiving Dime Attachment:
Three functions callbacks for streaming DIME input are available in gSOAP
for data receiving. These are as following:void *(*soap.fdimewriteopen) (struct
soap *soap, const char *id, const char *type, const char *options) int
(*soap.fdimewrite) (struct soap *soap, void *handle, const char *buf, size_t len)
void(*soap.fdimewriteclose) (struct soap *soap, void *handle) The
fdimewriteopen function is called by the gSOAP run-time DIME attachment receiver
to start writing an inbound DIME attachment to an application's data store. The
function fdimewrite is called by the gSOAP run-time DIME attachment receiver to
write part of an inbound DIME attachment to an application's data store. Here
fdimewrite is called by the gSOAP run-time DIME attachment receiver at the end
of the streaming process to close the data store.SQL Server Database for storing
execution data The user has been given the option of reusing the
fragments of a previously used matrix by providing a button called Previous
Machines through which the previous executions and another button called
Reuse through which the previous data can be reused. The execution
information has been stored in SQL server tables. So, this time resources can be
reused when the file is transferred from the old machines to the newly selected
machine by the scheduler. The main client and server-side issues are as follows:
Client side issues:Storing Execution informationThe different database tables
that have been used in this process and their utilities are:Table MatrixUsage:
This table stores all the necessary information about each matrix which is being
uploaded at the client end for its Eigen value calculation. Fields:Filesize:
Stores the row/column size of each matrixmd5hash: Stores the hash value of each
matrixprocess: It stores the decimal equivalent of the servers which have been
used for the corresponding matrix. The servers are inferred in a left to right
fashion, i.e. if Sun3 and Sun4 have been clicked then:Sun4 Sun3 Sun2 Sun11
1 0 0Which is 1X2 + 1X2 + 0X2 + 0X1 = 12. Hence 12 will be stored
in the process columnpath: Each matrix, when sent from .net Client to Solaris,
is identified by a unique time-stamp. This is being stored in this field.
backupSrvrStat: When a matrix is being sent from the Solaris Cluster to the
backup server, its new location is indicated by this field.Table Previousmc
Usage:It stores the decimal-equivalent of each host combination. In short it is
the reverse of the procedure which is being highlighted in table matrix, field
process.Fields:process: It consists of a decimal number whose binary equivalent
shows which all hosts have been used.servers: It consists of the names of the
hosts i.e. Sun1, Sun2 etc for each process number.Table StatusUsage:This table
is utilized when dynamic checkboxes are generated after the button previous
machines is clicked for a particular matrix.Fields:status: The values can be 0
or 1, depending upon whether the matrix has been previously computed upon or
not.path: This stores the filename (if present) of the corresponding matrix
whose previous status has been checked for.Server side issues:Redistribution of
matrix fragmentsWhen the end-user at the .net client chooses to reuse the
fragments of previously used matrices, which have been lying on different hosts,
redistribution of these fragments become necessary, in case exactly the same
machines as used before has not been chosen.So redistribution function: void
redistribute(int source,int dest,char * filenumber) has been designed to
transfer the file, identified by the filenumber, from the source to the
destination machine.This redistribution function works on the basis of the
hostnames on which the matrix was previously executed and is currently getting
executed. Thus if the previous host file consists of Sun4, Sun1, Sun2 and
current one has Sun1, Sun2, Sun3 files get transferred from Sun4 to Sun1, Sun1
to Sun2, Sun2 to Sun3 etc.ScaLAPACK for Eigen value calculations
ScaLAPACK [11] (or Scalable LAPACK) library, a subset of LAPACK routines,
redesigned for distributed memory MIMD parallel computers. ScaLAPACK employs
block-partitioned algorithms in order to minimize the frequency of data movement
between different levels of the memory hierarchy. The main building blocks of
ScaLAPACK are PBLAS (Level 1, 2 and 3 BLAS) and a set of Basic Linear Algebra
Communication Subprograms (BLACS) for communication tasks.Here ScaLAPACK has
been used to calculate Eigen values on dense matrices which are fed at the user-
end i.e. at the .net client.In order to accommodate ScaLAPACK only the server
end has been modified. HenceServer side issues:Block-cyclic distribution of
matrix fragments When a matrix once reaches a node on the Solaris
machine, it needs to be divided and then distributed appropriately to each of
the hosts which have been selected by the end-user at the .net client. In sync
with the ScaLAPACK routines, block-cyclic method of distribution has been
employed. This distribution is perfectly scalable as far as the block-size and
the number of machines is concerned. It has also been checked and tallied with
the block-cyclic distribution of the Fortran routine PDLAREAD. Thus when
the distribution has been done, the executable syeig a part of the ScaLAPACK
package has been used to calculate the Eigen values upon the dense matrices.
Service to regularly update the user about the load and disk usage on each node
This Server enables the end-user at the .net client to know the load
on each host and also the usage of /tmp/test directory on each host (the
location where matrix fragments are stored) . So the user can decide which hosts
to choose for future computations. This server runs all the time, on
SUN2, the dimeserver is being run, to enable an easy decision about the hosts.
The relation of this service to the .net Client can be shown as:####Figure 2:
Working of the Statistics serviceThus the overall working of the different
components can be shown as:#########Figure 3: Overview of the different
components working togetherScreen Shot#####################Figure 4: Screen-shot
of the .net client interface where1: Button which is used while utilizing a
previously used matrix2: Labels showing on which host the fragments of a
previously used matrix is lying3: Textbox for uploading the matrix file (only
square matrices accepted) 4: Textbox for dimension of the matrix5. Checkboxes for
selecting the hosts to run the computations on6: Uptime and disk usage on each
host7: Button to start a new computation8: Button to reuse the data of a
previous computation9: Button to manually refresh the statistics10: Labels
showing the output resultsConclusion Thus we have built an efficient
web-based application for submitting data (here large matrix files) to remote
clusters - which can be located behind a firewall also. SQL Server has been used
for data discovery and matching i.e. to store the metadata information so that
input data can be reused. Apart from this block-cyclic method of distribution
has been used for an effective fragmentation and distribution of each input
matrix. Finally ScaLAPACK based computations have been undertaken, providing an
end user, the opportunity to submit and compute dense matrices from a Windows
machine. Other computations, like those of PETSc and SuperLU can also be
computed upon the input matrices. Thus the end-user gets the user-friendliness
of a Windows machine along with the computational power of a Linux/Solaris based
computational cluster. Future Work Currently, this application only
utilizes fragments of previously used matrices. It has no option of migration or
check-pointing. So the user cannot stop a computation at any time and then
continue from the previous point of execution. Thus the next step is
to use SRS [12] a Stop Restart Software user-level check pointing library for
parallel applications executing on distributed computing systems. The unique
feature of SRS is that it allows applications to reconfigure between stops and
restarts. The reconfiguration can be in terms of the processor configuration or
data distribution or both. Thus user can start his/her application on 2
processors with block distribution for data, stop it and continue on 8
processors with block cyclic data distribution. This will provide much greater
flexibility than the current reuse of fragments only which we are currently
providing. Obviously the .net client end i.e. both the user interface and the
database, needs to be updated to enable the user to take the advantage of this
added feature.
References[1] Microsoft .NET. http://www.microsoft.com/net.[2] Cornell Theory
Center's Windows High-Performance Computing. http:
//cmssrv.tc.cornell.edu/ctc/winhpc.[3] Datasynapse's GridServer.
http://www.datasynapse.com/solutions/gridserver.html.[4]United Devices' Grid MP.
http://www.ud.com/solutions/deploy/mp_cluster.htm.[5] I. Foster and C.
Kesselman, editors. The Grid 2: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure.
Morgan Kaufmann, ISBN 1-55860-933-4, 2004.[6] I. Foster and C. Kesselman.
Globus: A Metacomputing Infrastructure Toolkit. Intl Journal of Supercomputer
Applications, 11(2) :115{128, 1997. [7] H. Casanova and J. Dongarra. NetSolve: A
Network Server for Solving Computational Science Problems. The International
Journal of Supercomputer Applications and High Performance Computing,
11(3) :212{223, Fall 1997.[8] F. Berman, A. Chien, K. Cooper, J. Dongarra, I.
Foster, D. Gannon, L. Johnsson, K. Kennedy, C. Kesselman, J. Mellor-Crummey, D.
Reed, L. Torczon, and R. Wolski. The GrADS Project: Software Support for High-
Level Grid Application Development. International Journal of High Performance
Applications and Supercomputing, 15(4) :327{344, Win-ter 2001.[9] F. Berman and
R. Wolski. The AppLeS Project: A Status Report. Proceedings of the 8th NEC
Research Symposium, May 1997.[10] Common Component Architecture. http://www.cca-
forum.org.[11] The overview of ScaLAPACK package has been largely referred from:
http://www.netlib.org/scalapack/scalapack_home.html[12]
http://www.serc.iisc.ernet.in/~vss/srs.htm # PAGE #1#HTTP-based
SOAP messagesHTTP-based SOAP messagesHTTP-based SOAP messages12345678910
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