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Journal of Clinical Child Psychology

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The Spanish Version Parenting Stress Index: A

Psychometric Study
Magaly Lucia Solis & Richard R. Abidin
Published online: 07 Jun 2010.

To cite this article: Magaly Lucia Solis & Richard R. Abidin (1991) The Spanish Version Parenting Stress Index: A Psychometric
Study, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20:4, 372-378, DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp2004_5

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 Journal of Clinical Child Psychology Copyright 1991 by
1991, Vol. 20, No. 4, 372-378 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

The Spanish Version Parenting Stress Index: A Psychometric Study

Magaly Lucia Solis

New York University-Bellevue Medical Center
Richard R. Abidin
University of Virginia

Evaluated the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Parenting Stress
Index (PSI), based on the responses of 223 Hispanic mothers. Alpha coeficients
were comparable to those for the original PSI. A factor analysis of the 13 PSI
subscales indicated that three factors rather than the original two-factor solution
Downloaded by [Universitaets und Landesbibliothek] at 11:16 28 August 2013

more meaningfully described the Hispanic data. This study is consistent with recent
research with Anglo-American mothers suggesting that the dimensions of the PSI
are better described by threefactors: Child Characteristics, Parent Characteristics,
and Child-Parent Interaction. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indi-
cated that in a Hispanic sample, mothers of handicapped children reported more
parenting stress than mothers of nonhandicapped children. This study supports the
cross-cultural utility of the PSI.

Given the increase and the inevitable growth of
the Hispanic population in the United States (U. S.
Bureau of the Census, 1985), there is an increasing
demand for effective mental health care and treat-
ment to serve this group (Rogler et al., 1983). For
many Hispanics, Spanish may be their primary lan-
guage or their preferred language (Padilla & Lind-
holm, 1983); thus, clinicians need to rely on Spanish
language instruments to evaluate and diagnose His-
panic clients appropriately. Likewise, researchers
need to be sensitive to the language used in research
questionnaires to ensure appropriate responsiveness
of Hispanics to research studies (Marin & Marin,
1982).
Presently, there are no Spanish language psycho-
logical instruments designed to assess levels of par-
enting stress. Furthermore, there is a dearth of re-
search examining the characteristics of Hispanic
children and parents that result in dysfunctional
parenting. The Parenting Stress Index (PSI; Abidin,
1983)has been useful with Anglo-Americansamples
in medical settings such as pediatric practices and
well-child clinics as a screening and diagnostic tool
to measure the magnitude of stress in the parent-
child system (McKinney & Peterson, 1984) and in
psychological research (Abidin, 1982; Breen &
Barkley, 1988; Goldberg, Morris, Simmons, Fowler,
& Levison, 1990; Kazak & Marvin, 1984; Lafiosca
& Loyd, 1986; Mash & Johnston, 1983a, 1983b,
1983c; Mash, Johnston, & Kovitz, 1983; Webster-
Requests for reprints should be sent to Magaly L. Solis, 377
Vanderbilt Parkway, Dix Hills, NY 11746-5820.
Stratton, 1988; Webster-Stratton & Hammond,
1988). This diagnostic tool, translated into Spanish,
may be useful for both clinical and research pur-
poses in assessing parenting stress with Hispanic
families.
The PSI consists of 120 items, 54 of which make
up the Parent Domain, 47 the Child Domain, and 19
the Life Stress Scale. Together, these three domains
assess the various sources of stress that may result
in deviant parenting styles and child behavior prob-
lems. The PSI manual (Abidin, 1990a) provides data
on reliability and validity of the instrument. The
discriminant validity of the PSI has been supported
by several studies (see Abidin, 1990a). Being able to
differentiate between groups on the basis of PSI
scores has supported the clinical utility of the instru-
ment. More recently, the PSI has been applied to
culturally different groups (Arena, 1989; Bendell,
Stone, Field, & Goldstein, 1989; Cameron & Orr,
1989; Hauenstein, Scarr, & Abidin, 1987; Seagull et
al., 1986). These studies have examined the psycho-
metric properties of the PSI and provide further
evidence of the cross-cultural utility of the instru-
ment.
It is clear that translation of an instrument does
not automatically mean that it can be applied to
another cultural group (Brislin, Lonner, & Thorn-
dike, 1973; Gordon & Kikuchi, 1966; Hui & Trian-
dis, 1985; Marin & Marin, 1982). As Brislin et al.
(1973) stated, "a previously translated test by no
means constitutes a license to apply it without first
carefully considering its validity and reliability for
its current cross-cultural use" (p. 115). Psychomet-
 SPANISH PARENTING STRESS INDEX
ric properties of translated versions need to be evalu-
ated in order to make valid test interpretations and
cross-cultural comparisons.
Factor analysis can be used to help determine
whether the construct being measured by a given
instrument is the same between cultures (Hui & Tri-
andis, 1985). Comparable factor structures between
cultures will allow for valid interpretation of the
factor scores. Once a translated form of a measure
is available, its psychometric characteristics-such
as its reliability and validity-must be ascertained.
The purpose of this research was to examine the
psychometric characteristics (e.g., reliabillity, facto-
rial validity, discriminant validity) of a Spanish
translation of the PSI and to assess its comparability
to the English-version PSI.
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Method
Subjects
The sample consisted of 223 Hispanic mothers,
200 of whom were recruited from th~epediatrics de-
partment of Bellevue Hospital Center, a large New
York City hospital, and 23 of whom were recruited
elsewhere at Bellevue Hospital or through referrals
in the New York City area. Subjects were individu-
als who identified themselves as being of Spanish or
Hispanic origin and who could read and compre-
hend Spanish. They had to have at least one child
less than 19 years of age who was the focus of their
responses to the PSI.
Demographics of the sample. Mothers who
were born in the U. S. comprised 20.6% of the sam-
ple (second generation), whereas mothers who were
born in the Caribbean Islands, Central and South
America, and Mexico (first generati~on)composed
78.3%. The respondents had been living in the U.S.
an average of 16 years (SD = 10 years). Of the
mothers, 16.6%, and of the fathers, 75.8%, were
employed full-time. Fifty-three percent of the fa-
thers and 53.4% of the mothers had an educational
level up to or including secondary school. The age
range of the mothers and of the fathers, respectively,
was 17 to 62 years witlh a mean of 30.8, and 20 to
60 years with a mean of 34.5. Spanish was the princi-
pal language spoken in the home of 60.5% of the
respondents.
The parents' social class statys was determined
using Hollingshead's Four Factor Index (Hollings-
head, 1975). The sample distributed itself across the
five levels of social strata as follows: Level T = 5.4%
(highest), Level I1 = 12.2%, Level I11 = 23.4%,
Level IV = 24.6%, Level V = 32..4% (lowest).
Thus, 82.4% of the sample ranged within the lower
SES level.
The children who weire the focus of the mothers'
responses to the PSI consisted of 112 boys and 111
girls, with a mean age of 5 Y .6 months (SAD = 39.6
months). Forty-one percent of the children ranged
from 1 month to 3 years, 37% from 3.08 to 6 years,
15% from 6.08 to 10 yearrs, and 7% from 10.8 to 19
years. The age distributi~onof this sample is compa-
rable to the initial Anglo-American norm sample
reported by Abidin (1983).
Instrument
Spanish translation of the PSI. The PSI was
initially translated to Spanish by a bilingual re-
searcher (Solis, 1990). Three additional graduate
students were then asked to translate the instru-
ment. The researcher antl each independent transla-
tor revised the translated items with the purpose of
obtaining simple and concise sentence ritructures
and utilizing words that were common to the differ-
ent dialects of Spanish. That is, because the transla-
tors were of different Hispanic origin, itenn transla-
tions needed to be acceptable to all. This translation
technique is similar to the committee approach de-
scribed by Brislin et al. (1973). A back translation
(Brislin, 1970) was then performed by a fo~uthgrad-
uate student. Abidin (the developer of the PSI) and
Solis then reviewed the English back translation and
made adjustments to ensure that the translated
items maintained the original intended meaning.
As a final empirical check on the equivalence of
the original and the Spanish version, 10 bilingual
subjects were asked to complete the PSI[ in both
Spanish and English. Results of the matched t test
and the Pearson product-moment correlation (Total
Score r = .99) indicated that the Spanislh version
PSI is a very good reflectio~nof the English version
and demonstrated item equivalence (Solis, 1990).
Procedure
Mothers were approached by a Hispanic exam-
iner who spoke fluent Spanilsh. They were asked to
be a volunteer in a study that involved responding
to the PSI and a demographic and sociocultural
questionnaire. Mothers were informed that these
measures consisted of questions regardilg them-
selves and their child and that their responfses to the
questionnaire would be kept confidential. If the par-
ent agreed to participate in the study, a consent form
was read and signed by the parent and examiner.
They were given the option of completing ithe ques-
tionnaire either on their own or with the examiner.
Ninety-six percent of the sample completed the
questionnaire with the examiner. This was, done to
keep them motivated antl to ensure that the ques-
tionnaire was completed. Thus, most of the mothers
 SOLIS & ABIDIN

were administered the PSI by a qualified examiner the Hispanic sample responded to the PSI in a con-
rather than having it self-administered. sistent manner comparable to that of the original
normative sample.
Results
Factorial Validity
Reliability
The subjects' scores on the 13 subscales formed
the data for the factor analysis. Analysis of the 13
The internal consistency of the Spanish version
subscales was chosen for two reasons: (a) in order
PSI was calculated to determine whether the reli-
for this present study to be comparable to the origi-
ability of the PSI was maintained with a Hispanic
nal PSI research (Abidin, 1990a), and (b) because
sample. The reliabilities were computed for the
research on the clinical and research utility of the
Total Stress Score, Child Domain, Parent Domain,
PSI has involved interpretation of scores obtained
and subscales, employing Cronbach's (195 1) alpha.
on the 13 subscales.
The results are presented in Table 1 along with reli-
Thus, the Hispanic data was subjected to the
ability coefficients of the original PSI data.
same factor analytic procedure used with the origi-
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The coefficients for Total Stress, Child Domain,

nal PSI (Loyd & Abidin, 1985), namely the 13 sub-
and Parent Domain for the Hispanic sample were
scales were subjected to a principal components
.94, 38, and .92, respectively, and for the Anglo-
analysis with a two-factor solution. An orthogonal
American sample .95, 39, and .93, respectively.
(varimax) rotation was performed with two factors
These coefficients were large enough to indicate a
to describe the variables. The two-factor solution
high degree of internal consistency. The coefficients
accounted for 55% of the variance. The factor solu-
for the subscales were adequate except for the sub-
tion and the factor loadings for the 13 subscales for
scales Demandingness and Attachment, which were
the Hispanic data and the original PSI data appear
slightly below the criterion of .60. in Table 2. Factor 1 consisted of five parent sub-
The differences between the reliability coefficients
scales-Depression, Restriction of Role, Social Iso-
of the Hispanic sample and the original Anglo-
lation, Relationship with Spouse, and Parent
American sample were negligible. In fact, the values Health-and two child subscales-Adaptability and
obtained were nearly identical. The data suggest that Demandingness. Factor 2 consisted of four child
s u b s c a l e ~ ~ c c e ~ t a b i l Mood,
it~, Distractibility,
Table 1. Comparison of Internal Consistency of the and Reinforces Parent-and two parent subsoales-
PSI between 223 Hispanics and 534 Anglo Attachment and Sense of Competence. Clowr in-
Americans spection of factor loadings of the data indicated that
some subscales were loading on both factors. En the
Parent Domain subscales, Adaptability, Demand-
Alpha Reliabilities ingness, and Deptessio* also loaded on the Child
PSI Scale Hispanic Anglo American Domain, and in the Child Domain the subscale
Sense of Competence also loaded on the Parent Do-
Child Subscales main. Another important con8ideration of the Eaotor
Adaptability .65 .66 loadings was that the Attachment subscale clearly
Acceptability .74 .63
Demandingness .58 .62
loaded on the Child Domain. In the origiad PSI
Mood .63 .66 study this was dso the caw; however, fdr theardti~al
Distractibility/Hyperactivity .65 .62 reasons, the Attachment sabscale was dafiwd as a
Reinforces Parent .76 .70 parent subscale.
Child domain score .88 .89 Given that in the two-factor solution four sub-
Parent Subscales
Depression .75 .80
scales were not clearly differentiated, and that the
Attachment .58 .55 Attachment subscale may be presented as a separate
Restriction of Role .74 .79 factor charactesized as an interaction between the
Sense of Competence .73 .74 parent and child, it was hypothesized that the data
Social Isolation .74 .73 could be more meaningfully and parsimoniously de-
Relationship with Spouse .76 .70
fined by a threefactor solution.
Parent Health .71 .66
Parent domain score .92 .93 The Hispatlic data were submitted to a principal
Total stress score .94 .95 components analysis of the 13 subscales without re-
striction on the number of factors. This procedure
Note: The data in Table 1 are from Parenting Stress Index-
Manual (3rd ed., p. 12) by R. R. Abidin, 1990, Charlottesville,
resulted in three factors with eigenvalues greater
VA: Pediatric Psychology Press. Copyright 1990 by Pediatric than 1. According to the Kaiser criterion (Kaiser,
Psychology Press. Adapted by permission. 1960), only those factors that account for at least as
374
 SPANISH PARENTING STRESS INDEX

Table 2. Varimax Factor Loadings of Subscalesfor Hispanic Sample and Origi-

nal PSI Norms: A Two-Factor Solution

Factor Loadings

Hispanic SampIea Original ~r'srmd'

I I1 I 11
Subscales Parent Child Parent Child

Child Domain
Adaptability
Acceptability
Demandingness
Mood
Distractibility/Hyperactivity
Reinforces Parent
Parent Domain
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Depression
Attachment
Restriction of Role
Sense of Competence
Social Isolation
Relationship with Spouse
Parent Health
Note: Loadings less than .30 are in parentheses. The data in Table 2 are from Parenting Stress
Index-Manual (3rd ed., p. 53) by R R. Abidin, 1990, Charlottesville, VA: Pediatric Psychology
Press. Copyright 1990 by Pediatric Psychology Press. Adapted by permission.
"N = 223. bN = 534.

much variance as one variable (eigenvalue greater
than 1) are meaningful. Three factors that meet this
criterion emerged from the Hispanic data. Retention
of a three-factor soluti~onwas further suggested by
the scree test (Cattell, 1966). The three-factor solu-
tion accounted for 64% of the variance, 9% higher
than that accounted by the two-factor solution. The
thee-factor solution and the factor loadings for the
13 subscales are presented in Table 3. Factor 1 and
Factor 3 were composed of parent characteristics
subscales and child cha~racteristics subscales, respec-
tively. These two factors were similar to the two-
factor solution identified in the original study. That
is, Factor 1 was composed of the subscales Depres-
sion, Restriction of Role, Social Isolation, Relation-
ship with Spouse, and Parental Health from the
original Parent Domain factor of the PSI. Factor 3
was composed of the subscales Adaptability, De-
mandingness, Mood, and Distractibility/Hyperac-
tivity from the original Child Domain factor. Factor
2 consisted of four subscales: Reinforces Parent, At-
tachment, Acceptability, and Sense of Competence.
This factor was identified as the Parent-Child Inter-
action factor because these subscales were interpre-
table as being directly related to the interactions
between parent and child that are likely to contrib-
ute to dysfunctional parenting; that is, the subscales
that compose this factor reflect interactions that
take place between the parent and child rather than
the characteristics of the individual child or parent
that contribute to parenting stress.
Discriminant Criterion Validity
To examine the discriminant criterion validity of
the PSI with an Hispanic sample, 23 childr~enidenti-
fied by their mothers as having a physical or mental
handicap were compared with 200 children who did
not have such a handicap. In other studies (Cam-
eron & Orr, 1989; Zirnmerman, 1979) that have
compared handicapped children versus nonhand-
icapped children, parents olf handicapped children
reported more stress within the parent-child system.
A MANOVA, using the Raw Score totals from the
Child Domain, Parent Domain, and the Life Stress
(optional PSI scale), indicated that parents of handi-
capped children perceived more stress than parents
of nonhandicapped children, Wilks's lambda = .8 1,
F(3, 219) = 16.65, p < .05. A MAN0V.A on the
child and parent subscales further demonstirated sig-
nificant differences between the two groulps in the
expected direction, Wilks's lambda = .7 1,
F(13,209) = 6.57, p < .05. Univariate F tests indi-
cated significant differences on all subscales except
for parent's Sense of Competence and Attachment
(see Table 4). The data suggested that Hispanic
mothers with handicapped children feel a!; compe-
tent and knowledgeable of their child's development
 SOLIS & ABIDIN

Table 3. Varimax Factor Loadings for PSI Subscales With Hispanics: A Three-
Factor Solution

Factor Loadings

I I1 I11
PSI Parent Parent-Child Interaction Child

Child Domain
Adaptability .33 (.15) .7 1
Acceptability (.28) .56 .45
Demandingness .34 (.16) .54
Mood (.21) .39 .57
Distractibility/Hyperactivity (.14) .21 .50
Reinforces Parent (.09) .73 .21
Parent Domain
Depression .49 .43 (.27)
Attachment (.23) .69 (.I61
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Restriction of Role .68 (.I91 (.29)

Sense of Competence .42 .55 (.23)
Social Isolation .7 1 (.20) (.23)
Relationship with Spouse .64 (.23) (. 18)
Parent Health .69 (.I31 (.24)
Note: Loadings less than .30 are in parentheses.

Table 4. Comparison of200 Nonhandicapped Children and 23 Handicapped Children on

the Spanish PSI

Nonhandicapped Handicapped

PSI Scale M SD

Child Subscales
Adaptability 28.8 5.1
Acceptability 15.1 3.9
Demandingness 22.1 3.8
Mood 11.4 3.0
Distractibility/Hyperactivity 25.0 5.0
Reinforces Parent 10.6 2.9
Child domain score 112.9 16.4
Parent Subscales
Depression
Attachment
Restriction of Role
Sense of Competence
Social Isolation
Relationship with Spouse
Parent Health
Parent domain score
Life stress score

and feel as much attachment towards their child as
Hispanic mothers of children with normal develop-
ment. However, these mothers of handicapped chil-
dren reported more stress in all other areas. The
pattern of results of this study were similar to those
of Zimmerman (1979), who found that the level of
stress for Anglo-American parents of handicapped
children was lower in areas of parental attachment
and their feelings of competence, relative to all other
subscales.
No significant differences were found in Total
Stress and Domain Scores in the Hispanic sample
for the demographic variables of child's gender and
the families' SES as measured by the Hollingshead
 SPANISH PARENTING STRESS INDEX
Four Factor Index. These findings are comparable
to those reported for an Anglo-American sample by
Cameron and Orr (1989).
Discussion
Data on the internal consistency of the Spanish-
version PSI indicates that alpha coe:fficients are ac-
ceptable and comparable to the original PSI data.
Discriminant criterion validity of the PSI with a
Hispanic sample also was supported. The Spanish
version of the PSI was able to discriminate between
groups of parents of handicapped versus nonhand-
icapped children in terms of the stress parents re-
ported. There appeared to be maximal differentia-
tion between the two groups on the subscales
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Acceptability, Demandingness, and Relationship
with Spouse. The additional stress the current sam-
ple of Hispanic parents of handicapped children per-
ceived may be due to the social isolation they experi-
ence, which could be attributed to being a parent of
a handicapped child.
Factor analysis af tlhe 13 subscales of the Spanish
version indicated that in general, a two-factor solu-
tion confirmed most of the scales of the original PSI,
and it accounted for a similar proportion of the
variance as in the original study. However, there
were sufficient differences present in the two-factor
structure to suggest that the data could be more
meaningfully defined 1~ya third factor.
Results of the three-factor solution indicated that
a third Factor, namely Parent-Child Interaction,
gave greater clarity and understandling to the His-
panic data. The variables-reinforces parent, at-
tachment, acceptability, and sense of competence-
that define the Parent-Child Interaction factor have
common psychological processes that are meaning-
fully interpreted together. All items from these sub-
scales assess interactional patterns or negotiations
between the parent and the child rather than sepa-
rate child or parent ch~aracteristics.Elevated scores
on this domain suggest dysfunctional interactional
patterns or behaviors between the parent and child
that result in parenting stress.
Recent research using the PSI with Anglo-Amer-
ican mothers also suggested that a thiree-factor solu-
tion more accurately describes the dimensions of the
PSI. A two-factor modlel was originarlly cliosen with
the knowledge that some problems existed. Re-
cently, a short version of the original PSI was devel-
oped that embodies a three-factor solution (Abidin,
1990b). The proposed three-factor solution of the
Spanish version of the PSI presented in this study is
consistent with Castaldi's (1990) research on an
Anglo-American sample, which founid a third factor
consisting of the same fbur variables Oubscales)
found in this study to define the third factor.
Clinicians and researchers working with urban
Hispanics similar to the sample of this study may
find it useful to score the Spanish version PSI based
on a three-factor solution. The results of this study
help establish the reliability and discriminant crite-
rion validity of the Spanish version PSI. Norms
based on the three-factor solution have also been
established (Solis, 1990). Although the results of this
first study on the Spanish version PSI are very en-
couraging, replication of its: psychometric properties
is essential. before strong conclusions can be made
about the instrument's utility with Hispanics. The
relatively small sample size and the fact that the
mothers who participated in this study were lower
SES, less acculturated, immigrant Hispanics may
limit the generalizability of the results. While the
applicability of the PSI to other regional :subgroups
of Hispanics is unknown, this study fits tlhe pattern
of other cross-cultural rlesearch, which supports the
PSI'S cross-cultural validity (Goldberg et al., 1990;
Hauenstein et al., 1987; Miller, 1986; Perez, 1989;
Seagull et al., 1986). Further research on the Span-
ish version PSI will nal doulbt assess the utiility of the
instrument with other Hispanic groups.
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