Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 55 83

www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto

Petrology, geochemistry and paleogeographic reconstruction of the

East Sulawesi Ophiolite, Indonesia
Ade Kadarusman a,*, Sumio Miyashita b, Shigenori Maruyama a,
Christopher D. Parkinson c, Akira Ishikawa d
a
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
b
Department of Geology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
c
Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
d
The Pheasant Memorial Laboratory, Institute for Study of the Earths Interior, Okayama University, Misasa, Tottori, Japan

Available online 4 July 2004

Abstract

The East Sulawesi Ophiolite (ESO) is tectonically dismembered and widely distributed in Central and East Sulawesi. It
comprises, from base to top, residual mantle peridotite and mafic ultramafic cumulate through layered to isotropic gabbro, to
sheeted dolerites and basaltic volcanic rocks. Residual peridotite is dominantly spinel lherzolite intercalated with harzburgite
and dunite. Ultramafic rocks from different locations display significant differences in rock composition and mineral. However,
the clinopyroxene of peridotite displays REE pattern similarities with those of mid-ocean ridge (MOR) origin, rather than those
of suprasubduction zone (SSZ) origin. The gabbroic unit consists of massive gabbro, layered gabbro, mafic and ultramafic
cumulate and anorthosite. The observed crystallization sequence of gabbroic unit, which is olivine ! (spinel) ! plagiocla-
plagioclase ! clinopyroxene ! (orthopyroxene) ! (hornblende), and the mineral chemistry data indicate that the ESO gabbro
has similarities with MOR setting.
Major and trace element geochemistry of basalt and dolerite suggests MOR, oceanic plateau and minor SSZ origins. A
possible oceanic plateau origin is supported by the following: (i) the 15-km thickness is comparable with the thickness of
oceanic plateau rather than normal oceanic lithosphere; (ii) there are no or only minor olivine phenocrysts in the basalt; and (iii)
predominance of aphyric texture in the basalts. The REE pattern of ESO basalt exhibits N-MORB-like signatures. However, a
negative Nb anomaly in the trace element spider diagram may be attributed to mantle heterogeneity of an OPB source.
The geochemical variations and disparities for both peridotite and basalt and the noncogenetic relationship between crust
and mantle sections in several locations suggest that the ESO may have been formed at one tectonic setting and was later
overprinted by magmatism in different environments through its birth to emplacement. A possible Cretaceous origin of an
oceanic plateau component of the ESO is indicated on the basis of calculated paleopositions using plate trajectory analyses
together with previously published paleolatitude data. The ESO can be traced back to the proximity of the presently active
region of the SW Pacific Superplume.
D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Ophiolite; Geochemistry; Oceanic plateau basalt; Sulawesi

* Corresponding author. Present address: Research Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Komplek LIPI, Jl.
Sangkuriang, Bandung 40135, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-22-2503654; fax: +62-22-2504593.
E-mail addresses: a_kadarus@yahoo.com, adek@geotek.lipi.go.id (A. Kadarusman).

0040-1951/$ - see front matter D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2004.04.008
56 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583
1. Introduction
The ophiolite complexes of Indonesia exhibit evi-
dence of generation and emplacement in a range of
different tectonic settings intimately related to the
extremely complex and protracted triple plate (Eur-
asian, Indo-Australian and Pacific) interaction
throughout the Late Mesozoic and Early Tertiary.
The Early Cretaceous ophiolite complexes of western
Indonesia (Java, Sumatra and Borneo) are believed to
have been constituents of the Tethyan ocean prior to
accretion along the SE Sundaland margin in the
Cretaceous (Hutchison, 1975; Hamilton, 1979).
The Early-Late Cretaceous to Miocene ophiolites in
eastern Indonesia (i.e., those in Sulawesi, Halmahera
and Papua) probably represent parts of the Circum-
Pacific Phanerozoic multiple ophiolite belt (Isozaki et
al., 1990; Ishiwatari, 1994). These ophiolites were
mostly accreted onto circum-Pacific orogenic belts
through plate convergent processes. Unlike the
Tethyan examples, the circum-Pacific ophiolites com-
prise oceanic materials of different origins, including
fragments of seamounts, oceanic plateaus and MORB-
like rocks (Isozaki et al., 1990; Maruyama et al., 1997).
The petrochemical characteristics show that accret-
ed oceanic plateau/seamount origin ophiolites are
similar to oceanic plateau/seamount currently exposed
in the Pacific oceanic floor (e.g., Ontong Java Plateau,
Hess Rise), which were formed by superplume up-
welling during the Early-Late Cretaceous (Maruyama,
1994; Kimura et al., 1994; Tatsumi et al., 1998). All
accreted fragments of oceanic plates including oceanic
plateaus or seamounts can be traced back to their
original position in the SW Pacific domain where they
were formed. The paleogeographic reconstructions for
the Ontong-Java and Hess Rise in the ocean floor at
the present time show that their birthplace was at the
SW Pacific Superplume (Larson, 1991; Maruyama,
1994, 1997; Kimura et al., 1994; Suzuki et al., 2000).
Geological mapping, petrological and geochemical
studies of the East Sulawesi Ophiolite (ESO) have been
conducted to clarify the nature and extent of Pacific
Superplume-induced oceanic edifices; it is one of the
three largest ophiolites in the world along with the
Oman Ophiolite and the Papua New Guinea Ophiolite.
The origin and age(s) of the ESO are still matters
of debate due to incomplete geochemical and geo-
chronological data sets (Monnier et al., 1995; Parkin-
son, 1998). Large areas of the peridotite component of
the ESO (especially the northwestern region in the
East Arm and SE Arm) have never been studied in
detail. It is vital to establish the basic structure and
petrology of these rocks in many different localities.
The current study is part of a program which aims to
describe petrological and geochemical features of the
ESO in many different localities.
2. The East Sulawesi Ophiolite: previous work
The K-shaped island of Sulawesi has four distinct
lithotectonic belts, which are bounded by large-scale
tectonic dislocations and thrust faults (e.g., Katili,
1978; Parkinson, 1996; Hall and Wilson, 2000). They
comprise from west to east: (i) the West Sulawesi
Tertiary Magmatic Arc and Associated Sediments, (ii)
the Central Sulawesi Metamorphic Belt, (iii) the East
Sulawesi Ophiolite and (iv) accreted continental frag-
ments of Banggai Sula islands and the Tukang Besi
Buton platforms. The lithotectonic subdivision of
Sulawesi is shown in Fig. 1, which is modified after
Parkinson (1996, 1998) and Hall and Wilson (2000).
The total length of the ESO is some 700 km from
Gorontalo Bay (Silver et al., 1983), through the East
Arm and central Sulawesi toward the Southeast Arm
and the islands of Buton and Kabaena; it also extends to
the Lamasi complex of the South Arm passing through
the Bone Gulf (Bergman et al., 1996; Parkinson, 1998).
The total outcrop area is more than 15,000 km2 (Fig. 1).
Two major tectonic settings have been proposed for
the origin of the ESO: typical mid-oceanic ridge
(Soeria-Atmadja et al., 1974; Simandjuntak, 1987)
and a suprasubduction zone (SSZ) setting (Monnier
et al., 1995; Bergman et al., 1996; Parkinson, 1998).
Monnier et al. (1995) argued that the ESO has simi-
larities with the oceanic crust of the Celebes Sea,
whereas Bergman et al. (1996) speculated that the
Lamasi ophiolite could represent a fragment of Indian
Ocean crust, similar to the trapped crust of the Banda
Sea. The idea that the ESO is an on-land analog of the
Banda Sea was first proposed by Katili (1978) and
Hamilton (1979). Based on the geological and marine
geophysical data, Silver et al. (1983) have proposed
that the ESO is laterally continuous with the basement
of Gorontalo bay basin (Fig. 1 cross section). The
paleomagnetic data of Mubroto et al. (1994), however,
 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583 57

Fig. 1. (a) Highly simplified map of the major lithotectonic units in Sulawesi (modified after Parkinson, 1998; Hall and Wilson, 2000), showing
the distribution of the East Sulawesi Ophiolite (ESO) from the South Arm, through East Arm to Southeast Arm of Sulawesi Island. (b)
Schematic cross section of the ESO from East Arm of Sulawesi in this study. Location of the studied region is shown in the inset map.
58 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583
suggest that the ophiolite was some 2000 km south of
its present position. Parkinson (1998) considered that
the origin of (at least) the westernmost segment of the
ESO was probably a small ridge-transform basin
formed behind an oblique subduction zone at the
Sundaland margin in the Eocene.
In addition to the discrepancies regarding the origin
of the ESO, the age(s) of the ophiolite is still unresolved
(e.g., Parkinson, 1998). There is evidence for both a
Cenozoic and/or Mesozoic formation from convention-
al K Ar and Ar/Ar geochronology (Simandjuntak,
1987, 1992; Mubroto et al., 1994; Monnier et al.,
1995; Bergman et al., 1996; Parkinson, 1998). They
include Cretaceous (79 137 Ma), Paleogene (64 28
Ma) and Neogene (16 23 Ma) ages for basalt and
gabbro of the ESO. One possible interpretation for the
Neogene ophiolite ages is that they may indicate either
timing of ophiolite metamorphism or ophiolite emplace-
ment, or the rock samples may have been mistakenly
derived from Neogene volcaniclastic basalt (NVC)
covering the ESO. The majority of the oldest ages
(Cretaceous) may indicate the initial generation of
oceanic lithosphere or time of first eruption.
Simandjuntak (1992) obtained Valanginian to
Lower Cenomanian fossil ages from chert and lime-
stone of the Boba beds in the East Arm. Although a
clear depositional contact between ophiolite lavas and
overlying Boba beds has never been reported, because
the relation is commonly faulted, a rare stratigraphic
contact between lava and undated chert of the Matano
Formation (which has been correlated with the Boba
beds) in the Kolonodale area suggests that the unit
was deposited on top of the ophiolite (Simandjuntak,
1992). If so, a Cretaceous age of at least part of the
ESO is supported by the stratigraphic relationship.
In most cases, units underlying the ESO include the
Pompangeo schist complex and correlative units and
the Peleru melange complex (Parkinson, 1996, 1998).
The age of the Pompangeo complex is Early Creta-
ceous (Parkinson, 1998), whereas both the melange
complex and metamorphic sole have similar age ranges
of 28 33 Ma (Parkinson, 1998). Based on the east
dipping thrust contact between these underlying units
and the ESO, Parkinson (1998) interpreted that the
ESO is overthrust onto the Pompangeo schist complex
and its correlative units, and the Late Oligocene age
indicates the timing of final emplacement of the ESO
onto the Sundaland margin. In the Poh Head region,
underlying units include Banggai Sula microconti-
nental materials. The Batui Thrust separates the ESO
from sedimentary rock deformed along the leading
edge of Banggai Sula platform. The timing of colli-
sion between the ESO and Banggai Sula microconti-
nent is probably Late Miocene (Silver et al., 1983).
3. Geology and petrology of ESO
We conducted field mapping and systematic rock
sampling in the ESO during two field seasons in 1997
and 1999, covering nine localities in Sulawesi (Figs.
1 3). The full suite of ophiolite lithologies is present
along the northern coast of the East Arm. Detailed
maps are shown for the Pagimana Bunta region (Fig.
2a) and the Poh Head region (Fig. 2b). In the other
parts of the ESO, the lithology is highly variable;
ultramafic sequences dominate in the Southeast Arm
and Kabaena Island, whereas only the basaltic volca-
nic unit is exposed in the Lamasi area (Fig. 3).
3.1. East Arm
Along the road between Uekuli and Ampana, the
ESO is characterized by ultramafic sequences, mostly
lherzolite and harzburgite with lenses of dunite, py-
roxenite and gabbroic dikes. The lherzolite (dominant)
and harzburgite bodies are variable in size, and most
are tectonized and serpentinized. They are underlain
by a serpentinized (Peleru) melange complex and
overlain by post-orogenic sediment of the Pliocene
Celebes Molasse and Quaternary reef limestone.
Between the Peleru Melange complex and the perido-
tite unit of the ESO, An east-dipping metamorphic sole
marks the overthrust of the ESO onto the underlying
crystalline and melange units (Parkinson, 1996, 1998).
Westwards along the road between Bunta and Pagi-
mana (Figs. 2a and 3), the ophiolite progresses from
sheeted dolerite dikes outcrops, through gabbroic
layers including cumulates, isotropic and layered gab-
bro, to serpentinized peridotite. Although the contacts
among the rock sequences are usually normal or thrust
faults, successive changes from the sheeted dike com-
plex to layered olivine gabbro through transitional part
of isotropic gabbro can also be observed. The thickness
of dolerite dikes in the gabbroic unit ranges from a few
centimeters to 5 m. Attitudes of the dikes are NW and
 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583 59

Fig. 2. Detailed geologic maps of the ESO in (a) the Pagimana Bunta region and (b) the Balantak region, with additional data from Rusmana et
al. (1993). The cross sections in each region are shown in (c).
 60
A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583
Fig. 3. (a) Schematic column of the ESO in nine different localities. These columns are mainly based on our field investigations. (b) Reconstructed stratigraphic section of the ESO.
 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583
dip steeply to NE. The proportion of dike rock
decreases rapidly towards the east. Cumulate ultramaf-
ic rock occurs as lenses or dikes in the layered gabbro.
The gabbroic unit is highly imbricated and moderately
altered and cut by plagiogranite, anorthosite and basal-
tic dikes. The overall dip of the ophiolite sequence in
this region can be inferred from layered gabbro in the
Pagimana Bunta region, which dips steeply SE or
SSE, and the dikes have a NE or NEE strike. The
ophiolite is underlain by Paleogene carbonate platform
rocks of the Banggai Sula microcontinent; the contact
between them is a major thrust fault (Batui Thrust). The
Celebes molasse and Quaternary limestone uncon-
formably cover the ophiolite.
The ophiolite in the Poh Head region (Poh Bay
and Balantak area; Figs. 2b and 3) consists of a
gabbroic unit, sheeted dike complex and basaltic
volcanic rocks. It is underlain by Paleogene platform
carbonates of the Banggai Sula microcontinent,
bounded by a major thrust fault (Batui Thrust)
similar to the Pagimana Bunta region. The ophiolite
is unconformably overlain by Neogene volcaniclastic
rocks (Lansio Formation; Rusmana et al., 1993).
Many of the previous studies have mistakenly iden-
tified the Neogene volcaniclastic rocks (NVC) as the
basaltic layer of the ESO (Silver et al., 1983;
Mubroto et al., 1994; Monnier et al., 1995). Our
investigation found that the basalt of the ESO is an
entirely different type from those of the Neogene
basaltic volcanic arc (Rusmana et al., 1993). The
NVC basalt is intercalated with volcaniclastic sedi-
ments. The gabbro and basaltic rocks of the ESO
cropping out in the Poh Head are highly imbricated
(Fig. 2a). The gabbroic units dip to the NE or NW,
and the sheeted dikes have a NW or NE attitude.
The ESO consists only of serpentinized peridotite
in the Boba region. The peridotite structurally overlies
the Pompangeo schist complex (basement rocks)
across a thrust fault. The peridotite consists mainly
of lherzolite, with minor harzburgite intercalations.
The Early-Late Cretaceous Boba chert is considered
to be pelagic sediment covering the ESO basaltic
rocks (Simandjuntak, 1992).
3.2. Southeast Arm and Kabaena
Except for the Soroako region, the ophiolite in the
SE Arm of Sulawesi and Kabaena Island has not been
61
studied in as much detail as from the rocks of the East
Arm because of poor accessibility and dense tropical
rain forest. In Soroako, outcrops of peridotite occur
along the road between Soroako and Malili (a harbor
town on the Bone Gulf). The rocks consist mainly of
harzburgite and dunite, representing the top of mantle
sequence, and minor lherzolite and pyroxenite (Fig.
3a). Pyroxenite dikes cut the harzburgite and dunite.
Gabbroic dikes, locally up to 1 m thick, were found in
several outcrops. The peridotite is underlain by the
Peleru melange complex and Pompangeo complex
and is overlain by Celebes Molasse. The contact
between the peridotite sequence of the ESO and
underlying rock units is a thrust fault. In the Kolono-
dale area, the ESO consists only of peridotite, which
overlies the Pompangeo complex and Jurassic carbo-
nates along a thrust fault (Parkinson, 1998). The
peridotite is composed chiefly of lherzolite with thin
intercalations of harzburgite. The rocks are moderate-
ly serpentinized and relatively undisturbed by later
tectonic events. Gabbro and dunite lenses were found
in several peridotite outcrops.
In the Kabaena area, the peridotite unit of the ESO
has been observed in the northern and southern parts
of the island; the rocks are chiefly fine to coarse-
grained lherzolite (Fig. 3a). Minor harzburgite and
dunite are exposed in a limited area in the northern
part of the island. Crystalline rocks of the Pompangeo
schist complex underlie the peridotite. Tertiary and
Quaternary sediments cover the peridotite. Near the
contact with the metamorphic basement, the peridotite
is highly imbricated and sheared.
3.3. Lamasi complex
The Lamasi ophiolite complex was considered to
be part of the ESO by Parkinson (1998), following the
suggestion of Bergman et al. (1996) that the Creta-
ceous Paleogene Lamasi ophiolite complex has sim-
ilarities with ESO, based on its geochemical affinity
and age. The Lamasi complex is underlain by a pre-
Tertiary metamorphic basement (Latimojong Forma-
tion). The ophiolite is intruded by Miocene granite
and is unconformably covered by Tertiary sediments
(Fig. 3a). The Lamasi complex is composed of pillow
basalt and a sheeted dike complex. Gabbroic rocks
were also found at several locations as dikes in
dolerite.
62 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583
3.4. Reconstructed stratigraphy of ESO
The schematic stratigraphic columns of the ESO at
nine different localities (Fig. 3a) have allowed us to
reconstruct a generalized stratigraphic section of the
ESO, as shown in Fig. 3b. The reconstructed section of
the ESO from this study is different than those pro-
posed by Monnier et al. (1995) and Parkinson (1998).
The overall thickness of the ESO estimated in this
study is at least 15 km, with an approximately 8-km-
thick crustal sequence (Fig. 3b). The 15-km thickness
is very similar to the maximum thickness estimated
from a geophysical study by Silver et al. (1978).
Ultramafic rocks are the most common constituents
of the ESO and comprise a wide variety of lherzolites,
harzburgites, dunites and pyroxenites. The ESO peri-
dotite covers almost 70% of the area of the ophiolite
in Sulawesi, and in total, lherzolite is more abundant
than harzburgite and dunite. Only in Soroako region
are harzburgite and dunite more dominant than lher-
zolite. In almost all regions, harzburgite and lherzolite
are observed to be interlayered, with thickness of each
layer ranging from tens of centimeter to several tens
of meters. Dunite occurs as lenses or thick layers
within harzburgite at the top of the mantle sequences
(Fig. 3a and b). Dunite with high concentration of Cr
spinel (up to 30% in chromititic pods) was found in
several localities in Soroako. Dykes and lenses of
pyroxenite were observed in harzburgite and lherzo-
lite. Although the original thickness of the ultramafic
unit is difficult to estimate due to extensive imbrica-
tion, a rough estimate along the road between Malili
and Soroako yielded a thickness of at least 7 km.
The gabbroic unit comprises different types of
lithology (massive gabbro, layered gabbro, mafic
and ultramafic cumulate and anorthosite in descend-
ing stratigraphic order). Thickness of each rock type is
highly variable. Plagiogranite and basaltic dikes in-
trude the gabbros. The upper part of the gabbro unit is
a coarse-grained isotropic gabbro composed of pyrox-
ene gabbro, gabbronorite and ferrogabbro. The thick-
ness of the isotropic gabbro is 1 2 km and is
underlain by layered gabbro, which displays conspic-
uous layering composed of 5 30 cm thick layers with
variable content of modal olivine, plagioclase, pyrox-
ene and hornblende (i.e., olivine gabbro, pyroxene
gabbro and hornblende-pyroxene gabbro). At the base
of the gabbroic unit, < 100 m of mafic ultramafic
cumulates are present. They also show layering, with
variable modal abundances of cumulus olivine, py-
roxene and plagioclase (i.e., wehrlite, plag-wehrlite,
websterite, troctolite and anorthosite). In many cases,
the pyroxene cumulate is intruded into the layered
gabbro.
As described in the previous section, the transition
from upper gabbro to sheeted dike complex is repre-
sented along the road between Bunta and Pagimana.
The complete sequence of sheeted dike complex and
basaltic lava is found in two locationsPoh Head
(East Arm) and Lamasi complex (SE Arm). Both are
highly imbricated and strongly altered, but the primary
texture and mineral compositions are still preserved.
The total thickness of these units is estimated to be
over 3 km in the Poh Head area. The basalt consists of
both pillow lava and massive lava and contains olivine,
plagioclase and clinopyroxene phenocrysts. The rocks
contain veinlets of quartz, chlorite and epidote. The
sheeted dike complex in the Poh Head area is com-
posed of fine- to medium-grained dolerite. They are
cut by quartz and epidote veinlets similar to those that
cut out the basalt. Plagiogranite and gabbroic dikes
with highly variable thickness up to 4 m were found in
the dolerite unit.
Ophiolite complexes are generally metamor-
phosed prior to emplacement, and the ESO is no
exception. Volcanic components always suffer burial
metamorphism and intense hydrothermal alteration
commonly attributed to ocean floor metamorphism.
Most ESO rocks show alteration of primary mineral
assemblages, with varying degree of low-grade meta-
morphism. Secondary mineral assemblages are gen-
erally heterogeneous and patchily distributed, even
on the scale of a single thin section. Secondary
mineral assemblages in the ESO rocks (from basalt
to gabbro/cumulate) represent metamorphic facies
ranging from zeolite to amphibolite facies. The
metamorphic grade increases downward through the
ophiolite succession and reaches amphibolite facies
in the cumulate rocks.
4. Petrography and mineral chemistry
About 700 rock samples were collected from the
ESO in various parts of Sulawesi. Almost all of the
samples were examined petrographically for further
 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583
analytical work. Sixty-five samples of various ESO
rocks were analyzed for mineral chemistry using a
JEOL 8800 EPMA (electron probe microanalyzer)
with accelerating voltage of 15 kV, beam current of
12 nA and a beam spot of < 5 Am in diameter, at the
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences of the
Tokyo Institute of Technology.
4.1. Ultramafic sequence
Lherzolite and harzburgite are comprised domi-
nantly of olivine and lesser amounts of orthopyrox-
ene, clinopyroxene and minor spinel. Most olivines
have a grain size of up to 3 mm in diameter and
show a meshwork texture when partly altered to
serpentine. Orthopyroxenes are usually the largest
minerals in the peridotite, attaining diameters up to 5
mm. They commonly exhibit well-developed kink
band texture indicating brittle deformation. Thin
lamellae of exsolved clinopyroxene and/or spinel
are commonly observed in some of the orthopyrox-
ene grains. Clinopyroxene is variable in size, but not
larger than 2 mm in diameter, with strongly concave
boundaries and surrounded by fine-grained olivine.
Spinels are generally fine-grained and less than 2
mm in diameter.
The average modal composition of the lherzolite is
60 70% olivine, 12 20% orthopyroxene, 5 10%
clinopyroxene, 0 2% pargasitic hornblende and 1
2% spinel. The average harzburgite contains 65 75%
olivine, 12 20% orthopyroxene, 1 4% clinopyrox-
ene, 1 2% spinel and 0 1% plagioclase. Dunite is
composed mainly of olivine (95 98%) with accessory
amounts of spinel (2 5%) and clinopyroxene < 1%.
Ultramafic cumulates consist of pyroxenite (web-
sterite) and wehrlite. Orthopyroxenes in websterite
are extremely coarse (up to 2 cm). Fine-grained
clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and spinel or amphib-
oles usually surround them. Websterite contains
orthopyroxene (60 65%), clinopyroxene (25 30%),
olivine (0 5%) and spinel (1 3%), whereas wehrlite
contains olivine (70 75%), clinopyroxene (5 25%),
orthopyroxene (0 5%), spinel (2 4%) and plagio-
clase (0 12%).
Olivine has a wide compositional range of Fo
content. The compositions of olivine in spinel lher-
zolite from Kabaena, Soroako, Kolonodale and
Uekuli-Ampana (hereafter Ampana) are Fo89.6 91.2,
63
Fo90.4 90.7, Fo90.0 90.7 and Fo88.6 91.2, respectively,
whereas spinel harzburgite yielded Fo 90.3 91.5 ,
Fo91.3 92.2, Fo91.4 91.7 and Fo88.8 89.1, respectively.
Except for peridotite in Ampana, this compositional
range is similar to that of mantle-derived peridotite
from the other ophiolites or ocean basins (Arai,
1994). Olivines from Ampana are significantly lower
in Fo than other localities (Fig. 4a). Olivines in
Ampana dunite show low Fo (86.3 91.0) compared
to other localities (Fo90.9 93.1). Olivines from web-
sterite (Fo90.8 92.7) have slightly higher Fo than the
mantle peridotites, whereas wehrlite have lower Fo
(86.1 89.3) than the mantle peridotites.
Spinel has a wide compositional range, as shown
by the relationship between Cr# of spinel and Fo of
the coexisting olivine (Fig. 4a). Lherzolite, harzbur-
gite and dunite from Kabaena, Soroako and Kolo-
nodale are concentrated in the olivine-spinel mantle
array (OSMA) of Arai (1994), whereas harzburgite
and dunite from the Ampana plot outside the
OSMA, similar to the cumulate rocks from same
location. The spinels are also plotted on a Cr# and
Mg# diagram (Fig. 4b), where most spinel in peri-
dotite from all regions, particularly from Ampana,
plot outside the abyssal peridotite field of Dick and
Bullen (1984). They either have higher Cr# or lower
Mg#. In general, peridotites from Soroako and
Kolonodale have higher Cr# than those of Kabaena
and Ampana (Fig. 4a and b). Because the Mg# of
spinel is easily modified by later processes, Kame-
netsky et al. (2001) used TiO2 versus Al2O3 contents
of spinel in peridotite (mostly harzburgite) to deter-
mine the tectonic setting of mantle peridotite. Fig. 5
shows TiO2 versus Al2O3 contents of spinel of
peridotite from four different localities. Harzburgite
from Kabaena, Kolonodale and Ampana plots in the
mid-oceanic ridge (MOR) field, whereas harzburgite
from Soroako plots in the SSZ field. Harzburgite
from these areas (except for Kabaena) also plots in
the SSZ MOR transition field. This is consistent
with the Cr# versus Fo olivine (Fig. 4a; Pearce et
al., 2000), where harzburgite from Soroako falls
within SSZ peridotite, whereas in Fig. 4b (Dick
and Bullen, 1984), it plots in the oceanic plateau
field.
Orthopyroxenes in all types of ultramafic rocks are
Mg-rich enstatite with Mg# ranging between 88.7 and
92.9 in lherzolite and harzburgite, whereas in dunite
64 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583

Fig. 4. Relationships between (a) Cr# of spinel and Fo content of coexisting olivine and (b) Cr# and Mg# of spinels. Olivine spinel mantle array
(OSMA) and melting trend (annotated by % melting) for (a) are from Arai (1994). Compositional fields for abyssal peridotite, Alpine-type
peridotite, layered intrusion and oceanic plateau (Manihiki Plateau and Nauru Basin) for (b) are from Dick and Bullen (1984); for oceanic SSZ,
abyssal and marginal basin peridotites for (a) are from Pearce et al. (2000).

and websterite, the Mg# values are 90.9 91.9 and
85.7 87.6, respectively. Clinopyroxene from all
types of ultramafic rocks are predominantly Mg-rich
augite. Amphibole occurs in a few peridotite samples,
mostly lherzolite from NE Arm and has a pargasitic
composition.
4.2. Cumulate and gabbroic sequence
Most of the gabbro and cumulates are very fresh
( < 5% modal secondary phases) and are coarse-
grained. Gabbroic rock types in the ESO include (i)
olivine plagioclase gabbro with cumulate texture
(troctolite), (ii) olivine clinopyroxene plagioclase
gabbro (olivine gabbro), (iii) clinopyroxene plagio-
clase hornblende gabbro (hornblende gabbro), (iv)
clinopyroxene orthopyroxene plagioclase gabbro
(gabbronorite), (v) pyroxene plagioclase Fe Ti
oxide gabbro (ferrogabbro), (vi) clinopyroxene pla-
gioclase gabbro (gabbro) and (vi) anorthosite with
< 5% mafic minerals. Gabbro and olivine gabbro are
generally coarse-grained, whereas gabbronorite, fer-
rogabbro and hornblende gabbro are fine- to medium-
grained. The crystallization sequence in the gabbro
and cumulate is generally in the following order:
olivine ! (spinel) ! plagioclase ! clinopyroxene!
orthopyroxene ! hornblende, but some peculiarities
are often observed. Some show an early-stage crys-
tallization of clinopyroxene and/or orthopyroxene
instead of plagioclase.
Plagioclase compositions in gabbroic rocks vary in
each type of gabbro and even within the individual
samplesAn% = 100Ca/(Ca + Na) ranging from 50 to
90. Pyroxene composition for all gabbro types is
predominantly augite, although several analyses
yielded pigeonite composition. One of the character-
 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583
Fig. 5. Al2O3 versus TiO2 compositional relationship in spinel of
peridotite after Kamenetsky et al. (2001) to distinguish the tectonic
setting of mantle peridotite. Symbols are as in Fig. 4.
istics of ESO gabbro is the presence of hornblende
pyroxene gabbro. The composition of hornblende is
pargasite, similar to amphibole in the ultramafic unit.
The amphibole composition in amphibolite (metamor-
phosed gabbro) is Mg hornblende. Mineral compo-
sitions are plotted in a covariation diagram of
coexisting plagioclase (An%) with clinopyroxene
(Mg# number, Fig. 6a) and olivine (Fo; Fig. 6b). Both
diagrams indicate that gabbroic rocks of the ESO have
similarities with MOR gabbro and are not related to
gabbro from volcanic arc or SSZ settings. An% of
plagioclase gabbro decreases with decreasing Mg# of
clinopyroxene and Fo# of olivine as well (Fig. 6a and
b), showing that significant fractional crystallization
occurred in these gabbros.
4.3. Dolerite and basalt
Dolerite consists of medium-grained plagioclase
and clinopyroxene and minor glassy material. Most
show sub-ophitic textures composed of plagioclase
laths and interstitial clinopyroxene and display vari-
ous degrees of alteration. Chlorite, Fe Ti oxides and
calcite are the most common secondary minerals.
Plagioclase compositions in dolerite from Lamasi,
65
Pagimana Bunta and Poh Head range from An57
76, An71 80 and An57 83, respectively. TiO2 con-
tents of clinopyroxene vary from 0.23 to 0.43, 0.21 to
0.49 and 0.23 to 1.17 wt.%, respectively; all are augite
in composition.
Basalts from the Poh Head region are divided into
three types based on their phenocryst assemblages
and textural features: (i) clinopyroxene plagioclase
( F olivine) basalt, in which clinopyroxene and pla-
gioclase phenocrysts are embedded in glass-rich
matrix with hyalopilitic texture (three samples), (ii)
clinopyroxene plagioclase basalt similar to the phe-
nocryst assemblage of type (i), but set in crystalline
groundmass of acicular plagioclase and pyroxene
(four samples), (iii) aphyric basalt consisting of
plagioclase, clinopyroxene and Fe Ti oxide (10
samples). Basalts from the Lamasi complex have a
similar type of phenocryst assemblages as (i) and (ii)
of Poh Head basalt (total of six samples). Generally,
plagioclase phenocrysts display sizes between 0.4
and 2 mm across, whereas clinopyroxene is up to
2.5 mm in diameter and is more abundant than the
plagioclase phenocrysts. Some plagioclase grains
enclose clinopyroxene, indicating that the crystalli-
zation order for the basalt is: clinopyroxene ! pla-
plagioclase. Appearance of olivine as phenocrysts in
ESO basalt samples is not common, but clinopyrox-
ene is widespread.
Both phenocryst and matrix pyroxene in ESO
basalt have augite composition. TiO2 content of cli-
nopyroxene ranges from 0.7 to 1.9, 0.11 to 1.09 and
0.05 to 1.4 wt.% for the aphyric basalt, phenocryst
and matrix of the types (i) and (ii), respectively.
Mg# = 100Mg/(Mg + Fe*) (Fe* means Fe total as
FeO) of pyroxenes of aphyric basalt, phenocryst and
matrix of the types (i) and (ii) are 59 83, 74 88 and
74 85, respectively. Plagioclase composition in basalt
is less restricted than those from plagioclase in doler-
ite; they show that composition with the same order of
texture mentioned above is An39 59, An17 44 and
An13 86, respectively.
Almost all basalts have suffered various degrees
of alteration, which produced chlorite, calcite, actin-
olite, albite, prehnite and zeolite. These mineral
assemblages represent zeolite to prehnite pumpelly-
tie facies metamorphism, typical of ocean floor
metamorphism or plateau hydrothermal metamor-
phism before accretion. In general, ocean floor meta-
66 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583

Fig. 6. Composition of mafic cumulate and various gabbro in the Pagimana Bunta area. (a) Coexisting plagioclase and clinopyroxene, (b)
coexisting plagioclase and olivine. The gabbro field for the Mariana fore-arc basin for (a) is from Bloomer et al. (1995), whereas gabbro field
and discrimination line for (b) is modified after Beard (1986). The two crystal fractionation trends for (a) of Indian Ocean (Site 765, 735) are
from Ishiwatari (1992), while those of Oman and Troodos ophiolites for (b) are taken from Lachize et al. (1996).

morphism does not alter the original composition of
the rock, except for alkali and large ion lithophile
(LIL) elements.
5. Clinopyroxene; rare earth elements abundance
Selected clinopyroxenes from basalt and peridotite
were analyzed in situ for REEs using a Cameca IMS
3F ion microprobe (SIMS) at Tokyo Institute of
Technology (total of seven samples). Analytical pro-
cedure for secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS)
analyses has been described by Yurimoto et al. (1989).
The data are presented in Table 1 and the REE patterns
of clinopyroxene are shown in Fig. 7 for peridotite and
Fig. 8 for basalt. A well-calibrated augite megacryst
from alkali basalt from SW Japan was employed as a
REE standard. An energy filtering technique with an
 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583 67

Table 1
Major and rare earth elements concentration of clinopyroxene in the ESO rocks
Rock name 504B Basalta Lamasi basalt Poh head basalt Harzburgite Lherzolite
Sample isz22 S-130 S-91 S-99 P-16 CS-9 K-25 P-128
no. Core Rim Core Rim Core Rim Core Rim Core Rim Core Rim Core Rim
Major elements (wt.%)
SiO2 52.38 53.05 54.74 53.25 53.96 52.54 52.93 52.04 53.18 54.14 54.42 51.62 53.13 53.88 53.56
TiO2 0.41 0.72 0.20 0.05 0.15 0.24 0.36 0.71 0.59 0.01 0.00 0.26 0.25 0.17 0.14
Al2O3 2.91 3.36 1.74 1.12 1.01 2.44 2.78 3.02 2.03 1.51 1.39 6.52 4.68 2.72 2.62
Cr2O3 0.08 0.04 0.22 0.18 0.05 0.90 0.28 0.60 0.17 0.37 0.35 1.11 0.95 0.24 0.28
FeO* 6.90 6.93 5.32 9.05 8.37 4.66 6.08 7.06 7.18 1.83 1.99 2.54 2.09 2.36 2.33
MnO 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.12 0.08 0.23 0.17 0.24 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.11 0.12
MgO 17.27 16.56 18.95 14.87 14.68 18.28 17.65 17.97 18.18 18.04 17.79 15.10 15.95 17.05 17.11
CaO 18.86 19.85 18.94 20.87 21.38 19.83 19.31 17.75 18.40 24.08 22.71 22.42 22.88 23.88 23.04
Na2O 0.20 0.22 0.18 0.41 0.25 0.29 0.22 0.21 0.17 0.04 0.06 0.72 0.55 0.26 0.24
K2O 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00
Total 99.21 100.74 100.35 100.15 99.97 99.34 99.93 99.54 100.26 100.11 98.79 100.35 100.54 100.69 99.43

Formula (8 cations)
Si 1.93 1.93 1.97 1.98 2.00 1.93 1.93 1.91 1.94 1.96 1.99 1.87 1.91 1.94 1.95
Al 0.01 0.14 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.28 0.20 0.12 0.11
Ti 0.13 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00
Cr 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01
Fe2 + 0.21 0.21 0.16 0.28 0.26 0.14 0.19 0.22 0.22 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.07
Mn 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mg 0.95 0.90 1.02 0.82 0.81 1.00 0.96 0.98 0.99 0.97 0.97 0.81 0.86 0.92 0.93
Ca 0.75 0.77 0.73 0.83 0.85 0.78 0.76 0.70 0.72 0.93 0.89 0.87 0.88 0.92 0.90
Na 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02
K 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total 4.00 3.99 3.98 4.00 3.99 4.01 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.98 3.99 3.99 4.00 3.99

REE (ppm)
La 0.09 0.23 0.54 2.40 2.00 0.18 0.21 0.39 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.29 0.28
Ce 0.58 0.90 3.00 12.38 9.54 1.00 1.22 2.11 0.29 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.08 1.04 1.10
Pr 0.15 0.21 0.78 2.42 1.92 0.26 0.34 0.55 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.12 0.27 0.31
Nd 1.19 1.11 5.33 12.29 9.87 1.78 2.20 3.51 0.49 0.17 0.15 0.69 0.75 1.43 1.57
Sm 0.87 0.68 3.41 4.41 3.62 1.04 1.26 1.85 0.24 0.20 0.19 0.82 0.80 0.86 1.01
Eu 0.35 0.26 1.28 1.55 1.28 0.41 0.50 0.71 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.39 0.43 0.39 0.43
Gd 1.45 0.93 5.33 6.16 5.49 1.61 1.95 2.91 0.38 0.15 0.14 1.49 1.47 1.13 1.20
Tb 0.29 0.19 1.04 1.09 0.91 0.28 0.37 0.55 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.34 0.31 0.22 0.27
Dy 2.54 1.41 8.84 9.21 7.87 2.33 3.18 5.04 0.67 0.38 0.37 3.16 3.08 2.04 2.15
Ho 0.54 0.32 1.94 1.95 1.64 0.50 0.63 1.05 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.70 0.70 0.48 0.48
Er 1.79 1.15 6.50 6.27 5.09 1.52 1.78 3.33 0.42 0.44 0.45 2.04 2.51 1.64 1.77
Tm 0.28 0.17 1.04 0.91 0.76 0.22 0.28 0.44 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.32 0.38 0.24 0.26
Yb 1.75 0.97 6.91 6.45 5.30 1.48 1.78 3.09 0.39 0.52 0.48 2.14 1.84 1.45 1.56
Lu 0.26 0.16 1.14 0.98 0.86 0.23 0.28 0.47 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.30 0.27 0.23 0.25
(La/Yb)n 4.39 1.44 6.86 6.97 2.22 2.15 2.33 2.27 0.07 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.13 0.14
a
Data from Sakashita (1998).

offset voltage of  40 V was applied to eliminate
molecular interferences. The primary ion beam was
about 20 Am in diameter.
In general, REE profiles for three clinopyroxenes
from ESO peridotite are enriched in HREE and
depleted in LREE (Fig. 7). Clinopyroxene REE in
lherzolite is more abundant than those in harzburgite.
In terms of REE abundance core rim relationships,
the core composition of lherzolite has higher REE
than the rim, but in harzburgite, no significant differ-
68 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583

composition of clinopyroxene microphenocryst from

ODP Site 504B which were obtained by the same
analytical instruments at Tokyo Institute of Technolo-
gy (Sakashita, 1998). Both core and rim of clinopyr-
oxene in the ESO basalt is enriched in LREE and
depleted in MREE and HREE, compared to those from
N-MORB (Sakashita, 1998). However, there is a great
difference in the REE abundance between core and
rimless enriched in the latter than in the former (Fig.
8). The (Ce/Yb)N ratio of clinopyroxene of the Lamasi
and Poh Head basalts varies from 0.12 to 0.53 and
from 0.51 to 0.81, respectively. This suggests that the
ESO basalts are more variable than typical N-MORB.
The clinopyroxene REE patterns, despite large
variations, suggest that the analyzed peridotites of
the ESO have similarities to the mid-oceanic ridge
setting rather than suprasubduction zone setting. Yet,
clinopyroxene phenocrysts REE of basalt never show
the simple N-MORB pattern or abundance.

6. Whole-rock major element geochemistry

Major and trace elements were measured by X-ray

Fig. 7. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for clinopyroxenes from fluorescence (XRF) analyses at Tokyo Institute of
six peridotites, from three different localities (i.e., Ampana, Soroako Technology and Oceanographic Institute, University
and Kabaena). For comparison, a range of clinopyroxene REE of Tokyo, respectively. The analytical procedure, con-
pattern from abyssal peridotite (Johnson et al., 1990), from
suprasubduction peridotite (Bizimis et al., 2000) and from fore-arc
peridotite (Parkinson et al., 1992) is shown. Normalizing values of
REE for chrondrite are from Sun and McDonough (1989).

ences were observed between core and rim. All REE

profiles of peridotite in this study display similar
patterns to clinopyroxene REE profiles from abyssal
peridotite of mid-ocean ridge origin (Johnson et al.,
1990), and these patterns and compositions are clearly
different from those of SSZ ophiolites. The average
(Ce/Yb)N ratio of clinopyroxene of lherzolites from
Kabaena and Ampana are 0.009 and 0.198, respec-
tively, whereas those of clinopyroxene from Soroako
harzburgite yield an average of 0.030 in (Ce/Yb)N
ratio. This indicates that the clinopyroxene in Kabaena
and Soroako peridotite is more depleted than lherzo-
lite in Ampana. Fig. 8. N-MORB normalized REE pattern for clinopyroxenes from
Lamasi and Poh Head basalts. The N-MORB normalized values are
Fig. 8 displays the N-MORB normalized REE taken from the average REE composition of clinopyroxene
pattern for clinopyroxenes from Lamasi and Poh Head phenocryst of N-MOR Basalt from ODP Site 504B (Sakashita,
basalt. The N-MORB values are from the average REE 1998; unpublished data).
 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583
dition and accuracy of XRF instrument are described
by Goto and Tatsumi (1994). Selected samples of basalt
(16 samples), dolerite (14 samples), gabbro (15 sam-
ples) and peridotite (15 samples) from all regions of the
ESO were analyzed for SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, FeO, MnO,
MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O and P2O5 and trace elements of
Sr, Rb, Ba, Nb, Zr, Y, Ni, Pb and Th (Table 2).
Analytical precision is better than 1% for major ele-
ments and less than 3% for trace elements.
Bulk rock rare earth element (REE) abundances for
10 selected samples (Table 2) were determined by
inductively coupled plasma source spectrometry
(ICP-MS) at Tokyo Institute of Technology (Thermo
Elemental VG Plasma Quad 2 Omega). The 200-mg
samples were decomposed and dissolved by using an
acid dissolution technique from in-house ICP-MS
laboratory procedure (Hirata et al., 1988). ICP-MS
operating condition, analytical reproducibility and ac-
curacy are described by Hirata et al. (1988). The well-
known basalt standard (JB-2) is used as the standard
sample. Overall precision of standard samples is < 3%
for LREE and < 5% for HREE compared to reference
data (Imai et al., 1994). Bulk chemical analyses of
dolerite and basalt were selected from the samples with
low-degree alteration ( < 5%) and free from veinlets of
quartz, epidote and other secondary minerals.
The geochemistry of ESO volcanic rocks (basalt and
dolerite) from three localities indicates that the majority
are basalt (48.3 51.7 wt.% SiO2), and only a few are
basaltic andesite (Table 2). There are no significant
differences between the Poh Head and Lamasi basalts
in terms of major element composition, despite sepa-
ration of the two localities by over 1000 km. The Poh
Head basalt has a wider range of MgO content than
those from the Lamasi, but the other major elements are
more or less similar (Table 2). The dolerites have a less
variable composition than basaltic rocks; MgO con-
tents vary from 8.56 to 4.88 wt.% and CaO and SiO2
have nearly constant values. TiO2 content of basalt and
dolerite is highly variable (0.57 3.11 wt.%), but for the
majority of samples is under 2 wt.%.
All gabbroic and cumulate rocks are characterized
by high abundance of Al2O3 and CaO, which indicates
concentration of plagioclase. Gabbro shows a wide
compositional range, well displayed by MgO content,
which decreased from 11.47% to 4.5%, whereas Al2O3,
NaO and CaO continuously increased (Table 2). This
trend is consistent with increasing fractional crystalli-
69
zation of basaltic magma. Trace elements of all gab-
broic types have low abundance of high-field strength
elements (Y, Nb and Th). Ni contents show a tendency
to increase slightly in order from gabbro, through
gabbronorite and ferrogabbro to olivine gabbro.
All peridotite displays residual characteristics from
various localities (Table 2). Even the least depleted
samples, which contain 3.1% CaO and 3.1% Al2O3,
are depleted with respect to primitive mantle (Sun and
McDonough, 1989). In general, although all perido-
tites display residual characteristic, they show a large
variation in whole-rock composition, which may
indicate a large variation in degree of depletion or
degree of partial melting in each region. Ni contents
of peridotite display a tendency to increase in order
from lherzolite through harzburgite to dunite.
In a TiO2 FeO*/MgO diagram (Fig. 9a), TiO2 con-
tents increase systematically with increasing FeO*/
MgO in most ESO basalts and dolerite. In general,
there is no significant difference between Poh Head and
Lamasi volcanics in these diagrams. The majority of
rocks are scattered in MORB and oceanic island
tholeiitic (OIT) fields and around the junction fields,
whereas a few of the samples plot in the island arc
tholeiite (IAT) field. They also plot within the Ontong
Java Plateau field (OJP; Mahoney et al., 1993) and
ocean plateau basalt (OPB) field defined by Nagahashi
and Miyashita (2002) in the same diagram.
The TiO 2 10MnO 2 10P 2 O 5 ternary diagram
(Mullen, 1983) also indicates both MORB and OIT
affinities for most ESO volcanic rocks and IAT for a
few ESO volcanic rocks in the Bunta Pagimana area
(Fig. 9b). Nagahashi and Miyashita (2002) modified
the ternary diagram of Mullen (1983) and incorporated
data from OPB (Ontong Java Plateau, Nauru Basin and
Manihiki Plateau). Almost all basalts which plotted in
the IAT and MORB field plot in the OPB field and also
within the Ontong Java Plateau field (OJP; data from
Mahoney et al., 1993) (Fig. 9b). Therefore, the major
element discrimination diagram in Fig. 9 suggests both
MORB and OPB affinity for the ESO basalt and
dolerite. However, this does not rule out the possibility
that some of the ESO basalts have true IAT affinities.
The NVC basalts plot in the IAT field in both discrim-
ination diagrams (Fig. 9a and b).
The overlap between the MORB-like and the OPB/
IAT-like samples is not apparent in the trace and rare
earth element (REE) spider diagram. Fig. 10 shows
 70
Table 2
Major and trace element compositions of the East Sulawesi Ophiolite
Basalts
Location Neogene volc. Poh Head basalt Pagimana-Bunta Lamasi basalt
Sample no. M-24 M-33 M-22 M-23 P-16 P-33 S-98B S-99 S-100 SO-28 P-82 S-129 S-130 S-133 S-135 S-140
Major elements (wt.%)
SiO2 50.29 49.98 50.02 49.57 48.31 48.47 51.76 51.72 51.76 53.69 48.64 52.91 51.00 51.06 50.46 49.23
TiO2 0.84 1.02 2.12 1.77 1.84 1.91 1.37 1.38 2.76 0.57 1.63 1.50 1.15 2.25 3.11 1.29

A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583

Al2O3 16.52 18.25 13.87 14.23 14.54 14.25 15.68 15.72 13.65 16.03 18.21 15.21 15.52 14.12 13.17 16.26
FeO* 8.52 9.84 12.12 11.27 12.13 12.14 9.41 9.39 13.76 9.16 10.32 9.73 10.19 13.12 14.27 9.83
MnO 0.13 0.17 0.14 0.16 0.23 0.23 0.18 0.17 0.22 0.15 0.18 0.16 0.18 0.12 0.12 0.17
MgO 7.99 4.01 6.38 7.45 7.58 7.61 3.76 3.89 2.79 6.89 5.67 4.28 5.01 4.21 4.19 8.63
CaO 10.07 8.64 10.92 10.80 10.66 10.71 9.04 9.40 7.47 7.25 9.50 8.72 10.61 8.39 8.46 12.03
Na2O 3.20 2.74 3.62 3.49 3.42 3.29 3.07 2.99 3.78 4.03 4.07 3.75 2.72 4.41 4.64 2.22
K2O 0.44 2.93 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.12 1.44 0.47 0.07 0.01 0.07 0.05 0.01
P2O5 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.33 0.06 0.22 0.16 0.11 0.25 0.34 0.12
LOI 2.15 3.05 0.76 1.43 1.68 1.84 3.93 4.42 2.33 0.92 1.39 2.03 2.48 1.38 0.85 1.40
Total 100.34 100.86 100.24 100.42 100.62 100.68 98.42 99.31 98.96 100.19 100.30 98.53 98.98 99.38 99.65 101.20

Trace elements (ppm)

Ba 92 193 15 18 14 24 11 17 17 590 22 17 15 16 14 13
Nb 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.5 1.5 2.3 0.8 0.8 1.9 < 1.1 0.9 0.2 2.0 3.0 0.5
Ni 82 16 41 55 59 50 73 77 23 67 67 43 42 26 18 93
Pb 1.5 1.0 < < < < < < < < 0.2 < < < 0.1 0.1
Rb 7.8 42.1 < < < 0.5 < < < 46.6 7.2 < < < 0.2 <
Sr 432 664 143 126 129 213 168 151 151 170 182 144 97 137 147 104
Th 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.2 0.4 1.1 < < < 1.0 0.4 < < 0.2 0.3 0.7
Y 15 18 46 40 36 38 27 28 54 15 32 27 24 48 56 25
Zr 83 99 171 141 120 132 88 90 199 19 113 94 57 163 222 78
La 7.2 9.8 5.4 4.2 3.9 4.7 n.d. 2.8 5.7 n.d. 3.2 n.d. 1.5 7.1 17.4 2.1
Ce 16.5 21.3 16.3 13.6 12.4 14.3 n.d. 9.4 17.0 n.d. 9.9 n.d. 5.1 18.2 45.8 7.2
Pr 2.4 3.4 2.9 2.4 2.2 2.4 n.d. 1.6 3.3 n.d. 1.8 n.d. 1.0 3.3 9.3 1.3
Nd 11.3 16.0 16.0 13.1 12.1 13.4 n.d. 9.2 18.4 n.d. 10.6 n.d. 5.7 17.8 52.9 7.4
Sm 2.8 3.8 5.3 4.3 4.1 4.4 n.d. 3.2 6.2 n.d. 3.5 n.d. 2.2 5.6 17.2 2.6
Eu 0.9 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.5 n.d. 1.2 2.0 n.d. 1.3 n.d. 0.9 1.9 5.5 0.9
Gd 2.9 3.8 7.2 5.8 5.6 5.9 n.d. 4.4 8.5 n.d. 4.9 n.d. 3.3 7.6 24.5 3.7
Tb 0.4 0.6 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.1 n.d. 0.8 1.5 n.d. 0.8 n.d. 0.6 1.3 4.3 0.7
Dy 2.9 3.5 9.0 7.1 6.8 7.3 n.d. 5.5 10.2 n.d. 5.8 n.d. 4.2 8.8 29.0 4.5
Ho 0.5 0.7 1.8 1.4 1.4 1.5 n.d. 1.1 2.0 n.d. 1.2 n.d. 0.9 1.8 5.8 0.9
Er 1.6 2.0 5.6 4.3 4.1 4.5 n.d. 3.4 5.9 n.d. 3.6 n.d. 2.6 5.5 17.4 2.7
Tm 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 n.d. 0.5 0.8 n.d. 0.5 n.d. 0.3 0.8 2.3 0.4
Yb 1.5 1.9 5.0 3.8 3.7 4.1 n.d. 3.1 5.2 n.d. 3.2 n.d. 2.3 4.8 15.2 2.5
Lu 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 n.d. 0.4 0.8 n.d. 0.5 n.d. 0.3 0.7 2.3 0.4
(La/Yb)n 3.5 3.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 n.d. 0.7 0.8 n.d. 0.7 n.d. 0.5 1.1 0.8 0.6
 Dolerites
Location Poh Head Pagimana-Bunta Lamasi
Sample no. M-19 M-27 M-28 P-15 P-17 P-39 P-62 S-14 S-21 S-131 S-137
Major elements (wt.%)
SiO2 48.87 49.21 49.46 47.72 47.53 47.69 50.16 49.16 49.81 50.01 51.12
TiO2 1.32 1.89 1.54 2.13 1.68 1.86 1.93 0.77 0.96 1.77 2.49
Al2O3 15.24 14.14 14.64 14.31 14.81 15.07 14.80 16.29 16.81 16.00 13.92
FeO* 10.06 12.39 10.95 12.62 11.56 11.10 11.80 8.67 8.35 10.85 13.23
MnO 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.14 0.19 0.14
MgO 8.14 7.25 7.78 7.05 7.84 8.20 7.12 7.11 6.06 4.88 5.48
CaO 12.29 10.60 10.78 9.80 11.25 10.12 11.32 10.65 10.96 9.11 9.73
Na2O 2.61 2.86 3.09 4.07 3.15 3.45 2.84 2.35 3.17 3.57 3.89
K2O 0.03 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.06 0.12 0.03 0.65 0.20 0.05 0.04

A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583

P2O5 0.12 0.18 0.15 0.21 0.16 0.22 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.21 0.28
LOI 0.94 1.36 1.67 2.54 1.54 2.91 0.07 4.16 2.11 3.23 0.70
Total 99.79 100.15 100.36 100.77 99.76 100.92 100.44 100.05 98.67 99.86 101.01

Trace elements (ppm)

Ba 13 17 23 19 18 34 25 71 26 19 9
Nb 0.3 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.0 4.6 1.2 0.5 0.6 1.7 2.3
Ni 73 60 59 59 62 66 62 56 58 82 34
Pb < < < 1.0 < 0.8 < 0.5 < < <
Rb < < 0.2 0.1 < 1.3 0.1 8.6 3.1 < <
Sr 129 168 150 171 189 257 122 468 246 134 148
Th 0.2 0.1 < 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.2
Y 25 35 30 41 33 33 37 17 19 35 50
Zr 60 118 96 143 108 137 131 55 62 125 183
< = below detection limit; n.d. = not determined

Gabbros
Location Poh Head Pagimana-Bunta Lamasi
Sample no. M-04 P-20 M-05 P-01 M-31 P-19 P-09 P-76 P-57 P-58 P-77 P-74 P-56 S-134 SO-31
Rock type GB GB OG OG FG GN TR OG OG OG OG FG GN GB GB
Major elements (wt.%)
SiO2 49.75 51.06 49.27 49.73 50.79 51.27 43.52 49.10 44.61 44.11 50.77 49.99 47.83 49.30 51.32
TiO2 0.45 0.47 1.11 0.35 0.64 0.42 0.06 0.42 0.03 0.02 0.35 1.53 0.09 3.09 0.90
Al2O3 18.89 16.20 15.35 16.01 15.86 18.59 25.00 16.33 26.39 25.89 15.83 15.28 19.66 13.82 16.18
FeO* 4.44 5.89 9.04 5.38 7.82 5.86 3.26 7.38 3.45 2.99 6.95 10.99 3.40 14.14 9.30
MnO 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.11 0.15 0.11 0.05 0.14 0.04 0.04 0.13 0.17 0.07 0.16 0.14
MgO 7.23 8.67 8.85 11.11 8.59 7.61 10.67 9.42 10.23 11.39 10.07 7.89 11.47 4.50 5.02
CaO 15.27 14.79 12.81 15.39 12.33 13.40 13.02 13.91 13.66 12.89 13.94 12.15 16.48 9.62 11.31
Na2O 2.41 2.31 2.41 1.57 2.54 2.67 1.44 2.24 1.25 1.34 2.09 2.43 0.72 3.69 4.16
K2O < < 0.02 < 0.01 < < < < < < < < 0.06 0.15
P2O5 0.05 0.03 0.17 0.03 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.17 0.10
LOI 1.03 0.56 0.13 0.53 1.13 0.26 1.80 0.12 0.03 2.23 0.00 0.04 0.51 0.43 0.60
Total 99.61 100.11 99.30 100.20 99.92 100.23 98.85 99.08 99.73 100.94 100.17 100.52 100.25 98.97 99.17

71
(continued on next page)
 72
Table 2 (continued)
Gabbros
Location Poh Head Pagimana-Bunta Lamasi
Sample no. M-04 P-20 M-05 P-01 M-31 P-19 P-09 P-76 P-57 P-58 P-77 P-74 P-56 S-134 SO-31
Rock type GB GB OG OG FG GN TR OG OG OG OG FG GN GB GB
Trace elements (ppm)
Ba 15 13 19 16 18 15 4 12 9 8 15 11 8 21 59
Nb < < 0.5 < < < < < < < < < < 1.8 <
Ni 33 70 102 186 64 63 355 75 310 398.0 95 62 238 15 25
Pb < < 0.6 0.4 < < < < < < < < < 0.1 <
Rb < < < < < < < < < < < < < 0.2 3.6
Sr 120 112 117 101 202 130 128 112 107 135 111 118 80 129 316

A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583

Th 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.8 1.1 0.1 < 0.9 < < < 0.3 0.3 0.6
Y 11 12 26 10 16 10 1 11 1 1 10 20 3 40 20
Zr 20 11 74 6 41 13 2 10 < 1 8 36 1 139 57

Peridotites
Location Kabaena Soroako Kolonodale East Arm
Sample no. K-31 K-33 K-23 K-49 CS-2 CS-4 CS-09 CS-27 CS-24 KO-01 KO-06 KO-10 S-9 P-128 S-6
Rock type harz harz lherz lherz dun dun harz harz lherz harz lherz lherz dun lherz lherz
Major elements (wt.%)
SiO2 42.23 41.66 42.58 43.33 39.00 38.96 42.41 41.93 42.31 41.51 42.72 43.42 38.34 43.43 42.89
TiO2 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.12 0.06
Al2O3 0.93 0.78 2.03 2.23 < < 0.43 0.18 1.25 0.98 2.55 2.12 < 3.00 1.98
FeO* 9.57 8.74 9.58 9.37 9.23 8.50 9.60 9.45 9.47 8.81 9.53 9.49 9.90 9.22 9.20
MnO 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14
MgO 44.68 45.75 42.19 41.19 51.25 51.65 46.19 46.37 43.85 44.23 41.97 41.73 47.30 40.28 41.70
CaO 1.20 1.00 2.54 2.92 0.24 0.26 0.90 0.71 1.85 1.33 2.72 2.64 0.34 3.08 2.46
Na2O < < < < < < < < < < < < < < <
K2O < < < < < < < < < < < < < < <
P2O5 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02
LOI 1.57 1.54 1.32 1.02 0.36 0.35 0.07 0.18 0.14 1.66 0.43 0.10 2.57 1.78 1.46
Total 100.37 99.66 100.47 100.30 100.25 99.88 99.79 99.01 99.07 98.70 100.17 99.73 98.61 101.09 99.91

Trace elements (ppm)

Ba 15 9 8 5 2 1 1 8 7 6 < 8 10 10 12
Nb < < < < < < < < < < < < < < <
Ni 2012 2055 1863 1810 2306 2444 2068 2114 1945 2018 1794 1808 2253 1729 1839
Pb < < < < < < < < < 0.5 < < < < <
Rb < < < < < < < < < < < < < < <
Sr 6 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 7 6 13 7
Th < 0.1 < 0.9 < < < 0.1 < < < 0.6 < 0.7 <
Y 1 < 1 2 < < < < 1 1 2 2 < 3 1
Zr < < < < < < < < < < < < < 1 <
< = below detection limit; GB = clinopyroxene gabbro; OGB = olivine clinopyroxene gabbro; FG = ferrogabbro; GN = gabbronorite; TR = troctolite; harz = harzburgite; lherz = lherzolite; dun = dunite.
 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583
Fig. 9. (a) A TiO2 versus FeO*/MgO diagram to discriminate
MORB, IAT and OIT origin for the ESO basalt and dolerite after
Basaltic Volcanism Study Project (1981), Kimura et al. (1994) and
Nagahashi and Miyashita (2002). (b) A TiO2 10MnO2 10P2O5
ternary diagram showing various magma types for ESO volcanic
rocks (after Mullen, 1983) for the ESO basalt and dolerite. MORB:
mid-oceanic ridge basalt; IAT: island-arc tholeiite; OIA: ocean island
alkali basalt; OIT: ocean island tholeiite; CAB: continental arc
basalt; Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) basalt field is from Mahoney et al.
(1993) and the OPB field from Nagahashi and Miyashita (2002).
the chondrite-normalized pattern of REE, while Fig.
11 shows N-MORB normalized trace and rare earth
elements (both diagrams are normalized by recom-
mended values after Sun and McDonough, 1989). The
REE patterns of both Lamasi and Poh Head basalt are
similar to that of N-MORB, except for small Eu
depletion in Lamasi basalt.
In the trace element spider diagram normalized by
the N-MORB abundance (Fig. 11), however, the
similarity of the ESO with N-MORB is not obvious.
Except for Nb, they generally show enrichment
73
patterns with respect to N-MORB. Furthermore, they
are characterized by positive anomaly of Th and Ba
and negative anomaly of Nb with respect to neigh-
boring incompatible elements. The LIL elements
such as Rb, K and Sr show a large variation; these
may be greatly modified by alteration and/or ocean
floor metamorphism.
The NVC basalt is clearly not of N-MORB origin
and is distinguishable from the ESO basalts from both
Lamasi and Poh Head areas which show enrichment
of LREEs (Fig. 10). Moreover, they are enriched in
incompatible elements such as Rb, Ba, Nb, K and Sr
with characteristic depletion of Y and Ti (Fig. 11).
The average compositions of trace and rare earth
element of the OJP basalt (ODP leg 130, site 803 and
807) and the Mikabu greenstone are plotted together
with ESO basalt in Figs. 10 and 11. The Mikabu
greenstone has been considered as an accreted oceanic
plateau based on its oceanic plate stratigraphy and
geochemistry (Isozaki et al., 1990; Tatsumi et al.,
1998; Ozawa et al., 1999). REE patterns do not show
the N-MORB signature (Fig. 10), and incompatible
trace elements have a greater variability than those of
N-MORB. Moreover, some of Mikabu basalts have
Nb negative anomalies and positive Ba and Th
anomalies with respect to neighboring incompatible
elements. They are therefore similar to the ESO
basalts both from Lamasi and Poh Head (Fig. 11).
7. Discussion
7.1. The characteristics of the ESO
The ESO is tectonically dismembered and widely
exposed in different areas of central and eastern
Sulawesi and may have been modified by later tectonic
events. The main lithological features of the ESO are
similar to those of normal ophiolitic sequences such as
the Oman Ophiolite. The ESO grades upward from
residual mantle peridotite and mafic ultramafic cu-
mulate through layered to isotropic gabbro to sheeted
dolerite and basaltic volcanics on the top.
The ESO is estimated to be at least 15 km thick
(with crustal section about 8 km thick), which is much
thicker than most ophiolites worldwide and normal
oceanic crust (e.g., Nicolas, 1989). It is also very
similar to the maximum thickness estimated from a
74 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583

Fig. 10. Chrondrite normalized REE patterns for the ESO and NVC basalts. For the average REE patterns of Poh Head basalt (Monnier et al.,
1995), Lamasi basalt (Bergman et al., 1996), Banda Sea basalt in dredge 305C (Honthaas et al., 1998), Celebes Sea basalt, ODP Leg 124, hole
767 and 770 (Serri et al., 1991), Ontong Java Plateau basalt (OJP, ODP leg 130, site 803 and 807; Mahoney et al., 1993) and Mikabu
greenstone, Japan (type 1 and type 2, Ozawa et al., 1999) are shown. N-MORB basalt pattern is from Sun and McDonough (1989).

geophysical study by Silver et al. (1978). This thick-
ness is supported by estimated thickness from meta-
morphosed cumulate rock (upper amphibolite facies).
Maximum pressure for the rock is up to 4 kbar or
about 10 km in thickness in crustal section (Kadarus-
man, 2002, unpublished data). The ESO thickness is
comparable with that of oceanic plateaus, which are
approximately 15 30 km thick (Condie, 2001). How-
ever, 8 km of crustal section of the ESO is far thinner
compared with crustal sections of oceanic plateaus.
The characteristics of the ESO are summarized as
follows.
(1) Residual peridotite of ESO is dominantly spinel
lherzolite intercalated with harzburgite, and dunite
resides on the top ultramafic unit. Peridotite from
Kabaena, Soroako and Kolonodale are concentrated
in the OSMA of Arai (1994) (Fig. 4a). The OSMA is a
spinel peridotite mantle restite trend, suggesting that
they are residual peridotites after extraction of the
basaltic melt and have not undergone metasomatism
by melt or fluids in a subduction zone setting (Arai,
1994). However, those from the Ampana plot outside
the OSMA, similar to the cumulate rocks from same
location. This may suggest that the peridotite from
Ampana underwent mantle metasomatism; this is also
supported by the presence of pargasitic amphibole in
Ampana peridotite.
The large variation of Cr# of Cr spinel of the ESO
peridotite in each location may suggest a large vari-
ation in the degree of melting of mantle peridotite in
response to differences of tectonic setting (Dick and
Bullen, 1984; Arai, 1994). Tectonic discrimination for
peridotite using spinel and olivine chemistry (Figs. 4
and 5) did not clearly indicate a single origin for the
ESO in different localities due to a large variation in
Cr# of spinel. Only majority of peridotite from
Kabaena is plotted in mid-oceanic origin, whereas
the rest of areas are possible for both mid-oceanic
ridge and SSZ/oceanic plateau origins. In general,
peridotites from Soroako and Kolonodale have higher
Cr# than those of Kabaena and Ampana (Fig. 4a and
b). Such spinel with higher Cr# and lower Mg# are
known from island arc-related tectonic settings and
from oceanic plateaus (Dick and Bullen, 1984). How-
ever, the clinopyroxene REE patterns of peridotite
suggest that the ESO have similarities to the mid-
 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583
Fig. 11. N-MORB normalized trace element spider diagram of ESO and NVC basalt (N-MORB normalized from Sun and McDonough, 1989).
oceanic ridge setting rather than suprasubduction zone
setting.
The very heterogeneous lithology of the peridotite
sequences and large differences in mineral chemistry
among the ultramafic rocks at several localities may
reflect heterogeneous source mantle and/or varying
degrees of partial melting. Predominance of harzbur-
gite and dunite in Soroako may indicate relatively high
degree of melting. In other areas where lherzolite is
common, the mantle must have undergone relatively
low degree of melting.
(2) The gabbroic unit comprises different litho-
logical types. It consists of massive gabbro, layered
gabbro, mafic and ultramafic cumulate and anortho-
site in descending order. The observed crystallization
sequence of cumulate and gabbro in the East Arm is
olivine ! (spinel) ! plagioclase ! clinopyroxene !
(orthopyroxene) ! (hornblende), which is similar to
MORB (e.g., Pearce et al., 1984). However, some
show crystallization of orthopyroxene earlier than
clinopyroxene. This non-MORB signature of crys-
tallization sequences is also supported by clinopyr-
75
oxene ! plagioclase crystallization sequences in
phenocrysts of basalt from various localities in the
Poh Head and Lamasi regions, suggesting an origin
in an oceanic plateau or island arc tholeiite (Pearce
et al., 1984; Nagahashi and Miyashita, 2002). How-
ever, the mineral chemistry data indicate that the
ESO gabbro has similarities with mid-oceanic ridge
rather than volcanic arc or SSZ setting (Fig. 6).
(3) Aphyric basalt is locally dominant in the ESO
and constitutes 60% of basalt collected from Poh
Head region. Aphyric basalt is the most common type
of basalt in oceanic plateau basalts and greenstone
belts, as shown in the Nauru Basin (more than 50%
from total samples collected) and Sorachi greenstone
belt (85%; see summary in Nagahashi and Miyashita,
2002). These two distinct petrographic features (i.e.,
crystallization order and aphyric texture) of the ESO
basalt suggest that it is different from MORB and
more similar to oceanic plateau basalt. The crystalli-
zation order for the basalt is: clinopyroxene ! plagio-
plagioclase. Appearance of olivine as phenocrysts in
ESO basalt samples is not common, but clinopyrox-
76 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583

ene is widespread. These features may indicate a non-
mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) origin for the ESO
basalt because clinopyroxene phenocrysts are a com-
mon feature for oceanic plateau basalt (OPB) (Naga-
hashi and Miyashita, 2002) and volcanic arc basalts
(Pearce et al., 1984), but not for MORB.
The major element discrimination diagram for
tholeiitic basalt and dolerite suggests that the volcanic
rocks of the ESO have geochemical signatures of mid-
oceanic ridge, oceanic plateau and minor arc basalt.
The REE pattern of ESO basalt is comparable to N-
MORB, but significant differences from N-MORB are
also recognized as shown in REE pattern of clinopyr-
oxene phenocrysts and the trace element spider dia-
gram. The latter indicate that the ESO more closely
resembles those of oceanic plateau and SSZ origins.
The petrological and geochemical characteristics
of various sections of the ESO are somewhat am-
biguous. We believe that this reflects the complex
nature of the ESO. The volcanic unit of the ESO
displays some co-genetic petrological and geochem-
ical characteristics from one locality to the next as
indicated in the previous petrological and geochem-
ical sections (i.e., Lamasi and Poh Head; Figs. 8 11,
Table 3); there are significant discrepancies within
the single peridotite units as shown by large varia-
tions in Cr# among the peridotite localities and
between the crustal and the peridotite units as well
as between different locations. There is no continu-
ous section from the crustal to the peridotite units,
even in the Pagimana Bunta section, which exposes
both the gabbroic and peridotite units, although they
are separated by fault zone.
Based on the crystallization sequences of cumulate
units, Ishiwatari (1985) classified ophiolites into the
following: Liguria-type (plagioclase), Yakuno-type
(clinopyroxene) and Papua-type (orthopyroxene), with
emphasize on the mineral following olivine in the
crystallization sequence. The earlier appearance of
clinopyroxene preceding plagioclase as in basalt from
both Lamasi and Poh Head is characteristic of the
Yakuno-type (a non-MORB ophiolite); this is consis-
tent with the appearance of clinopyroxene before
plagioclase in some cumulate rocks. The peridotite
unit in the Soroako area is very similar to the Yakuno-
type, where harzburgite is dominant (Table 3).

Table 3
Petrochemical characteristics of the ESO in comparison with three major ophiolites according to Ishiwatari (1985)
Ophiolite Lithology Residual peridotite Cumulate Basaltic rocks
Bulk Mineral Mineral Bulk Mineral
Al2O3 + Ol Fo Opx Spl Ycr Type Cpx FeO/MgO Al2O3 Cpx Cpx
CaO Al2O3 TiO2 TiO2 Na2O
Liguria type lherzolite 3.1 4.9 90.1 90.3 4.2 30 51 Pl 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.3 15.9 16.6 1.5 0.6
Yakuno type Cpx-bearing 1.1 2.2 90.0 91.8 1.2 2.7 34 71 Cpx 0.2 0.4 1.4 1.8 15.7 16.2 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.3
harzburgite
Papua type Cpx-free 0.2 1.0 91.6 92.4 0.1 1.3 61 85 Opx 0.1 1.3 1.9 13.6 14.5 0.6 0.3
harzburgite
ESO
Kabaena lherzolite 4.4 6.2 89.6 91.2 2.7 5.8 8.1 20
harzburgite 1.8 4.5 90.3 91.5 2.3 3.1 18 34
Soroako lherzolite 3.1 5.9 90.4 90.7 3.1 4.9 21 34
harzburgite 0.7 1.8 91.3 92.2 0.8 2.5 30 48
dunite 0.2 0.3 92.2 93.5 64 78
Kolonodale lherzolite 3.1 5.9 90.0 90.7 2.2 4.1 32 46
harzburgite 2.3 91.4 91.7 1.8 2.9 44 52
Boba lherzolite 90.0 90.3 2.8 3.5 13 25
Ampana lherzolite 4.4 6.4 88.6 91.2 1.8 3.9 10.1 23
harzburgite 1.1 88.8 89.1 0.9 3.8 22 34
Lamasi 1.1 3.4 13.2 16.3 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.2
Pagimana-Bunta Cpx 0.7 1.3 1.8 16 18.2
Poh Head Cpx 0.8 1.5 4.9 13.6 15.7 0.1 1.1 0.2 0.4
Other data sources and remarks are shown in Table 3 by Ishiwatari (1985).
 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583
The peridotites from the Kabaena, Kolonodale,
Boba and Ampana (East Arm) areas, where lherzolite
is dominant, suggest that Liguria-type MORB ophio-
lite based on the Ishiwatari classification of Table 3
(Ishiwatari, 1985) is not co-genetic with the crustal
unit of the ESO from either the Lamasi or Poh Head
region. Spinel and olivine compositions of peridotite
from these localities suggest different degrees of
partial melting or depletion of the mantle occurred
in each location. Dick and Bullen (1984) and Arai
(1994) suggested that the variation in the degree of
depletion (or partial melting) in the peridotite is a
response to differences of tectonic setting, as shown in
Figs. 4 and 5.
7.2. The origin of ESO
In this study, we have postulated three origins of the
ESO (mid-oceanic ridge, oceanic plateau and minor
island arc or SSZ). However, we believe that the mid-
oceanic and oceanic plateau origins are the most
consistent for the origin of the ESO for the following
reasons: (i) the 15-km ESO thickness is comparable
with the thickness of oceanic plateau rather than
normal oceanic lithosphere or normal ophiolite; (ii)
there are no or only minor olivine phenocrysts in the
basalt (OPB type); (iii) the aphyric basalt is the most
common type in the Poh Head area, suggesting OPB
origin; (iv) the observed crystallization sequence of
cumulate and gabbro and also phenocrysts of volcanic
basalt from various localities in the Poh Head and
Lamasi (plagioclase ! clinopyroxene for MORB-type
and clinopyroxene ! plagioclase for OPB type); (v)
the chemistry of clinopyroxene phenocryst of basalt
does not indicate simple N-MORB affinities (Fig. 8),
and covariation of the plagioclase and pyroxene in
gabbro shows MORB affinity and is clearly distinct
from volcanic arc or SSZ setting (Fig. 6a and b); (vi)
this is also consistent with the REE patterns of clino-
pyroxene in the peridotite unit, which are like abyssal
peridotites (Fig. 7); (vii) high Cr# of spinel of perido-
tite in Soroako and Kolonodale indicate high degree of
melting necessary to produce the large volume of
basalt that constitutes an oceanic plateau; and (viii)
the ESO basalt resembles N-MORB in terms of major
and trace element geochemistry in a broad sense, but
significant differences from N-MORB are also recog-
nized. Many ESO samples fall in the range of OPB,
77
similar to basalts in the OJP, SW Pacific and Mikabu
greenstone of Japan.
The N-MORB signatures of ESO basalt in Lamasi
and Poh Head have also been described by Bergman et
al. (1996) and Monnier et al. (1995), respectively
(Figs. 10 and 11). Two ocean basins near Sulawesi
have been considered for a decade to represent oceanic
analogs for the ESO (e.g., Banda Sea and Celebes
Sea). The drilled cores of tholeiitic basalt from those
two ocean basins are also plotted in Fig. 10; both show
N-MORB signatures. Therefore, we suggest that the
ESO basalt may not have a simple normal mid-oceanic
ridge origin; they may have originated from an oceanic
plateau, which was closely associated with a mid-
oceanic ridge.
Strong island arc features or SSZ origin for the ESO
basalt (i.e., crystallization sequence of phenocryst and
major element geochemistry) may be attributed to the
similarity of the petrological and geochemical features
of island arc and oceanic plateau basalts (Pearce et al.,
1984; Ozawa et al., 1999; Nagahashi and Miyashita,
2002) because oceanic plateaus have greater variabil-
ity in petrological and geochemical affinities. This is
also suggested by Cr# of Cr spinel in peridotite. Spinel
with higher Cr# is known from island arc-related
tectonic settings and from oceanic plateaus (Dick and
Bullen, 1984).
Depletion of Nb and Th enrichment generally
reflects forearc or backarc basin origins, or, in general,
it is called as suprasubduction zone (SSZ) ophiolite
(Pearce et al., 1984; Saunders and Tarney, 1984).
However, it should be noted that some basalts from
oceanic plateaus may have similar trace and rare earth
element patterns and abundance with island arc basalt
or SSZ volcanic rocks. This is because OPB has a
greater variability due to heterogeneous mantle source
(Juteau and Maury, 1999; Condie, 2001). In general,
both OIB and OPB have positive Nb and Ta anomalies,
in addition to enrichment in incompatible elements.
Some OJP basalt and Mikabu greenstone do not follow
all of the rest typical OPBs. They are rather depleted
and display heterogeneous mantle source character-
istics, as shown by a large variation in geochemical
signature (Mahoney et al., 1993; Neal et al., 1997;
Ozawa et al., 1999).
In addition to the possibly heterogeneous mantle
composition indicated by the ESO rocks, the discrep-
ancy in geochemical data for the origin of the ESO
78 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583
 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583 79

may be attributed to multiple or multistage tectonic
settings, as also discussed by Parkinson (1998) and in
the previous section. It is suggested by the differences
in mineral chemistry of peridotitic units of each
location and the noncogenetic relationships between
the crustal section and underlying peridotite units in
several localities. Although accurate age dating or
further geological data are not available yet, both
Lamasi and Poh Head Basalts have similar age ranges,
from Late Cretaceous to Neogene (i.e., 16 93 Ma for
Poh Head basalt and 16 137 Ma for Lamasi basalt;
data from Simandjuntak, 1987, 1992; Mubroto et al.,
1994; Monnier et al., 1995; Bergman et al., 1996;
Parkinson, 1998).
The most plausible interpretation of these facts are:
(i) the ESO is not a single coherent ophiolitic body,
but consists of a composite of imbricated slices of
ophiolite fragments with different origins, or (ii) the
ESO may have been formed at one tectonic setting
and was later overprinted by magmatism in different
environments through its birth to emplacement. We
believe that the latter may be suitable for the origin of
the ESO; it is one single ophiolite that has suffered a
multistage history. Therefore, we propose that the
origin of the ESO as an oceanic plateau be immedi-
ately followed by mid-oceanic ridge magmatism. The
volcanic arc/SSZ signatures of some ESO samples
indicate that the ESO may have been influenced by
arc magmatism during obduction or emplacement
onto the continental margin, as suggested by the
NVC cover on the ESO and the young age of some
ESO basalts.
Since Miyashiro (1973) proposed a SSZ zone origin
for the Troodos ophiolite based on major element
characteristics, followed by Pearce et al. (1984) and
Pearce (1991), most ophiolites worldwide have been
demonstrated to be of SSZ origin, especially Tethyan-
type ophiolites (Moores, 1982; Ishiwatari, 1994).
There are very few ophiolite massifs considered to
have formed at mid-oceanic ridges. However, in the
circum-Pacific (Ishiwatari, 1994) or Cordilleran-type
ophiolite belts (Moores, 1982), some may have orig-
inated in oceanic plateau/seamount settings since cir-
cum-Pacific ophiolites comprise diverse oceanic
materials of different origins (Isozaki et al., 1990;
Kimura et al., 1994; Kerr et al., 1997; Tatsumi et al.,
1998). Some ophiolites may have originated at mid-
oceanic ridges and were subsequently overprinted in
subduction environments (Sturm et al., 2000). There-
fore, multiple origins or multistage history for circum-
Pacific ophiolite such as the ESO may not be unusual.
7.3. Paleogeographic reconstruction and emplace-
ment of the ESO
The possible origin of the Cretaceous part the
ESO may be traced back by calculating paleoposi-
tions using previously published paleolatitude data
and a plate trajectory analysis with assumption that
the ESO is one single ophiolite that has suffered a
multistage history. Paleomagnetic data for the lava
sequence in the Balantak area (that yielded a Creta-
ceous K Ar radiometric age) indicate that the site of
generation was at latitude of 17 F 4jS (Mubroto et
al., 1994), which is 2000 km south of its present
position. The present study indicates that the ESO
may have both mid-oceanic ridge and oceanic pla-
teau origins. Therefore, it may have recorded a
migration period before being accreted at the present
position and it is possible to calculate the paleopo-
sition where the ESO was originally generated. If the
ESO formed in a SSZ setting, either along a conti-
nental margin or an island arc, it could have
recorded a very short period of migration from its
birth to its place of the accretion.
Considering that the ESO may have an oceanic
plateau origin, and that oceanic plateaus occur widely
in the Pacific Plate from the Late Cretaceous onwards
(Coffin and Eldholm, 1994), we made an assumption
that the ESO was originally part of the Pacific Plate.
However, none of the previous work has considered
the ESO as originating from the Pacific Plate (e.g.,

Fig. 12. Paleogeographic reconstruction of the ESO from Early Cretaceous (115 120 Ma) to Oligocene (30 35) together with several accreted
oceanic plateaus and oceanic island/seamounts which are currently present in the western Pacific. Paleogeography at 115 120 Ma (a), at 80 85
Ma (b), at 60 65 Ma (c) and at 30 35 Ma (d). NoteESOL: East Sulawesi Ophiolite, SG: Sorachi greenstone, MG: Mikabu greenstone, CCG:
Colombia Caribbean greenstone, HI: Hawaiian hotspot, SR: Shatsky Rise, MPM: Mid-Pacific Mountain, PB: Pigafeta basin, EMR: East
Mariana Ridge, OJP: Ontong Java Plateau, NB: Nauru basin, HR: Hess Rise, MP: Manihiki Plateau, LI: Line Island, DT: Deccan Trap, KER:
Kerguelen Plateau, BR: Broken Ridge, NR: Ninety East Ridge. See text for further explanation.
80 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583

Mubroto et al., 1994; Hall, 1996; Parkinson, 1998; We have used a plate trajectory method based on
Hall and Wilson, 2000). They all favor an Indian paleoplate reconstruction with respect to the fixed
Australian plate origin. hotspot framework of Engebretson et al. (1985). The

Fig. 13. Cartoon cross sections to show the tectonic history of the ESO from Early-Late Cretaceous to the present time. (a) The ESO was formed
near the huge composite mass of oceanic plateaus and seamounts by Pacific Superplume at 80 120 Ma. The ESO has moved to the west toward
the Sundaland continental margin afterward. (b) The ESO has commenced accretion onto the Sundaland margin at 30 40 Ma. (c) The
Banggai Sula microcontinent moved westward to initiate a new subduction zone, which formed the NVC volcanics, now covering the ESO. (d)
The ESO was further obducted by the buoyant subduction of the Banggai Sula microcontinent at 0 5 Ma.
 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583
oldest age of the ESO in the Lamasi area is Early
Cretaceous (137 Ma; Bergman et al., 1996) and is
regarded as the initial eruption time. The timing of
ESO obduction onto the Sundaland Craton is dated at
30 Ma (Parkinson, 1998; based on the K Ar age of
metamorphic sole). Therefore, the ESO has a ca. 107
m.y. migration period.
The paleoplate reconstructions are shown in a
series of four maps (Fig. 12). These maps are based
on reconstructions for a series of Cretaceous Pacific
oceanic plateaus such as Ontong Java Plateau, Shat-
sky Rise, Hess Rise, Nauru Basin and Mid-Pacific
Mountain chains and accreted oceanic plateaus in the
circum-Pacific orogenic belts from ca. 200 Ma to the
present, applying the plate-trajectory reconstruction
of Engebretson et al. (1985). As a result, the Carib-
bean ophiolites, Colombian greenstone, Mikabu
greenstone and Sorachi greenstone can all be traced
back to the proximity of the presently active region
of the Pacific Superplume. The calculated paleopo-
sition puts the ESO in the SW Pacific at 130 Ma,
near the huge composite mass composed of Pacific
oceanic plateaus and seamounts, which were gener-
ated by the Pacific Superplume (Larson, 1991; Mar-
uyama, 1994). This suggests that a part of the ESO
may have originated at the Pacific Superplume.
Moreover, the calculated paleopositions of other
obducted or accreted ophiolites/greenstone bodies
with OPB signatures in circum-Pacific orogenic belts
such as the Sorachi and Mikabu greenstones in Japan
and the Colombia greenstone in South America are
also close to the position of the Pacific Superplume.
In addition, Fig. 12 was constructed combining the
distribution, size and age of oceanic plateau and
seamounts based on Coffin and Eldholm (1994)
and continent distribution based on the paleogeo-
graphic reconstruction of Scotese et al. (1988). For
details of the Western Pacific paleoplate geography,
data from Isozaki et al. (1990), Kimura et al. (1994),
Maruyama et al. (1989) and Hall (1996) were added.
Those for the Colombia Caribbean greenstones and
adjacent areas were adapted from the paleoplate
geography of Kerr et al. (1997).
The postulated original location of the ESO on
the paleoplate reconstruction map is on the mid-
Pacific Plate at 137 Ma. At 120 Ma, the ESO broke
away from the rest of the composite mass of Pacific
oceanic plateaus and seamounts, generating by the
81
birth of a fast-spreading mid-oceanic ridge between
them; the ESO then moved westwards (Figs. 12a and
13a). At 85 65 Ma, the ESO moved further north-
westwards due to change of plate movement (Fig.
12b and c). The position of the ESO is consistent
with the paleolatitude given by the paleomagnetic
data at 80 Ma (Mubroto et al., 1994). At ca. 40 Ma
(Figs. 12d and 13b), the ESO reached a position very
close to the Sundaland margin and was trapped
behind the oceanic plate, which contained a micro-
continental fragment detached from the Australian
continental margin. This oceanic plate of continental
affinity was probably originally part of the Indo-
Australian Plate (Hall, 1996). Finally, the ESO was
obducted onto Sundaland margin at ca. 30 Ma
(Parkinson, 1998). Arc magmatism started at ca. 20
Ma, resulting from the westward subduction of the
Banggai Sula plate beneath the ESO (Fig. 13c). The
product of arc magmatism corresponds to the NVC
formation covering the basaltic layer of the ESO.
The Banggai Sula microcontinent started to collide
at ca. 10 Ma (Late Miocene) with the eastern part of
the ESO, causing widespread exposure of the ESO
on the land by virtue of buoyancy of the subduction
of continental lithosphere. Fig. 13d shows the final
position of ESO after the opening of the Makassar
Strait, which probably commenced at ca. 5 Ma (Hall
and Wilson, 2000).
Acknowledgements
The STA of Japan through the Superplume Project
financially supported geological mapping of the ESO.
We thank J. Soesilo of UPN Jogjakarta Indonesia for
his assistance in the fieldwork, T. Hirata, H. Yurimoto,
T. Ishii and T. Komiya for their help with geochemical
analyses and R. Soeria-Atmadja for critical reading
and comment of the manuscript. We particularly thank
the editors of the Special Issue (Yildirim Dilek and
Ron Harris) for giving us the opportunity to contribute.
Detailed and constructive reviews by Gregory Harper
and Paul T. Robinson contributed and significantly
improved the manuscript. Part of this study was
financially supported by the Ministry of Education and
Sport, Japan (Monbusho), as a postgraduate scholar-
ship and later by the Japan Society for the Promotion
of Sciences (JSPS) as a postdoctoral research fellow-
82 A. Kadarusman et al. / Tectonophysics 392 (2004) 5583
ship for young scientists (No. 01037) both for the first
author.
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