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Foreign Literature
Stress is a feeling that is created when we react to particular events. It is the body's way of rising
to a challenge and preparing to meet a tough situation with focus, strength, stamina, and heightened
alertness.
The events that provoke stress are called stressors, and they cover a whole range of situations
everything from outright physical danger to making a class presentation or taking a semester's worth of
The human body responds to stressors by activating the nervous system and specific hormones.
The hypothalamus signals the adrenal glands to produce more of the hormones adrenaline and cortisol
and release them into the bloodstream. These hormones speed up heart rate, breathing rate, blood
pressure, and metabolism. Blood vessels open wider to let more blood flow to large muscle groups,
putting our muscles on alert. Pupils dilate to improve vision. The liver releases some of its stored glucose
to increase the body's energy. Moreover, sweat is produced to cool the body. All of these physical changes
prepare a person to react quickly and effectively to handle the pressure of the moment.
This natural reaction is known as the stress response. Working properly, the body's stress
response enhances a person's ability to perform well under pressure. However, the stress response can
also cause problems when it overreacts or fails to turn off and reset itself properly.( Wikipedia, 2008.
Rebecca J. Frey(2012) said that stress in humans results from interactions between persons and
their environment that are perceived as straining or exceeding their adaptive capacities and threatening
their well-being. The element of perception indicates that human stress responses reflect differences in
Risk factors for stress-related illnesses are a mix of personal, interpersonal, and social variables.
These factors include lack or loss of control over one's physical environment, and lack or loss of social
support networks. People who are dependent on others (e.g., children or the elderly) or who are socially
disadvantaged (because of race, gender, educational level, or similar factors) are at greater risk of
developing stress-related illnesses. Other risk factors include feelings of helplessness, hopelessness,
Selye explained that stress is non specific response of the body to pay demand made upon
it under ordinary circumstances, the bodys reaction to specific stimulus anticipate because of its
repetitive pattern. Therefore, a person experiences pain. When the body is warm, it perspires and
when it is used the body shivers. All human exhibits uniform response to stimulus because of
homeostasis. When response is erotic and does not uniform to the usual reaction expected from
the application of the stimulus, the body is said to be in stress.(The Nature of Stress
http://www.icnr.com/articles/thenatureofstress.html)
Walter Cannon(2014) in the meantime said that the human body reacts either positively
or negatively to a stress factor producing two kinds of possible reaction. When the human body
tries to flee from stress situation, negative reaction is exhibited. Positive reaction comes about
when the body makes the principle of homeostasis apply the body to overcome stressful situation
which is known as adaptation or coping. He advocated that while the concepts of stress is an
absolute fact, its presence and intensity reception are all relative in accordance with the physical
and psychological make up of the individual. All people therefore, experience stress but the way
stress is present and is handled by each individual is unique for each other. A little difficulty is
By understanding, we can more easily identify stress factors and their effects on who need or seek
healthcare. Each individual is experiencing stress, in her own particular manner. How the individual adopt
or fails to adopt depend on several factors: personality and conditional make past experiences dealing
with stress.
It is important to remember that stress syndrome can be both positive and negative. Any change
or alteration in the balance of life can create stress. We are all unique individual, we respond differently to
various stressors. Thus, it neither does nor matter. Whether, it is positive or negative light or severe. What
matter is how we developed adoptive mechanism to cope with these stressors and can be translated as the
ability to withstand stress and create a life experiences that do not work against you. The implication of
stress theory is by being able to withstand stress and by coping with it. Diluting it when occurs and
eliminating it, you can actually affect your life. You are not programmed for premature aging. The fact is
you control your own health. The quote of the journal of American Medical Association says, Nature
did not intend to grow old and ill, we were designed to die young in old age but free of disease.
Schafer (2012) defined stress as the arousal of mind and body in response on the
demand made upon them. The concept of stress is important because it provides a way of
understanding the person as a human being who responds in totality (mind, body and spirit) to a
Local Literature
According to Maraya de Jesus Chebat stress is here to stay. What people must do is to learn
more about its nature, sources and alternatives so that people used the energy positively and work in the
life. People who can handle stress use their coping mechanism, which is powerful tool to use, to analyze
events objectively and observe calmly. Gather information at the state of equilibrium, understanding of
what to produce the tension that helps you feel that the stress is alleviated.
Miranda specified that the most effective way of managing stress are through relation and
exercise which ironically are extremely aesthetical acts which involved dynamics of the mind and body.
People who are always stress survivors stay healthy throughout their lives. They consider stressful
Foreign Studies
According to Ann Marriner Tomey et. Al,(2013) Stress is a part of every student's daily life.
Leaving home or commuting daily managing, finances, living with roommates, and juggling work,
classes, and relationships all contribute to the normal stress of being a student. In addition, it is not
uncommon for students to feel stressed and anxious about wasting time, meeting high standards, or being
lonely. Stress can also come from exciting or positive events. Falling in love, preparing to study abroad,
One of the most important things you can do is to recognize when your stress levels are building.
The amount of stress that you can tolerate before you become distressed varies with your life situation
and your age. A critical first step in coping with stress is taking stock of the stressors in your life.
Whenever stress is present, your body reacts. It acts like an alarm system that prepares your body
to depend yourself. A little stress is good. It helps you think faster and harder and makes you put that
management technique that can soothe the emotional turmoil and suppress problematic psychological
arousal. While Martin and Lefcourt, suspected humor might be worthwhile coping response. Empirical
evidence to that effect has emerged only recent years. For them good humor functions as buffer to lessen
Local Studies
According to Calderon, people who experience a high level of stress for a long time and who
cope poorly with this stress may become irritable, socially withdrawn, and emotionally unstable. They
may also have difficulty concentrating and solving problems. Some people under intense and prolonged
stress may start to suffer from extreme anxiety, depression or other severe emotional problems.
Odrigo G. Ancheta says that, Stress gives us energy to cope with the demanding activity of life.
It is true that stress is a normal constant part of our life because it involves changes, challenges and
emotions. Try to imagine life without stress. You would not have any challenges anything to affect your
emotions and anything new and exciting. It gives as energy because it activity involves physically and
emotionally. Stress might be considered as a problem because we often bear about stress in a negative
light that people may only associates bad experiences with stress. How you perceived and handled
stressors will determine whether the stress is good or bad for you. A situation that seems extremely
Flores (2014) said that a person who is stressed typically less anxious thoughts and difficulty
concentrating or remembering. Stress can also change outward behaviors. Teeth clenching, hand
wringing, pacing, nail biting, and heavy breathing are common signs of stress. People also feel physically
different when they are stress. Butterflies in the stomach, cold hands and feet, dry mouth and increase
heart rate are all physiological effects of stress that we associate with the emotion of anxiety.
principles that pave the way to the ideas of the present study and good starting point for the researcher in
assessing the stressors and the stress management performed by the respondents with regards to their
clinical duties.
The review has enabled the researchers to have a better understanding of ideas of different well
known writers which resulted to broadening the researchers own thinking in relation to the present study.