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    Mahon Metaphor 1999

    Загружено:

    NatyBruno
    metaphor

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    4. Getting your sources right What Aristotle didn’t say James Edwin Mahon Introduction and overview As atlas ne intuential writer on metaphor has pointed oat ~ and there ae few who woul disagree wth um ies ll theca hat ‘Any serious sudy of metaphor is slmost obliged to stare withthe works of Aristotle” (Ortony, 19794: 3, Most studies of metspho Howerey have scarcely good word to ay about Avstote. The cblgstion to discuss him i considered to be something af a chore Such studies always ina that Ariel underaiued metaphor and Bebeved sto be mecely an ornamental extra in language. They alo insist that he was edulouly elise with respect 40 metaphor, beliving that one had to be a genus in ander to use & metaphor propel. Party as acsut of ths prevaling negative appraisal the Echolarahip contaed in these staies tens ra be sather sallow Shee Ate sono of eps finden won. trews, or in consulting ore that one of the tess it which be cose meraphor ‘Shallow schlatship about ich and important sous of work on metaphor and language use; howeves con impovecsh andy a swore seriously iss empirical research on the topic. MoveaveR, feting your soacces right i aoe meray 9 valuble eed in lft Inay lo lead tothe discovery of insights which support the clans of sour cacen esearch, or even tothe develops of new aeas foe oor ential nvesupatign In thy esayT wane fo atgve that amore “stale examination of Arist’ wetngs on metaphor lds bh ‘ofthese happy results, Aristo tus us, 208 a position onthe Ubiguty of metaphor in comecsation and wing Which supports arent views about the ompreseace of Wetaphor in everyday lacourse snd she rit sud What he ha 58) about how people an expres themselves ina clear aed move aetacive way theo fhe ute of metaphors is aso extremely zlevaat to the concer of ° 70 James Edwin Mabon contemporary theotsts grappling with the problem of Language teaching and learning since seis Aristotle’ view chat people actually learn and understand things beter though metaphors. Furthermore, his account of metaphor includes a distinction berween the coimage ‘fa metaphor and the usage ofa metaphor, one which allows forthe ‘Ubiquity of metaphors in common discourse, without downplaying fhe aspect of human creatvigy involved in the creation of new metaphors, This i a distinction which, I chink, should be taken on board by fare researchers. Finally, shall remind theocists chat Aristotle was the Bt to Argue for an ently nara origin of trae Ueerary genius, and that sm this respect his natucalistic aesthetic theory was 4 revolutionary one, breaking with «long, elds, ant naturalistic tradition of theorising about literary genius. Since Arisole largely identified lierary genius with che abiity to coin marvelous new metaphors, ic follows chat Aristotle was she fst to fee for an entirely natural origin of metapac coinage. The face hat he was abe to do this withowe abandoning or downplaying literary talent should be taken into account by those curently engaged 1a esearch on language who tend to overlook the plain face of iterary tenis thei pursit ofa more egalitarian account of metaphoe Aristotle on metaphor in the Poetics Aristotle’ discussion of metaphor in the Poetics is t0 be found in CChaptees 21 and 22. In Chapter 2t Arinztle states that every word “is ether currant or strange of metaphorical, or ornamental, oF snewipreoined of lengghened, or contracted, or stewed" (21> 1457; Butcher, i Naf» Ed. 1950: 27%), The wems current and strange refer tothe commonness of a word in the watings and conversation ‘of a people; lengthened, contracted or altered rier to modifications rade to words in Greek; and nevly-coined eles to newly coined ‘words (and not to new combinations of words). Although thee i no Separate explanation piven of omamental ic should be noted that the omamental is diffeentzced from the metaphorical. The overall importance of including metaphors ia this lis, however, that * Rese Ado eae om satin by MC, uch Sa (0950 The eced eh Bacher tana che he Soe cooly ‘ere bye toy and pe se ow ao ‘Senne math ater a pane ener ie O05 whet en eens myc wns sgh taeda passenger Getting your sourcesright 71 Arstoule appears to classify metaphors a lying outside noemal language ose ‘Nistor defines metaphor as the application of an alien name by transference either from genus to species Or Om species #0 es, OF feom species t0 species, by analogy, that is, proporsion” (21 1437, Butcher p. 28). Since “Iying at anchor’ tsa species of the ens “lying, ofe can say ‘There lies my ship’ (genus-to-species metaphor) Since ten thousand’ isa species ofa “large number one an say Verily ten thousand noble deeds hath Odysseus wrought (speciv-o-genus metaphor) Since Yo draw away” and "a cleave” are tach a species of the genes taking away’ one can say with blade of bronze drew away the life (speciesto-species metaphor), And since lage oto fe as evening 1 co day, one can say that old age isthe evening of life (analogy metaphor) (21: 1457b; Butcher p, 28). Al ‘metaphors, Aristotle believes, fall imo at least one of these four Categories although analogy metaphors are the most plensing- “This actoont of metaphor fs known as tbe comparison theory of metaphor Some contemporary Writes on metaphor sill accept ris fsecount? most, however, do net — at least poe withoue many Gualifations, However, it nor my intention here to defend the SSmparison theewy of metaphor against all other contenders. As it Sona, Arsttles account #8, i general outline, quite cose to the ‘common-sensical understanding of metaphor and tt slices forthe purposes of my essay that he i obviously discussing what we would ko call metaphog even ifthe comparison theory is applicable 10 ‘nly limited tumiber of cases Ie is the chapter ofthe Poeties which follows this one, whece Aristo elaborates on how metaphors sre unusual, and discusses the relationship benmeen metaphor and penius, which is considered 10 be che more controversial part of bis [ccount. This the part of the Poetics on which will focus. Tn Chaptcr 22 Arstotte argues tha the best writing syle i chat, which is leas but which comeains a cerain amount of unvsual word By unusual, Anstotle says mean strange (or rare) words, Imetaphortal, eagthened, ~ anything, in shor, that differs from the hhoraal iliom” (22: L458; Butcher p- 28). Just as itis importa to rou! a stjle which is perfectly clear but mean ~ that Jy style Composed entirely of current of proper" 22: 145Ra; Butcher p; 29) Words s0 109 is imporcant 10 avotd a style composed entirely of Uinusnal words A syle consposed ential of metaphors, for example, would bea "riddle" (22:,14582; Bucher p. 29). Thus a certain Tnfusion of unusual words “will ise i above the commonplace and » Ss loexenle Sten omg 1990 laa Metaphor: cond Metpbor 72 James Edwin Mahon snc, while she ase of proper words wil make i pespicuous" (2 4385 Bucher p29) Al unaeal mond, ower, Amol a ‘ion mi be employed with propre in is Cnet that he sakes his'most famous atbent about the wlaonhip erween sseaphor sad pei trina grat mater me props hee rl ads fapesion “Sound wont wage orm) word and fa, babe peste ‘ne pe pete let esghos Tse camer ‘raed by enter ibe mk anor le pod meaphor ‘piesa jeer amilaces (Powe 2 1458 Buber ‘This is the extent of the account of metaphor given inthe Poetic Despite itt revit probably he mot nue account ofrmerapor ever provide. ‘The comrovesy over the accoun centres on a last for claims concerning metaphor which are aebted Arion the as ot thew sane in the Pow. The ise that, according 0 ‘Amo metaphors le oie normal Iangge ve They are devant or aberrant form of couse, The soni that mcaphrs ‘ive no cog value and are considered tobe merely decorative crim, As Orony (197%. 3} sayy "Ay to the use, (Anode) ‘lieved that twas etely ornamental. Metabo nother words set meen, they are jr nice” THe hid aie rh ‘eraphor do mot posts clarity, As Hawker ptt, writing abst ‘Rist aecout of metaphor ‘asin Cle las ett ite epee pri an

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