Caraga State University

College of Engineering and Information Technology

Ampayon, Butuan City 8600

GE 105 Theory of Errors and Adjustments

LEAST SQUARES
ADJUSTMENT
with CASIO fx-991 es plus Calculator Technique

Lecture 1

ENGR. BRODDETT B. ABATAYO, GE, REA

Part-time Lecturer GE division, CEIT, CSU, Ampayon, Butuan City
Research Assistant Phil-LiDAR 2 Project, CSU, Ampayon, Butuan City
Proprietor BPA ABATAYO Land Surveying Services 1
 GRADING SYSTEM

Major Exam 50%

Quiz 20%
Participation 20%
Attendance 10%
Total 100%

Passing rate 60%

Land Measurement Conversion Table
1 vara 33 inches
1 pin 1 tape length
1 pin 100 links
1 tally 10 pins
1 rod = 1 pole = 1 perch 25 links
1 link 0.66 ft.
1 yard 3 ft.
1 chain 4 rods
1 mile 8 furlongs
1 furlong 40 rods
1 acre
1 chain 4 rods
1 knot 6080.2 ft.
1 township 36 sections
1 section 640 acres
Pacing
 1 pace 1 stride
heel (Toe to toe) (Toe to toe)

toe
1 pace
(heel to heel) 1 stride
(heel to heel)
Example:

Given: distance AB is 20 meters.

number of paces is 23.

Determine the pace factor?

A B
20 m
Prob 1
1. A line was measured to have
5 tallies, 6 pins, and 63.5
links. How long is the line in
feet?
2. A line was measured with a
50 m tape. There were 5
tallies, 8 pins, and the
distance from the last pin to
the end line was 2.25 m. Find
the length of the line in
meters.
3. A distance was measured
and was recorded to have a
value equivalent to 8
perches, 6 rods, and 45
varas. Compute the total
distance in meters.
Ans. 1.) 5,663.5 ft
2.) 2,902.25 m
3.) 108.12 m
Prob 2
A line 100 m long was paced
by a surveyor for four times
with the following data: 142,
145, 145.5 and 146. Another
line was paced four times
again with the following
results: 893, 893.5, 891, and
895.5.
1. Determine the pace factor
2. Determine the average number
of paces for the new line
3. Determine the distance of the
new line
Ans. 1.) 0.691 m/pace
2.) 893.25 paces
3.) 617.236 m
 Errors and Mistakes
Error the difference between the true
and measured value of a quantity.

Mistakes inaccuracies in measurements

which occur because some aspect of
surveying works were done with
carelessness, poor judgment, improper
execution
 Statistical Formulas
A. Probable Error of Single D. Standard Error, S.E.
Observations, E
V 2
V 2 S .E.
E 0.6745 n(n 1)
n 1
E. Precision
B. Probable Error of the Mean, Em
Em P __
x
V 2 Where;
Em 0.6745
n(n 1) V=xx
x = observed/measured value of a
C, Standard Deviation, S.D. quantity
x = mean value
V 2
S .D. n = number of measurements
n 1
The following data shows the difference in
elevation between A and B.
Trial No. Diff. in Elevation
1 520.14
2 520.20
3 520.18
4 520.24
Determine:
1. the most probable diff. in elevation?
2.The standard deviation?
3. The probable error of the mean?
4. The standard error?
5. And the precision?
 Using fx-991 es plus

w mode type
3 statistics mode
1 single variable (x)

1. Most probable diff. in elevation?

 Using fx-991 es plus

2. Standard deviation ?

3. Probable error of the mean ?

4. Standard error ?
 Using fx-991 es plus

5. Precision ?
The following data shows the difference in elevation
between A and B.
Trial No. Diff. in Elevation
1 520.14
2 520.20
3 520.18
4 520.24
1. Determine the most probable diff. in elevation? 520.19
2.The standard deviation? 0.04
3. The probable error of the mean? 0.014
4. The standard error? 0.02
5. And the precision?
 Rules for Weighted Measurements

The weight (FREQ) is directly proportional to the

number of observations or measurements.

The weight (FREQ) is inversely proportional to the

square of the probable errors.

The weight (FREQ) is inversely proportional to the

distance.

The weight (FREQ) is inversely proportional to the

number of set ups.
Ex. The following data shows the diff. in elevation
between A and B.
Trial No. Diff. in Elevation No. of Measurements
1 520.14 1
2 520.20 3
3 520.18 6
4 520.24 8
Determine the :
1. most probable difference in elevation?
2. standard deviation?
3. probable error of the mean?
4. standard error?
5. precision?
 Using fx-991 es plus
1.) Press ON
Press MODE 3 1
3 Statistic mode
1 Single variable x
To change set up: w
Press SHIFT MODE DOWN 4 1
4 Stat mode set up
1 Frequency(weight) turn on
Input 520.14 = 520.20 = 520.18 =
520.24 = RIGHT DOWN
1= 3= 6= 8=
Press AC
Press SHIFT 1 4 2 =
Ans. X = 520.2077778
 Using fx-991 es plus

2.) Press SHIFT 1 4 4 =

Ans. sx = 0.03227739248
3.) Press 0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4
SHIFT 1 4 1 ) = w
Ans. 0.6745sx(n) = 0.005131497
4.) Press SHIFT144 SHIFT 141) =
Ans. sx(n) = 0.007607854
5.) Press 0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4
SHIFT 1 4 1 ) SHIFT 1 4 2 =
Ans. 0.6745sx(n)x= 9.8643x10^-6
Press X=
Ans = 101375.427 (denominator)
Ex. The following data shows the diff. in elevation
between A and B.
Trial No. Diff. in Elevation No. of Measurements
1 520.14 1
2 520.20 3
3 520.18 6
4 520.24 8
Determine the :
1. most probable difference in elevation? 520.208
2. standard deviation? 0.03
3. probable error of the mean? 0.005
4. standard error? 0.0076
5. precision? 1/101,375
 QUIZ 1 cross wise

1. From the measured values of 2. The following data shows the measured
distance AB, the following trials were distance between A and B. (20pts)
recorded. (10pts)
Trial Distance (m) Probable Error
Trial No. Distance (m) 1 100.860 0.02
1 120.68 2 100.690 0.04
2 120.84
3 100.750 0.06
3 120.76
4 120.64
4 101.020 0.08

Determine the:
Determine the:
a. Most probable dist. Bet. A and B.
a. Determine the Most Probable Dist.?
b. Standard deviation.
b. Probable Error of the Mean ? c. Probable error of the mean.
c. Standard Deviation? d. Standard error.
d. Standard Error? e. Precision.
e. Precision?
REVIEW :
Rules for Weighted Measurements

The weight (FREQ) is directly proportional to the

number of observations or measurements.

The weight (FREQ) is inversely proportional to the

square of the probable errors.

The weight (FREQ) is inversely proportional to the

distance.

The weight (FREQ) is inversely proportional to the

number of set ups.
 Ex. The following interior angles of a
triangle traverse were measured with
the same precision:
Value No. of
Angle
(Degrees) Measurements
A 39 3
B 65 4
C 75 2

Determine the most prob. value of :

a. angle A.
b. angle B.
c. angle C.
 Ex. The following interior angles of a
triangle traverse were measured with
the same precision:
Value No. of
Angle
(degrees) measurements
A 39 3
B 65 4
C 75 2 w

179
Determine the most prob. value of :
a. angle A.
b. angle B.
c. angle C.

Solution:
39 A 3 9 shift RCL (-)
65 B
75 C 7 5 shift RCL hyp

A+B+C =179
 To determine the error:
180-(A+B+C)= X

To determine the total weight:

Y

The corrected angle A is w

The corrected angle B is

B

The corrected angle C is

C

To check:
A+B+C =180
Ex. The following measured interior
angles of a five sided figure, compute the
following:
Station Angles # of measure
A 110 2
B 98 3
C 108 4
D 120 6
E 105 4

1. Probable value of angle A?

2. Probable value of angle C?
3. Probable value of angle D?
The following measured interior angles of
a five sided figure, compute the following:
Station Angles # of measure
A 110 2
B 98 3
C 108 4
D 120 6
E 105 4
541
1. Probable value of angle A?
2. Probable value of angle C?
3. Probable value of angle D?

Solution:
110 A 1 1 0 shift RCL (-)
98 B
108 C
120 D
105 E

A+B+C+D+E= 541
 13.33333333

6.666666667
The following interior angles of a
seven sided figure: Determine the following :
Angle Value measurements
1. MPV of angle A. ________
A 138 2 2. MPV of angle B. ________
B 140 4 3. MPV of angle C. ________
C 121 7 4. MPV of angle D. ________
D 119 3
5. MPV of angle E. ________
E 137 8
6. MPV of angle F. ________
F 126 6
G 120 5 7. MPV of angle G. ________
Ex. A base line measured with an invar tape, and with a
steel tape as follows:

Set I (Invar tape) Set II (Steel tape)

571.185 571.193
571.186 571.190
571.179 571.185
571.180 571.189
571.183 571.182

1. What are the most probable value under each set.

2. What are the probable errors under each set.
3. What is the most probable value of the two sets.
4. What is the probable error of the general mean.
MODE 3 2 (input all data and FREQ turn off)
X Y
571.185 571.193
571.186 571.190
571.179 571.185
571.180 571.189
571.183 571.182
Press AC
1. SHIFT 1 4 2 =
Ans. x=571.1826 A
SHIFT 1 4 5 =
Ans. y=571.1878 B
 571.1826

2. 0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4 SHIFT 1 4 1 ) =

Ans. 0.000919895 C
0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 7 SHIFT 1 4 1 ) =
Ans. 0.00130442 D 571.1878
3. MODE 3 1 (FREQ turn on)

X FREQ
A
B

Press AC

SHIFT 1 4 2 =
Ans. x = 571.1843271
4. MODE 1
 FULL SOLUTION

MODE 3 2 (input all data and FREQ turn off) MODE 3 1 (FREQ turn on)
X Y
X FREQ
571.185 571.193
A
571.186 571.190
B
571.179 571.185
571.180 571.189 Press AC
571.183 571.182
Press AC 3. SHIFT 1 4 2 =
1. SHIFT 1 4 2 = Ans. x = 571.1843271
Ans. x=571.1826 A
SHIFT 1 4 5 =
Ans. y=571.1878 B
MODE 1
2. 0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4 SHIFT 1 4 1 ) =
Ans. 0.000919895 C
0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 7 SHIFT 1 4 1 ) =
Ans. 0.00130442 D
1. The following data observed are 2. Determine the most probable value
the difference in between BM1 and of the angles about a given point.
BM2 running a line levels over four
different routes.
Value No. of
Angle
Route Diff. in Elev. (m) Probable Error (degrees) measurements

1 340.22 02 A 1301503" 5

2 340.30 04 B 1423721" 6

3 340.26 06 C 870718" 2

4 340.32 08

a. What is the weight of route 2 Determine the most prob. value of :

assuming of route 1 is equal to 1? a. angle A.
b. angle B.
b. Determine the most probable c. angle C.
value of difference in elevation ?

c. If the elevation of BM1 is

650.42m. What is the elevation of
BM2 assuming it is higher than
BM1?
 Solution:
0.25 / 0.25 = 1
ON MODE 3 1 (stat mode)
SHIFT MODE DOWN 4 1 (freq on)

X FREQ

1 340.22 2 0.0625 / 0.25 = 0.25

2 340.30

3 340.26

4 340.32 8
a. weight of route 2
b. AC SHIFT 1 4 2 =
c. AC 650.42 + SHIFT 1 4 2 =
Weight of route 2 if
weight of route 1 is
equal to 1
2. Determine the most probable value To determine the error:
of the angles about a given point. 360-(A+B+C)= X

B To determine the total weight:

A 5 + 6 + 2 = Y
C

The corrected angle A is

Angle Value measurements
A + (5)X/Y = A
A 1301503" 5 ans. 130157.15"
B 1423721" 6
C 870718" 2 The corrected angle B is
B + (6)X/Y = B
Determine the most prob. value of : ans. 1423724.46"
a. angle A.
b. angle B.
c. angle C. The corrected angle A is
C + (2)X/Y = C
Solution: ans. 870728.38"
1301503" A
1423721 B To check:
870718" C A+B+C =360
 QUIZ 2 cross wise

1. The following data shows the measured 2. Determine the most probable value
distance between A and B. (30pts) of the angles about a given point.
(20pts)
# of Distance Probable
Trial Value No. of
set-ups (m) Error Angle
(degrees) measurements
1 3 100.860 02 A 1301503" 5
2 2 100.690 04 B 1423721" 6
3 4 100.750 06 C 870718" 2

4 1 101.020 08
Determine the most prob. value of :
Determine the: a. angle A.
a. Most probable distance between b. angle B.
A and B. c. angle C.
b. Standard deviation.
c. Probable error of the mean.
d. Standard error.
e. Precision.
 # of set- Distance Probable
Trial
ups (m) Error
1 3 100.860 02
2 2 100.690 04
3 4 100.750 06
4 1 101.020 08
2. Determine the most probable value To determine the error:
of the angles about a given point. 360-(A+B+C)= X

B To determine the total weight:

A 5 + 6 + 2 = Y
C

The corrected angle A is

Angle Value measurements
A + (5)X/Y = A
A 1301503" 5 ans. 130157.15"
B 1423721" 6
C 870718" 2 The corrected angle B is
B + (6)X/Y = B
Determine the most prob. value of : ans. 1423724.46"
a. angle A.
b. angle B.
c. angle C. The corrected angle A is
C + (2)X/Y = C
Solution: ans. 870728.38"
1301503" A
1423721 B To check:
870718" C A+B+C =360
 END

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Email Add: broddett_25@yahoo.com

Contact No. 09468504583

Broddett B. Abatayo, GE, REA

Lecturer