FireClass Consultants Guide PDF

section one guide to design, installation,commissioning and maintenance of fire
systems in non domestic premises
Consultants Guide
contents
About this manual Purpose 1

Readership 3
Electronic Format 4
Acknowledgments 4

Section One: Guide to
Design of
Fire Systems
1.
Introduction 7
1.1 Planning the System 10
1.1.1 The role of fire risk assessment and fire engineering 11
1.1.2 Variations from BS 5839-1 12
1.1.3 Type of system 13
1.1.4
Servicing arrangements 13
1.1.5
Planning flowchart 16

2. Selecting the category of protection and coverage 17
2.1 Category M manual 18
2.2 Category L5 life 18
2.7 Category P2 property 21
2.8 Category P1 property 22

3. Detector zones and alarm zones 23
3.1 The meaning of a detection zone and alarm zone 23
3.2 The purpose of detection zones 23
guide to design of fire systems section one

contents
3.3 Detection zone configuration guidelines 24

3..4 Detection zone safeguards 25

4 Which type of fire detection and alarm system? 29
4.1
Conventional systems 29
4.1.1
Detection zones 29
4.1.2 Detectors and call points 30
4.2
Addressable systems 30
4.2.1 Operation of addressable systems 31
4.2.2 Detectors and call points 31
4.2.3
Output devices 33
4.3 Digital addressable systems 34
4.3.1 Operation of analogue addressable detectors 34
4.3.1.1
Detector prealarm warning 36
4.3.1.2
Detector alarm threshold compensation 37
4.3.1.3
Detector condition monitoring 38
4.3.1.4
Detector sensitivity setting 39

5.
Detector suitability 41
5.1 General fire system engineering principles 41
5.2 Detector selection for a particular area 43
5.2.1
Smoke detectors 43
5.2.2
Heat detectors 44
5.2.3 Heat-enhanced Carbon monoxide fire detectors 47
5.2.4
Flame detectors 49
5.2.5 Optical beam detectors 52
5.2.6
Aspirating detectors 56
5.2.7 Duct probe unit 58

6.
Detector coverage 60
6.1 Spacing under flat ceilings 60
6.2 Spacing under pitched ceilings 62
6.3 Spacing in corridors 63
6.4
Stairways 63
6.5 Lift shafts and other flue-like structures 64
6.6
Obstructions 64
section one guide to design of fire systems

contents
6.7 Honeycomb ceilings 66

6.8 Closely spaced structural beams and floor joists 67
6.9
Ceiling heights 69
6.10 Walls and partitions 71
6.11
Voids 71
6.12
Perforated ceilings 72
6.13
Ventilation 72
6.14
Lantern-lights 73

7. Manual break glass call points 74
7.1
General information 74
7.2 Siting of manual call points 74

8. Limitation of false alarms 77
8.1 Role of the designer 77
8.2 Categories of false alarm 80
8.3 Requirements for service technicians 80
8.4 False alarm rates 81
8.5 Causes of false alarms 84
8.6 Practical measures to limit false alarms 85
8.6.1 Siting and selection of manual call points 86
8.6.2 Selection and siting of automatic fire detectors 87
8.6.3 Selection of system type 89
8.6.4 Protection against electromagnetic interference 90
8.6.5 Performance monitoring of newly commissioned systems 91
8.6.6
Filtering measures 92
8.6.7
System management 96
8.6.8 Servicing and maintenance 97
8.6.9 New non compliances 97

9. Means of giving warning to occupants 98
9.1 Sound pressure level 98
9.2 Discrimination and frequency 101
9.3
Sound continuity 101
9.4 Audible alarms in noisy areas 101
9.5
Alarm zones 102
9.6 External fire alarm devices 103

contents
9.7 Voice alarm systems and voice sounders 103

9.8 Fire alarm warnings for deaf people 104

10. Control and indicating equipment 105
10.1 Siting of control and indicating equipment 105
10.2 Location of origin of the fire 106
10.3 Security of control equipment 106
10.4 Networked control panels 107

11.
Power supplies 108
11.1
Mains supply 108
11.2
Standby supply 109
11.2.1 Life protection (category M and L systems) 109
11.2.2 Property protection (category P systems) 110
11.2.3 Calculation of standby battery capacity 110

12.
Cabling considerations 113
12.1 Recommended cable types 113
12.2
Cable suitability 114
12.3
Conductor sizes 117
12.4
Segregation 117
12.5 Cable colour coding 118
12.6 Joints in cables 119
12.7
Cable support 119
12.8 Mechanical protection of cables 120

13. Communication with the fire service 121
13.1 Automatic transmission of alarm signals 121
13.1.1 Category L systems 122
13.1.2 Category P systems 123
13.2 Methods of automatic transmission 123
13.3 Standards for Alarm Receiving Centres (ARCs) 123


contents
14. System installation 124

14.1 Siting of equipment 125
14.2
Installation work 125
14.3 Inspection and testing 126
14.4 Commissioning and handover 127

15.
Documentation 131
16.
Maintenance 133
16.1
Routine testing 133
16.2
Servicing 134
17. Responsibilities of user 136

section two An introduction to the suite of EN54 standards
contents
Section Two:
Introduction 141

Control and Indicating equipment 151

Fire alarm devices - sounders 156

Power supply equipment 161

Heat detectors - point detectors 166
Smoke detectors 173
Flame detectors 178
Manual call points 182
Smoke detectors - line type 188
Compatibility assessment of system components 192
Voice alarm control and indicating equipment 195
Short circuit isolators 201
Input /output devices 205
Aspirating smoke detectors 208
Alarm transmission and fault warning routing equipment 214
Fire alarm devices - visual alarm devices 218
section two guide to design, installation,commissioning and maintenance of fire systems in non domestic premises
section two an introduction to the suite of EN54 standards
contents

Section Two:
Components of voice alarm systems - loudspeakers 224

Components using radio links 229
Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive 232

atmospheres Intrinsic safety I
Fixed firefighting systems - components for gas 238

extinguishing systems
guide to design, installation,commissioning and maintenance of fire systems in non domestic premises section two
page1

about this manual
Purpose This manual is a consultants guide to

the contents and usage of the British
The Code of Practice for fire detection Standard Code for the design, insta-
and alarm systems for buildings (BS llation and maintenance of fire detec-
5839- 1) is a detailed and comprehen- tion and alarm systems for buildings
sive document which requires careful (BS 5839-1). Throughout the manual,
reading to fully understand its requi- where it was necessary to reference
rements and latest approach to ensu- this long title, we will simply refer to it
ring the safety of buildings and their as the Code.
occupants from the ever present threat
of fire. The Code is divided into seven sec-
tions. The first section is intended to be
The purpose of this manual is to proof general interest to all users, the se-
vide a stepbystep approach to the cond is intended to be of interest to the
necessary guidelines described in BS system designer, architect or electrical
5839-1, so that users can achieve engineer. The third section attempts
maximum benefit from the recom- to address one of the major problems
mendations. This should assist in the plaguing fire detection systems in Bri-
task of choosing the best options, tain today, that of false and unwanted
help in preparing the specification of alarms. This section offers advice and
the fire protection system and assist best practices for the successful mana-
architects, designers and electrical gement of false alarms. The fourth sec-
engineers in providing the most cost tion is for the installer with a link to sec-
effective system solution that meets tion five which covers commissioning
the needs of the user. and handover of the system. Section

about this manual
six recognises the importance of good follow through the design phase, the
planned maintenance and the seventh installation phase and use of the sys-
section is for the user. Each section con- tem phase without strictly following
tains commentary followed by recom- the Code as sectionalised.
mendations. It is the recommendations
that are used to audit a system. This manual is a guideline to the Code only
and as such it is important to read this ma-
In practice, more than one organisation nual in conjunction with the Code so that
or company is usually involved in the all aspects can be fully understood.
design of the system and its installation.
The Code recognises these different res- This manual is not a replacement for
ponsibilities and takes a modular appro- the Code.
ach to the process of contracting when
installing a fire alarm system. Further- The manual consists of two sections.
more, the Code recognises that, in most
cases, the user is unlikely to buy a copy Section 1: Guide to Design of Fire
of the Code in order to learn about his Systems
responsibilities. In fact, the Code recom-
mends that the installer should instruct This section contains information taken
the user on his responsibilities. from the planning and design guideli-
nes described in BS 5839-1.
It is often a requirement that individual
organisations or individual persons
need to be familiar with all aspects of
the Code. In this manual, therefore, we

page 3

about this manual
Section 2: Specification for a Digital to produce a definitive specification of

Addressable Fire System your design.
This section contains a sample specifi- Readership

cation for an a digital addressable fire
system. The information in the spe- This manual has been prepared for use
cification may be edited and used in by architects, designers and electrical
specifications for fire system designs engineers responsible for the design,
as appropriate. The text of the speci- specification and installation of fire pro-
fication is available for download. By tection and alarm systems intended for
using the sample specification, you can use in medium to large size buildings,
save yourself a considerable amount of for example, schools, hotels, hospitals,
time and effort because much of what office complexes, shopping precincts,
is contained in the sample specifica- supermarket stores, airports, ware-
tion is applicable to almost all fire pro- houses, etc.
tection system designs. Simply load
the specification file into your favourite The information provided herein is in-
word processing package and edit it to tended specifically for the use of ap-
reflect the specification of your system propriately qualified and experienced
design. Although the sample specifica- persons as stipulated in the Foreword to
tion describes the most common ele- BS 5839-1.
ments of a digital addressable fire sys-
tem design, you will obviously have to
delete some existing clauses and add
new clauses as appropriate in order

contents
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledges the use of

certain extracts taken from the Code
and thanks the British Standards Insti-
tution for allowing the use of some of
its material.

responsabilities of user
1. Introduction lified designers to plan and design fire de-

tection and alarm systems suitable for use
Fire detection and alarm systems are de- in any type of building or installation.
signed to provide warning to the outbreak
of fire, so allowing evacuation and appro- As mentioned above, the designer of a
priate fire fighting action to be taken before fire detection and alarm system bears a
the situation gets out of control. Systems great responsibility because the safety of
may be designed primarily to protect pro- personnel, property and the continuing
perty or life, or to protect against interrup- operation of the business rests with him.
tion to a clients business from fire; some Occasionally, particular problems may oc-
systems may be designed to achieve any cur which are not covered in this manual.
combination of these objectives. It is es- In such cases it is most important that you
sential that the designer understands the seek specialist advice at an early stage.
objective(s) of the system. This places a
great responsibility on the designer becau- When designing a fire detection and alarm
se each building will present a different set system, in addition to deciding the type of
Section one
of problems in relation to satisfying the ob-
jective. Each fire detection and alarm sys-
system, detectors, call points and soun-
ders to be used etc., there are also other
Guide to design installation,
tem therefore must be specifically desig-
ned to meet the requirements of the client
aspects which need to be considered.
These include measures to limit false and
for each building. commissioning and
unwanted alarms, method of installation,
materials required during installation, user
maintenance
Once the objective(s) has been defined, in
designing a system, particular considera-
of fire systems
training, routine maintenance procedures,
and service agreement. For any system to
tion must be given to the type of building, function reliably and provide problem free
its construction and the purpose for which service throughout the life of the system,
it is being used, so that in the event of a fire, all of these aspects must be considered in
the fire detection system, combined with the overall system design and plan.
appropriate fire prevention procedures,
will keep fire risk to a minimum. What is the BAFE Modular Scheme?
The information provided herein is inten- The British Approvals for Fire Equipment
ded to help and enable appropriately qua- (BAFE) modular scheme, SP203, was
part one guide to design of fire systems

page 7

introduction

of problems in relation to satisfying the ob- system, detectors, call points and soun-
jective. Each fire detection and alarm sys- ders to be used etc., there are also other
tem therefore must be specifically desig- aspects which need to be considered.
ned to meet the requirements of the client These include measures to limit false and
for each building. unwanted alarms, method of installation,
Once the objective(s) has been defined, in training, routine maintenance procedures,
designing a system, particular considera- and service agreement. For any system to

introduction
launched in 2002 and has been prepa- design, installation and commissioning.
red for the third party certification of com- Before the BAFE certificate of complian-
panies involved in the: ce can be issued, however, an additional
process, known as verification, must be
Design carried out. This essentially ensures that
Installation the design drawn up at the beginning of
Commissioning and handover the process remains valid at the end of
Maintenance of fire detection and alarm the process.
systems and/or fixed fire suppression
systems. What is LPS 1014?
The scheme has four modules in recogni- LPS 1014 is a standard against which
tion of the fact that a different company the Loss Prevention Certification Board
may undertake each module. Thus, for (LPCB) assesses the ability of companies
example, a consulting engineer can be to design, install, commission and servi-
certificated under the scheme for design ce fire detection and alarm systems.
of fire detection and alarm systems, whe-
reas fire alarm contractors will normally be This scheme has also been adopted by
certificated for all four modules. An electri- BAFE.
cal contractor, on the other hand, could
be certificated purely for the installation By specifying a company which is certifi-
module. The scheme is, therefore, desig- cated to LPS 1014, you can be confident
ned to reflect the way in which fire alarm that your fire detection and alarm system
contracts actually operate, and it parallels will be installed competently to the codes
BS 5839-1, which is divided into separate of practice that you specify (e.g. BS 5839-
sections containing recommendations for 1) and that the company can provide the
design, installation, commissioning/ han- necessary maintenance service required
dover and maintenance. to maintain a valid LPS 1014 Certificate of
Conformity.
A BAFE certificate of compliance is issued
to the completed system, provided firms For a company to be LPS 1014 Certificated
certificated under the scheme have been it must fulfil the following requirements:
responsible for, and issued certificates for,

page 9

introduction
Have two years continuous experience pany, provided their requirements have
in design, installation, commissioning been taken into account in the design.
and servicing of systems.
Environmental Issues :
Have randomly selected installations
inspected by the LPCB every six months Restriction on the use of Hazardous
against the specified contract materials, (RoHS)
requirements. Certificates must reliably
identify any variations from the From 2014 RoHS is mandatory and a level
Installation Rules applied. set which manufacturers will not be able
Have the resources to support systems in to exceed. Those seeking to install sys-
case of a break down with 8hour emer- tems or specify a particular manufacturers
gency call out service. systems and products should satisfy them-
Be competently capable of performing selves that these requirements are met.
the planned servicing of installations.
Have suitably trained and experienced Registration, Evaluation,Authorisation
staff. and Restriction of Chemicals, (REACH)
Operate a BS EN ISO 9000 quality
system. This is an EU Regulation of December
2006 which addresses the production
When an LPS 1014 approved company and use of chemical substances and their
completes each installation contract, the potential impacts on health and the envi-
client is issued with a Certificate of Confor- ronment. Key dates for compliance, based
mity. Copies of these certificates are also upon tonnage manufactured or impor-
forwarded to the LPCB. The LPCB use their ted were 2010, 2013 and going forward
copies of the certificates to choose ran- 2018. Manuafacturers and suppliers
domly which installations to inspect. should be able to demonstrate compliance
when requested.
An installation designed, installed, com-
missioned and maintained by a firm cer-
tificated under LPS 1014 will be likely to
meet the statutory requirements of the fire
brigade and satisfy your insurance com-

introduction
Inventory of Hazardous Materials associated documentation which form

(Green Passport) the invitation to tender will indicate any
weaknesses, errors or omissions in the
Green passport is a marine requirement design. The specification of the system
which was introduced to ensure that all therefore should be prepared with great
materials used in the construction of a ship care, thus ensuring that all requirements
are safe. Despite this any materials which of the system are covered.
are confirmed as safe will provide the
same green benefits to all parties, manu- Clause 6 of BS 5839-1 defines the res-
facturers, installers, maintainers and users ponsibilities of the designer of the sys-
irrespective of whether the system is insta- tem, particularly in terms of exchange of
lled on dry land or in a marine environment. information and consultation with other
An inventory of Hazardous materials is a parties.
list of hazardous materials, waste and sto-
res. Once the IHM has been developed a The key parties with whom the designer
Statement of Compliance is required. SOC needs to consult are the user or purchaser
or Green passport as it is known is a self of the system and any relevant consul-
certification process. tants, including architects, M&E consul-
tants and fire engineering consultants.
Products should be independently asses-
sed in order to ensure compliance and to Before design begins, the designer should
support the issuing of a Green passport. ensure that he understands the objectives
The use of safe Green Passport certi- of the system. Is it merely to satisfy legisla-
fied products are to be encouraged in all tive requirements for the protection of life?
situations. Instead, or in addition, is it to protect pro-
perty, perhaps in order to satisfy insurers
1.1 Planning the System requirements? Is it intended to minimize
disruption to the business in the event of
This task is probably the most impor- fire? It is the responsibility of the user or
tant of all because mistakes made here purchaser of the system (or a consultant
may have a fundamental effect on the acting on their behalf) to consult with
category and operation of fire detection the relevant enforcing authorities (e.g.
and alarm system. The specification and building control and the fire authority)

page 11

introduction
and, where relevant, the insurers to de- plified the law on fire safety by replacing
termine their requirements. These requi- over 70 separate pieces of fire safety
rements should then be passed on to the legislation. The order now placed tho-
designer. Where the designer is in any se responsible for fire safety in business
doubt, he should endeavour to clarify ( responsible persons ) to carry out a fire
the requirements by discussion with the risk assessment, and the findings must
user or purchaser, and he should make be documented if the employer employs
clear to the client the nature and objec- five or more employees. This requirement
tives of the protection that he proposes applies even if the premises have been
to design. accepted by enforcing authorities under
other fire safety legislation, such as the
The design of the system should be driven Fire Precautions Act. The Responsible
by the fire safety strategy for the building, Person needs to identify the fire precau-
including the required evacuation proce- tions that should be taken by means of
dures. For example, to support the proce- a fire risk assessment. The designer of a
dures, a two-stage alarm might be neces- fire alarm system for an existing building
sary. It is too late to develop fire procedures needs to be aware of any relevant findings
once the system has been designed. The of the fire risk assessment.
designer needs to understand the clients
intended fire procedures to ensure that Most buildings will need a manual fire
these can be supported by the system. On alarm system to protect occupants. Where
the other hand, at the time of initial design, people sleep in the building, comprehensi-
sufficient information is not always availa- ve coverage by fire detection will also be
ble. In such cases, the consultant may need necessary. The fire risk assessment might
to leave some flexibility for amendment of also identify the need for fire detection in
the design to suit the final procedures and specified areas of a building in which no
the particular system that is supplied. one sleeps. Sometimes, the fire detection
is necessary to compensate for shortco-
1.1.1 The Role of Fire Risk mings in other fire precautions, in which
Assessment and case the fire risk assessment should iden-
Fire Engineering tify the level of coverage required.
The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) order The fire precautions, such as means of
2005, introduced in October 2006, sim- escape, in many complex modern buildings

introduction
do not necessarily follow the guidance in llation difficulties, to achieve a cost effec-
traditional prescriptive codes of practice. tive design, etc. A variation could be as
Instead, a fire engineering solution is adop- simple as a small departure from some
ted, whereby a package of integrated fire dimension specified in the code (e.g. maxi-
protection measures achieve a standard of mum distance of travel to the nearest
fire safety that is, at least, equivalent to the manual call point) or as significant as the
safety offered by the prescriptive code. Of- omission of fire detectors from an area
ten, automatic fire detection is one of the that is judged to be of such low hazard as
measures included in the package. The de- to make fire detection unnecessary.
signer of the fire alarm system should take
great care, in this case, to ensure that the Care should be taken to ensure that the re-
system meets the needs of the fire enginee- commendations of the code regarding va-
ring solution. This might necessitate consul- riations are followed exactly. The specific
tation with the fire engineer responsible for recommendations in question are that:
the fire engineering solution.
The variations should be clearly identi
1.1.2 Variations from BS 5839-1 fied, so that they are obvious to all inter-
ested parties, such as the user, purcha-
BS 5839-1 is a code of practice, rather than ser, enforcing authority or insurer.
a rigid standard. It contains recommenda- Any variations identified or proposed
tions that will be suitable in most circums- during the installation or commissioning
tances, rather than inflexible requirements. of the system, but not at the design
This means that the consultant may adopt stage, should be documented for
variations from the recommendations subsequent agreement , as described
of the code to suit the particular needs of above.
the building.
This does not mean that the recommen- The variations should be agreed by all the
dations should be ignored. They should interested parties.
always be considered and, normally,
followed. However, the designer might All variations should be listed in the design
adopt a variation on the basis of a fire risk certificate that is issued by the consultant.
assessment or his engineering judgement,
practical considerations arising from insta-

page 13

introduction
1.1.3 Type of System can provide early warning of fire with

less potential for false and unwanted
Early in the planning of the system, the alarms than smoke detectors. Flame de-
consultant needs to consider what type of tectors may be appropriate for special
system is appropriate. For example, con- risks, such as areas in which there are
sideration should be given to whether the flammable liquids.
system should be conventional or digital
addressable. The two types of system are 1.1.4 Servicing Arrangements
compared and contrasted in Section 4.
As a general rule, conventional systems Servicing arrangements are important be-
are appropriate only in buildings of limi- cause they represent a hidden cost to the
ted size and complexity, where a simple user. Some systems may require regular
indication of the zone in which there is a attendance by a service engineer in order
fire will be sufficient. In other buildings, to maintain the system at a high efficiency
an indication of the exact location of the level. Not only does the engineer have to
detector(s) that has responded to a fire, be paid for, but his presence may also cau-
provided by an addressable system, will se disruption to the daytoday operation
be of value. of the business. The latter element may ac-
tually be much more important to the end
Digital addressable systems are recogni- user than the service cost.
sed as having a lower potential for false
and unwanted alarms than conventional Section 6 of the code specifies recommen-
systems. The code recommends that sys- dations for maintenance. This includes
tems with a high number of smoke detec- weekly tests and periodic inspection and
tors (e.g. more than 100 detectors) should servicing. Clause 45.3 states that, if some
be of the digital addressable type. of the functions are tested automatically
then the manufacturer can specify that
Early consideration of the type of detectors some periodic testing can be omitted. This
to be used will also be needed. Heat detec- can pay off in servicing requirements since
tors will be the most immune to false and the end user can see the financial advan-
unwanted alarms in most circumstances, tages of such a system. It should be noted
but will not generally provide as early a that, if servicing requirements are included,
warning of fire as smoke detectors or it means that the quotation should also in-
multisensor fire detectors. In some cir- clude the costs of the recommended sys-
cumstances, multisensor fire detectors tem maintenance.

introduction
fig 1. Fire Planning and Design Flowchart (section1)

page 15

fig 1. Fire Planning and Design Flowchart (section2)

introduction
1.1.5 Planning Flowchart
To assist with designing and specifying a

typical fire alarm system the planning flow-
chart shown in Figure 1 on pages 14 and
15, has been produced to provide a logical
guide.This flowchart maps the main activi-
ties that should be considered when plan-
ning and designing a fire detection and
alarm system. The side notes added to cer-
tain activity boxes are included for the pur-
pose of directing the reader to relevant sec-
tions of this manual, where further detailed
information can be found.

page 17

selecting the category of protection and coverage
2. Selecting the Category of The two Categories are then further sub-
Protection and Coverage divided, according to the extent of covera-
ge by automatic fire detection.
After initially consulting with all interested
parties, the first decision to be made when Life Protection (Category L)
designing a fire detection and alarm sys-
tem is a simple choice of establishing the This classification provides for the pro-
purpose of the system, that is whether it tection of life, that is the safety of the oc-
is for protecting the building, its contents cupants. It caters for the detection of a
and business continuity (Property Protec- fire, initiates an alarm of fire, and provides
tion) or enhancing the safety of the occu- sufficient time for the occupants to escape
pants (Life Protection). British Standard BS from the building.
5839-1 categorises systems according to
their purpose and the extent of protection Category L5
to be afforded. The protected area and/or the location of
detectors is designed to satisfy a specific
If it is determined that there should be no fire safety objective. This may be defined
automatic detection, a simple system com- in a fire engineering solution or from a fire
prising sounders and break glass call points risk assessment.
alone might suffice. This type of system is
described as a Category M system. Category L4
Covers those parts of the escape routes
Manual (Category M) comprising circulation areas and circula-
tion spaces, such as corridors and airways.
Category M
A manual system, incorporating no auto- Category L3
matic fire detectors. Covers escape routes and rooms opening
onto escape routes (detectors may be si-
Clause 5 of the code divides systems that tuated adjacent to the door onto the
incorporate automatic fire detection into escape route).
two main Categories, according to whe-
ther the objective is life safety (Category
L) or property protection (Category P).

Category L2 devices, in the event of fire, it has to be ma-

Covers the areas protected by Category nually initiated by activating a call point.
3 system plus other areas where it is consi-
dered that there is a high fire hazard and/ 2.2 Category L5 - Life
or fire risk.
Often the design of a Category L5 system
Category L1 is based on a fire risk assessment or ari-
Total coverage throughout the building. ses from a fire engineering solution. The
system may be provided to compensate
Property Protection (Category P) for some departure from the normal re-
commendations of prescriptive fire pro-
This classification provides for the protec- tection codes, such as those dealing with
tion of property and its contents. It caters means of escape. A Category L5 system
for the automatic detection of a fire, initia- may also be provided as part of the ope-
tes an alarm of fire, and results in summo- rating system for a fire protection system
ning of the fire brigade (which may be by (e.g. a smoke control system).
a means of automatic transmission of fire
signals to an Alarm Receiving Centre). The Category L5 system could be as simple
as one that incorporates a single automatic
Category P2 fire detector in one room, but a Category L5
Covers areas of high fire hazard or high system could also comprise comprehensi-
risk to property or business continuity ve fire detection throughout large areas of
from fire. a building in which, for example, structural
fire resistance is less than that normally
Category P1 specified in the circumstances.
Total coverage throughout the building.
The protection afforded by a Category L
2.1 Category M Manual system might, or might not, incorporate
that provided by a Category L2, L3 or
This is the simplest form of fire alarm sys- L4 system.
tem. It provides basic protection by break
glass call points and sounders only. As this
type of system has no automatic detection

page 19

2.3 Category L4 - Life Detectors installed within the escape

routes can be optical, CO or multisensor
In a Category L4 system, automatic fire detectors.
detection is only provided within escape
routes comprising circulation areas and 2.4 Category L3 - Life
circulation spaces, such as corridors and
stairways. A Category L4 system will not The purpose of a Category L3 system is
necessarily provide significant time for to provide warning to occupants beyond
all occupants to escape before smoke the room in which fire starts, so that they
occurs in significant quantities within the can escape before escape routes, such as
escape routes. This level of protection corridors and staircases, are smoke-logged.
will not, therefore, normally satisfy the However, research has shown that fire ga-
requirements of legislation in buildings in ses passing through the cracks around do-
which people sleep. ors can produce smoke sufficiently dense
and cool for a corridor to become smoke-
The objective of a Category L4 system logged before adequate warning can be
is to enhance the safety of occupants by given by detectors in the corridor itself.
providing warning of smoke within esca-
pe routes. This may be satisfactory in a For this reason, in a Category L3 system,
building in which legislation would not, optical smoke detectors, or a mixture of
in any case, require automatic fire detec- optical smoke detectors, CO and or mul-
tion. Although the need for a Category L4 tisensor fire detectors, should be sited wi-
system might be identified in a fire risk as- thin the escape routes, while smoke, heat
sessment, care should be taken to ensure or carbon monoxide detectors should be
that the absence of detectors within rooms installed in all rooms that open onto the
opening onto escape routes (as would be escape routes. (Rooms opening onto co-
found in a Category L3 system) is satis- rridors of less than 4m in length need not,
factory to ensure the safety of occupants. however, be protected, providing fire resis-
There is, of course, nothing to prevent the ting construction, including doors, sepa-
installation of detectors in certain additio- rates these short corridors from any other
nal areas over and above the minimum section of the escape route.)
necessary for compliance with the recom-
mendations for a Category L4 system.

An open plan area of accommodation, Upgrading Category L3 protection to Ca-

in which occupants will quickly become tegory L2 protection might not only invol-
aware of a fire, need not be protected in a ve provision of detectors in additional ro-
Category L3 (or L4) system unless the area oms or areas. It might involve a change in
forms part of the escape route from other detector type and/or siting. For example,
areas (e.g. an enclosed office). However, many building control and fire authorities
in a Category L3 system, detection should accept heat detection within bedrooms
be installed on the accommodation side of hotels, as they consider the purpo-
of any door within the open plan area that se of these detectors is only to provide
opens into the escape routes (subject to a warning of fire to occupants of other
the exception for the short lengths of corri- bedrooms, rather than the occupant of
dor described above). the room in which fire starts. Since this
is effectively Category L3 protection,
2.5 Category L2 - Life these detectors may also be wall-moun-
ted on the walls of the bedrooms. Howe-
The objective of the Category L2 sys- ver, in the case of a dormitory, this would
tem is identical to that of a Category L3 be insufficient, and smoke detection
system, with the additional objective of would normally be required throughout
giving early warning of a fire that occurs in the dormitory. Also, if any bedrooms are
specified areas of high fire hazard (i.e. whe- intended for use by disabled people, ear-
re the outbreak of fire is likely) and/or areas lier warning of fire within the bedroom
of high fire risk (i.e. where the likelyhood of is necessary to provide additional time
fire in combination with the possible confor escape. Again, in these bedrooms,
sequences of fire warrants protection). the authorities would require smoke de-
tectors (or, possibly, carbon monoxide
It is for the designer to specify which rooms fire detectors), and the detectors would
or areas of the building warrant protection, be conventionally mounted on the cei-
over and above the protection provided in ling. These smoke or carbon monoxide
a Category L3 system. It should not be left multisensor detectors, intended to pro-
to the fire alarm contractor to guess the in- tect the occupants of the room in which
tention of the designer in this respect. fire starts, are effectively part of a Cate-
gory L2 system.

page 21

2.6 Category L1 - Life considering the consequences of fire,

account should be taken of both direct
A Category L1 system provides the highest damage to property and the effect of fire
standard of protection of life. Fire detectors on business continuity. As in the case of
are installed in all rooms and areas of the a Category L2 system, the specification
building, except that the following rooms should indicate the areas in which auto-
or areas need not be protected if they are matic fire detection is to be provided. It
of low fire risk: should not be left for the fire alarm insta-
ller to guess the designers intent in this
Toilets, shower rooms and bathrooms; respect. The designer should, therefore,
Stairway, lobbies and toilet lobbies; determine the requirements of the pur-
Small cupboards (typically, less chaser, who in turn should consult with
than 1m2); the property insurers.
Small risers (typically,
less than 1m2), if there is a fire Points to consider in determining the need
resisting floor and ceiling for protection in any area include:
within the riser.
Some shallow voids (less than 800mm in How probable is the likelihood of detec-
depth). tion by people in the building?
What sources of ignition are present?
In a Category L1 system, the detectors wi- How combustible are the contents?
thin escape routes should be optical smoke How valuable are the contents?
detectors, or multisensor fire detectors. What is the likelihood of fire spreading
from unprotected areas to areas with
2.7 Category P2 - Property valuable contents or areas on which
business continuity depends?
A Category P2 system involves automa- What are the costs of extending the
tic fire detection in only specified areas protection to all areas?
of the building. The areas in which de-
tection should be provided are those Usually, some form of balance has to be
that are judged to have a high probabi- struck between cost and level of protec-
lity of fire and those in which the con- tion. BS 5839-1 gives no detailed advice in
sequences of fire would be serious. In this respect, and so great care needs to be

taken to ensure that the system will satisfy

the objectives of the purchaser or user.
2.8 Category P1 - Property
A Category P1 is very similar to a Category

L1 system, in that all areas of the building
are protected, other than the exceptions
described for Category L1. Thus, a Cate-
gory P1 system provides the highest form
of protection of property and protection
against interruption to a business. It is,
therefore, the most ideal system from the
point of view of the property insurer.

page 23

how to configure detector zones and alarm zones

within premises
3. Detector zones and alarm zones 3.2 The Purpose of Detection Zones
3.1 The Meaning of a Detection The main reason for sub-dividing the premi-
Zone and Alarm Zone ses into detection zones is to indicate the
location of a fire as precisely as possible at
BS 5839-1 defines a detection zone as the control and indicating equipment (CIE).
a subdivision of the protected premises This aids those responding to the fire alarm
such that the occurrence of a fire within signal, particularly the fire service.
it will be indicated by a fire alarm system
separately from an indication of fire in In conventional systems, each detection
any other subdivision. The code notes zone is connected to the CIE by a separate
that a detection zone will usually consist circuit. In addressable systems, however,
of; an area protected by several manual one circuit may serve a large number of
call points and/or detectors, and is sepa- manual call points and detectors, grouped
rately indicated to assist in location of the into several detection zones. In either case,
fire, evacuation of the building and fire- each detection zone will have a separate
fighting. In earlier versions of BS 5839-1, number and visual indicator at the CIE. In
a detection zone was described simply as the event of a fire condition, the visual indi-
a zone. cator will illuminate, thus assisting people
to identify the location of the fire by means
The code defines an alarm zone as a geo- of a zone plan, which should be mounted
graphical sub-division of the premises, in adjacent to the CIE.
which the fire alarm warning can be given se-
parately, and independently, of a fire alarm Addressable systems are able to identify
warning in any other alarm zone. Thus, exactly which detector or call point is in
alarm zones do not occur in buildings in the alarm condition, so pinpointing the
which there is single phase (simultaneous) exact location of the fire. Not withstanding
evacuation of the entire building when the this major benefit of being able to locate
fire alarm system is operated. Alarm zones precisely the origin of the fire, the building
only occur in buildings in which there is a needs to be sub-divided into detection zo-
two (or more) stage alarm. nes in accordance with clause 13 of the
code. In general, the code states that the
primary indication of the origin of the alarm


within premises
should be an indication of the detection tion zone that are common to both conven-
zone of origin. tional and addressable fire systems:
A display giving information only relating to 1. The maximum floor area of a detec-
the whereabouts of a particular detector in tion zone should not exceed 2,000m2.
alarm (for example, CIRCUIT 2 DETECTOR (However, in large, open plan
7 WORKS OFFICE) is useful, but in isola- areas, such as warehouses, if the
tion may not provide an obvious indication detection zone only contains manual
of the spread of fire as further detectors go call points, this may be increased to
into alarm. The display of individual detec- 10,000m2.)
tors in alarm should, therefore, be secon-
dary to the light emitting visual indication 2. The search distance, that is the distan-
of detection zone. ce that has to be travelled by a sear-
cher within a detection zone in order
To satisfy this recommendation, a sepa- to determine visually the position of
rate and continuous visible indication for the fire (not reach the fire), should
each detection zone in which a detector not exceed 60m. (Search distance
or call point has operated will need to be need not be applied to addressable
given on the control and indicating equi- systems if a suitable display of location
pment, or on a separate indicator panel would enable fire-fighters to go
connected to it. straight to the fire.)
A diagrammatic representation of the buil- 3. If the total floor area of a building

ding showing the detection zones should is less than 300m2, then the building
be provided adjacent to the control and in- need only be one detection zone, re
dicator panel, as defined in Clauses 3 and gardless of the number of floors.
23 of BS5839-1.
4. If the total floor area of a building is
3.3 Detection Zone Configuration greater than 300m2, then each floor
Guidelines should be a separate detection zone
(or set of detection zones, if the floor
There are several recommendations regar- area is large enough).
ding the size and configuration of a detec-

page 25


within premises
5. A single, vertical detection zone In conventional systems this will nor-

should be provided for fire detectors mally be achieved as a matter of cour-
within an enclosed stairwell, lift se, since an open or short circuit
shaft or similar enclosed flue-like condition will only affect the individual
structure. However, any manual call detection zone circuit concerned (See
point on the landing of a stairwell Figure 2). The detection zone will be
should be incorporated within the de- no more than 2,000m2 in area and,
tection zone that serves the adjacent other than in very small buildings,
accommodation on the same will serve no more than one floor.
level as the landing.
In addressable systems where a num-
3.4 Detection Zone Safeguards ber of zones share the same ring circuit
or loop (See Figure 3), an open circuit
It is possible for addressable detectors to is not too much of a problem (just so
share one circuit all round the building, long as the fault is reported) since the
thereby having several detection zones loop can be driven in both directions.
served by the same twowire circuit. For The case of a short circuit however is
conventional detectors, each individual de- far more serious since this condition
tection zone is served by its own dedicated could prejudice every device (up to
twowire circuit. 250) on the circuit. Short circuit
protection is therefore required in all
To ensure that an addressable system does loop circuits. This is achieved by
not have a lower level of integrity than a placing line isolator devices at
conventional system, the code makes appropriate locations in the loop
various recommendations that limit the circuit, so that the area protected
effects of faults. by detectors between any two line
isolators is no greter than 2,000m2
1. A single fault occurring on an automa- and these detectors are on the same
tic fire detector circuit should not disa- floor level.
ble protection within an area of more
than 2,000m2, nor on more than one
floor of the building plus a maximum of
five devices on the floor immediately
above and five devices on the floor
immediately below that floor.


within premises
For example, with reference to the cir- then drive in both directions, that
cuit shown in Figure 3, if a short circuit is, detection zone 1 in one direction
were to occur in detection zone 2, the and zones 5, 4 and 3 in the other direc-
two line isolators X and Y would ope- tion. The line isolators would again au-
rate and create two breaks in the cir- tomatically become passive after the
cuit at points X and Y. The loop would short circuit has been repaired.
Visual Alarm
Combined Sounder/Visual Alarm
fig 2. Conventional System Circuit

page 27


within premises
Circuit 1 to 4; 250 points per circuit
fig 3. Addressable Loop System Circuit
fig 4. Addressable Loop System Circuit with Spurs.

Where detectors and ancillaries have integral line
isolators, additional isolators are not required.


within premises
In addressable systems where detec- When you have established the detection
tors are connected on a spur off a zone arrangement for the building, the
loop, (see Figure 4), to comply with next step in the design process is to decide
the recommendation of the code then which type of fire alarm system should be
the spur should not serve more than used, see section 4 (Which Type of Fire De-
one floor or an area of greater tection and Alarm System?).
than 2,000m2.
2. Two faults should not remove protec-

tion from an area greater than
10,000m2. This recommendation im-
poses a maximum area of coverage for
a single loop in an addressable loop
system (see Figure 3). No loop in the
system therefore should ever serve
an area of coverage greater than
10,000m2. If the area to be protected
exceeds this maximum limit, then an
additional loop(s) should be used.
3. Open circuit and short circuit faults

should be reported at the control panel
within 100 seconds of occurrence
This limitation will be satisfied if control

equipment conforms to BS EN 54-2.

page 29

which type of fire detection system
4. Which Type of Fire Detection and Conventional systems provide a number of

Alarm System? two wire circuits onto which conventional
detectors and call points are connected.
Three types of fire alarm detection systems Similarly, separate two wire circuits are
are available and covered by the code. also provided for the purpose of connec-
These types are broadly defined as: ting sounders (or alarm bells) to the system
(see Figure 2 in Section 3).
Conventional Systems
Addressable Systems The primary function of the control and in-
Digital Addressable Systems dicating equipment (CIE) is to indicate the
location of a fire as precisely as possible.
Irrespective of which type of system is se- To achieve this objective, detectors are
lected, the guidelines set out in Sections 2 grouped into detection zones, with each
and 3 still apply. detector zone being connected to the CIE
by a separate circuit, which also has a se-
In premises where the evacuation of per- parate indicator on the control panel.
sonnel is more difficult, such as in resi-
dential care; The importance of providing Each detector includes an integral LED
accurate and unambiguous information, (light emitting diode) indicator which illu-
such as can be provided only by addres- minates when the device is in the fire alarm
sable systems, is strongly recommended. condition. If an indicator on the CIE indica-
Clause 4 of BS5839 refers tes a fire in a detection zone, the detection
zone must be physically searched until the
In the following subsections, we compare detector with the illuminated LED is found.
and contrast the differences between the Detectors installed out of view normally
three types of systems. have a remote LED indicator.
4.1 Conventional Systems 4.1.1 Detection Zones
A conventional or twostate detector If zoning were to be extended to the limit,

is a detector which gives one of two each circuit would have only one detec-
states relating to either normal or fire tor connected, and the exact location of
alarm conditions. the fire could be established at the CIE

without the need to physically search system). However, if manual call points
the zone. To do this with conventional are likely to be subject to casual malicious
detectors and a conventional control pa- operation (e.g. in some schools,mstudent
nel would be prohibitively expensive be- residences, public entertainment premi-
cause of the number of detection zones ses, etc), a variation might be accepted by
required on the CIE and the large amount the building control and fire authorities,
of installation work involved. whereby on next time a hinged plastic co-
ver is fitted to each call point. The cover
In conventional systems, all the detectors then has to be lifted before the glass can
on a detection zone circuit continuously be broken.
communicate with the CIE. When one
detector goes into the fire alarm state, the The code states that the removal of a de-
voltage on the circuit drops and all other tector on a circuit should not prevent the
detectors on that detection zone become operation of any break glass call point. In
disabled. During this period no further sig- a conventional system, unless the system
nals from other detectors in the detection is designed in such a way that removal of
zone can be received at the CIE. every detector from a detection zone cir-
cuit does not disable other devices that
4.1.2 Detectors and Call Points remain connected, it will be necessary to
either connect manual call points on a se-
Point smoke detectors used in conventional parate circuit from fire detectors or to ins-
systems must conform to the requirements tall all call points as the first devices on the
of BS EN 54-7. Similarly, point heat detec- circuit, with any automatic fire detectors
tors must conform to the requirements of downstream of these.
BS EN 54-5. Flame detectors must conform
to the requirements of BS EN 54-10. 4.2 Addressable Systems
Manual break glass call points must con- An addressable system is one using
form to the requirements of BS EN 54-11. addressable detectors and/or call points,
The code recommends the use of Type A signals from which are individually identi-
manual call points, which require only one fied at the control panel.
action to operate them (i.e. breaking the
glass automatically sets off the fire alarm

page 31

In a simple addressable system, the CIE the one that matches the address sends
can provide a number of two wire circuits back its status. If a particular detector
onto which addressable detectors and call address is not found within the preset
points may be connected. The two wire time because the device has been either
circuit should be connected to form a loop disconnected or removed, the control
in order to provide circuit integrity. In addi- panel indicates a fault. Similarly, if the
tion to this, line isolators should be distribu- detector address is found but the device
ted around the loop to ensure compliance fails to operate correctly (that is, reply)
with the code. within the preset time then the control
panel also indicates a fault.
4.2.1 Operation of Addressable The control panel then sends out the next
Systems address, and so on until all devices have
been addressed, and then it repeats the
In an addressable system, multiplex whole cycle again.
communication techniques allow each
detector to independently signal its sta- Clearly it is possible for many detectors on
tus back to the control panel. Since each the same circuit to be in alarm at the same
detector has its own identity (or address) time and for the CIE to recognise this. This
the control panel, in addition to providing means that much more information about
the normal detection zone, may also be the spread of fire within a zone can be obtai-
configured to give a customer defined ned. Because of the communication techni-
character message to each detector. This ques involved, the detectors do not have to
is especially useful to any observer who be arranged on the circuit in address order,
is not familiar with the layout of the site. hence circuit wiring can take the most eco-
The customised messages are usually nomical route. This method obviates the
displayed on a text and/or graphical dis- necessity of accurate installation drawings.
play alongside the visual detection zone
indicators. 4.2.2 Detectors and Call Points
In operation, the control panel sends out Addressable detectors and manual call
the first address and then waits a pre points must conform to the same stan-
set time for a reply. Each detector com- dards (i.e. the same BS EN) as conventio-
pares the address sent out by the control nal devices.
panel with its own preset address and

fig 5. Addressable Loop System Circuit with Conventional Spur and Addressable Output Modules.
Where detectors and ancillaries have integral line isolators, additional isolators are
not required

page 33

The removal of a detector on a circuit will It is also acceptable to connect interface

not prevent the operation of any break modules to conventional circuits. These
glass call point. This is achieved in an modules allow conventional detectors on
addressable system because removal of a spur detector circuits to be connected to
detector does not cause any break in the an addressable zone circuit and monitor
circuit. The removal of the detector in sen- the status of typically 20 conventional
sed by the absence of a reply when the detectors. The conventional detectors on
detector is polled by the CIE. the spur communicate with the interface
module and should any detector go into
A contact monitor module is another devi- alarm, the interface module signals to
ce which can be used on an addressable the control panel that an alarm condition
system. This device is used for monitoring has occurred. These modules are also
very simple items that provide a closing or often used to upgrade old conventional
opening volt free contact, for example a systems, by utilising the existing wiring,
sprinkler flow valve. although new wiring should always be
used where possible.
4.2.3 Output Devices
In order to provide short circuit protection
Besides handling input devices, that is, and comply with the requirements of the
detectors and call points, addressable sys- code, isolators must be fitted at appropria-
tems can also handle output devices on the te positions on an addressable loop (see
addressable loop. This is possible because Section 3.4).
part of the address message from the con-
trol panel can be a command instruction
to an output device, signalling it to turn its
output ON or OFF. A typical application of
this would be a sounder module used to
drive a number of sounders (or bells), and /
or visual alarm devices, or a plant interface
module used to shut down a piece of electri-
cal plant. All command instructions sent to
output devices are ignored by input devices
on the circuit (see Figure 5).

4.3 Digital Addressable Systems of system performance improvements

over both conventional and simple (non-
In practice all addressable systems are analogue) addressable type systems,
of the analogue type. A digital system is details of which are highlighted in the fo-
one which uses analogue addressable llowing subsections.
detectors, each of which give an out-
put signal representing the value of the 4.3.1 Operation of Analogue
sensed phenomenon. The output signal Addressable Detectors
may be a truly digital signal or a digitally
encoded equivalent of the sensed value. The output of an addressable detector
The decision as to whether the signal is variable and is a proportional repre-
represents a fire or not is made at the CIE. sentation of the sensed effect of fire,
that is smoke, heat, carbon monoxide
Apart from the way in which analogue or flame (see Figure 6). Transmission of
addressable detectors operate, and the this output from the detector is usually
CIE communication principles employed, in the form of an analogue current. In
all system design elements of addressa- digital systems however this output is
ble systems (see Section 4.2) also apply to expressed and transmitted in data bits
analogue addressable systems. , using zeros and ones. The communi-
cation of the data is made more secu-
Conventional and two state addressable re using FSK, thereby ensuring a high
detectors can signal only two output sta- level of discrimination between these
tes, normal and fire alarm. different bit values. When the detector is
interrogated or addressed by the control
Consequently, with these detectors it is panel, the analogue detector responds
impossible to ever establish how close the with an output value rather than a sta-
device is to an alarm condition, or whether tus value as in the case of conventional
the localised environmental conditions detectors. In an analogue addressable
(which probably contain dust and dirt) system therefore, the analogue addressa-
are causing deteriorating changes in the ble detectors are simply acting as trans-
detectors sensitivity, thereby adversely ducers which relay information (back to
affecting its performance. However, an the control panel) concerning tempera-
addressable system can offer a number ture, smoke density, etc. Microproces-

page 35

sor based circuitry in the control panel times before raising an alarm is a useful
interprets the data received and decides way of helping to reduce false alarms
whether or not to indicate an alarm, from short term electrical or physical tran-
prealarm, normal or fault condition. sients, without causing an excessive delay
in actual alarm transmission.
In order that the system raises an alarm in
the event of a fire, the analogue value out- As the output from each detector is an
put from the detector must be in the alarm analogue value, the alarm threshold le-
condition (that is, above the alarm thres- vel can be controlled (or set) by software
hold) for a period equal to the time taken within the CIE. This software is usually
to complete three successive address se- stored in nonvolatile memory (EEPROM)
quences, typically fifteen seconds. This when the system is being configured du-
technique of scanning the sensor three ring installation.
fig 6. Graph showing the Output of an Analogue Detector Responding to a Fire

4.3.1.1 Detector PreAlarm Warning warning of this prealarm condition befo-

re a fullscale evacuation of the building is
Quite often in the early stages of a smoul- required and before the fire service are ca-
dering fire there is a slow build up of smoke lled. This situation allows the possible cau-
before open burning takes place. With an se of the prealarm to be investigated prior
analogue addressable smoke detector, the to a full alarm condition. It also allows for
analogue value rises as the smoke builds primary fire fighting procedures (using por-
up in the detectors sampling chamber. At table extinguishers) to be put into effect.
a certain threshold level, that is the pre The pre-alarm signal also provides an op-
alarm level (see Figure 7), the control panel portunity to filter out false alarms.
can give a visual indication and audible
fig 7. Analogue Addressable Detector Typical Pre-Alarm Threshold Level

page 37

4.3.1.2 Detector Alarm Threshold

Compensation
As detectors age and become contamina- minants in the detector is reflected by a

ted with dust and dirt their performance slow increase in the analogue value. As
begins to deteriorate such that their po- this occurs, the control panel can alter the
tential to go into an alarm condition is that alarm (and prealarm) threshold in order
much higher, thus resulting in false alarms. to compensate for this phenomenon (see
The nuisance factor caused by false alarms Figure 8).
is a serious problem for users and fire ser-
vices alike. This feature maintains the system at
an optimum performance level and ex-
Since the output analogue value of each tends the life of each analogue addres-
detector is continually checked by the sable detector.
control panel, the slow build up of conta-
fig 8. Analogue Addressable Detector Alarm Threshold Compensation

The threshold compensation is not adjus- be applied due to the dynamic range of
ted every time there is a minor fluctuation in the analogue signal. When this occurs,
the detectors sampling chamber. However, the control panel senses that the detec-
the control panel does take an average of tor has reached the end of its operational
the analogue value over the preceding hour life, and indicates a detector condition
and alters the threshold level accordingly. monitoring fault.
4.3.1.3 Detector Condition Monitoring When a detector condition monitor fault is

indicated, the detector must be replaced
In accordance with the threshold com- by a new one and the threshold compen-
pensation (see subsection 4.3.1.2), there sation for the detectors address is automa-
comes a time in the life of a detector when tically reset. Typically this point will only be
threshold compensation can no longer reached after several years of operation.
fig 9. Analogue Addressable Detector Condition Monitoring Threshold

page 39

4.3.1.4 Detector Sensitivity Setting pied you might want to reduce the sensi-
tivity level of detectors in selected zones.
Unlike conventional or addressable fire This feature allows the settings to be ma-
detectors where the sensitivity is fixed, nually switched to low sensitivity for those
each analogue addressable detector can zones and then switched back to normal
be made to emulate a normal, low or high sensitivity when the premises are again
sensitivity smoke detector by simply selec- unoccupied (see Figure 10). There may be
ting the appropriate threshold settings for many reasons why you might want to do
each address in the software configuration this, one being that you want to reduce the
at the CIE. Likewise, the sensitivity of heat possibility of a false alarm occurring during
detection can be selected in the software the working day, but you want full protec-
configuration at the CIE. tion at all other times.
The option of being able to change the sen- The choice of alarm level sensitivities, plus
sitivity settings of detectors can be useful any time delay which may be deliberately
in many situations. For example, at certain introduced, determine the overall system
times of the day when the building is occu- response to fire conditions. The alarm level
fig 10. Analogue Addressable Detector Alarm Sensitivity Level Setting Range

and time delay can in theory be allocated

any value, but in practice the sensitivity
range must be within the limits necessary
to ensure compliance with the relevant
part of BS EN 54.
When you have determined the type of

fire detection and alarm system to use
in the building, that is, conventional or
addressable, the next step in the design
process is to decide which type of detec-
tors should be used in the different areas
(zones) to be protected, see section 5
(Detector Suitability).

page 41

detector suitability
5. Detector Suitability 5.1 General Fire System

Engineering Principles
Once you have decided upon the type of
fire detection and alarm system to use in As each type of detector responds to a
the building, that is conventional, addres- particular fire product, the relative speed
sable or digital addressable, you now need of response of the detectors is therefore
to choose which type of detectors are to be dependent upon the type of fire being
used to protect the different areas within detected. As smoke is normally present
the premises. at an early stage in most fires, smoke
detectors (Ion Chamber, Optical, High
There are several types of detector spread Performance Optical or Multi-sensor) are
across the range, each of which responds considered the most useful type available
to a different product of combustion for giving early warning.
(smoke, heat, etc.). Manual call points are
used to provide a means for people in the Most fires, in their later stages, emit de-
building to raise the alarm. tectable levels of heat. Therefore in areas
where rapid fire spread is unlikely and en-
The different detector types available are vironmental conditions preclude the use
as follows: of smoke detectors, heat detectors (Rate
of Rise or Fixed Temperature) are a gene-
Multisensor ral purpose alternative, but these should
High Performance Optical Smoke not be used in the escape routes of a Ca-
Detector tegory L system.
Optical Smoke Detector
InfraRed Flame Detector Fires tend to produce carbon monoxide,
Optical Beam Detector particularly in situations in which there is
Aspirating Detector insufficient ventilation to enable fire to burn
Linear Heat Detector rapidly. Accordingly, carbon monoxide fire
Duct Probe Unit detectors provide useful warning of such
fires. The carbon monoxide fire detector is
well suited to provide early warning of slow
smouldering fires. Slowly developing and

smouldering fires produce large quan- drals, where the height is such that point
tities of carbon monoxide before detec- smoke detectors cannot be used.
table smoke aerosols and particulates
reach smoke detectors in sufficient quan- Also available are specialised detectors
tities to detect the fire. These detectors which have been specifically designed for
can often be used in applications in which use in applications where point and line
heat detectors are insufficiently sensiti- type detectors cannot be used. Two types
ve, but smoke detectors may cause false are available, namely the Aspirating detec-
alarms from sources such as steam from tor and Duct Probe Unit.
a shower or smoke from burnt toast.
The Aspirating type detector comprises a
In situations where a burning liquid, for small pump which draws a sample of air
example alcohol, paint thinner, etc. is through holes in a pipe that is connected
likely to be the prime source of a fire, and into a detector element. The detector ele-
flame is most likely to be the first indica- ment of the Aspirating detector is usually
tion a fire has started, then an InfraRed very much more sensitive than conven-
Flame detector should be incorporated tional point detectors to allow for the
into the system. effects of dilution of smoke. This type of
detector is normally used for protecting
Although heat, smoke and carbon mo- such areas as computer suites, clean ro-
noxide detectors are suitable for use oms, or the interior of historic buildings
inside most buildings, flame detectors where point or linetype detectors would
may be used to supplement these whe- look out of place. For further information
re necessary. Flame detectors need an also see subsection 5.2.6.
unobstructed line of sight, their grea-
test use being for such special applica- The Duct Probe Unit has been designed
tions as the supervision of an outdoor for use in situations where smoke, heat
storage area or an area where petro and flame type detectors cannot be
chemical processes are taking place, used. It is primarily used for detecting the
for example offshore oil platforms. Infra- presence of smoke or combustion pro-
red flame detection can also be used to ducts in ventilation ducting systems. The
protect very high spaces, such as cathe- detector has a small probe which pro-
trudes into the duct and draws air from

page 43

the duct into the detector. For further 5.2.1 Smoke Detectors
information also see subsection 5.2.7.
To understand exactly how smoke de-
5.2 Detector Selection for a tectors operate, you first need to know
Particular Area a little about the composition of smoke.
Most fires produce smoke from their ear-
The ability of any particular detector to liest stages, but the density and colour
respond to the various types of fire within of the smoke depends very much upon
different types of environment depends the material that is burning and the con-
upon a number of factors, such as the ope- ditions of combustion.
rating principle, the sensitivity of the de-
tector and the type of fire that occurs (e.g. The differences between various types
smouldering or flaming). of smoke are caused by the variation in
the size of the particles that make up the
The decision as to whether the detector is smoke. As a general rule, the hotter the
conventional or analogue addressable is fire the greater the number of very small
a separate issue because the principle of (invisible) smoke particles. Conversely, a
the detection method remains the same. fire with low temperature decomposition
The dirtier the environment is, the more produces proportionally more larger (visi-
preferable the analogue addressable ble) smoke particles.
system becomes. Also the more cellular
the space within a building is, the more Ion Chamber Smoke Detectors: These
preferable the addressability of analogue detectors are slowly being phased out due
systems becomes. to a number of factors. Firstly they contain
a small radioactive cell (americium) which
In planning and designing the fire system, is the alpha particle source used to create
you may find the detector suitability selec- the detection chamber. This is not clean te-
tion chart shown in Table 1 below useful in chnology and creates problems and costs
determining the detector type(s) best sui- when disposing of these.
ted for the specific environment into which
the system is to be installed. Secondly technology has, with the
introduction of multi sensor detectors,
provided better fire detection which
covers those fire types previously suited

to Ionisation smoke detectors, without 5.2.2 Heat Detectors

any of the disadvantages.
Heat detectors are normally used where
Optical Smoke Detectors: These detectors the speed of operation of smoke detectors
respond quickly to large smoke particles is not required or where, for environmental
but are less sensitive to small particles that or other such reasons, smoke detectors
do not constitute visible smoke. They cannot be used in the system. In such cir-
detect the visible particles produced in cumstances, heat detectors can provide
fire by using the light scattering proper- an acceptable, though less sensitive alter-
ties of the particles. native. Three types are available. These are
the Rate of Rise detector, the Fixed Tempe-
The detectors comprise an optical system rature detector and the Line Type detector.
which consists of an emitter and a sensor, Careful consideration should be given to
each of which have a lens in front, and are the type of heat detectors that are to be
so arranged that their optical axes cross in used in certain areas. Rate of Rise type de-
the sampling chamber. The emitter pro- tectors, for example, should not be used in
duces a beam of light which is prevented areas where large sudden changes in tem-
from reaching the sensor by a baffle. perature are normal (such as in a kitchen),
otherwise false alarms will occur.
When smoke is present in the sampling
chamber, a proportion of the light is scatte- The upper limit response times for the di-
red and some reaches the sensor. The light fferent types of heat detectors, as prescri-
that reaches the sensor is proportional to bed in BS EN 54-5, are shown in Table 4.
the smoke density. It should be noted that Class A1 heat de-
tectors are more sensitive (and hence will
High Performance Optical (HPO) Smoke respond quicker) than Class A2 detectors.
Detectors: HPO detectors respond to For this reason, Class A1 detectors can be
smoke in the same way as standard op- used at a greater ceiling height than Class
tical detectors, but, when there is a rapid A2 detectors (see Section 6). Class B - G
rate of rise in temperature, their sensitivi- detectors are only used where the ambient
ty is increased so that they also respond temperature is higher than normal.
to very small smoke particles, more like
the Ion Chamber type detectors. Rate of Rise Heat Detectors Of the three
heat detector types available, these are the

page 45

preferred type. These detectors react to ab- tions anywhere along its entire length.
normally high rates of change of tempera- This makes them ideally suited for such
ture and provide the fastest response over applications as cable tunnels, cable trays
a wide range of ambient temperatures. A and risers, high rack storage areas, trans-
fixed temperature limit is also incorpora- former bays, thatched roofs, building servi-
ted in these detectors.These detectors ces, subways and ducts, aircraft hangers,
are ideally suitable for use in areas where etc. Two versions are available, non-inte-
a large change in ambient temperature is grating and integrating.
likely to occur by the stage at which it is
necessary to detect a fire. The non-integrating LineType heat detec-
tor usually consists of an electric cable, with
Fixed Temperature (Static) Heat Detectors insulation of fixed melting point, which is
These detectors are similar to the Rate of suspended over the area to be protected.
Rise type detectors except that they react If one small section of the wire is heated up
at a predetermined temperature rather (due to fire) and the temperature of the sec-
than a rate of rise temperature. These de- tion is greater than or equal to the melting
tectors are ideally suitable for use in areas point of the wire, the melting of the insula-
where sudden large changes in tempera- tion results in a short circuit and causes the
tures are considered normal, for example system to go into alarm.
in kitchens and boiler rooms.
The integrating LineType heat detector
LineType Heat Detectors. These detectors is similar to the nonintegrating version
are not commonly used however they offer except here the insulation does not melt.
advantages in some applications. Point type Its electrical resistance is temperature de-
detectors such as the rate of rise and Fixed pendent. In effect, the average tempera-
Temperature types are designed to sense ture is taken over the whole length of the
the conditions near a fixed point. Where wire rather than just sections of it. Conse-
more than a single detector is required , de- quently, a large amount of heat in a small
tectors are spaced in accordance with the area would need to be generated in order
standard so as to effectively cover the area. to create an alarm.
LineType detectors, however, come
in the form of a length of wire or tube,
and are designed to sense the condi-

To allow for easy location of alarm or with different alarm criteria set for each
fault conditions, it is recommended that zone. Suitable applications are as defined
the maximum length of the sensing wire for the two previous linear sensors but
used with LineType detectors be limi- essentially fibre is preferred where long
ted to 200 metres. Lengths of up to 500 runs are required together with accurate
metres are available for special require- alarm data, such as critical processes, ca-
ments. High resistance sensor wire is also ble tunnels, road and rail tunnels etc. The
available for use in areas with high am- sensor operates within a range of -10oC
bient temperatures, that is, temperatures to +60oC.
greater than 50 C.
Fibre Optic heat sensor
Fibre optic sensor is used to detect tem-

perature differentials, by using pulsed
lasers. The temperature change is mea-
sured by analysing back scattered light
resulting from the effects of the heat
source. The location of the heat source
is pinpointed by using a pulse echo te-
chnique (RADAR). The system is many
times more sensitive than either of the
two previous linear sensors. Sensor cable
can be run over distances of up to 8km
and heat sources pinpointed to within a
1 metre length of fibre. Alarm criteria can
be set using 3 different measurements,
by exceeding the defined maximum tem-
perature, by exceeding the defined maxi-
mum temperature rise, by exceeding the
defined maximum difference from the
average zone temperature. Multiple zo-
nes can be created within a single fibre

page 47

5.2.3 Heat-enhanced Carbon detect the build up of carbon monoxide ge-

Monoxide Fire Detectors nerated by fires. The cell operates by oxidi-
zing carbon monoxide on a platinum sensing
Heat-enhanced carbon monoxide fire electrode. Within the electrochemical cell
detectors use an electrochemical cell to the ions produced by this reaction result in a
Rate of Rise Class A1 Class A2 or

of Air Temperature (mins, seconds) Classes B - G (mins, seconds)

30C/min 1, 40 2, 25

20C/min 2, 20 3, 13

10C/min 4, 20 5, 30

5C/min 8, 20 10, 0

3C/min 13, 40 16, 0

1C/min 40, 20 46, 0

Maximum Static 65C 70 - 160C
response temperature depending on class
Max. Ambient Temp. 50C 50 - 140,

depending on class
table4. Upper limit response times for heat detectors

current flow between electrodes. The elec- tions as applicable to smoke detectors, in
trical output of the cell is directly proportio- practice, carbon monoxide detectors are
nal to the carbon monoxide concentration. likely to be more tolerant of position relative
The performance of the detector is relati- to the seat of the fire, than smoke detectors.
vely unaffected by changes in temperature,
pressure or airflow. The electrochemical As carbon monoxide is a gas, it diffuses
cell typically has a life of around five years, to create a uniform concentration within
after which it should be replaced. the space in which it is generated. Thus,
it is likely that carbon monoxide fire
Tyco heat-enhanced carbon monoxide fire detectors will be less affected by obs-
detector can be set in a digital system to tructions and heat barriers than smoke
provide high, normal and low sensitivity. detectors. In addition, carbon monoxide
fire detectors in corridors may detect
When set to normal sensitivity, an alarm fire in an adjacent room before a smoke
signal will be given at a carbon monoxi- detector in the corridor, as carbon mo-
de concentration of 40 parts per million. noxide will diffuse evenly throughout
For comparison purposes, background the corridor, whereas smoke will tend to
carbon monoxide levels generally remain cool to an extent that there is insufficient
well below 10 parts per million, with ex- buoyancy to remain at the level at which
cursions of up to around 15 parts per mi- smoke detectors are installed.
llion under unusual atmospheric condi-
tions. Even in rooms with heavy smokers, Heat-enhanced carbon monoxide fire
or close to a source of air pollution, am- detectors are particularly suitable for de-
bient levels of carbon monoxide genera- tecting smouldering fires and fires within
lly remain below the 40 parts per million confined spaces, such as bedrooms
level at which a carbon monoxide fire de- within a sleeping risk. In the latter appli-
tector operating at normal sensitivity will cation, carbon monoxide fire detectors
give an alarm signal. will provide a higher standard of protec-
tion for sleeping occupants than heat
Although, in the areas that BS 5839-1 ac- detectors, but are less likely to produce
cepts the use of carbon monoxide fire de- false alarms than smoke detectors. The
tectors, the detectors should be sited and addition of a heat sensor to enhance the
spaced following the same recommenda- sensitivity of the carbon monoxide sen-

page 49

sor enables heat-enhanced carbon mo- This detector can , in addition to the two
noxide detectors to respond to a wider modes described above, also be configu-
spectrum of fires that generate heat as red as, a Heat detector, a High performan-
well as CO. ce optical smoke detector or a Carbon
Monoxide toxic gas detector. In all there
Carbon monoxide fire detectors are not are seven selectable operating modes.
suitable for fires that generate little or no
carbon monoxide. Such fires include the 5.2.4 Flame Detectors
early stages of electrical cable decomposi-
tion, where the HPO detector or aspirating Infra-Red flame detectors, unlike smoke
fire detector is more suitable. Carbon mo- and heat detectors, do not rely on convec-
noxide fire detectors are also unsuitable tion current to transport the fire products
for protection of areas where fast burning to the detector, nor do they rely on a ceiling
chemical fires represent the main hazard. to trap the products. They detect electro-
In this case, ion chamber or flame detec- magnetic radiation, which travels from a
tors are more suitable. flame at the speed of light. They respond
only to the short wavelengths of very high
Although heat-enhanced carbon monoxi- temperatures such as that present in fla-
de fire detectors respond to BS EN 54-7 mes. The radiation from flames is characte-
Test Fires, they do not detect smoke. It rised by a flicker at a frequency in the range
should be noted that these Test Fires do of 5 to 30 cycles per second.
not represent all real fires, nor are they in-
tended to do so. In particular, they tend not To safeguard against false alarms, these
to produce carbon monoxide in the early detectors have inbuilt features which in-
stages of the fire. Real fires, particularly hibit them from responding to phenome-
those of a smouldering nature, may actua- na such as the long wavelength radiation
lly produce carbon monoxide before they given off by hot or over-heated bodies, or
produce sufficient smoke of high enough the steady radiation given off from hot ob-
temperature to operate smoke detectors. jects where there is no fire (even if the ra-
The detector can detect smouldering fires diation is of the same wavelength as that
at levels below that of a single channel of a flame). They also contain circuitry to
smoke detector but with the benefit of prevent false alarms from momentary
sampling combustion gas, heat and smoke effects. The flickering shortwave infra-red
build up as part of its analysis. All of which radiation must be maintained for a period
provides for a more accurate assessment
of the question , Fire or false alarm.

of time (depending on its magnitude) be- IR detector is therefore more reliable and is
fore an alarm is given. frequently used outdoors and in more ex-
treme conditions such as found offshore.
Flame detection- options
Recent developments in triple IR technolo-
Infra Red Flame detectors all detect the gy has extended the detectors range from
same thing, i.e radiation which is released 50 to 65 metres in addition to providing
by hot CO2 molecules within the flame. outputs allowing connection into third par-
What differs however is the sensor tech- ty systems using 4-20mA , modbus and
nology used and the number of sensors other protocols. It is also now possible to
employed within a detector, all of which include a CCTV camera within the detector
determine its limitations and range of housing which connects over twisted pair
applications. to a proprietary CCTV system and which
transmits live images of the detectors field
Single channel detectors, such as point of view.
type detectors employ just a single IR sen-
sor and although solar blind, do not filter Flame Detectors- Array based flame
background radiation and therefore are detectors use a different technology to
restricted for use in internal areas . The sin- those previously described.
gle channel device relies mainly on the fla-
me flicker analysis to detect fire and is less The detector uses an array of 256 sensiti-
immune to other sources if similar flicker ve infra-red sensors to view the protected
content is present. area. The IR array is combined with 2 other
optical sensors to provide 3 highly sensiti-
Dual channel sensors are designed with an ve optical channels. Powerful algorithms
additional sensor which is set to a different running on a Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
frequency in order to detect and eliminate are tuned to the characteristics of a fire and
background radiation, (black body). analyse the signals from these 3 channels
to reliably identify fires. The detector offers
A triple channel sensor, is designed to sensitive flame detection over a long range
monitor the Infra red spectrum at three with a wide and consistent field of view.
chosen frequencies, the CO2 band and one Unlike some detectors the sensitivity of
either side, in order to detect and eliminate the array does not attenuate across its 900
background radiation. The triple channel field of view eliminating the need to over-

page 51

lap detector coverage, thereby reducing The detectors are designed to respond
the number of detectors required com- rapidly to fires that involve clean burning
pared to other types. It also has excellent fuels such as alcohol or methane, that is
immunity to false alarms. Masking within fires that would not be detected by the use
a filed of view allows known hotspots to be of smoke detectors or carbon monoxide
removed eliminating potential false alarm fire detectors (see Table 1).
sources.
For flaming fires, flame sensors are pro-
This capability can be further enhanced bably the most sensitive. The sensitivity
by the inclusion, within the detectors hou- of flame detectors can vary considerably.
sing, of a CCTV camera which will connect Normally they should be able to detect a
over a twisted pair to a proprietary CCTV 15cm high flame at a range of between
system and which transmits live images of five and ten metres. They will detect a
the detectors field of view. 0.1m2 petrol fire at 27m on the centre
line, within approximately 10 seconds. An
These detectors can be used to protect 0.2 m, fire is detectable at 30 metres and
large open areas without sacrificing speed an 0,4m2 fire at 47 metres. The flame
of response to flaming fires. In order to en- height is roughly proportional to the range
sure full coverage however, flame sensors (see Figure 11).
do require direct line of sight to all parts of
the area to be protected.
Fig. 11 Flame detector typical response Fig 11a Coverage of point type flame
characteristics (centre line range detector
against petrol flames)

As infrared flame detectors cannot 5.2.5 Optical Beam Detectors

respond until there is flame, it is consi-
dered practical to also use smoke detec- Optical beam detectors must conform with
tors or carbon monoxide fire detectors the requirements of BS EN 54-12.
in conjunction with flame detectors in
areas where the contents are likely to Optical beam detectors consist of two
smoulder in the event of fire. In the case units, a Transmitter and a Receiver, which
of smouldering fires, smoke and carbon are displaced some distance apart (10 me-
monoxide is very often produced long tres to 100 metres).
before flaming occurs. Consequently,
the smoke or carbon monoxide de- Alternatively the transmitter and reciever
tectors should cause the system to go are combined into a single unit and a re-
into alarm before flaming can start. flector is used to bounce the transmitted
Conversely, if the contents are highly beam back to the reciever.
flammable, the flame detectors should
cause the system to go into alarm This type of detector is specifically designed
before the smoke detectors or carbon for interior use in large opentype areas,
monoxide detectors can detect the fire. such as warehouses, manufacturing plants,
fig 12. Beam detector deflection characteristics (Vertical plane view)

page 53

aircraft hangers, workshops, etc. where the (see Figures 12). If the signal in the receiver
installation of pointtype detectors would unit, which proportionally represents the
be difficult. They are also ideally suitable for strength of received light beam, is reduced
installation in art galleries, cathedrals, etc. by between 40 and 90 % for a period grea-
where, due to ornate and historic ceilings, ter than five seconds (approximately), it
pointtype detectors and their associated causes the system to go into alarm.
wiring would be unsuitable.
For correct operation the transmitter and
During operation, the transmitter unit pro- receiver units must be mounted in the roof
jects a modulated infrared light beam di- space or just below the ceiling, whichever
rectly at the receiver unit. The receiver unit is applicable.
converts the received light beam into a sig-
nal which is continuously monitored by the Each detector is capable of protecting an
detector. If fire breaks out in an area pro- area 7.5 metres each side of the beam cen-
tected by these detectors, smoke particles tre line for a distance of up to 100 metres,
rising upward interrupt or partly deflect thus providing a total coverage of up to
the light beam thus reducing the streng- 1500 square metres (see Figure 13).
th of beam received by the receiver unit
fig 13. Beam detector coverage characteristics ( Horizontal Plane View )

The transmitters and receivers shall be level beam detectors should only be regar-
mounted on solid construction that will not ded as supplementary to detection at the
be subject to movement, otherwise fault highest point in the space.
signals or false alarms can occur.
BS 5839-1 gives guidance on the sitting
Where reflective type beam detectors are of these supplementary beam detectors,
used, the preferred beam type smoke de- taking into account that the plume does
tector would have an integral auto aligning spread out as it rises. Accordingly, the
feature, designed to realign the unit with code recommends that the width of the
its reflector if due to building movements area protected on each side of a supple-
the two components are misaligned. The mentary optical beam should be regarded
feature is also an aid to the initial installa-
tion and commissioning
Sometimes in buildings with very high spa-

ces, such as an atrium, optical beam de-
tectors are mounted much lower than the
highest point within the space. The reason
for this is that, as the plume of smoke rises,
it cools and will level out when it reaches
ambient temperature. This effect, which is
known as stratification, may occur well be-
low the highest point within a tall space, so
seriously delaying operation of a detector
at the highest point.
Unfortunately, it is never possible to pre-

dict exactly where stratification will occur.
If the beam of an optical beam detector
runs at a much lower level than that at
which stratification does occur, the rela-
tively narrow rising plume of smoke may
by-pass the beam. For this reason, the low

page 55

as 12.5% of the height of the beam above

the highest likely seat of fire. For example,
if the supplementary beam detectors were
mounted 10m above the base of an atrium,
optical beam detectors would need to be
sited every 2.5m across the width of the
atrium (see Figure 14).
fig 14. Sitting of supplementary optical beam detectors

detector coverage
Atria and other similar roof spaces present ths assist in the identification of real smoke
particular challenges for smoke detection. compared to larger objects such as insects
Some of the challenges that designers and dust,thus reducing false alarms. Fur-
face are thermore, OSID is equipped with a CMOS
imaging chip with many pixels rather than
Difficult access for detector installation, a single photo-diode. This concept allows
maintenance, testing and replacement the Imager to provide simple alignment as
Exposure to direct sunlight well as excellent tolerance to building mo-
Multiple reflective surfaces causing false vement and vibration, without the use of
alarms moving parts.
Building movement
Multi-level detection OSIDs provide new levels in stability and
Aesthetics sensitivity while providing greater immuni-
ty to high-level lighting variability, allowing
Open Area Smoke Detection Imaging OSID to provide extra stability in sunlit
(OSID) overcomes the weaknesses of areas like atria.
some beam detectors due to its aesthetics
and multi-emitter capability, providing 3D Optical beam detectors must conform
coverage of the area. with the requirements of BS EN 54-20.
A system can consist of up to seven Emit- 5.2.6 Aspirating Detectors

ters and one Imager placed on opposite
walls, roughly aligned with one another. Aspirating detectors comprise a small
Emitters are battery-powered or wired and pump which draws samples of the room
can be placed at different heights, adjus- air through holes in the system pipework
ting easily to modern design of atria. Three into a detector element. The tube can
Emitters will cover an area of up to 600m2; be split into several smaller tubes (each
five Emitters and up to 2,000m2 all using drawing samples of air from different
just a single 80-degree Imager. In addition, locations) or have several holes and
OSID offers many advantages over tradi- through which air samples can be drawn
tional beam smoke detectors, the primary (see Figure 15).
one being the use of dual light frequencies.
Ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) waveleng-

page 57

detector coverage
To allow for the effects of dilution of smoke, can indicate that smoke is present in the
the detector element of an aspirating de- air (30% of the detectors range), and the
fig15. Aspirating detector ceiling mounted pipework
tector is usually up to 100 times more other that fire is present (60% of the detec-
sensitive than that of conventional point tors range). These outputs can be reported
and linetype detectors. The air being sam- on separate zones of a conventional fire
pled is often passed through a filter before system control panel but it is more appro-
being analysed for the presence of smoke. priate for the outputs to be connected to
two address points in an addressable fire
The detector provides a number of out- system.
puts, each of which relate to a different
density of smoke contained in the air being These detectors are particularly useful for
sampled. It is normal practice to monitor at protecting computer suites and clean ro-
least two outputs from each detector. One oms. The use of aspirating systems for this

detector coverage
purpose is discussed in BS 6266.Com- industry proven electrochemical & ca-

monly, in this situation, the aspirating sys- talytic sensors. Amongst the detectable
tem is not used to provide the general fire gases are, Carbon Monoxide,Nitrogen Dio-
detection throughout the space (which xide, Ammonia,Oxygen,Sulphur Dioxide,
often takes the form of normal point Hydrogen Sulphide, Hydrogen, Methane
smoke detectors), but the system is used and Propane. Other gases can be added
to monitor the return flow to air conditio- on request. The system can be integrated
ning units in the protected space. The in- to third party systems as there are various
tention is to detect the very small amounts protocols available, including 4-20mA and
of combustion products transported wi- modbus. As gas detectors require regular
thin the conditioned air within the room. calibration the system incorporates an ad-
These are also used for the protection vanced warning that this is due. All detec-
of historic buildings where point or line- tors have a finite life depending upon their
type detectors would look out of place. structure which may vary between 18
months and 5 years. Typical applications
In this case, the pipework can be concea- are, where aspiration systems are normally
led above a ceiling, and small sampling used for fire detection and where gas de-
tubes are dropped through small holes tection may also be required these would
in the ceiling to provide virtually invisible include UPS and battery charging rooms,
fire detection. cable tunnels and vaults, service tunnels,
underground parking and loading bays.
A more recent development in some
aspirating systems is the introduction of The Fire Industry Association (FIA) publish
gas detection through the same system a detailed code of practice for aspirating
of pipe work as that used for the fire de- detection systems.
tection. The system is designed to detect a
range of flammable, toxic and oxygen gas 5.2.7 Duct Probe Unit
hazards and can provide a greater area of
coverage than fixed point gas detection The duct probe unit is a detector which has
systems. The system is for use indoors been designed for use in situations where
in non Hazardous classified areas only. the standard smoke, heat and flame types
The gas detector(s) have a sensor cartrid- cannot be used. Primarily, it is used for de-
ge containing 1 or 2 gas sensors using tecting the presence of smoke or combus-

page 59

detector coverage
tion products in extract ventilation duc- The length of the venturi pipe shall be
ting systems. The detector operates in a choosen based upon how wide the venti-
similar way to aspirating detectors except lation duct is. The venturi pipe is available
it does not contain a pump. Instead, it is in 3 lengths; 0,6, 1,5 and 2,8 m. When
designed to operate on the venturi effect the ventilation duct is wider than 0,6 m,
in the sampling pipe providing optimum the venture pipe should penetrate the
airflow through the smoke detector. (see whole duct. The probe is flow direction
Figure 16). sensitive and must be fitted accordingly.
The air in the sampling chamber is analy-
The unit is especially recommended for sed for the presence of smoke particles,
installations in ducts with low airflow. The and if found, the unit signals this condi-
system fulfils all the requirements for safe tion to the control panel.
fire detection with airflow speeds from 0,5
m/s to 20 m/s.
fig16. Duct probe unit installed in return air duct guide to design of fire systems section one
detector coverage
6. Detector Coverage or 5.3 m from a heat detector [22.3 a)]. In

simple terms, this means that each point wi-
Clause 22 of the code describes where de- thin the protected area must be covered by
tectors should be sited and what spacing at least one detector; the coverage of a de-
should be used. Most of the recommenda- tector is a circle centred on the detector and
tions of clause 22 are common for all Cate- having a radius of 7.5m for smoke detectors
gories of system. In a few cases, however, and 5.3 m for heat detectors. For beam de-
a recommendation varies, according to the tectors, the horizontal distance should be
Category of system. taken to the nearest point on the infrared
light beam, and the coverage should be
6.1 Spacing Under Flat Ceilings taken as extending to that distance on both
sides of the centre line of the beam see
In open spaces under flat horizontal cei- Figure 17 below).
lings, every point should lie within a horizon-
tal distance of 7.5m from a smoke detector
Beam Detector Spacing

page 61

detector coverage
The sensitive elements of smoke detec-

tors should normally lie within the range of
25mm to 600mm from the ceiling, and for
heat detectors within the range of 25mm
to 150mm.
fig 17. Detector coverage and spacing under flat ceilings

detector coverage
6.2 Spacing Under Pitched Ceilings is not greater than the above figures.) If
the differences are less than that quoted,
If the ceiling is pitched, sloping or north then the ceiling can be considered as flat.
light, and the difference in height bet- For the row of detectors mounted in or
ween any apex and an adjacent valley or near the apex, the radius of cover can be
low point of the ceiling exceeds 600mm increased by 1% for each degree of slope
for smoke detectors or 150mm for heat up to a maximum of 25% [22.3 b)] (see
detectors, then detectors should be pla- Figure 18 below).
ced in or near the apex. (A detector may
be regarded as near the apex if the verti- For a semi cylindrical arch or a hemisphe-
cal distance from the apex to the detector rical dome, the radius of cover of a de-
fig18. Detector coverage for pitched

page 63

detector coverage
tector in the centre can be calculated as as that adopted in other areas, namely
8.93m for a smoke detector and 6.31m that the maximum distance between
for a heat detector. any point (along the boundary wall of
the corridor) and the nearest detector
6.3 Spacing in Corridors should be no more than 7.5m in the
case of smoke detectors and 5.3m in
In the past, designers have often applied the case of heat detectors.
the recommendations for the maximum
distance between any point and the nea- 6.4 Stairways
rest detector with unnecessary accuracy,
so that, for example, the 7.5m dimension In enclosed stairways, fire detectors should
was deemed to be the maximum distan- be sited at the top of the stairway and on
ce between any point on the ceiling ad- each main landing.
jacent to the wall of the corridor and the
nearest detector. This led to unnecessa- An open stairway forms a path for vertical
rily complex tables for spacings between spread of smoke and fire. It is desirable to
detectors in corridors, according to the detect products of combustion before
corridor width. they pass up the stairway and as they pass
out of the stairway. For this reason, a fire
Since fires do not constitute point sour- detector should be sited at the top and,
ces and the plume of gases spreads as it on each level, within approximately 1.5m
rises, this approach is now regarded by of the floor penetration. This protection
BS 5839-1 as unnecessarily purist. Accor- is, however, only required in the areas
dingly, in corridors of no more than 2m in protected by the Category of system in
width, the code considers only the distan- question. It is not necessary in the case
ce between points close to the centre line of a Category L4 system and may not be
of the corridor and the nearest detector. required in the case of a Category L5 or
The effect of this is that, in these corridors, P2 system, although the designer should
smoke detectors can be spaced 15m apart, always consider the provision of these
while heat detectors (e.g. in a Category P detectors in the latter two systems.
system) can be spaced 10.6m apart. In
corridors wider than 2m, the approach
to detector spacing should be the same

detector coverage
6.5 Lift Shafts and Other a Category L4 system, this form of protec-
Flue-like Structures tion should be considered by the designer
in the case of a Category L5 or P2 system,
Shafts for lifts, escalators or hoists, and any albeit that it may not always be necessary.
enclosed chutes, should be treated like
open stairways. Thus, again, in areas pro- 6.6 Obstructions
tected by the Category of system in ques-
tion, a detector should be sited at the top Ceiling obstructions, such as structural
of the shaft or enclosure and, on each level, beams, deeper than 10% of the overall
within approximately 1.5m of the penetra- ceiling height should be treated as walls.
tion of the floor. Although not necessary in The area on each side of the obstruction
fig 19. Ceiling Obstructions Treated as Walls

page 65

detector coverage
should, therefore, be regarded as a separa- ce the depth of the obstruction. (See

te area for the purpose of protection. The Figure 21) Where obstructions, such
same applies in the case of partitions or as structural beams and ductwork,
storage racks that extend within 300mm are greater than 250mm in depth, de-
of the ceiling (See Figures 19 and 20). tectors should not be mounted within
500mm of the obstruction.
Where structural beams, ductwork,
lighting fittings or other fixings to
ceilings, not greater than 250mm in
depth, create obstacles to the flow of
smoke, detectors should not be moun-
ted closer to the obstruction than twi-
fig 20. Partitions or Storage on Racks

detector coverage
fig 21. Proximity of Detectors to Ceiling Fittings
6.7 Honeycomb Ceilings

honeycomb ceiling, detector spacing and
Where a horizontal ceiling comprises a siting should be in accordance with Table
series of small cells, often referred to as a 4. (See Figure 22) .
fig 22. Horizontal ceiling comprising a series of small cells

page 67

detector coverage
table 4. Spacing and Siting of Detectors
6.8 Closely Spaced Structural

Beams and Floor Joists
Where there are a number of closely the cells. If the longer dimension of the
spaced structural beams, such as floor cells is more than L (see below), then
joists, a series of reservoirs for smoke, the cell should be stopped to the depth
which BS 5839-1 refers to as cells, of the beam and at no more than L. If
occur. Provided that the longer dimen- this is impractical, detection should be
sion of the cells is no more than L, then installed in every cell. See Figure 23.
across the shorter cell dimension, the
spacing, M, between detectors should L = 10.6m for smoke detectors.
be as given in Table 5. The spacing for L = 7.5m for heat detectors.
the end detector to the end wall is half
M. Detectors should be in the centre of

detector coverage
table5. Spacing and siting of detectors on ceilings with closely

spaced structural beams or joists.

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detector coverage
fig 23. Cells formed from joists
6.9 Ceiling Heights
Detectors should not generally be moun-

ted on ceilings higher than those listed
under in column one in Table 6 below.
However, if small sections of ceiling, not
exceeding in total 10% of the ceiling area
within the protected area, exceed these
limits, these higher sections are adequa-
tely protected provided that the ceiling
height does not exceed the limits in co-
lumn two Table 6.

detector coverage
Table 3 Limits of ceiling height
Column 2 Max
ceiling height
for 10% of
ceiling area
Point smoke detectors (BS EN 54-7)
Carbon monoxide detectors (BS EN 54-26)
Optical beam smoke detectors (BS EN 54-12)

Normal sensitivity 25.0 28.0
Enhanced 40.0 (See Note1) 43.0 (See Note1)
sensitivity (alarm
at 35% attenua-
tion or less)
Aspirating smoke detection systems (BS EN 54-20)
General limit 10.5 12.5
Class C with at 15.0 18.0
least 5 holes
Class C with at 25.0 28.0

least 15 holes
Class B with at 40.0 (See Note2) 43.0 (See Note2)

least 15 holes
Other fire detectors As specified by the manufacturer
NOTE 1 The use of supplemental detection is recommended [see 22.5d)] unless the risk
(i.e. probability consequence) of stratification is minimal.
NOTE 2 The use of multilevel sampling is recommended [see 22.7c)] unless the risk (i.e.
probability consequence) of stratification is minimal.

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detector coverage
6.10 Walls and Partitions be considered, so that the detector will

operate before the door is under serious
A wall has two effects on the movement of attack by fire.
smoke under a ceiling:
6.11 Voids
1. It slows down its movement towards
the wall. Ceiling and underfloor voids 800mm or
2. It deflects it in a direction parallel to more in height should also be protected by
the wall. detectors. (Occasionally, however, a varia-
Because of the slowing down effect, the- tion, whereby detectors are omitted, might
re tends to be dead spots near the wall. be considered in the case of voids in which
The code therefore states that detectors the fire risk is low and the void is not a route
should not be mounted within 500mm for fire spread beyond the room of origin).
of any wall or partition. (Sections of the Any void less than 800mm in height need
optical beam of an optical beam detector not be protected unless extensive spread
closer than 500mm to a wall or partition of fire or its products, particularly between
should be discounted from providing fire rooms or compartments, can take place
detection). within it before detection or, on the basis
of a fire risk assessment, protection is con-
Detectors within rooms that open onto sidered to be warranted.
escape routes in a Category L3 system
may be sited in the normal manner. Where it is considered necessary to install
However, as a special relaxation for these detectors in shallow voids having poor
detectors only, the detectors may be sited ventilation, for example underfloor servi-
on a wall, close to any door that opens onto ce voids, special care should be taken with
an escape route. Wall mounted detectors the positioning of the detectors. As the
should be sited such that the top of the de- initial smoke layer in a fire usually takes up
tection element is between 150mm and the top 10% of the void height, in shallow
300mm below the ceiling, and the bottom voids this may be small compared with the
of the detection element should be above dimensions of the detector. Care should
the level of the door opening. However, in therefore be taken to ensure that the sen-
rooms with a high ceiling (e.g. exceeding sing element of the detector lies within
4m in height), a variation might need to the top 10% of the voids height or the top
125mm, whichever is greater.

detector coverage
6.12 Perforated Ceilings Extraction systems can draw the fire pro-
ducts away from normally sited detectors,
Detectors above a perforated false ceiling and fresh air inlets can stop clean air pas-
may be used for protection of the area be- sing over detectors even when the room
low the false ceiling if: air is smoky. Increased air turbulence can
1) The perforations are substantially give increased dilution of the smoke, and,
uniform, appear across the comple in the case of ionization smoke detectors,
te ceiling and throughout they clean air can cause a false alarm if it is
make up more than 40% of the moving fast enough.
surface; and
2) The minimum dimension of each All heat and smoke detectors depend on
perforation in the movement of fire products from the
any direction is 10mm; and fire to the detector. Movement of air in the
building may be due to many causes, all of
3) The thickness of the ceiling is not which can have an effect on the movement
greater than three times the mini of the fire gases. As the fire gets bigger its
mum dimension of each convective effects gradually overpower all
perforation. other causes of air movement. This, howe-
ver, is not of much use to us as we need to
In all other cases, detectors should be detect fires when they are small.
mounted below the false ceiling, and if
protection of the void above the false cei- Computer Suites are a case of special im-
ling is necessary, further detectors should portance lies in the protection of computer
be installed on the true structural ceiling suites. These usually combine a high finan-
within the void. cial value with high ventilation rates; just
when we need to detect fires particularly
6.13 Ventilation quickly, the ventilation makes things espe-
cially difficult! BS 6266 (Code of practice
Ventilation systems in buildings should for fire protection for electronic equipment
also be taken into account when designing installations) should be consulted here.
fire systems because air movements in a
space can have a number of effects on the Ventilated Rooms the code provides useful
operation of the devices. advice on installation of detectors in venti-

page 73

detector coverage
lated rooms 22.3m. Detectors should not 6.14 Lantern-lights

be mounted directly in the fresh air input
from air conditioning systems. In general, A lantern-light or cupola can form a reser-
a spacing of not less than 1m between the voir for smoke. If it is used for ventilation,
detector and the air inlet should be main- it also forms a chimney, through which
tained. Where the air inlet is through a per- smoke will flow. BS 5839-1 recommends
forated ceiling, the ceiling should be non that if any lantern-light within a protected
perforated for a radius of at least 600mm area is 800mm or more in depth, or is used
around each detector. for ventilation, a fire detector should be
sited in the lantern-light.
Smoke Detectors in Ventilation Ducts So-
metimes, smoke detectors are installed
within air extraction ducts. These detectors
cannot give adequate protection of the
area from which air is extracted, as the ex-
traction system may be shut down at cer-
tain times. However, they are sometimes
installed as supplementary protection
(e.g. to shut down recirculation of air).
The detector may be mounted outside the
duct, with a probe (see 5.2.7) extending
into the duct itself. The smoke detectors
or probes should be installed in straight
stretches of ductwork, at a distance from
the nearest bend, corner or junction, of
at least three times the width of the duct.
Only detectors deemed suitable for this
application by the manufacturer should
be used. Normally, a duct probe should
cover the wider dimension of the duct,
and the length of the probe should be at
least two-thirds of that dimension.

manual break glass call points
7. Manual Break Glass Call Points Normal break glass call points might not
be acceptable in food preparation areas or
7. 1 General Information areas where particularly explosive atmos-
pheres are likely to be present. If installed
All Category L1, L2, L3 and L4 systems in food preparation areas, breaking the
must include call points, so that, in the frangible element may result in glass frag-
event of a fire, people can raise the alarm ments getting into food.
immediately. In practice, usually Category
L5, P1 and P2 systems also incorporate 7.2 Siting of Manual Call Points
manual call points, unless these are pro-
vided in a separate system. Manual call The basic principle of manual call point
points should conform to BS EN 54-11. siting is that no one should be able to
Type A call points, in which only a single leave a building, or a storey of a building,
action is necessary to raise the alarm (i.e. without passing a manual call point. BS
breaking the glass) should be used. Howe- 5839-1 recommends that manual call po-
ver, subject to the agreement of the enfor- ints should be located on escape routes
cing authority, a hinged, transparent cover and, in particular, at all storey exits and all
may be used if the call points are likely to exits to open air. Note that, in the case of
be subject to casual malicious operation. exits to open air, these may, or may not
(See Section 8). actually be designated as fire exits.
All call points in the installation must have In the case of manual call points located at
the same method of operation unless storey exits, the code offers a choice of si-
there is a special reason for differentiation. ting. The manual call points may either be
A system in which some call points require located on the staircase landings or within
impact by a hammer and others just requi- the accommodation, adjacent to the door
re thumb pressure is not acceptable. to the stairway. However, in a multi-storey
building with phased evacuation, the two
The delay between operation of a call point options for manual call point siting are not
and the sounding of the alarm should not given by the code; in this case, manual call
exceed three seconds. points should not be located on stairway
landings. Where horizontally adjacent
areas may be evacuated separately in

page 75

a building with phased evacuation, the a storey and the nearest manual call point
code recommends that additional ma- does not exceed 30m (or 16m in situations
nual call points are provided to ensure in which the maximum distance of travel
that one manual call point is located at to a manual call point is limited to 25m).
every designated exit from an alarm zone; Ultimately, on completion of a system,
unless this recommendation is satisfied, however, it is the actual distance of travel
the appropriate areas might not be eva- to a manual call point, measured along the
cuated in the first phase. route that a person would actually follow,
that matters; at that stage, the straight line
The code sets a limit on the maximum distance does not matter.
distance that anyone should have to
travel to reach the nearest manual call Once the above criteria are satisfied, for
point. Generally, this figure is 45m, but the compliance with the code the designer
figure is reduced to 25m where processes will need to ensure that, where specific
in the area result in the likelihood of rapid equipment or activities result in a high
fire development (e.g. as a result of the fire hazard, a manual call point is sited in
presence of highly flammable liquids or fla- close proximity. Examples of such areas
mmable gases) or where a significant pro- given in the code are kitchens or cellu-
portion of occupants have limited mobility lose paint spray areas. As it happens, in
and it can reasonably be anticipated that both these cases, further special require-
one of these occupants will first operate ments might apply to the manual call po-
the fire alarm system in the event of fire. ints. For example, the cellulose spraying
area might require the use of equipment
At the design stage of the system, it may be certified for use in potentially explosive
difficult to actually measure, on drawings, atmospheres. Within kitchens, it is pos-
the maximum distance that anyone will sible that call points with non-glass fran-
have to travel to reach a manual call gible elements are necessary, although,
point. For example, the final fit-out or in practice, such call points are more
layout of partitions, equipment, etc may usually limited to food processing facto-
not be known. In this case, the code recom- ries and the like.
mends that sufficient manual call points
be provided to ensure that the maximum The code recommends that manual call
straight line distance between any point in points are fixed at a height of 1.4m above fi-

nished floor levels, at easily accessible, well

illuminated and conspicuous positions free
from potential obstruction. A tolerance of
200mm in mounting height is permitted
under the code without the need for it to
be treated, or recorded, as a variation. The
measurement should be made between
the finished floor level and the centre point
of the frangible element. Call points should
be sited against a contrasting background
to assist in easy recognition.
A mounting height lower than 1.4m is ac-

ceptable in circumstances where there is a
high likelihood that the first person to raise
an alarm of fire will be a wheelchair user.
Manual call points may be flush mounted

in locations where they will be seen readily.
However, where they will be viewed from
the side, they should be surface mounted
or only semi-recessed, such that the front
face is proud of the mounting surface (e.g.
the wall of a corridor) by at least 15mm.

page 77

limitation of false and unwanted alarms
8. Limitation of False and accordance with the requirements of the

Unwanted Alarms designer. However, the code recommends
that a special check is carried out as part
8.1 Role of the Designer of the commissioning process to ensure
that there is no obvious potential for an
Section 3 of BS 5839-1 is devoted to li- unacceptable rate of false alarms. Within
mitation of false alarms. In the code, the the model certificate of commissioning,
designer is considered to be the key pla- the commissioning engineer is specifically
yer in the limitation of false alarms. It is a required to record that, taking into account
specific recommendation of the code that the guidance in Section 3 of the code, no
the system designer should ensure that obvious potential for an unacceptable rate
the system design takes account of the of false alarms has been identified.
guidance contained in Section 3 of the
code. The certificate of compliance that The code suggests that it should be confir-
the designer must complete not only certi- med, before design begins, that automatic
fies that the design complies with Section fire detection will be of a value that out-
2 of the code, it also certifies that account weighs the potential for false alarms. In ge-
has been taken of the guidance in Section neral, of course, this will be the case, but, in
3. More specifically, the design certificate the case of some simple small buildings in
contains various tick boxes that the desig- which all areas are occupied on a 24 hour
ner must consider and tick as appropriate basis, automatic detection may be of little
to indicate which of various specific ac- benefit to fire safety. Other than in such
tions have been taken within the design to rare cases, it will, of course, be inappropria-
ensure that false alarms are limited. A fur- te to avoid fire detection as the means of
ther informative annex sets out in schema- limiting false alarms.
tic form the thought processes involved in
ensuring that system design is sufficiently However, the code does advocate that,
immune to false alarms (See Figure 24). at the design stage, the designer makes
at least a qualitative judgement as to the
The code considers the role of the insta- likely frequency of false alarms. In the case
ller in limiting false alarms as much less of very large systems with many smoke
significant. The logic is that the role of the detectors, it might even be appropriate for
installer is simply to install the system in the designer to provide the user with gui-

dance on the approximate rate at which

false alarms could occur. This might then
identify the need for incorporation of mea-
sures within the design to limit the number
of false alarms; an example might be filte-
ring measures, which are discussed later
in this Section.
This quite onerous duty on the designer

might, at first sight, appear somewhat theo-
retical, academic and idealistic. Certainly,
it will hardly be appropriate for the desig-
ner of a fire alarm system for a small shop,
which might comprise only two or three
manual call points, half a dozen detectors
and a few bells, to engage in dialogue with
the user regarding the anticipated number
of false alarms and special design measu-
res for their avoidance! However, this gui-
dance in the code is practical and sensible
in the very large installations to which the
guidance refers.

page 79

fig 24. Schematic for design against false alarms

8.2 Categories of False Alarm Equipment false alarms, in which the

false alarm has resulted from a fault in
The code recognizes four different catego- the system;
ries of false alarm, albeit that the generic
term false alarm is used in the code to Malicious false alarms, in which a person
describe any fire signal resulting from a operates a manual call point or causes a
cause(s) other than fire. fire detector to initiate a fire signal, whilst
knowing that there is no fire;
The four categories of false alarms are des-
cribed and defined as follows: False alarms with good intent, in which
a person operates a manual call point
Unwanted alarms, in which a system has or otherwise initiates a fire signal in the
responded, either as designed or as the te- belief that there is a fire, when no fire
chnology may reasonably be expected to actually exists.
respond, to any of the following:
8.3 Requirements for Service
A fire-like phenomenon or Technicians
environmental influence (e.g.
smoke from a nearby bonfire, The code recommends that, at the time of
dust or insects, processes that every service visit, the system false alarm
produce smoke or flame, record should be checked carefully. The
or environmental effects that can code identifies three matters that should
render certain types of detector be brought to light by this check.
unstable, such as rapid
air flow); Firstly, the rate of false alarms during the
previous twelve months, expressed as
Accidental damage; number of false alarms per 100 detectors
Inappropriate human action (e.g. per annum, should be determined by the
operation of a system for test or service technician. Secondly, it should be
maintenance purposes determined whether, since the time of the
without prior warning to building previous service visit, two or more false
occupants and/or an alarm alarms, other than false alarms with good
receiving centre); intent, have arisen from any single manual

page 81

call point or fire detector (or detector loca- 8.4 False Alarm Rates
tion). Thirdly, it should be determined whe-
ther any persistent cause of false alarms The code advises that systems in which the
can be identified from a study of the false parties responsible have not taken adequa-
alarm log. As part of the service work, a te care to limit false alarms, and systems
preliminary investigation should be carried that produce unacceptably high rates of
out if any one or more of four circumstan- false alarms, need to be regarded as non-
ces is found to apply, namely: compliant with the code. Such a non-com-
pliance could bring with it civil liability and
1) The rate of false alarms over the implications for insurance of the property,
previous twelve months has as well as possible enforcement action
exceeded one false alarm per 25 by enforcing authorities. Indeed, the code
detectors per annum. notes that, in the future, it is possible that a
fire authority will take appropriate action if
2) More than eleven false alarms a fire alarm system consistently produces
have occurred since the time of false alarms at unacceptable rates.
the previous service visit (i.e.
typically, within the previous This, therefore, introduces the concept of
six months). an acceptable rate of false alarms. The
code is realistic enough to acknowledge
3) Two or more false alarms (other that, while any false alarm is undesirable,
than false alarms with good it must be accepted that, particularly in ins-
intent) have arisen from any tallations that incorporate a large number
single manual call point or fire of automatic fire detectors, complete eli-
detector (or detector location) mination of false alarms is impossible. The
since the time of the last best that can be expected is that the rate
service visit. of false alarms from any installation falls
within limits defined as acceptable.
4) Any persistent cause of false
alarms is identified. Factors that will affect the number of false
alarms include the environment (including
the electromagnetic environment), activi-
ties in the building, the level of occupation

of the building and the standard of mana- or less than, one false alarm per 100 detec-
gement in the building, the latter of which tors per annum are possible. While this fi-
will affect matters such as control over gure is not intended as a norm or average,
third parties, (e.g. contractors), and the po- it might, therefore, be regarded as an ideal
tential for malicious operation of manual target for false alarm management under
call points. ideal conditions. A more realistic expecta-
tion on industrial sites with shift working
However, the code suggests that a key is suggested by the code to be one false
factor will be the number of automatic fire alarm per 75 detectors per annum.
detectors in the installation. Thus, the code
advises that the number of false alarms The code does not, however, suggest
that can be anticipated is virtually propor- that the above figures are easily achie-
tional to the number of automatic fire de- vable. On the other hand, it does suggest
tectors installed. that, in general, false alarm rates of one
false alarm per 50 detectors per annum
This is because each detector can be con- can be readily achievable with modern
sidered as a potential generator of false technology systems, unless there are
alarms as a result of environmental factors severe environmental challenges for au-
and activities within the area of the detec- tomatic fire detection. There is a tentati-
tor, as well as, of course, the possibility of a ve suggestion in the code that this rate
detector fault. The code notes that the ratio might, therefore, be quite reasonable
of false alarms to number of detectors in and acceptable on an industrial site with
the installation will depend on the extent to processes that create an unfavourable
which smoke detectors are used; systems environment for automatic fire detectors.
that are purely manual, or in which heat
detectors are used, should not normally On the other hand, it is suggested that
produce many false alarms. this rate might not be acceptable in a
controlled environment, such as a com-
As a guide, the code suggests that, in a re- puter room.
lative benign environment, in which there
is no tendency for dust, fumes or insects to These figures now provide the user with
occur, and in which there is a good standard some form of target, however imprecise it
of management, false alarm rates equal to, might be, at which to aim in any initiative

page 83

to reduce false alarms. However, the lack tomatic fire detectors, the user should ins-
of precision in these figures, and the num- tigate an in-depth investigation by suitable
ber of variables that will affect the actual specialists if, in any rolling period of twelve
false alarm rate in any specific installation, months, either:
are such that it would not be reasonable
to deem the rate of false alarms as unac- 1) The average rate of false alarms
ceptable simply because these particular exceeds one false alarm per 20
figures are not reached. Nevertheless, sin- detectors per annum; or
ce the code introduces the concept of an
unacceptable rate of false alarms, there 2) If three or more false alarms are
must be some (much higher) rate of false initiated by any single manual
alarms that does not simply fall short of call point or automatic fire
the possible target ideal, but that is quite detector (or detector location).
positively unacceptable.
In systems that incorporate 40 or less au-
The code defines such a level. The advice tomatic fire detectors, the in-depth investi-
given is that, in general, in systems with gation should be instigated by the user if,
more than 40 automatic fire detectors, a in any rolling twelve month period, three or
rate of more than one false alarm per 20 more false alarms occur.
detectors per annum is never to be regar-
ded as acceptable, particularly if the false In 2010 CFOA (Chief Fire Officers Asso-
alarms result in evacuation of the premi- ciation) reintroduced a new policy for the
ses or summoning of the fire service. In reduction of false alarms and unwanted
premises with 40 automatic fire detectors fire signals. The aim of this policy was to
or less, more than two false alarms per reduce the number of false alarms gene-
annum is to be regarded as unacceptable. rated by fire detection and alarm system,
It is these figures that are, therefore, used and to reduce the number of UWFS (Un-
as the basis for the trigger at which an in- wanted Fire Signals) sent to F&RS (Fire
depth investigation by suitable specialists and Rescue Systems).
should be carried out.
The CFOA policy calls for a considera-
Specifically, the code recommends that, in bly better performance from automatic
systems that incorporate more than 40 au- fire detectors than required by the code,

in respect of false alarms. It also recom- Cutting, welding and similar

mends that the types of Call Filtering be hot work;
adopted to help reduce false alarms ca- Processes that produce smoke or
lling the F&RS. flame (e.g. flambing of food);
Cosmetic smoke (e.g. in discotheques
The policy also outlines methods of registe- and theatres);
ring a fire detection alarm system together Incense;
with possible reductions in F&RS attendan- Candles;
ce levels to repeat false alarm offenders Electromagnetic interference;
Full details on the policy can be found at High humidity;
www.cfoa.org.uk Water ingress;
Substantial fluctuation in
8.5 Causes of False Alarms temperature;
Accidental damage (particularly to
The code lists 20 recognised causes of fal- manual call points);
se alarms. These are as follows: Testing or maintenance of the
system, without
Fumes from cooking processes (inclu- appropriate disablement of the
ding toasting of bread); system or warning to building
Steam (from bathrooms, shower occupants and/or an alarm
rooms and industrial processes); receiving centre;
Tobacco smoke; Pressure surges on water mains
Dust (whether built up over a period serving automatic sprinkler systems
of time or released from an industrial that are interfaced with the fire
process); alarm system.
Insects;
Aerosol spray (e.g. deodorants and The code acknowledges that most of
cleaning fluids); these causes can be minimized by appro-
High air velocities; priate choice of detection system and sui-
Smoke from sources other than a fire table management arrangements.
in the building (e.g. from an external
bonfire); Equipment false alarms, associated with
faults in equipment, can, on the other

page 85

hand, be minimized by choice of good 8.6 Practical Measures to

quality equipment that satisfies the appro- Limit False Alarms
priate product standards. Third party certi-
fication of the equipment provides a form One entire clause (clause 35) of Section 3
of warranty of compliance. Once the equi- of the code is devoted purely to measures
pment has been installed, regular servicing to limit false alarms. Clause 35 contains no
is important to ensure continuing satisfac- less than 30 specific recommendations
tory operation. for consideration by the relevant parties.
The measures advocated are divided into
As noted in the code, the third category eight groups, namely:
of false alarms, namely malicious false
alarms, most commonly occur in certain Siting and selection of manual
public buildings, such as shopping centres, call points.
places of entertainment, certain public Selection and siting of automatic
houses, public car parks and sports cen- fire detectors.
tres, and in educational establishments, Selection of system type.
such as universities and schools. These Protection against electromagnetic
false alarms generally involve operation of interference.
manual call points. Performance monitoring of newly
commissioned systems.
The fourth category of false alarms, namely Filtering measures.
false alarms with good intent, is difficult System management.
to prevent and is, in any case, unlikely to Regular servicing and maintenance.
present a significant problem. Moreover,
it is generally undesirable to attempt to The 30 specific recommendations are not
minimize false alarms with good intent, intended to constitute definitive rules. On
since the principles of fire safety dictate the other hand, they cannot be ignored if
that it is entirely appropriate for people to the various stages in system evolution and
raise the alarm, by operating a manual call use are to comply with the code. Thus, the
point, if they suspect that there might be a code recommends that the 30 recommen-
fire. The code notes, therefore, that it is im- dations in question be taken into account
portant that people are never discouraged by any parties responsible for specifica-
from doing so. tion, design, commissioning or verification

of a fire alarm system, and by maintenance to omit manual call points from areas ac-
organizations at the time of consideration cessible to the public or to site them so
of false alarm problems. that they are accessible only to authorized
persons, provided there is adequate sur-
8.6.1 Siting and Selection of Manual veillance of the entire premises by people
Call Points or CCTV and that manual call points are
provided at suitably staffed locations. For
The recommendations for suitable siting example, it is not uncommon, in the case
and selection of manual call points relate of certain public houses, to locate manual
primarily to avoidance of exposure of call call points behind the bar.
points to accidental damage and mali-
cious operation. Principally, this involves Where mechanical damage is likely, the
care in siting within certain high risk areas. code refers to the use of guards. Hinged
As examples of areas in which there might covers are also advocated for considera-
be exposure to accidental damage, the tion as a form of guard and as a measu-
code quotes areas in which trolleys or for- re to limit malicious false alarms in the
klift trucks are used, and sports halls and case of schools, universities, certain pu-
gymnasia, in which ball sports are played. blic entertainment premises and public
As examples of areas in which there is sig- car parks. Again, however, this would
nificant potential for malicious operation require the agreement of all relevant
of call points, the code suggests shop- enforcing authorities, as the manual call
ping malls, some public houses, cinemas, points would not then conform to the re-
theatres, nightclubs, schools, universities, quirements of BS EN 54-11 for Type A
certain public entertainment premises and manual call points, and agreement of a
public car parks. variation from the normal recommenda-
tions of the code would be necessary. In
In the case of shopping malls, the code re- the case of public car parks, the code su-
commends that manual call points should ggests that consideration might also be
not be located within the malls themselves. given to the use of a suitable emergency
In certain of the public premises described voice communication system (e.g. emer-
above, the code recommends that, subject gency telephones or an intercom sys-
to the agreement of all relevant enforcing tem) in lieu of manual call points. This
authorities, it might be appropriate either would also require approval of enfor-

page 87

cing authorities, and it would be appro- term used was siting and selection. This
priate for such a system to comply with reversal of words is not accidental. In the
BS 5839-9. case of manual call points, the code re-
gards the siting of the devices as the critical
Ingress of moisture into a manual call point factor, whereas, in the case of automatic
can cause malperformance of the device. fire detectors, greater emphasis is placed
In the case of an addressable system, such on selection.
an event can cause various random fault
and fire signals. Accordingly, the code re- However, as discussed above, if it is known
commends that, in areas in which manual that the provision of automatic fire de-
call points are exposed to moisture, suitably tectors is likely to result in a high level of
moisture-resistant devices should be used. unwanted alarms, the first question that
In practice, the performance would be the designer should ask is whether, in fact,
specified by means of a relevant IP rating the provision of automatic fire detection
(e.g. IP X5). As examples of such areas, the is actually necessary. In this context, the
code gives external locations, wet areas of necessity will depend on the objectives
industrial buildings, food-processing areas of the fire alarm system, which should be
that are subject to periodic washing down clearly understood by the designer.
and certain kitchens. A practical example
would be the case of breweries, where Over the last two decades, because of its
there are often wet areas. In many kit- greater sensitivity, smoke detection has
chens, ingress of water is not a recognized become something of the default form
problem, but it is not unknown for conden- of fire detection, with heat detection
sation to create problems for manual call specified only if it is obvious that smoke
points, and water could, of course, occur in detectors would result in false alarms.
wash-up areas. However, the code recommends that,
for systems complying with the 2002
8.6.2 Selection and Siting of version, consideration should be given to
Automatic Fire Detectors the use of heat detection, before smoke
detection is specified. Thus, the code re-
In the case of automatic fire detectors, the commends that it should be confirmed
code refers to selection and siting, whe- that the use of heat detectors would
reas, in the case of manual call points, the not satisfy both the objectives of the fire

alarm system and the recommendations Most aspirating smoke detection sys-
of the code. tems are considerably more sensitive
than normal point-type smoke detectors.
Unless there is an equipment fault, if heat Indeed, the high sensitivity of these devi-
detectors do generate false alarms, it is ces is the most common reason for them
likely that the reason is either a high am- to be specified (e.g. in critical electronic
bient temperature or rapidly fluctuating equipment rooms). However, the code
ambient temperatures. To avoid such fal- advocates that special consideration is
se alarms, the code provides guidance on given to ensure that the high sensitivity
the headroom that should exist between does not result in unwanted alarms. In
ambient temperatures and the temperatu- this connection, aspirating smoke de-
re of operation of heat detectors. Rate of tection is sometimes specified in circum-
rise heat detectors should not be installed stances in which its advantage is not so
in locations in which rapid fluctuations in much its high sensitivity, but the opportu-
temperature may occur. Examples given in nity to install relatively invisible fire de-
the code comprise kitchens, boiler rooms, tection that will not affect the ambience
loading bays with large doors to open air of, say, a stately home.
and lantern-lights.
In these circumstances, high sensitivi-
A common perplexity to face designers is ty is not required in order to satisfy the
the type of smoke detector that should be objective of the system. Accordingly, in
specified (i.e. optical or ionization cham- such cases, the code advocates the use of
ber). Clause 35 of the code provides gui- aspirating systems that can be arranged
dance on considerations in respect of to provide sensitivity equivalent to that of
false alarms that should be taken into ac- point smoke detectors conforming to BS
count in selecting point and optical beam EN 54-7, since, were it not for the visual
smoke detectors. impact of point detectors, they might well
have satisfied the fire safety objective quite
adequately. This is possible with the VES-
DA aspirating detection system.

page 89

Carbon monoxide fire detectors are some- 8.6.3 Selection of System Type
times specified in situations where false
alarms might arise from smoke detectors Digital fire detection systems are regarded
and to provide much more sensitive de- as less prone to unwanted alarms than
tection than could be afforded by heat conventional fire detection systems. Even
detectors. However, it is important to take the simple pre-alarm warning incorporated
account of circumstances that might result within digital systems provides an oppor-
in unwanted alarms from CO detectors. tunity for the user to investigate a situation
Normally, such circumstances will be tho- that, had it been permitted to continue,
se in which carbon monoxide is generated, would have resulted in a false alarm.
such as badly ventilated kitchens, areas in
which vehicle or other exhaust fumes oc- The code recommends that, unless there
cur and some laboratories. are overriding considerations, systems that
incorporate a high number of smoke detec-
Similarly, it is a simple truism that infra- tors should be of the digital type. It is for the
red and ultraviolet flame detectors should designer to determine what constitutes a
not be located in areas in which sources high number of smoke detectors, but a rela-
of infra-red or ultraviolet radiation create tively tentative suggestion within the code
the potential for unwanted alarms.The is that a high number might be regarded as
mere presence of infra-red radiation itself, more than 100 detectors.
however, does not necessarily generate Arguably, the future for reduction of false
potential for unwanted alarms, as various alarms lies in the use of multi-sensor de-
techniques can be adopted to prevent this tection systems that incorporate measu-
(e.g. generation of fire alarm signals from res to filter out false alarms from environ-
infra-red flame detectors only if the infra- mental influences that principally affect
red radiation sensed has the characteris- only one of the sensors incorporated wi-
tic flicker frequency of a diffusion flame). thin each detector. It should, however, be
Accordingly, the code recommends that noted that not all multi-sensor detection
the guidance of the manufacturer of the systems incorporate such measures; some
detector, in respect of sensitivity of detec- multi-sensor detectors use the multi-sensor
tors to other non-fire sources of radiation, feature primarily to offer good sensitivity to
should be taken into account. a broader spectrum of fires.

However, the code recommends that, some practical guidance on avoiding false
in systems that incorporate a very high alarms as a result of electromagnetic inter-
number of automatic fire detectors ference. In addition, it is recommended
(other than heat detectors), the use of that the designer should take into ac-
systems that include multi-sensor fire count the likely sources of electromagne-
detectors and incorporation of suitable tic radiation in the building. These include
measures to minimize the potential for mobile telephones, two-way radios, mo-
unwanted alarms should be considered bile telephone base stations (which are
at the design stage. Again, only tenta- often found now within buildings) and
tive advice on what constitutes a very other high power transmitters.
high number of detectors is offered in
the code; more than 1,000 detectors is In some cases, very high electromagnetic
suggested as constituting a very high field strengths might occur. Examples are
number. However, looking to the future, radio transmitter sites, airport terminals
the code suggests that, as standards for and radar stations. In these cases, the
multi-sensor fire detection systems are code recommends that guidance should
produced, and more proprietary systems be sought from the system manufacturer,
become available, more definitive advi- so that special measures, such as the pro-
ce might be given and the definition of vision of filters on external circuits, can be
very high number might be reduced, if incorporated to reduce the potential for
evidence of significant improvements in unwanted alarms. In the case of an exis-
unwanted alarm immunity can be esta- ting building, where unusually high field
blished for these systems. strengths occur, the code recommends
that information be provided to the system
8.6.4 Protection Against manufacturer regarding the field strengths
Electromagnetic Interference that exist. This, effectively, implies that ac-
tual measurements should be carried out
Modern fire alarm systems are less suscep- in these cases.
tible to electromagnetic interference than
the systems of 10 - 20 years ago. Howe-
ver, the code recognizes electromagnetic
interference as a potential cause of unwan-
ted alarms. Clause 28 of the code provides

page 91

8.6.5 Performance Monitoring of is required to indicate whether no soak

Newly Commissioned Systems test is required, based on the number of
automatic fire detectors, or to define the
Sometimes, false alarms occur in the early period for the soak test. Where a soak test
life of a system. This can arise from infant is required, since it will immediately follow
mortality of components, poor siting of de- commissioning, the model certificate of
tectors that was not identified before han- commissioning also contains a space in
dover, and environmental influences that which the period of any required soak test
were not appreciated prior to handover. should be recorded.
These early problems are sometimes at-
tributed to settling in of the system, but Obviously, until successful completion of
are really more accurately the result of the soak test, the system should not be
previously undetected problems. In order regarded as the means of giving warning
to prevent these problems causing actual of fire in the building. Thus, during this pe-
false alarms, the code recommends that, riod, each manual call point should bear
in the case of systems incorporating more an indication that it is not to be used. In
than 50 automatic fire detectors, a soak practice, this means that, in the program-
period should follow commissioning. me for a new building project, allowance
A soak period is defined in the code as a would have to be made for the soak period
period after a fire alarm system has been before occupation of a building. Where an
commissioned, but prior to handover, du- existing fire alarm system is being repla-
ring which the systems performance in ced by a new system, strip out of the old
relation to false alarms and faults is moni- system clearly should not begin until the
tored. Thus, other than in the case of small completion of the new systems soak test.
systems, handover, as envisaged in the Practical difficulties may, however, arise in
code, is not complete until completion of complying with the code if the new system
the soak period. uses the wiring of the old system.
The code recommends that the duration
of the soak period should be at least one The code defines the criteria for successful
week, but the actual period should be de- completion of the soak test, namely that:
fined by the designer and incorporated
within any tender specification. Within 1) During the soak period, no false alarm
the model design certificate, the designer occurred; or

2) Investigation of all false alarms that tors. Two forms of filtering are described
occurred, by the supplier of the in the code.
system, has identified the cause of
every false alarm and enabled any The first (and, in practice, the less com-
relevant measures to be taken to mon) form of filtering is the use of a time
minimize potential for similar false related system. In such a system the
alarms to occur in the future. form of protection varies on a time rela-
ted basis. For example, smoke detectors
8.6.6 Filtering Measures may be disabled automatically during
normal working hours, so that, in effect,
Even if all the above recommendations the system is Category M during working
for limitation of false alarms are dutifully hours and Category P outside normal
followed, the code acknowledges that working hours. This technique could not,
the rate of false alarms (e.g. expressed of course, be applied if the function of the
as one false alarm per n detectors per an- automatic fire detection were life safety,
num), or the sheer number of false alarms, as it would, obviously, be needed when
might be unacceptable. The code envisa- people were present.
ges that the unacceptable extent of false
and unwanted alarms might actually be Other forms of time related system include
anticipated at the design stage or that it those in which detector sensitivity is redu-
might only come to light after operatio- ced at certain times, such as during working
nal experience. For example, if there is a hours, and multi-sensor systems in which
large number of automatic fire detectors, one of the sensors is disabled (or reduced
the number of false alarms that might be in sensitivity) at certain times. In the latter
anticipated by the designer, even at the case, if, say, smoke sensors are disabled du-
initial design stage, might be regarded by ring normal working hours, but protection at
the user as unacceptable, even though these times by heat detectors is still
the actual rate is well within the definition required, the detector spacing should
of acceptability given in the code. follow that recommended for heat
Under these circumstances, the code detectors, rather than that recommen-
suggests that filtering measures might ded for smoke detectors.
be appropriate, particularly in installations
with a very large number of automatic fire In all of the above examples, the actual
detectors, which the code suggests might causes of false and unwanted alarms are
be, for example, more than 1,000 detec-

page 93

not eliminated or reduced; it is merely that arrival of the fire service under these cir-
the false alarms are filtered out by preven- cumstances may not only be unwarranted,
ting response to the causes of false and but it may cause confusion.
unwanted alarms at certain times of day.
It goes without saying, however, that the Staff alarms are becoming quite common in
modified form of response, and associated large, complex buildings that are protected
reduction in the level of protection, needs by a high number of automatic fire detec-
to be understood by, and be acceptable to, tors, particularly smoke detectors. The use
the relevant interested parties. of a staff alarm does, however, necessitate
a good standard of management. There
The second form of filtering involves the must be sufficient staff to investigate, and
use of a staff alarm. The code defines a manage the situation thereafter, at all times
staff alarm as a restricted alarm, following that the staff alarm arrangement applies,
the operation of a manual call point or au- and there must never be any suggestion
tomatic fire detector, given to certain staff that staff might simply endeavour to cancel
in the premises to permit investigation the alarm during the investigate period and
prior to evacuation. then investigate at leisure.
Secondly, although the definition refers In practice, the staff alarm normally applies
to a delay in evacuation, quite often the at all times, but there is no reason why, in
summoning of the fire service (whether via certain premises, it should not only apply
the public emergency call system or via an at certain times of the day, such as normal
alarm receiving centre) is also delayed, so working hours, in which case the system is
that summoning of the fire service does also a time-related system.
not occur unless and until an evacuation
is initiated. It might actually be preferable Although filtering should, arguably, always
to delay the summoning of the fire service be considered at the design stage in sys-
until the expiry of the investigation period if tems with very large numbers of smoke
the fire brigade attendance time is less than detectors, filtering measures should not
the investigation period; otherwise, in these be regarded as an easy option to mask
circumstances, at the time of arrival of the shortcomings in system design that could
fire service, investigation is still underway, be improved by other means. The code re-
the premises are still fully occupied and no commends that filtering measures should
audible fire alarm signal is sounding. The

only be adopted under the following cir- them to the need for a strategy that will
cumstances: be robust in ensuring the safety of people
in the event of an actual fire. A good false
1) After consultation and agreement alarm strategy is not necessarily a good fire
with all relevant enforcing safety strategy!
authorities; and
2) In the case of Category P systems in Even so, properly designed filtering mea-
which it is proposed to incorporate sures do incorporate safeguards to ensu-
an investigation period prior to the re that potential delays in implementing
summoning of the fire service, fire procedures in the event of fire are
after consultation with the insurers; minimized. For example, the code recom-
and mends that filtering should not be applied
to signals initiated by manual call points.
3) Where it is considered that either the Thus, during the investigation period, if
rate of false and unwnated alarms anyone in the building, including those
(expressed as number of false alarms investigating the alarm signal, discover
per 100 detectors per annum) or a fire, the alarm can be raised quickly
the actual number of false alarms, by use of any nearby manual call point.
cannot be limited to a level (A staff alarm is sometimes accepted as
acceptable to the user and the fire the response to operation of a manual call
service by other means; and point in public entertainment premises,
but this is not primarily for the purpose of
4) Where it is considered that the filtering out false alarms, but to enable pre-
incorporation of filtering measures determined staff actions to be put in place
does not negate the objectives of to assist the public with evacuation.) Staff
the system in terms of protection of alarms should only be used where staff,
life, property, business continuity or including any night staff, are sufficient in
the environment. number and fully trained in the action they
are to take in the event of fire.
Point 4) above cannot be stressed stron-
gly enough. The natural concern on the A further common safeguard incorpo-
part of users to avoid the effects of false rated within staff alarm arrangements
and unwanted alarms sometimes blinds is coincidence detection. When this

page 95

arrangement applies, although only a sta- alarm signals. It is uncommon for this
ff alarm results from the operation of a to apply to fire alarm signals, but such
single automatic fire detector, operation an arrangement is not precluded. Care
of any two detectors will result in a full fire would, however, be necessary to ensu-
alarm condition. The value of coincidence re that filtering did not occur at the pro-
detection is acknowledged in the code, tected premises and also, subsequently,
albeit that it is not specifically recommen- at the alarm receiving centre, as this
ded that it should always be incorporated would be likely to cause an unaccepta-
within a staff alarm arrangement. ble delay in transmission of signals to
the fire service.
If the fire service is not summoned im-
mediately at the start of any investiga- Automatic sprinkler systems are not pro-
tion period associated with a staff alarm, ne to false alarms. False alarms as a result
it is essential that they are summoned of actual water discharge from sprinkler
immediately on expiry of this period. In heads is extremely rare, and, when it does
residential care premises summoning of occur, it is normally the result of significant
the fire service is paramount and should events, such as mechanical damage (e.g.
be immediate upon the staff alarm ope- by forklift trucks), corrosion of heads in
rating , even when there may be a delay aggressive environments, freezing of un-
in sounding the general alarm. A note in heated pipework, etc. However, unwanted
the code acknowledges that reliability alarms do sometimes occur in systems that
and compliance with this recommenda- are supplied from water mains, as opposed
tion can be aided by the use of facilities to to the now more common form of supply,
transmit signals automatically to an alarm namely a water storage tank and pumps.
receiving centre on expiry of the inves- In systems supplied directly from towns
tigation period. Some fire authorities ac- mains, the pressure in the main may rise
tually make this a requirement for accep- at night as a result of low demand. This
tance of a staff alarm arrangement. increase in pressure can lift the clack of
the alarm valve, permitting water to flow
Filtering of alarm signals at the alarm through the pipework that serves the hy-
receiving centre, in the form of a tele- draulic alarm gong. The normal means
phone call to the protected premises of providing a signal from a sprinkler sys-
to verify that the alarm is genuine, is tem to a fire alarm system comprises a
commonly used in respect of intruder pressure switch within this pipework.

Accordingly, a false alarm can arise under recommendations. The recommendations

these circumstances. in question are intended to ensure that, for
example, contractors are properly apprai-
Where a signal from an automatic sprinkler sed of the measures necessary to minimize
system that is supplied from water mains false and unwanted alarms during building
is used as an input to the fire alarm sys- work; various measures that are appro-
tem, there should be liaison with the orga- priate during such work are recommen-
nization responsible for installing or main- ded in the code. The code also highlights
taining the sprinkler system to minimize the importance of ensuring that staff in
potential for unwanted alarms as a result the building are aware of the presence of
of water pressure surges. In practice, this automatic fire detection, so that they can
is usually achieved by a hydraulic or elec- avoid actions that could cause false and
tronic time delay facility, and considera- unwanted alarms. Staff also need to be
tion of these measures is recommended informed when routine testing or mainte-
by the code under such circumstances. nance work might cause the occurrence of
An electronic time delay, which is proba- a fire alarm signal. More generally, the buil-
bly more common, is usually achieved by ding, and any plant in the building, should
use of a pressure switch that incorporates be adequately maintained to ensure that
a variable time delay (for which the pres- leaking roofs, steam leaks, etc do not cau-
sure sensed must exist) within the switch; se unwanted alarms.
a similar arrangement could be applied at
the fire alarm control equipment, but it is When false and unwanted alarms do
normally at the sprinkler installation that occur, the code recommends that suitable
the matter is addressed. action should be taken by the user. Rele-
vant actions are discussed in the code, but
8.6.7 System Management it should be stressed that, at the very least,
this should comprise recording of the false
The code also makes recommendations and unwanted alarm and all relevant asso-
for ongoing management of the fire alarm ciated information in the system log book.
system by the user. As the user is unlikely
to possess, or read, the code, it is impor-
tant that the designer and supplier of the
system inform the user regarding these

page 97

8.6.8 Servicing and Maintenance
In order to limit false and unwanted

alarms, servicing and maintenance of the
system should be carried out by a com-
petent organization. Generally, a contract
for periodic servicing and emergency call
out should be set up before the system
becomes operational.
8.6.9 New non compliances
It is accepted that it is not the responsibi-

lity of those carrying out the maintenance
of the system to identify non compliances
with the design standard; although if any
are discovered they should be reported to
the relevant person/system designer.

means of giving warning to occupants
9. Means of Giving Warning to warning throughout the building when

Occupants detectors operate.
Category M and Category L systems must When designing fire alarm systems, ca-
be capable of giving an audible warning reful consideration must be given to the
of fire throughout the building, as the prin- positioning of sounders. The audibility of
cipal purpose of these systems is to warn sounders can differ quite significantly de-
occupants in the event of fire, so that pending upon where they are located. It
they can evacuate the building. In theory, should be ensured that sufficient, suitably
a Category P system does not have to located sounders are provided to ensure
provide an audible warning throughout adequate audibility in all relevant areas of
the building, since its purpose is purely to the premises.
ensure that firefighting action is taken,
and this might not necessitate an audible 9.1 Sound Pressure Level
warning to all occupants of the building.
In practice, a Category P system is usua- The code recommends that, generally,
lly combined with a Category M system, the minimum sound pressure level produ-
in which case the recommendations for ced by sounders in all accessible areas of
audible alarm signals applicable to a Ca- the building should be at least 65dB(A) or
tegory M system will take precedence 5dB above any other noise likely to persist
and be more onerous. for longer than 30 seconds, whichever is
the greater [16.2.1]. There are, however,
Strictly, nevertheless, the code only re- a number of relaxations from this recom-
commends that, in the case of a Cate- mendation, and these are set out below:
gory P system, the recommendations
regarding audible alarm signals need The minimum figure of 65dB(A) is
only be applied in areas where such au- reduced to 60dB(A) in:
dible alarm signals are required. Thus, stairways;
for example, in a building with an exis- enclosures of no more than approxima-
ting Category M system, a separate, su- tely 60m in area (e.g. cellular offices);
pplementary Category P system could
meet the recommendations of the code
without a facility to provide an audible

page 99

specific points of limited extent. (This signal should be 5dB above the sound
means that, although the designer pressure level of the back ground
should endeavour to achieve noise. (Care should also be taken to
the minimum sound pressure level of ensure that sounder frequencies can
65dB(A), the system is still acceptable not confuse tone dialling systems,
if, at one or more points of limited leading to failure of the
extent, the sound pressure level emergency call).
measured is between 60dB(A) and
65dB(A)). If the fire alarm system is intended to rouse
people from sleep, the code recommends
No minimum sound pressure level that the sound pressure level at the bed-
applies to habitable enclosures of less head, within rooms in which people sleep,
than 1m in area. should be at least 75dB(A). In practice, this
will necessitate the provision of a fire alarm
No measurement of sound pressure sounder within each room in question.
level need be carried out within
500mm of any walls or partitions,
other than within rooms in which the
fire alarm system is intended to rouse
people from sleep.
If any area is specifically designated as

that from which the fire service will be
summoned in the event of fire (e.g. a
telephone operators room), the code
does not specify a minimum sound
pressure level, but it needs to be ensu-
red that the fire alarm signal is not so
loud as to interfere with telephone
speech. If, however, the sound pressu-
re level of background noise in this
area is greater than 60dB(A), the
sound pressure level of the fire alarm

Table 9 below shows the typical sound level measured along the axis of the soun-
pressure level produced by various types of der. Electronic sounders are directional in
sounder at different distances. It should be output, and a lower sound pressure level
notedthat,inthecaseofelectronicsounders, will be achieved at points off the axis of the
the figures quoted relate to sound pressure sounder. In such cases, the manufacturers
data sheet should be consulted.
SOUNDER TYPE SOUNDER PRESSURE LEVEL dB ( A )

@ 1 Metre @ 2 Metre @ 4 Metre @ 8 Metre @ 12 Metre
6 Bell 91 85 79 73 67
8 Bell 95 89 83 77 71
Small electronic Sounder 103 97 91 85 79
Large electronic Sounder 113 107 101 95 89
Bedhead Sounder 96 90 84 78 72
Base Sounder 85 79 73 67 -
table 9. Typical sound pressure level at various distances

page 101

9.2 Discrimination and Frequency Because of this, fire alarm sounders should
therefore ideally lie in the range 500 Hz
Two important factors relating to any to 1,000 Hz [16.2.1b)]. However, if the
sounders used in fire alarm systems are frequency of background noise is within
Discrimination and Frequency. this frequency range, and the level of back-
ground noise is such that the sound of fire
Discrimination The type, number and alarm sounders producing 500 - 1,000Hz
location of fire alarm sounders should be could be masked by the background noi-
such that the alarm sound is distinct from se, the use of fire alarm sounder frequen-
all the background noise. The note of the cies outside this range is acceptable.
fire alarm sounders should also be distinct
from any other alarm sounds that are likely 9.3 Sound Continuity
to be heard.
The code states that the sound of the fire
All fire alarm sounders within the building alarm should be continuous, although
should have similar sound characteristics, the frequency and amplitude may vary
unless particular conditions, such as an (for example, as in a warbling note) to in-
area of high background noise make this dicate the need for evacuation or other
impracticable. In this case, other types of urgent response.
fire alarm device may also be used, such as
flashing coloured beacons [17.2]. 9.4 Audible Alarms in Noisy Areas
Frequency Young persons are most sen- In areas of a building where there are noisy
sitive to sounds at frequencies between machines, the power requirements of high
500 Hz and 8,000Hz. Age and hearing powered sounders needed to comply with
damage reduce the sensitivity of the ear, the recommendations of the code (see
particularly to frequencies above 2,000 9.1 above) may place excessively high
Hz. Partitions, dividing walls and doors demands on the power capacity of the fire
attenuate sound; in general, the higher alarm system. In such cases, the primary
the frequency of the sound, the greater sounders may be reinforced by secondary
the attenuation. sounders operated directly from the mains

supply and without standby supplies, 9.5 Alarm Zones

provided the following conditions apply
[16.2.1e)]: In many buildings, the fire alarm system
is so arranged that, when any manual call
1. The mains powered sounders are point or fire detector operates, fire alarm
operated from the same final circuit(s) sounders operate throughout the buil-
as the noisy machines, so that ding, so that the entire building is evacua-
failure of the supply to these ted simultaneously.
secondary sounders also results in the
silencing of the noisy machines. In larger, more complex buildings, it may
be the case that, in the event of an alarm
2. When the machine noise ceases and signal in one area, occupants in other
the secondary sounders are out of areas are given only an alert signal to
service, the primary sounders warn them of the possible need for eva-
meet the sound levels recommended cuation at a later stage. This occurs in
in the code (see 9.1 above). buildings with phased evacuation, which
is often used in tall buildings; in such ca-
In premises designed for public enter- ses, usually only two or more floors are
tainment, retail and similar premises, in evacuated at any one time.
which the sound pressure level of music
is likely to be greater than 80dB(A), the In these cases, the premises are divided into
music should be muted automatically alarm zones. An evacuation signal can then
when a fire alarm signal is given. (If the be given in one alarm zone without giving an
sound pressure level of the music is likely evacuation signal in other alarm zones; nor-
to be between 60dB(A) and 80dB(A), the mally an alert signal is given in these other
sound pressure level of the fire alarm sig- alarm zones. Such an arrangement should
nal should, of course, still be 5dB above only be used with the agreement of the buil-
the level of the music. ding control and fire authorities. Care needs
to be taken that overlap of signals between
alarm zones does not result in confusion of
occupants. It should be ensured that no oc-
cupant can clearly hear both an evacuate
signal and an alert signal.

page 103

Where there is more than one alarm zone or benefit from, external alarm devices to
in the building, a separate evacuation con- direct them to the appropriate building or
trol should be provided for each part of the appropriate entrance to a building, such
premises in which an evacuation signal sounders may be provided. However, the
needs to be given simultaneously. Howe- code recommends that any such exter-
ver, in buildings with phased evacuation, nal fire alarm sounders in Category L and
sometimes there is inadequate staircase Category P systems should silence au-
capacity to evacuate the entire building tomatically after 30 minutes, unless the
simultaneously. In the latter case, no sin- premises are continuously occupied, so
gle control that will result in an evacuation enabling manual silencing by occupants
signal throughout all alarm zones simulta- at any time.
neously should be provided; such a control
should, however, be provided in all other External indication may, instead, be given
buildings with two or more alarm zones. by a visual alarm device, such as a flashing
beacon. In this case, the visual device can
In a building with two or more separate continue until appropriate manual action
alarm zones, alert signals may stop auto- is taken (e.g. silencing sounders and/or
matically after 30 seconds, provided that, resetting the system (para 9.8 refers)).
at periods not exceeding three minutes,
the signal is restored for a period of at least 9.7 Voice Alarm Systems
ten seconds until it is manually silenced. and Voice Sounders
While provision of this automatic silencing
is not mandatory for compliance with BS Instead of using fire alarm sounders, audi-
5839-1, the arrangement prevents unne- ble alarms may comprise voice messages
cessary disruption of occupants until they generated by a voice alarm system. A
are required to evacuate. voice alarm system is a specially desig-
ned sound distribution system (i.e. public
9.6 External Fire Alarm Devices address system), which, in the event of
fire, broadcasts an alarm warning tone fo-
There is no need to provide external fire llowed by a voice message. Voice alarm
alarm sounders in order to comply with systems are commonly used instead of
BS 5839-1. However, if the fire service conventional fire alarm sounders in premi-
consider that there would be a need for, ses occupied by a large number of mem-

bers of the public (e.g. shopping centre, Visual alarm devices, complying with
transport terminal, large places of public EN54-23, should be installed in places
entertainment, etc) and in buildings with where audible devices alone would be in-
phased evacuation. Voice alarm systems effective, or where they are simply undesi-
should comply with BS 5839-8. rable. Visual alarm devices should also be
used in order to provide warning to hea-
In buildings in which it is not considered ring impaired personnel. BS5839-1 (17)
that a full voice alarm system is necessary, refers to the Loss Prevention Code of Prac-
voice sounders can be used as an enhan- tice, CoP 0001 in respect of the design and
cement over conventional fire alarm soun- installation of systems incorporating such
ders. Voice sounders are fire alarm soun- devices.
ders, connected to conventional fire alarm
circuits, that generate and broadcast digi- Systems using vibrating pagers must be
tally recorded speech messages. Whereas, specially designed to satisfy the recom-
in a voice alarm system, there is normally a mendations of BS 5839-1. This includes
facility to override pre-recorded messages the provision of monitoring facilities, stan-
and transmit live speech, this is not possi- dby power supplies, etc, as recommended
ble in a system that uses voice sounders. by BS 5839-1.
Guidance on the use of voice sounders is
given in Annex E of BS 5839-8.
9.8 Fire Alarm Warnings for

Deaf People
There is a need to warn deaf people in the

event of fire, in which case additional faci-
lities shall be provided. Where deaf people
sleep in the building, vibrating devices, wi-
red into fire alarm device circuits, can be
placed under pillows or mattresses. Where
deaf people have a need to move around a
building, vibrating pagers can be given to
each deaf person.

page 105

control and indicating equipment
10. Control and Indicating multiple entrances, it may be neces-

Equipment sary to provide repeat indicator
panel(s) at the building entry point(s)
The control and indicating equipment to be used by the fire brigade.
used in all fire detection and alarm sys-
tems should comply with BS EN 54-2. 2. Indicating equipment, in conjunction
Confidence of compliance can be ob- with suitable manual controls
tained by the use of equipment that is should be sited at an appropriate
approved by the Loss Prevention Certifi- location for both staff and fire-fighters
cation Board. Vds or other European ac- responding to a fire signal. This
credited EN54 product test house. should normally be an area on the
ground floor close to the entrance of
Although we describe the features and the building likely to be used by the
operation of different types of fire detec- fire service, or a suitably sited, conti-
tion and alarm systems in section 4, there nuously manned control room.
are also other factors which should also
be considered when designing a system, 3. The ambient light level in the vicinity
namely Siting of Control and Indicating of all control and indicating equipment
Equipment, Location of Origin of the Alarm should be such that individual
and Security of Control Equipment. Each indications can be clearly seen,
of these topics is described below. controls easily operated and any
instructions or legends easily read.
10.1 Siting of Control and
Indicating Equipment 4. In Category L and Category P systems,
the area in which the equipment is
The sitting of the control and indicating sited should be protected by
equipment should satisfy a number of re- automatic fire detection. However,
commendations: this recommendation does not
apply if:
1. Since the control equipment is (I) The fire hazard level in the area in
essentiental for the operation which the equipment is sited is
of the system, it should be negligible and there is an adequate
placed in an area of low fire hazard degree of fire separation between
[23.2.1e)]. In a complex building with

this area and any area in which the fire zone(s) from which there are alarm signals.
hazard is not negligible; or This provides the fire brigade with a simple
overview of all detection zone(s) in which
(II) The area in which the equipment is fire has been detected, without the need to
sited is continuously manned in the scroll through a display.
case of Category P systems, or
continuously manned when the If the zone indicators simply provide an
building is occupied by any person in indication of detection zone number, the-
the case of Category L systems. re will be a need for a plan of the building,
adjacent to the indicating equipment, to
5. Noise or other sound levels in the show diagrammatically the locations of all
vicinity of the control equipment detection zones.
should not dilute the audible
alarm given by the control However, if the zone indicators take the
equipment [23.2.1d)]. form of an illuminated mimic (an example
of which is shown in Figure 25), this com-
6. In multioccupancy buildings with bines the function of zonal indication and
communal areas, control and geographic representation of the detec-
indicating equipment should be sited tion zone(s) from which alarm signals are
within a communal area. Otherwise, it being given.
should be sited in an area to which
access is possible at all times when 10.3 Security of Control Equipment
the building is generally occupied.
The code recommends that the operation
10.2 Location of Origin of the Fire of certain controls be limited to authori-
sed personnel only. Where the restriction
Although addressable systems can preci- is not provided on the control equipment,
sely locate the position of the fire, all fire de- for example by means of a key switch, the
tection and alarm systems (whether con- code allows for security of the equipment
ventional or addressable) should provide to be provided by restricting access to it.
zonal indication, in at least one prominent
location (e.g. a matrix of LEDs or illumina-
ted mimic diagram) to show the detection

page 107

10.4 Networked Control Panels
In a large building, it is possible to net-

work a number of control panels toge-
ther, to form a networked system. Gene-
rally, the network cables may need to be
fire resisting and monitored, as they may
form part of the critical signal path.

power supplies
11. Power Supplies system should be connected via an isola-

ting switchfuse or circuit breaker used
Virtually all systems will be powered from solely for the purpose of the fire detection
the public mains supply, with a secondary and alarm equipment. Any switch (other
standby supply being provided by rechar- than the main isolator for the building)
geable batteries (sometimes in conjunction that disconnects the mains supply to the
with a standby generator). If the standby fire alarm system should be clearly labe-
batteries are supplemented by an automa- lled FIRE ALARM: DO NOT SWITCH OFF.
tically started generator, it is permissible to Any protective device (such as a fuse) that
reduce the standby battery capacity of Ca- serves only the fire alarm circuit should be
tegory M and L systems [25.4e)]. labelled FIRE ALARM.
Both the primary mains supply and the se- The supply to the fire alarm system should
condary standby supply must be able to be supplied from the load (dead) side of
provide the maximum load independently the main isolating device for the building.
of each other. The alarm load of the fire Since this isolates all supplies in the buil-
alarm system is the maximum load which ding, it does not need to be labelled with
the power supply must provide under fire a warning that it isolates the supply to the
conditions. This includes power drawn du- fire alarm system.
ring simultaneous operation of the control
and indicating equipment, all sounders, The circuits supplying the fire alarm sys-
all detectors, all manual call points and tem should not be protected by residual
transmission of signals to an alarm recei- current devices, unless this is necessary to
ving centre. comply with BS 7671. When a residual cu-
rrent device is necessary for electrical safe-
11.1 Mains Supply ty, a fault on any other circuit or equipment
in the building should not be capable of re-
Connection of all systems to the public sulting in isolation of the supply to the fire
mains supply should be in accordance alarm system; the RCD for the fire alarm
with the recommendations outlined in BS system should be independent.
7671 (Requirements for Electrical Insta-
llations IEE Wiring Regulations, Seven-
teenth Edition). The mains supply for the

page 109

power supplies
To facilitate local isolation during main- charger match those of the batteries being
tenance, a double pole switch should be used. The charger should be capable of
provided in the vicinity of the control and charging fully discharged batteries in 24
indicating equipment (and any other mains hours.
supply equipment forming part of the fire
alarm system) so that maintenance tech- In the event of a mains supply failure, the
nicians can isolate the mains supply to the capacity of the standby supply must be
fire alarm system locally to the equipment likely to provide protection until the nor-
that the mains supply serves. The switch mal mains supply has been restored. The
should be lockable to present unauthori- minimum requirements for the different
sed operation. system types and conditions are described
in the following subsections.
The presence of the normal or the standby
supply should be indicated by a green in- 11.2.1 Life Protection
dicator at the main control and indicating (Category M and L Systems)
equipment, to show that power is being
supplied to the system (whether from the The capacity of the standby batteries should
mains supply or the standby supply). be sufficient to operate the system for 24
hours normal operation, and also have suffi-
11.2 Standby Supply cient capacity remaining at the end of this
period to provide an evacuation signal
The provision of a standby supply is a re- throughout the building for 30 minutes.
quirement of the Health and Safety (Safety
Signs and Signals) regulations. If the building is provided with an automa-
tically started standby generator that ser-
The standby supply should be provided ves the fire alarm system (usually in con-
by secondary batteries with an automatic junction with other essential supplies in the
charger. The batteries should have an ex- building), the capacity of the standby bat-
pected life of at least four years; the code teries should be sufficient to maintain the
specifically disallows the use of carstar- system in operation for at least six hours,
ting type batteries. In order that the full life after which sufficient capacity should re-
of the batteries is achieved, it is important main to provide an evacuate signal in all
to ensure that the characteristics of the alarm zones for at least 30 minutes.

power supplies
11.2.2 Property Protection receiving centre, instructed to notify

(Category P Systems) a keyholder immediately on receipt of
a fault indication from the premises.
The capacity of the standby batteries re-
quired for property protection systems is In all other circumstances, the battery capa-
dependent on whether or not a mains su- city should be sufficient to maintain the sys-
pply failure will be immediately recognised tem in operation for at least 24 hours longer
within the building or via a remote link to than the maximum period for which the pre-
an alarm receiving centre. mises are likely to be unoccupied, or for 72
hours in total, whichever is less, after which
The capacity of the standby batteries re- sufficient capacity should remain to opera-
quired for property protection systems is te all fire alarm devices for at least 30 minu-
identical to that required for Category M tes. If the building is likely to be unoccupied
and Category L systems (i.e. sufficient to for more than the duration of the standby
operate the system for 24 hours and pro- battery capacity at any time, and there is
vide an evacuation signal for 30 minutes a facility for transmission of fire signals to
thereafter) PROVIDED: an alarm receiving centre (as there nor-
mally will be in a Category P system - see
1. The building is continuously manned, Section 13), power supply fault signals
so that staff in the building would be should also be automatically transmitted
aware of a power supply fault to the alarm receiving centre, for imme-
indication on the system within no diate notification of a key holder. It should
more than six hours of its be noted that, in the case of Category P
occurrence; or systems, there is no relaxation in standby
battery capacity if an automatically star-
2. The building is inspected outside ted standby generator is provided.
normal working hours such that staff
would be aware of a power supply 11.2.3 Calculation of Standby
fault indication within no more than Battery Capacity
six hours of its occurrence; or
For systems designed in accordance
3. Power supply fault signals are with BS 5839-1, compliance with the
transmitted automatically to an alarm code requires that the battery capacity of

page 111

power supplies
valve regulated lead acid batteries should in which the alarm current is sufficiently
be calculated in accordance with the high to reduce the effective capacity be-
following formula: low its nominal value.
The formula in question is: Where CMIN/20 will be equal to or grea-

CMIN = 1.25 (T1 I1 + DI2 /2) ter than I2, it can be assumed that D = 1.
When CMIN/20 is less than I2, the value of
where: D should either be based on the battery
manufacturers data or should be 1.75.
CMIN = minimum capacity of the battery
when new at the 20 hour discharge rate Example 1: Category M or Category
and at 20C (in ampere-hours). L System
T1 = total battery standby period in hours. Consider premises that are unoccupied
from 6.00 pm Friday until 9.00 am Mon-
I1 = total battery standby load in amperes. day. Assume the normal operating current
of the system is 350mA and the maximum
I2= total battery alarm load in amperes. alarm load is 2.0A. The capacity of the
standby batteries would be:
D = a de-rating factor.
1.25(24x0.35+1.75 x 2 2)=12.7
1.25 is a factor to allow for battery ageing.
The next highest available capacity size
The de-rating factor is intended to take should be used.
into account the fact that the effective ca-
pacity of a battery depends on the rate at If, however, the circuit serving the fire
which it is discharged. Battery capacity is alarm system is served by an automati-
normally quoted at the 20 hour dischar- cally started standby generator, the ca-
ge rate. Thus, a 20 amperes hour battery pacity can be reduced to:
would be capable of providing one amp
for 20 hours. However, it would not be 1.25 (6 x 0.35 + 1.75 x 2 2) = 4.8Ah
capable of providing 20 amperes for one
hour. The de-rating is needed in cases

power supplies
Example 2: Category P System
As the premises are unoccupied for 63

hours, a battery having capacity to ope-
rate the system for 72 hours is required.
Accordingly, the required battery capaci-
ty would be:
1.25 (72 x 0.35 + 1.75 x 2 2) = 33.7Ah.
Again, the next highest available size

should be used.

page 113

cabling considerations
12. Cabling Considerations 4. Insulation characteristics.

5. Mechanical robustness, resistance
Correct operation of a fire alarm system to corrosion and rodent attack, etc.
depends on the interconnections bet- 6. Screening (where applicable).
ween the control equipment, detectors, 7. Suitability for carrying data
call points and sounders. Unless these (where applicable).
interconnections operate correctly when
required, the system will not fulfil its in- Although a wide variety of different ca-
tended functions. bles could be used in various parts of a
fire alarm system, many may be restric-
The components of most fire detection ted in their suitability because of their
and alarm systems are connected by ca- varying abilities to resist both fire and
bles. For specialised applications where mechanical damage. All cables used in
cabling cannot be used, fibre optics and/ fire detection and alarm systems (inclu-
or radio links are used. Clause 27 of BS ding those serving the mains supply to
5839-1 covers radio-linked systems. the system) must be fire resisting. The
These systems are wireless, in that all recommended cable types are described
communications between control equi- in the following subsection.
pment and devices (manual call points,
detectors and sounders) is carried out 12.1 Recommended Cable Types
using radio transmission. Where fibre
optic cables are used they should provide The type of cable, its routing and its physi-
at least the same integrity and reliability cal and electrical protection characteristics
as cables recommended for the same should be specified for each particular ins-
purpose. tallation. Wiring, in general, must comply
with the latest issue of BS 7671 Require-
When selecting cables for a fire alarm sys- ments for Electrical Installations - IEE Wi-
tem due consideration should be given to ring Regulations (currently Seenteen Edi-
the following: tion). Wiring for specific systems should
also conform to BS 5839-1 : section 26.
1. Resistance to fire
2. Current carrying capacity.
3. Voltage drop under maximum
current conditions.

Cables used throughout the system (in- other approvals appropriate to that speci-
cluding that used for the final circuit provi- fic cable type would be in addition to the
ding mains voltage to the system) should aforementioned tests.
comprise only one of the following types
of cable: 12.2 Cable Suitability
1) Mineral insulated copper For some applications, such as those listed

sheathed cables. Conforming to below, the code recognizes that the level
BSEN 60702-1 and BSEN 60702-2 of fire resistance described as enhanced
2) Proprietary fire resisting cables that is desirable:
conform to BS 7629 (these are
sometimes described as soft 1) in unsprinklered buildings (or parts of
skinned fire resisting cables). buildings) in which the fire
3) Armoured fire resisting cables con strategy involves evacuation of occu
forming to BS 7846. pants in four or more phases;
4) Cables rated at 300/500V (or
greater) and that provide the same 2) in unsprinklered buildings of greater
degree of safety to that afforded by than 30m in height;
cables complying with
BS 7629. 3) in unsprinklered premises and sites in
which a fire in one area could affect
BS 5839-1 divides fire resisting cables into cables of critical signal paths
two categories, described as standard fire associated with areas remote from
resisting cables and enhanced fire resis- the fire, in which it is envisaged
ting cables. people will remain in occupation
during the course of the fire.
Cables used for the installation of fire alarm Examples may be large hospitals with
systems, including those for the electrical central control equipment and
supply,should whatever their design pro- progressive horizontal evacuation
perties, have been independently tested arrangements, and certain large
and approved to BS EN 50200 PH30 industrial sites;
for standard fire resistance or PH 120
BS8434-2 for enhanced fire resistance. All

page 115

4) in any other buildings in which the portant that there is a high reliability and
designer, specifier or regulatory that indication from other automatic fire
authority, on the basis of a fire risk detectors of fire spread can be given at the
assessment that takes fire control and indicating equipment.
engineering considerations into
account, considers that the use of In a large building with phased evacua-
enhanced fire resisting cables tion, a networked fire alarm system might
is necessary. be provided, with several control panels
interconnected by a data network. In this
It should be noted that, in the first three case, individual, self-contained fire alarm
specific cases, sprinkler protection would systems might serve parts of the building
obviate the need for use of cables of en- that are evacuated in less than four phases,
hanced fire resistance. It is considered even though the entire building is evacua-
that, in a sprinklered building, the fire risk, ted in four or more phases. In these cases,
the likelihood of fire development and the cables of enhanced fire resistance need
likely exposure of cables to fire make the not be used for the systems themselves,
use of cables of standard fire resistance but there may be a need to use cables of
acceptable. However, for the purpose of enhanced fire resistance for the network.
this recommendation, a building should be However this may not be necessary if the
regarded as sprinklered only if an automa- network is configured in a loop, with di-
tic sprinkler installation is provided throug- verse routing of incoming and outgoing
hout the building. circuits, and if the loop is designed in such
a way that there will be no loss of commu-
The reason for the use of enhanced fire nication to any sub-panel in the event of a
resisting cables in unsprinklered buil- single open or short circuit on the loop.
dings in which there is evacuation in four
or more phases is simply that, in these The recommendation for cables of en-
situations, occupants will be expected to hanced fire resistance in unsprinklered
remain in the building for some time af- buildings of greater than 30m in height
ter fire is detected. It is therefore essential simply reflects the greater risk associated
that the system is capable of reliably gi- with tall buildings. In those cases, phased
ving warning to occupants during the very evacuation is often used, and the recom-
last phase of the evacuation. It is also im- mendation relating to phased evacuation

will already apply. It should also be noted sed evacuation, the intention is to evacua-
that legislation normally requires new te all occupants in a number of discrete
buildings of greater than 30m in height phases. In progressive horizontal evacua-
to be sprinklered, unless the buildings are tion, the intention is, if safe to do so, not
of a residential or institutional nature (i.e. to evacuate. If, subsequently, evacuation
flats, hospitals, residential care premises, is necessary, cables required for this pur-
hotels, hostels, etc). It is, nevertheless, pose must remain undamaged.
important that the recommendation for
use of cables of enhanced fire resistance A similar situation to that described for
in unsprinklered buildings of greater than hospitals can apply in complex (generally
30m in height be borne in mind when low rise) interconnected buildings. It may
retrofitting fire alarm systems that might be unnecessary to evacuate the areas
not have required sprinkler protection at most remote from a fire, but, equally, there
the time of construction. may be a need for a facility to do so at an
advanced stage in the fire if this becomes
The third situation, in which cables necessary. However, if the buildings were
of enhanced fire resistance are speci- served by a networked system, and each
fied above, often occurs in hospitals. of the independently evacuated sections
were self-contained fire alarm system,
In a hospital, the principle of progressive cables of enhanced fire resistance would
horizontal evacuation applies. This means not be necessary except, possibly, in the
that, in the first stages of a fire, patients case of the networked cables. If commu-
are moved horizontally, through a set of nication between buildings was required.
fire resisting doors, into an adjacent sub-
compartment. Only if the fire continues to Thus, the considerations applicable to net-
grow and threaten this adjacent fire com- worked systems, described for phased eva-
partment will these patients be further evacuation buildings, apply in this situation.
cuated. Similarly, patients in the remainder
of the hospital will not be evacuated unless What then of a large site, with many se-
they are threatened by the fire. parate buildings, all served by a single fire
alarm system, with cables for one or more
Progressive horizontal evacuation differs buildings running through other buildings?
from phased evacuation in that, in a pha- This situation is not clearly addressed in

page 117

the code. However, in fire safety design, 12.3 Conductor Sizes

account is not normally taken of a situation
in which two independent fires occur at When selecting conductor sizes, regard
the same time. Accordingly, pragmatism should be paid to physical strength and
would seem to dictate that, if the separa- the limitations imposed by voltage drop.
tion between buildings is such that, in the Voltage drop in a cable should not be
event of fire in one building evacuation of such as to prevent devices from operating
other buildings could not be anticipated, within their specification limits. Conside-
even at an advanced stage of the fire, the ration should also be given to possible
use of cables of enhanced fire resistance future extensions and some additional ca-
would seem to be unnecessary. pacity left. For mechanical strength, cable
conductors should have a crosssectional
With regard to the fourth example in which area of not less than 1mm.
the code recommends that cables of en-
hanced fire resistance should be used, the 12.4 Segregation
reason is that, in some fire engineering
solutions, a reduction in the normal level There are four main reasons why fire
of other fire protection measures may alarm cables need to be segregated from
be acceptable to an enforcing authori- the cables of other circuits. Firstly, break-
ty, providing an automatic fire detection down of cable insulation of other circuits,
system is installed. In such a case, clearly from which fire alarm cables are not segre-
the reliability of the automatic fire detec- gated, might affect the fire alarm system.
tion system must be of the highest order, Secondly, a fault on another circuit could
since normal provisions for means of es- cause the cables of that circuit to catch
cape may have been relaxed. In such cir- fire, resulting in damage to the fire alarm
cumstances, the code leaves it to the en- cables. Thirdly, electromagnetic interfe-
forcing authority to determine whether, rence from other circuits, from which the-
as part of the fire engineering solution, re is inadequate separation distance and/
cables of enhanced fire resistance will be or screening, could affect the operation of
necessary to satisfy legislation. the fire alarm system. Finally, strip out of
other cable could result in mechanical da-
mage to the fire alarm cables.

Generally, the insulation of the cables equipment through the same cable en-
specified for use in fire alarm systems try as cables carrying extra-low voltage.
(see 12.1) provides adequate insulation Within the equipment, low voltage and
against mains voltage. Also, all acceptable extra-low voltage cables should be kept
cable types are fire resisting, preventing separate to the extent practicable.
immediate damage from a fire in adjacent
cables, and the cables used for fire alarm Where fire alarm cables share common
systems provide a relatively good degree trunking with the cables of other services,
of screening. Accordingly, it may be ac- a compartment of the trunking, separated
ceptable to run fire alarm cables that com- from other compartments by a strong,
ply with all the above recommendations rigid and continuous partition, should be
on, for example, common cable tray with reserved solely for fire alarm cables.
mains voltage cables.
12.5 Cable Colour Coding
However, where practicable, fire alarm ca-
bles should not run unnecessarily long dis- Having segregated the fire alarm circuits
tances (e.g. more than 35m in aggregate), from other circuits and, in the case of
in close proximity to high current carrying trunking, kept the fire alarm cables within
cables, particularly if these serve high in- a separate compartment from other cir-
ductive loads. This is more important in the cuits, it is important that this situation is
case of addressable systems than conven- maintained. It is also important that there
tional systems. In order to minimize the exis no interference with fire alarm circuits
tent to which separation from other cables as a result of confusion between these
is not maintained, fire alarm cables should circuits and other circuits. Accordingly,
always cross the cables of other services at the code recommends that all fire alarm
right-angles. cables should be of a single, common co-
lour that is not used for cables of general
It should also be ensured that there can electrical services in the building. While a
be no interference between the mains note in clause 26 of the code states that
voltage cables serving the fire alarm the colour red is preferred, it would be
system and the lower voltage fire alarm possible to comply with the code by using
circuits. In particular, the mains supply another colour, provided the same colour
cable to any control, indicating or power is not used for cables of other electrical s
supply equipment should not enter the vices in the building.

page 119

12.6 Joints in Cables given. In general, plastic cable fixings

should only ever be used for fixing ca-
To ensure the integrity of the fire alarm cir- bles run in or on top of horizontal trays.
cuits, the code recommends that cables
should be installed without external joints Metal type cable fixings should be used in
wherever practicable. Where jointing of all other situations. The type of fixings re-
cables is necessary, other than in the case commended for use in various situations
of joints within components of the sys- are as follows:
tem, the terminals used to joint the cables
should be constructed of materials that Cables in/on Horizontal Trays
will withstand a similar temperature and
duration of temperature to that of the ca- Where cables run in (or on top of) horizon-
ble itself. This recommendation precludes tal trays they should be neatly and securely
the use of certain plastic terminal blocks. fixed at suitable intervals with either plastic
The joints should be enclosed within or metal cable ties.
junction boxes, labelled with the words
FIRE ALARM, to assist in the identification Cables under Horizontal Trays
of fire alarm circuits.
Where cables are run along the undersi-
12.7 Cable Support de of horizontal trays, metal cable ties or
metal P clips should be used to neatly and
Consideration should be given to the securely fix the cables at suitable intervals
type of fixings used to support and/ (plastic fixings must not be used).
or secure fire detection and alarm sys-
tem cabling and wiring. Primarily, it is Cables in Vertical Ducts or Shafts
the material in which the fixings are
manufactured, i.e. plastic or metal, Cables run in vertical ducts or shafts should
that is of importance. There would be be neatly and securely fixed at suitable
little point in securing alarm system intervals with metal cable ties or metal
cables to a wall or the underside of a P clips. For long ducts and shafts, cables
tray with plastic fixings if, in the event should be secured to staggered fixing pins
of a fire, these were to melt and allow so as to prevent them from stretching un-
the cables to fall and become damaged der their own weight.
preventing the alarm condition being

Cables in Walls certain factories, warehouses and similar

premises,it will be possible to install the so-
Cables run along walls should be neatly and called soft-skinned cables without addi-
securely fixed at suitable intervals to metal tional mechanical protection. However,
wall brackets with metal P clips. In all other where the environment is not relatively be-
respects, the installation of cabling and nign, additional protection to these cables
wiring should be undertaken generally in will be necessary, at least, everywhere that
accordance with BS 7671 (Requirements cables run less than 2m above floor level;
for Electrical Installations - IEE Wiring Re- it should be noted that this will include at
gulations, Seventeenth Edition). least part of each drop to a manual call
point, since the latter devices are generally
12.8 Mechanical Protection installed around 1.4m above floor level.
of Cables
For the purposes of the above recommen-
Mineral insulated copper sheathed cables dation, additional protection may be pro-
and steel wire armoured cables may be vided by running the cable on cable tray,
used throughout all parts of the system chasing in within the building structure,
without additional mechanical protection, or by installation of the cables in conduit,
except in particularly arduous conditions. ducting or trunking. If, however, particu-
The code recommends that other cables larly arduous conditions might be expe-
should be given mechanical protection rienced (such as impact by forklift trucks
in any areas in which physical damage or or goods trolleys), additional, robust pro-
rodent attack is likely. More specifically, tection is recommended by the code in
other than in relatively benign environ- the form of burying the cable in the struc-
ments in which cable is clipped directly ture of the building or installation in metal
to robust construction, mechanical pro- conduit or trunking.
tection should be provided for these other
cables in all areas that are less than 2m
above floor level.
The term relatively benign environments is
not specifically defined, but, since the code
gives the example of offices, shops and simi-
lar premises, in many situations, other than

page 121

communication with the fire service
13. Communication with the The code recommends that the emergen-
Fire Service cy call be made by a person, rather than
by automatic systems that transmit a pre-
When a fire occurs in an occupied buil- recorded message direct to the fire service
ding, the most important initial action by the public emergency call system. In
is to provide a warning to all occupants. practice, the use of the now very old-fas-
However, the immediate summoning of hioned tape 999 diallers, and even more
the fire service is also important. Accor- modern equipment with digitally recorded
dingly, clause 15 of BS 5839-1 is concer- messages, is uncommon. In any case, use
ned purely with communication with the of such equipment would not now comply
fire service. with the code.
The code recommends that, in occupied Often, it is pre-determined that a switch-

buildings, the primary means of sum- board operator or receptionist will sum-
moning the fire service should always mon the fire brigade in the event of opera-
comprise a call to the fire service by tion of the fire alarm system. If it is the case
occupants using the public emergency that an area, such as a telephone switch-
call system. This manually dialled call board or reception desk, is specifically de-
will usually be sufficient in the case of a signated as that from which the fire service
Category M system, since, by definition, will be summoned, the code recommends
there must be occupants in the building that the fire alarm signal in this area should
in order for the alarm to be raised. not be so loud as to interfere with telepho-
ne speech. Thus, in this area, the normal re-
Equally, even if there is a means for trans- commendations in respect of sound pres-
mitting alarm signals automatically to an sure level (see Section 9) do not apply.
alarm receiving centre (ARC), from whe-
re the fire brigade are then summoned, if 13.1 Automatic Transmission
the building is occupied a manually dialled of Alarm Signals
emergency call to the fire service should
still be made. In some areas of the country Having made suitable arrangements for
this manually dialled call has an additional immediate summoning of the fire service
benefit, as some fire brigades dispatch in the event of fire when the building is
more fire appliances to a confirmed fire occupied, consideration should always be
than to a call from an ARC.

given to whether there is then a need for 13.1.1 Category L Systems

additional automatic means of transmis-
sion of alarm signals to an ARC. Accordin- In the case of Category L systems, if the
gly, the code recommends that the desig- premises are unoccupied at certain times it
ner should determine from the purchaser can represent a missed opportunity, in res-
or user whether such a facility is required. pect of property protection, if no means for
It should be noted that the designer has automatic transmission of alarm signals is
not complied with the recommendations provided. Certainly, under these circums-
of the code unless a specific enquiry re- tances, the cost of the facility in relation
garding the requirement for this facility is to the additional protection provided will
made of the purchaser or user. often clearly point towards the value of the
automatic transmission facility.
Such a facility will not normally be ne-
cessary in the case of a Category M or In some commercial premises in multiple
Category L system, since the purpose of occupation (e.g. an office building occu-
this system is purely to facilitate evacua- pied by various tenants, or a small retail
tion in the event of fire. However, the- park with a common internal service co-
re may be circumstances in which the rridor) there is no continuously manned
safety of occupants does indeed depend reception or similar facility, occupied by
on the early arrival of the fire service. An someone who can be made responsible
example of this is a hospital. The early arri- for summoning the fire service. The relia-
val of the fire service is vital to minimise the bility of the arrangements for summoning
need to evacuate patients. This may also the fire service might then be less than per-
apply to residential care premises. fect. Accordingly, the code recommends
that, in non-domestic premises in multiple
The code recommends that, if the early occupation, Category L systems should
summoning of the fire service is consi- incorporate an automatic means for trans-
dered critical to the safety of occupants, mission of alarm signals to an ARC, unless
the primary means shall be by occupants there are arrangements in place for sum-
using the 999 (or 112) public emergency moning the fire service by occupants of the
call systems, even where automatic trans- building at all times that the premises are
mission of the alarm exists. The decision as occupied (or partly occupied).
to whether the early summoning of the fire
service is critical to occupants safety will
often arise from a fire risk assessment.

page 123

13.1.2 Category P Systems 13.3 Standards for Alarm Receiving

Centres (ARCs)
Since the purpose of a Category P system
is to protect property, one of the primary BS 5839-1 recommends that any ARC to
purposes of the system is to summon the which fire alarm signals are relayed should
fire service. Accordingly, the code recom- comply with the recommendations of BS
mends that, except in the case of conti- 5979 Code of practice for remote centres
nuously occupied premises, all Category receiving signals from security systems.
P systems should incorporate a means for
automatic transmission of fire signals to an
ARC. It should be stressed, therefore, that
failure of a Category P system to incorpo-
rate such a facility constitutes a non-com-
pliance with the code (or, if agreed with all
parties, a variation), unless the premises
are continuously occupied.
13.2 Methods of Automatic

Transmission
BS 5839-1 expresses a preference for

systems in which the transmission path
is continuously monitored, so that failures
can be identified and the down time is mi-
nimized. This implies a preference for fully
monitored systems (e.g. British Telecom
RedCARE) over systems that use the pu-
blic switched telephone network (e.g. digi-
tal communicators). Since this preference
is only expressed within the commentary,
and there is not a corresponding recom-
mendation, compliance with the code
does not actually necessitate the use of
monitored systems.

system installation
14. System Installation it is necessary for the installer to be com-

petent to address the issues in question.
Installation is the subject of an entirely in- Such issues will, therefore, often be limited
dependent section of BS 5839-1, namely to matters that it is reasonable to expect
Section 4. Thus, Section 4 is addressed any competent electrical contractor to
primarily to the installer of the system. address. An example is cable routes; often,
The actual responsibilities imposed on these are not determined by the designer,
the installer by the code are relatively but are left to the installer to determine. Un-
minimal, at least in comparison with the der these circumstances, in a specification,
responsibilities placed on all other rele- the designer may refer to the relevant clau-
vant parties, namely the designer, the se of the code, which could reasonably be
commissioning engineers and the main- imposed, in part, on the installer.
tenance organization.
At the design stage, it can be very difficult
The code stresses that it is not, in general, for the designer to ensure compliance with
the responsibility of the installer to check all relevant recommendations of the code.
or verify whether the design of the system The obvious example in this respect con-
complies in full with the recommendations cerns sound pressure levels, and it might
of the code, unless, of course, the installer be reasonable, within a specification, to
is also the designer. It is, therefore, very require that the installer carry out measu-
important that responsibilities for design, rements of sound pressure level, before
installation and commissioning are clearly commissioning, so that any additional
defined and documented before an order sounders required can be installed befo-
is placed for the system. re the somewhat late stage in a project at
which commissioning is carried out.
In practice, compliance with a number of
the design recommendations of the code Even so, the code considers, in effect, that
impact on installation, and compliance the designer should not glibly assume that
may, therefore, be delegated by the desig- the installer of the system will have exper-
ner to the installer. However, this needs tise in the design of fire alarm systems.
to be made clear in any specification or Therefore, it is the responsibility of the
contract, so that the installer accepts res- designer to provide sufficient information
ponsibility for the issues in question, and and guidance to the installer to enable the

page 125

system installation
installer to satisfy the relevant recommen- port, avoidance of unnecessary joints, pro-
dations of Section 2 of the code (which co- per arrangements for earthing, with care
vers design). taken to ensure the electrical continuity of
electromagnetic screens, including meta-
14.1 Siting of Equipment llic sheaths of cables.
The installer will be responsible for fixing Recommendations are also given in clause
control, indicating and power supply 37 for fire stopping of penetrations for ca-
equipment. The code recommends that bles, conduits, trunking or tray, and for fire
all such equipment that is likely to need stopping within ducts, trunking, shafts, etc
routine attention for maintenance should that pass through floors, walls, partitions or
be sited in readily accessible locations ceilings. Recommendations are also given
that facilitate safe maintenance. It is fur- to ensure that cables are not damaged as
ther recommended in the code that all they pass through penetrations in cons-
metallic parts of the installation, inclu- truction and that penetrations in external
ding conduit, trunking, ducting, cabling walls are suitably sleeved.
and enclosures, should be well separated
from any metalwork forming part of a Clause 37 recommends consideration of
lightning protection system. some of the recommendations in Section
2 of the code. However, once again, these
14.2 Installation Work are primarily recommendations that rela-
te to practical installation considerations,
With regard to the actual installation work, such as segregation, protection of cables
the code expects little more than that the against mechanical damage and support
installer should conform to the require- of cables, rather than matters of fundamen-
ments of BS 7671, albeit that, where any tal design, such as whether cables should
conflict between BS 5839-1 and BS 7671 be of standard or enhanced fire resistance;
exists (which is unlikely), BS5839-1 should the latter issue is purely one for the desig-
take precedence. Particular conventional ner to specify.
good practices that are highlighted in clau-
se 37 of the code, include proper fixing of Generally, it is responsibility of the installer
cables, so that, for example, they do not to provide as fitted drawings of the system,
rely on suspended ceilings for their sup- showing the locations of equipment, cable

system installation
routes, cable sizes and types, etc. The view ted for mains voltage, albeit that fire alarm
taken in the code is that, by default, unless systems operate at extra low voltage. This
it has been agreed that the preparation of initial 500 V test is useful in identifying inci-
as fitted drawings is to be the responsibi- pient defects that might not come to light
lity of others, it is the responsibility of the from testing at a much lower voltage and
installer to supply these to the purchaser that might not be identified by the systems
or user of the system. On completion of fault monitoring; problems might, howe-
installation work, the installer should also ver, arise during the lifetime of the system.
issue a certificate of installation. Annex G
of the code contains a model certificate for The code recommends that insulation re-
this purpose. sistance be measured between conduc-
tors, between each conductor and earth,
An electricity supply from a card or coin and between each conductor and any
meter is unacceptable. screen. In practice, when such a test is
carried out on newly installed wiring, a rea-
14.3 Inspection and Testing ding of infinity will be obtained, or, at least,
the meter will indicate a higher resistance
Clause 38 of BS 5839-1 deals with inspec- than the 100 M that is often the maximum
tion and testing of wiring. This clause is value that the meter can accurately read.
included within Section 4 of the code (Ins- Although this will invariably be achieved
tallation) because, of course, this work is with properly installed and undamaged
normally carried out by the installer. cable, such high resistance is not actually
necessary for operation of the system. A
In practice, any competent contractor who certificate covering the mains supply insta-
installs electrical wiring, whether as part of llation should be provided.
a fire alarm installation or any other form
of electrical installation, will megger test The code recommends that the insulation
the wiring to confirm that the insulation resistance measured in these tests should
resistance is adequate. The code recom- be at least 2 M. In practice, if such low
mends that insulation testing should be insulation resistance is found in newly
carried out at 500 V d.c., unless the cables installed cables, it almost implies the exis-
are not rated for mains voltage; in practice, tence of a potential fault that might result
cables used within the system will be ra- in instability in the degree of insulation

page 127

system installation
resistance afforded. Moreover, the code further tests recommended by the code
does contain a health warning in the is measurement of the resistance of any
form of a note that draws attention to the circuit for which a maximum circuit resis-
fact that, in large systems, the insulation tance is specified. As a final catch all, the
resistance would need to be much higher code also recommends that the installer
if control and indicating equipment has carry out any other tests specified by the
a means for sensing resistance between manufacturer of the system, unless, again,
conductors and earth, otherwise nuisan- there is specific agreement that these tests
ce fault indications might result. On the will be carried out as part of the commis-
other hand, for a small non-addressable sioning process.
system of up to about four zones, 2 M
might be acceptable. The results of all tests described above,
should be recorded and made available to
Since the installation is an electrical ins- the commissioning engineer. Thus, com-
tallation to which BS 7671 applies, ob- pletion of the model installation certificate
viously, further tests should be carried contained in Annex G of the code requires
out to ensure compliance with BS 7671. that the installer confirm that wiring has
Thus, the code draws attention to the need been tested in accordance with the re-
for earth continuity testing and, in the case commendations of clause 38 and that test
of mains supply circuits, for measurement results have been recorded. The model
of earth fault loop impedance. certificate contains space for the installer
to record the person to whom these test
Since the insulation resistance tests need results have been provided.
to be carried out with equipment discon-
nected, further tests might need to be 14.4 Commissioning and Handover
carried out on the final completion of the
system. The code makes the installer res- Commissioning and handover are the
ponsible for carrying out these tests, un- subject of Section 5 of the code. In prac-
less there is specific agreement that they tice the code tends to regard commis-
will be carried out as part of the commissioning as merely setting the system
sioning process. In the case of an addres- to work and verifying that it operates
sable system, would specify a maximum correctly in the manner designed. The
resistance for any loop. Thus, one of the commissioning engineer is also expec-

system installation
ted to ensure that installation workman- neer should also have a basic knowledge
ship is generally of an adequate standard and understanding of Section 3 of the
and that all relevant documentation has code, and the recommendations it makes
been handed over to the user. in respect of limiting false alarms, so that
he can verify compliance with, at least, the
However, the code acknowledges that principles discussed in Section 3.
it is not, in general, the responsibility
of the commissioning engineer to ve- The code sets out a list of 27 matters that
rify compliance of the design, or of the are to be checked during the commissio-
installation work, with the recommen- ning process. These, obviously, include
dations of the relevant sections of the testing all devices in a suitable manner
code (i.e. Sections 2 and 4 respectively). and confirming that the systems cause
Equally, the code recognizes that, as in and effect, as specified by the designer,
the case of installation, it may be diffi- is correctly programmed and demons-
cult to ensure that the system complies trated as compliant with the specifica-
in full with certain recommendations of tion; thus, it should be confirmed that,
Section 2 until the time of commissio- for example, every manual call point and
ning; adequacy of sound pressure levels automatic fire detector, on operation,
is an obvious example (unless adequacy results in the correct zone indication, co-
of sound pressure levels throughout the rrect text display (if the system is addres-
building has been carefully checked du- sable), and that all plant shutdowns, etc
ring the installation process). Similarly, operate correctly.
information about structural features of
the building, or final layout, might not The code also recommends that sound
have been available to the designer. pressure levels throughout all areas of the
Commissioning is, in effect, the final building are checked for compliance with
safety net for obvious shortcomings in the recommendations of the code. If the
design to be identified. installation incorporates a voice alarm sys-
tem, it should be confirmed that intelligibi-
In order to commission the system pro- lity is satisfactory. Visual alarms should be
perly, the commissioning engineer will checked to ensure compliance with clause
need to be furnished with the specification 17 of BS5839-1; that there are sufficient
for the system. The commissioning engi- numbers to be visible, distinguishable and

page 129

system installation
operating within a compliant flash rate in engineer confirm that standby power
accordance with EN54-23. A check is also supplies comply with the recommen-
necessary to ensure that no changes to the dations of the code for these supplies.
building, since the time of original design, This will require actual measurement of
have compromised the compliance of the quiescent and alarm currents, and the
system with the code (e.g. by a final fit out use of the formula given in Annex D of
that affects the adequacy of device siting). the code (see Section 11).
As in the case of the installer, the com- A check should also be carried out to ensu-
missioning engineer is not expected to re, as far as is reasonably practical, that the
confirm that the siting of all devices meets correct cable type has been used throug-
the detailed design recommendations of hout the system and that installation wor-
the code. For avoidance of doubt as to the kmanship complies with the relevant re-
commissioning engineers responsibilities commendations of the code. It should be
in this respect, the code specifies the par- noted that, at commissioning, very little
ticular recommendations within Section 2 of the cable may be visible, and certainly
that should be verified at commissioning. it will be difficult to confirm that every leng-
The recommendations that are cited re- th of cable is suitably supported.
late primarily to practical considerations,
such as proximity of detectors to walls, Often, batteries are not fitted until the
partitions, obstructions and air inlets. Simi- time of commissioning. Accordingly, the
lar practical considerations in the siting of code recommends that labels, visible
control, indicating and power supply equi- when batteries are in their normal posi-
pment are recommended for verification, tion, should be fixed to batteries, indica-
along with a check that a suitable zone ting the date of installation.
plan is displayed.
While it is not the responsibility of the
The commissioning engineer is also ex- commissioning engineer to verify or cer-
pected to inspect the mains power su- tify compliance of system design with
pplies, as far as is reasonable practicable, the code, the code does recommend that
to ensure compliance with the recom- the commissioning engineer confirm that
mendations of the code. The code also there are no obvious shortcomings in com-
recommends that the commissioning pliance with Section 2 of the code. Thus,

system installation
it would be expected that the commissio- been provided to the user. The certificate
ning engineer identify the existence of un- should also record an appropriate period
protected areas within a Category L1 or P1 for which a soak test should be carried out
system, or obvious errors in the spacing or (see Section 8). There is also space on the
siting of detectors. commissioning certificate for the commis-
sioning engineer to record potential causes
The code recommends that the commis- of false alarms that, while not warranting
sioning engineer confirm that adequate specific action at the time of commissio-
records of insulation resistance, earth con- ning, should be considered at the time of
tinuity and, where appropriate, earth loop the next service visit to determine whether
impedance tests exist. It is also recommen- false alarm problems are arising.
ded that the commissioning engineer con-
firm that all relevant documentation has
been provided to the user or purchaser; the
nature of this documentation is discussed
in the next section of this guide.
On completion of commissioning, a com-

missioning certificate should be issued.
Completion of the model certificate con-
tained in Annex G of the code requires that
the commissioning engineer confirm that
the system has been commissined in ac-
cordance with the code, other than any re-
corded variations from the recommended
commissioning process. Completion of
the certificate also requires that it be confir-
med that all equipment operates correctly,
installation work is, as far as can be reaso-
nably ascertained, of an acceptable stan-
dard, that there is no any obvious potential
for an unacceptable rate of false alarms
and that the required documentation has

page 131

documentation
15. Documentation As fitted drawings.

A log book.
In a highly modular contract, in which A record of any agreed variations from
design, installation, supply and commis- the original design specification.
sioning are undertaken by a number of Such other records as are required by
different parties, more than one party may any purchase specification.
be involved in provision of the documen-
tation recommended by BS 5839-1. To Separate certificates may exist for de-
address this point, the responsibility for sign, installation and commissioning (i.e.
provision of documentation needs to be if each of these processes is undertaken
defined before an order for the system is by a different party). If more than one of
placed. In addition, the organization to these three processes, including all three
which each form of documentation is proof them, are undertaken by a single par-
vided needs to be defined in any contract ty, it would be reasonable, and probably
for design, supply, installation and com- more convenient for the recipient in any
missioning of the system. For example, case, to provide a single certificate that
some documentation might be provided covers the processes for which the signa-
to a main contractor (e.g. by an installation tory has been responsible.
sub-contractor), rather than directly to the
user or purchaser. Therefore, as noted in The O&M manual should provide informa-
Section 14, at commissioning it needs to tion, specific to the system in question, and
be ensured that, either the documentation the information provided should include
has been provided to the relevant parties, the following:
or that any absent documentation is iden-
tified for appropriate action. 1. The equipment provided and its
configuration.
The documentation recommended by
BS 5839-1 comprises the following: 2. Use of all controls.
Certificates for design, installation and 3. Recommendations for investigation of

commissioning of the system. a fire alarm or fault signal after the
An adequate operation and mainte- incident is over and the building is
nance (O&M) manual for the system. declared safe for re-occupation.

documentation
(This is not, however, intended to be 10. The importance of ensuring that

the emergency or evacuation plan, changes to the building, such as
which is the responsibility of the relocation of partitions, do not affect
occupant to formulate.) the standard of protection.
4. Recommendations for investigation in 11. Other user responsibilities described

the event of a false alarm. within Section 7 of the code.
5. Routine weekly and monthly testing of The minimum information that should
the system by the user or his be provided on all as fitted drawings
appointed agent. comprises:
6. Service and maintenance of the system 1. The positions of all control, indicating
in accordance with Section 6 of and power supply equipment.
the code.
2. The positions of all manual call
7. Avoidance of false alarms (based on points, fire detectors and fire
the information contained in Section 3 alarm devices.
of the code).
3. The positions of all equipment that
8. The need to keep a clear space around may require routine attention or
all fire detectors and manual replacement (the obvious example
call points. is short circuit isolators).
9. The need to avoid contamination of 4. The type, sizes and actual routes
detectors during contractors activities. of cables.
Cable routes shown need to comprise a

reasonable representation of the route
followed, such as to enable a competent
person to locate the cable in the event of a
fault or need for modification or extension
of the system.

page 133

maintenance
16. Maintenance also be ensured that the signal is correctly

received at the alarm receiving centre. To
Once the system is handed over to the user, avoid any confusion between the weekly
there will be a need for it to be maintained, test and a genuine fire alarm signal, the
so that it continues to provide the protec- code now recommends that the duration
tion that it was designed to give. This will for which fire alarm sounders should ope-
necessitate regular testing by the user and rate at the time of the weekly test should
periodic servicing by specialists. not normally exceed one minute.
16.1 Routine Testing The second, but more subsidiary, objective

of the weekly test is to make occupants
The routine testing recommended in BS familiar with the fire alarm signal. For this
5839-1 is not intended to overlap signi- reason, the code specifically recommends
ficantly with the benefits afforded by sys- that the weekly test should be carried out
tem monitoring. The testing that is recom- during normal working hours. It is also re-
mended is very basic in nature, and it can commended in the code that the test be
be implied from the recommendations of carried out at approximately the same time
the code that it really only has two princi- each week. In systems with staged alarms,
pal functions. incorporating an Alert and an Evacuate
signal, the two signals should be operated,
The first of these is to ensure that the sys- where practicable, sequentially in the order
tem has not suffered some form of catas- that they would occur at the time of a fire.
trophic failure, such as total power failure This is to minimize the chance of confusion
or major circuit failure. In pursuit of this between the Alert and Evacuate signals.
confirmation, the code recommends that,
every week, just one manual call point In some premises, certain occupants may
should be operated. The purpose of this work only at times other than that at which
test is only to ensure that the control equi- the fire alarm is tested. An example would
pment is capable of processing a fire alarm be permanent night shift workers. To ensu-
signal, if one occurs, and can provide an re that these employees are also made fa-
output to fire alarm sounders. If there is a miliar with the sound of the fire alarm sys-
facility for transmission of fire alarm sig- tem, the code recommends that, in such
nals to an alarm receiving centre, it should cases, an additional test(s) be carried out

maintenance
at least once a month to ensure the familia- one hour, after which fuel tanks should be
rity of these employees with the fire alarm left filled, and oil and coolant levels should
signal(s). be checked and topped up as necessary.
While the objective of the weekly test is If vented batteries are used as a standby
not to test all manual call points at any power supply, a monthly visual inspec-
particular frequency, as a form of bonus, tion of the batteries and their connections
the code recommends that a different ma- should be carried out. In particular, electro-
nual call point should be used at the time lyte levels should be checked. In practice,
of every weekly test. The purpose of this the use of vented batteries in fire alarm sys-
is to capitalize on the test to give some op- tems is now uncommon, but occasionally
portunity to identify a defective manual call it occurs in premises that contain large bat-
point. Since, however, this is merely some- tery banks for other purposes (e.g. some
thing of a bonus, the code acknowledges power stations).
that, for example, in a system with 150 ma-
nual call points, each manual call point will 16.2 Servicing
only be tested by the user every 150 wee-
ks. To ensure the rotation in testing manual Periodic inspection and servicing are ne-
call points, the code recommends that the cessary so that unrevealed faults are iden-
identity of the manual call point used in the tified, preventive measures taken, false
weekly test should be recorded in the sys- alarm problems identified and addressed,
tem log book. and that the user is made aware of any
changes to the building that affect the pro-
If an automatically started emergency tection afforded by the system. The last of
generator is used as part of the standby these points is particularly important.
power supply for the fire alarm system
(i.e. the relaxation in battery capacity offe- The periodic inspection and servicing of
red by the code is adopted), there will be the system needs to be carried out by a
a need for routine testing of the generator. competent person with specialist knowled-
The code recommends that, in this case, ge of fire detection and alarm systems. BS
the generator is started up once each mon- 5839-1 advises that this should include
th by simulation of failure of normal power knowledge of the causes of false alarms.
supply and operated on-load for at least The person carrying out the work should

page 135

maintenance
have sufficient information regarding the also recommends that these values be
system and adequate access to spares. checked every twelve months).
BS 5839-1 recommends simply periodic If quarterly servicing is adopted, 25% of all

inspection and testing of the system, ra- detectors can be tested at the time of each
ther than specifying an exact frequency quarterly visit, so that all detectors are tes-
at which this should be carried out. The ted on an annual basis. If six monthly ser-
code recommends that the period bet- vicing is adopted, either all detectors will
ween successive inspection and servi- need to be tested at the time of each alter-
cing visits should be based upon a risk nate visit, or 50% of the detectors would
assessment, taking into account the type need to be tested at each service visit.
of system installed, the environment in
which it operates and other factors that The code provides recommendations on
may affect the long term operation of other measures that should be carried
the system. However, the code does re- out on a twelve monthly basis, including
commend that the period between suc- a visual inspection to confirm that all rea-
cessive inspection and servicing visits dily accessible cable fixings are secure
should not exceed six months. If the risk and undamaged, and confirmation that
assessment shows the need for more the entire cause and effect program of
frequent inspection and servicing visits, the system is correct.
the code recommends that all interested
parties should agree the appropriate ins-
pection and servicing schedule.
BS 5839-1 recommends annual testing

of all manual call points and automatic
fire detectors. The test recommended
for each type of detector is a functional
test. For example, it would not be suffi-
cient to rely purely on measurement of
digital values at the control equipment of
an addressable system (although the code

17. Responsibilities of User of their roles and responsibilities

in connection with the fire
It is not expected that the typical user will alarm system.
purchase a copy of BS 5839-1. Howe- Necessary steps are taken to
ver, in the code, it is recommended that avoid situations that are
appropriate information be provided to detrimental to the standard of
the purchaser or user. The organization protection afforded by the system.
responsible for the provision of docu- Necessary steps are taken to
mentation needs to be identified in the ensure that the level of false
fire alarm contract. alarms is minimized.
BS 5839-1 recommends the appointment The implications of these objectives relate

of a responsible person. This term is de- to testing, maintenance, keeping of docu-
fined in the code as the person having mentation and proper system manage-
control of the building and/or premises, ment. The responsible person should also
whether as occupier or otherwise, or any ensure that the control and indicating equi-
person delegated by the person having pment is checked at least once every 24
control of the building and/or premises hours to confirm that there are no faults
to be responsible for the fire alarm system on the system. It is also the responsibility
and the fire procedures. The code recom- of the responsible person to ensure that
mends that this person be given sufficient suitable spare parts for the system are held
authority to carry out the duties described within the premises; the code gives gui-
in the code, and that this person should dance on the nature of these.
normally be the keeper of the documen-
tation recommended in the code. The pri- The user should also ensure that the sys-
mary duty of the responsible person is to tem receives non-routine attention (usually
ensure that: by specialists) as appropriate.

The system is tested and main-
tained properly.
Appropriate records are kept.
Relevant occupants in the
premises are aware

page 137

This includes:
A special inspection by any new

servicing organisation when
they take over responsibility for
servicing the system.
Repair of faults.
Action to address any
unacceptable rate of
false alarms.
Inspection and test of the system
following any fire.
Inspection and test of the system
following long periods of
disconnection.
Modification of the system as
required (e.g. to take account of
changes to the building).


Section two
of problems in relation to satisfying the ob-
jective. Each fire detection and alarm sys-
system, detectors, call points and soun-
ders to be used etc., there are also other
tem therefore must be specifically desig-
ned to meet the requirements of the client
An Introduction to the suite
aspects which need to be considered.
These include measures to limit false and
for each building. of EN54 standards
unwanted alarms, method of installation,
Once the objective(s) has been defined, in training, routine maintenance procedures,
designing a system, particular considera- and service agreement. For any system to
part one guide to design of fire systems

page 141
introduction
Overview All products built to EN54 standards are

tested by independent third party organi-
The Harmonisation of Standards for the sations, of which there are several, across
design and manufacture of Fire Alarm various member state countries. The
and Detection Equipment. testing of products is vigorous and com-
prehensive as will be seen from the indi-
Introduction vidual standards. Approval whilst being
mandatory within the EU also proves re-
In 2013, after years of consultation, the liability and longevity as well as sensitivi-
EU Commissions proposal for a new ty which together are some of the most
Construction Products Regulation finally essential components of both life safety
became effective. Unlike the Directive, and property protection systems.
which preceded the Regulation, member
states cannot be selective as to which The aim of the following document is to
parts they adhere to. Proof of compliance provide an overview of each of the cu-
with this regulation in respect of manu- rrent harmonised standards, whilst not
factured product is the CE marking. negating the need to consult, at times,
both the full EN54 standard document to-
Products for use as Fire Detection and gether with other supporting documents,
Fire alarm systems are regulated by a set such as the ISO/IEC 6000 series of publi-
of standards referenced EN54. Standards cations.
that are in the process of being written
are prefixed with the letters pr. Once writ- Foreword
ten and agreed it becomes a harmonised
standard, which under the EU Regulation These standards replace all previous
applies in all EU member states and the- versions and have the status of being na-
refore has the status of being a national tional standards in all EU member states
standard within that country. Annex ZA and therefore support the essential requi-
of each standard deals with the clauses rements of the EU regulations.
of the standard in respect of their com-
pliance with the mandate of the EU cons- All devices should be clearly labelled
truction products directive, (now regula- with the manufacturers name or logo,
tion). part number, electrical connection detail
and any further information which pro-
vides a means to identify the place and
fire detection and alarm systems section two

introduction
date of manufacture, batch and software tool and shall only be possible when the
versions. For detachable units both parts device is taken out of normal service.
should be labelled. All labelling should
use symbols or abbreviations which are EN54- description of Test Schedules
in common use, otherwise such informa-
tion should be explained in supporting Operational performance, to prove that
documentation. The labelling should be the specified sound levels can be achie-
permanent and clearly visible at all times. ved across the voltage range, and that
Documentation shall be provided, prior the maximum sound level does not ex-
to testing, which provides an aid to both ceed 120 dB(A) at 1 m. (EN54-3)
installer, maintainer and user, giving a ge-
neral description, detail of the device and Additional testing for voice sounders,
which will support any compatibility as- to verify that the output level of the
sessment to be undertaken, as detailed in broadcast message in relation to that of
EN54-1, including power requirements, the alert signal is sufficient. To verify the
input/output ratings, transmission paths, timing between the alert signal, the si-
battery capacities, current and internal lence before and after the message and
resistance levels. Information relative to before the next alert signal, is within the
the connecting cables, environmental limits set in table C1 of appendix C of
protection, and mounting and connec- EN54-3.
tion detail together with operating and
maintenance instruction shall also be Durability, to show that the sound level
provided. does not change significantly after pro-
longed operation.
If on site adjustment of the devices res-
ponse type is provided, the data shall Operational performance and functio-
clearly indicate the classification, means nal tests are to show the call points abili-
of adjustment or programming instruc- ty to withstand small forces when applied
tions. to the frangible element and to operate
correctly and only when an appropriate
Configuration data relevant to the com- force is applied, all without damage to
pliance with a standard shall be stored in the test and reset functions which are
non-volatile memory and access shall be also tested.(EN54-11)
password protected or by use of a special
section two fire detection and alarm systems

page 143
introduction
Dry heat (operational), to establish the Impact test is to demonstrate the im-
equipment functions correctly at high munity of the equipment to mechanical
ambient temperatures for short periods impacts.
Dry heat (endurance), to establish the
equipment can withstand long-term Vibration, sinusoidal (operational), is to
ageing effects. display the equipments immunity to nor-
mal levels of vibration.
Cold (operational), to establish the equi-
pment functions correctly at low ambient Vibration, sinusoidal (endurance), is to
temperatures display the equipments ability to withs-
tand the long-term effects of vibration
Damp heat, cyclic (operational), is to pro-
ve the immunity of the equipment where Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC),
high relative humidity exists and where con- immunity tests (operational), tests are
densation may occur on the device. carried out in accordance with EN50130-
4 and include electrostatic discharge,
Damp heat, cyclic/steady state (endu- radiated electromagnetic fields, induced
rance), is to establish the equipments abi- effects from electromagnetic fields, fast
lity to withstand the longer-term effects of transient bursts and slow high energy
high humidity and condensation. voltage surges.
Damp heat, steady state testing de- Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC),

monstrates the ability of the equipment Immunity tests are designed to demons-
to function at high relative humidity trate immunity to electrostatic dischar-
(without condensation), for short periods ges caused by personnel, who may have
become charged, touching the equip-
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) corrosion (en- ment or other adjacent equipment.
durance), to establish the sounder can
withstand the corrosive effect of sulphur Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC),
dioxide as an atmospheric pollutant. is to show the manual call points ability to
comply with the EMC immunity require-
Shock (operational), is to establish the ments in its normal service environment.
immunity of the equipment to infrequent (EN54-11)
mechanical shocks.

introduction
Enclosure protection, to establish that the nificantly change in an air flow, and is not
degree of protection provided by the enclo- prone to false alarms in draughts or in
sure of the fire alarm equipment, meets the short gusts.
minimum requirements for its type.
Dazzling, is to demonstrate that the sen-
Repeatability, demonstrates a detectors sitivity of a detector does not significantly
stable sensitivity, during multiple alarms. change when close to artificial light sou-
rces. (Applies only to optical detectors).
Directional dependence, to prove that
performance is not dependent upon a Fire sensitivity, is to demonstrate a de-
specific airflow tectors sensitivity to a broad spectrum of
smoke types as required for general appli-
Directional dependence, to demons- cation in fire detection systems. (EN54-7)
trate that the detector is sensitive to de-
tecting radiation across its entire field of Test Fires. The detectors shall be sub-
view (EN54-10) jected to four test fires TF2 to TF5 (as
detailed in Annexes G to J). The procedu-
Fire sensitivity, to prove that the detec- res are described for each test fire, along
tor has sufficient sensitivity to fire, and with the end of test condition and the
to determine a classification based on its required profile curve limits. The test fire
detection range (EN54-10) numbers have been retained from EN 54-
9. All detectors shall generate an alarm
Reproducibity: to demonstrate that res- signal, in each test fire. (EN54-7).
ponse times are within the specified li-
mits and that the response times do not Note: In the UK all EN standards are prefi-
vary significantly during repeat testing. xed with BS, e.g. BS EN54-2
Variation in supply parameters: to pro- Note: all standards are referenced with a
ve that within the equipments specified date and suffix to any amendments and
voltage range the performance /respon- corrigenda which have been issued since
se times are reasonably constant. the original standard was published.
Air movement, is to demonstrate that

the sensitivity of a detector does not sig-

page 145
introduction
Foreword
This standard replaces all previous ver- in the process of preparation and some
sions and has the status of being a national may not be EN54 standards.
standard in all EU member states and the-
refore supports the essential requirements CEN/TS 54-14 is an existing design stan-
of the EU directive(s). dard which is currently being updated and
will be an option in countries that do not
Introduction have their own standards. An alternative
published standard is ISO 7240-14 which
The EN54 standard, part 1 explains the offers similar design guidance. In countries
use of each part of the EN54 suite of stan- that have their own national standard, e.g.
dards. The standards apply to systems in the UK BS5839, these will undoubtedly
used for the early detection of fires in buil- be the adopted standards.
dings, including providing warnings both
locally and remote and operating other fire Parts 16, 24 and 32 refer to voice alarm
precautions, such as water or gaseous sup- equipment which may form a separate and
pression systems. Consideration should be sub system to the fire alarm and detection
given if these standards are used for sys- system, but which when interconnected
tems installed in other than building appli- will effectively work as a complete system.
cations, as to their suitability.
EN54-22 and 28 are draft standards cove-
Each standard covers the requirements, ring line type heat detectors and resettable
test and performance criteria, for mea- types.
suring the reliability of the system com-
ponent parts which together form the Part 23 covers visual alarm devices which
complete system. The tests are designed may be installed to compliment audible de-
to prove their performance under varying vices in noisy areas or to provide a warning
conditions which they are likely to be sub- to hearing impaired personnel.
jected to during their lifetime.
Part 26, is in development and will cover
Some standards listed below are publis- point detectors using carbon monoxide
hed as harmonised standards. However sensors.
some are relatively new and others are still

introduction
Part 27, is still in preparation and will detail guidance to building networked systems.
the requirements for mounting smoke de- Clause 4 of this Standard specifies both
tectors into ducts. input and output functions associated with
the fire detection and fire alarm system.
Parts 29, 30 and 31 are all at varying sta- Table A.1 (below), gives examples of pro-
ges of preparation and will, in time, cover ducts that fulfil these functions and refe-
multi sensor detection devices which may rences these to the applicable published
detect different fire phenomena providing standards
a wider spectrum of detection capability
than a standard single channel device. Annexes to EN54-1
The various detection channels of these
devices can be combined in software to A- Functions, examples and relevant stan-
provide either more resilience or increa- dards, Clause 4 of this European Stan-
sed sensitivity dependent upon the risk dard specifies functions and equipment
and environment. Currently ISO 7240- 8 of the fire detection and fire alarm sys-
and 15 and CEA 4021 are all published tem and associated systems. Table A.1
documents covering some types of multi in Annex A gives examples of products
sensors. that carry out the specified functions and
gives information on relevant published
Part 32- is at some stage of preparation standards applicable to these products
and will form a guide to design, installation, and systems.
commissioning, maintenance and use of
voice alarm systems
Part 13 of the standard assesses the com-

patibility of components, which although
individually approved to the relevant stan-
dard, have been assessed when working
together as a system. This standard, whilst
being the only published standard is not
harmonised and is therefore not enforced
under the Construction Product Regula-
tion. It does however offer sound practical

page 147
introduction
Table A.1 Examples of products and systems carrying out the functions of
FDAS and associated systems and applicable relevant standards
Reference Functions Example of product carrying the Relevant

function standards
Fire detectors such as:

Smoke detectors (point detectors) EN54-7
Line smoke detectors using optical EN54-12
beam
Aspirating smoke detectors EN54-20
Duct smoke detectors EN54-27
Heat detectors (point detectors) EN54-5
Line type heat detectors) EN54-22
Line type heat detectors, EN54-28
non-resettable
Automatic Flame detectors (point detectors) EN54-10
A fire detection Carbon monoxide fire detectors EN54-26
function (point detectors)
Multi-sensor fire detectors:
Point detectors using a combination of EN54-29
smoke and heat sensors
Point detectors using a combination of EN54-30
carbon monoxide and heat sensors
Point detectors using a combination of EN 54-31
smoke, carbon monoxide and
optionally heat sensors
Input device for auxiliary detection
functions such as:
Sprinkler activated input EN 54-18a
Input device for connection of
secondary detection circuit to a
Primary detection circuit

introduction

function standards
Control and Control and indicating equipment EN 54-2

B indication (CIE), in conjunction with:
function Networked control and indicating EN 54-13
equipments Fire brigade panel
C Fire alarm Voice alarm loudspeakers EN 54-24

function Fire alarm devices such as:
Fire alarm sounders EN 54-3
Visual alarms EN 54-23
Tactile alarm devices
D Manual Manual call points EN 54-11

initiating
function
E Fire alarm Fire alarm routing equipment (alarm EN 54-21

routing transmission routing equipment)
function
F Fire alarm Fire alarm receiving centre EN 50518

receiving
function

page 149
introduction

function standards
G Control Output device to trigger fire protection EN 54-18a

function equipment
for fire Output to fire protection equipment EN 54-2
protection
system or
equipment
Duct mounted fire dampers EN 15650

Electrically controlled hold-open device EN 14637
for fire/smoke doors
Fire
Smoke and heat control systems EN 12101
protection
H series
system or
Fixed fire fighting systems: gas EN 12094
equipment
extinguishing systems series
Fire fighting systems: sprinkler or water EN 12259
spray systems series
Other fire protection measures
Fault warning Fault warning routing equipment EN54-21

J routing
function
Fault warning Fault warning receiving centre EN50518

K receiving
function

introduction

function standards
Power supply Power supply equipment (PSE) EN54-4

L function
Control and Voice alarm control and indicating EN 54-16

indication equipment (VACIE)
M function Control for other fire evacuation
for alarm measures
annunciation
Ancillary Data communication interface

input or
output
N function
Ancillary Visualization system

O management Building management system
function
Exchange of Short-circuit isolators EN 54-17

information Components using radio links EN 54-25
between Alarm transmission systems such as: EN 50136
functions series
LAN/WAN
PSTN
GSM
GPRS
a
EN 54-18 does not include detailed functional requirements for the input/output devices but requires
that their function is sufficiently specified by the manufacturer and that the CE attestation of conformity
assesses that they function correctly in accordance with the manufacturers specification

page 151
Part 2 control and indicating equipment
Introduction A reset function shall be provided and

be used for both fire and fault, with the
The standard covers both mandatory and current status of the system, including
optional functionality with regards to the points not reset being displayed within
system control and indicator equipment. 20 seconds.
The optional functions allows for spe-
cific functions associated with require- Output of the fire alarm condition may be
ments which may not be standard but signalled to numerous devices, including
still allows the products to comply. audible alarms, visual alarms, transmis-
The options covered in annex B are tho- sion equipment and other fire protection
se already used by some member states systems, with at least one output being
and have therefore been included in this mandatory.
standard and may also form part of their
local national standard. Time constraints are detailed in this sec-
tion, being 10 seconds, if no delays are
Requirements programmed. Delays and coincidence
are recognised as being acceptable in
The control and indicating equipment some cases with delay timers being pro-
shall be capable of being in, and also dis- grammable up to a maximum of 10 mins.
playing indication appropriate to, Fire, The rules relating to these functions are
Fault, disablement, and where provided, detailed within the standard. The equip-
test. The rules governing alphanumeric ment may include provision to record the
displays are also listed. An indication of number of fire alarm events.
external power shall be provided. Any
other kind of indication may be displayed, Fault recognition and indication is covered
however all indications must be clear and in respect of the various categories of fault
unambiguous. which could occur. These include faults
within and external to the control and indi-
Audible indication, indicating a change of cation equipment. These are prioritised into
state shall be provided within the control three groups, faults in specified functions,
and indicating equipment and shall be ca- power loss and system faults. The implica-
pable of being silenced, but not automa- tions of each can be quite different. Faults
tically. The audible alarm should resound shall be processed and their status indica-
for each subsequent event. ted within 100 secs.

In the event of a mains power loss, the effect, such as operating a fire protec-
equipment shall have the ability to recog- tion system or communicating with the
nise if the standby supply is capable of fire brigade. The sub panel is not a part
providing at least the mandatory system of the main control and indicator panel
function, otherwise an audible indication under this standard; however the mini-
shall be sounded for a period of at least mum functional requirements regarding
1 hour. the interface are clearly detailed. Where
the sub panel is a fire brigade panel and
Disablements may be applied to inputs because requirements vary from coun-
and outputs, such as zones, audible and try to country, the specified interface
visual devices and signal transmission functions negate the need for the panel
paths. Such disablement should only specification to be harmonised under this
affect those linked indications and out- standard. Most panels will be approved
puts and not be global. Indications of di- locally.
sablements shall be provided both gene-
rally and for specific disablements. Design Requirements for the control and
indicator panel are listed in clause 12 of
Indication of a Test Condition shall be dis- the standard. Not all panel functionality
played whenever any part of the system can be tested therefore manufacturers
is under test. Those parts of the system are required to confirm compliance in
under test must be clearly displayed and accordance with the standard by way of
all mandatory indications from those documentation. Both electrical and me-
parts of the system not under test will chanical details are included in the stan-
still be provided. Tests must be started dard as is the integrity of its transmission
and ended manually. Outputs from those paths, the accessibility of indicators and
zones under test will not be triggered by controls, the specification for indicator
the test. lights, including colours, alphanumeric
displays, and audible indications. The
The Input/output Interface is an appro- panels software and software proces-
ved method of communicating between sing methods together with the means
the main control and indicator panel of storing both programmes and data are
and a sub panel capable of performing also detailed.
functions associated with the cause and

page 153
The panel will be clearly labelled, inclu- into the panel. The test objectives are to
ding the ref to the standard, the manufac- prove the operation of the equipment and
turers logo and model number. to enable this; a test schedule is drawn up
prior to testing. Testing will prove the fire
Testing of the main control and indicator alarm, fault and disabled conditions. Envi-
panel is carried out in a test environment ronmental tests are carried out in accor-
with a specimen configuration loaded dance with table 1, below.
Table 1. Environmental tests
Test Operational Sub-clause

or endurance number
Cold Operational 15.4
Damp heat, steady state Operational 15.5
Impact Operational 15.6
Vibration, sinusoidal Operational 15.7
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) immunity test Operational 15.8
Supply voltage variations Operational 15.13

Table B.1 Optional functions
Option See clause
Indications:
Fault signals from points 8.3
Total loss of power supply 8.4
Alarm counter 7.13
Controls:
Dependency on more than one alarm signal 7.12
Delays to outputs 7.11
Disablement of each address point 9.5
Test condition 10
Outputs:
Fire alarm device(s) 7.8
Fire alarm routing equipment 7.9
Automatic fire protection equipment 7.10
Fault warning routing equipment 8.9
Standardized I/O interface 11

page 155
Annexes to EN54-2 Annex F; covers the recognition and pro-

cesses when dealing with faults.
Annex A- Explanation of Access Levels,
defines these for all mandatory functions Annex G; explains the requirements for
detailed within the standard. the interfacing of the input/output equip-
ment such as fire brigade panels.
Annex B (informative) Optional functions
with requirements and alternatives. Annex H; refers to the integrity of trans-
As described earlier this standard con- mission paths to limit the effects caused
firms those mandatory functions ne- by faults.
cessary to comply together with some
optional functions which might also be Annex I is specific to control and indica-
provided. The optional functions descri- tion equipment which requires software.
bed in this standard which have already
been adopted by some countries are lis- Annex ZA; deals with the clauses of the
ted in table B1 below. standard in respect of their compliance
with the mandate of the EU construction
Annex C; refers to the processing of sig- products directive, (now regulation).
nals, where appropriate, from a fire de-
tector to a point in the process where a
decision is made.
Annex D; provides an explanation of the

zones and their appropriate indications,
together with the limitations regarding
device loading.
Annex E; explains the process of dela-

ying outputs when processing signals
from both detectors and manual call
points.

part 3 fire alarm devices - sounders
Introduction rection and not exceeding 120 dB in any

direction.
This standard covers the requirements
for the construction and performance of (A- weighted sound level sound pressure
sounders and their performance under expressed in dB, characteristics are given
climatic, mechanical and electrical inter- in IEC 60651).
ference conditions. Sounders are classi-
fied as indoor (A) and outdoor (B). In fire Sounders can produce different frequen-
detection and fire alarm systems, voice cies and sound patterns and, therefore,
sounders are also used for warning the this standard does not specify a minimum
occupants of a building of the outbreak and maximum for either. These may also
of fire, using a combination of signal and vary from country to country; therefore
voice message(s).The requirements, test local standards need to be consulted.
methods and performance criteria speci- Access to the device shall be restricted
fied in this standard for sounders are also by the use of special screws or tools and
applicable to voice sounders. Additional it should not be possible to change the
requirements specific to voice sounders manufacturers settings without use of
are incorporated in Annex C. the same or by breaking a seal.
Requirements If on site adjustment of the device set-

tings is provided, then the factory set-
The sounder may produce different ting, which complies with this standard,
sound levels under different conditions, should be clearly displayed for each and
e.g., when operating on different volta- should only be accessible to change with
ge ranges or with different sound pat- a password or special tool.
terns. When appropriate the sound level
of each unit may be measured for each Sounders shall be rated for a minimum
sound pattern when tested. Alternatively of 100 hours which will not affect their
the sounder will be tested using an out- ability to cycle on and off as required as
put deemed to consume max current and part of the compliance testing. This requi-
produce the maximum sound output. rement does not apply to the capacity of
The sounder shall produce A-weighted any integral batteries used as a means of
sound levels of at least 65 dB in one di- providing local standby power. The capa-

page 157
fire alarm devices - sounders
city and charging requirements of such

batteries should meet the requirement
of the system.. The degree of protection
provided by the enclosure of fire alarm
sounders shall be in accordance with
EN60529, IP21 for type A and IP33 for
type B. The attached labelling, will provi-
de, reference to this standard, type A or B.
Voice Sounders are audible devices for

generating and broadcasting recorded
voice messages. The voice sounder shall
meet all of the requirements applicable
to audible fire alarm devices. To prevent
acoustic interaction between adjacent
voice sounders the provision for synchro-
nising the alert signal and message se-
quence with that of other devices of the
same type may be necessary. In this case,
the requirements of the test described in
appendix C shall be met.
Tests, are carried out to prove the sound

levels specified by the manufacturer are
achievable within the specified voltage
range and do not deviate by more than
6dB for each direction. The maximum
sound level must provide an output grea-
ter than 65dB (A) in at least one direction,
and not exceed 120dB (A) in any direction,
at 1 metre. Sound levels are required to be
at the specified level for each of the angles
specified by the manufacturer, through a
semi -circular arc in front of the device).

Table 1 Schedule of tests
Test Subclause
Reproducibility 5.2
Operational performance 5.3
Durability 5.4
Dry heat (operational) 5.5
Dry heat (endurance) 5.6
Cold (operational) 5.7
Damp heat, cyclic (operational) 5.8
Damp heat, steady state (endurance) 5.9
Damp heat, cyclic (endurance) 5.10
SO2 corrosion (endurance) 5.11
Shock (operational) 5.12
Impact (operational) 5.13
Vibration (operational) 5.14
Vibration (endurance) 5.15

page 159
Test Subclause
Electrostatic discharge (operational) 5.16
Radiated electromagnetic fields 5.16

(operational)
Conducted disturbances induced by 5.16

electromagnetic fields (operational)
Voltage transients, fast transient 5,16

bursts (operational)
Voltage transients, slow high energy 5.16

voltage surge (operational)
Enclosure protection 5.17
1) Where after one of the test specified in 5.5 to 5.16 the A-weighted sound level of
the specimen being tested differs from that measured during the reproducibility test by
more than 6 dB, a new specimen shall be used for the next test on the schedule for that
specimen. The sound level shall be first measured as specified in 5.2.
2) The EMC tests specified in 5.16 are not required for sounders which do not rely on
active electronic components for their operation.
3) The tests on an individual specimen may be carried out in any order except that
the reproducibility test (5.2) shall be performed first on all specimens and the tests on
specimens 1 and 2 shall be carried out in the order listed (i.e. 5.17 last).

Annexes to EN54-3
Annex A- Sound level test

Annex B- Comparative sound test
Annex C- Voice Sounders
Annex ZA; deals with the clauses of the
standard in respect of their compliance
with the mandate of the EU construction
products directive, (now regulation).

page 161
part 4 power supply equipment
Introduction ning indicators. Any known interruptions

during changeover of power source shall
This standard covers the requirements, be detailed by the manufacturer. Failure
test procedures and performance of of one power source shall not render the
power supplies used with fire alarm and unit inoperative such that no power is de-
detection systems in buildings, both in- livered to the system.
ternal and external to the control and in-
dicating equipment. Functionality
General requirements The power supply shall be capable of

delivering full power to the system irres-
The requirements for meeting this stan- pective of the standby battery condition,
dard are detailed in clauses 4-8 and including when recharging a discharged
testing is as detailed in clause 9 of this standby battery. The standby battery
standard. The power supply unit will ope- charging current can be reduced when
rate from an incoming mains supply and the power supply is required to supply
incorporate at least one rechargeable maximum current to the system. The
standby battery. The unit will be capable standby battery should also be capable
of maintaining a fully charged battery. of supplying the systems demands when
Each source of power shall be capable the incoming mains supply is discon-
of supplying the specified output or for nected. The power supply shall be fully
an integral power supply, the equipment monitored, including incoming mains,
into which it is integrated. battery supply, and battery high resistan-
ce. The power supply shall signal a fault
The incoming mains supply should be condition within 30 minutes of the fault
solely for the fire detection and alarm sys- occurrence. If the power supply unit is an
tem and its standby batteries. The battery integral part of the control and indicating
should automatically supply the system equipment such faults shall be signalled
in the event of an incoming power failure in accordance with EN54-2.
and revert to standby when the supply is
restored. Failure of an integrated power The design, electrical and mechanical,
supply incoming mains shall be transpa- shall be in accordance with section 6 of
rent other than to operate any power war- the standard. If the power supply is de-

power supply equipment
signed for use with the control and indi- re and requirements do vary between
cating equipment but external to, then integrating and non-integrating power
duplicate connections should be made supply equipment.
ensuring that a single short circuit cannot
result in a loss of power.
The standby battery will be suitably la-

belled indicating its age and type and if
integral to other components of the fire
alarm and detection system, shall be of
the sealed type. The batteries output vol-
tage should be monitored and outputs
turned off if that voltage falls below the
specified level.
The battery charger will charge the battery

automatically and when discharged to its
final voltage be recharged to 80% of its ca-
pacity within 48 hours. The charger shall
be designed and operate within the battery
manufacturers temperature limits. Other
than for monitoring purposes the battery
shall not discharge through the charger,
when a potential difference exists.
If required to operate during the testing

the power supply equipment shall be
connected to both mains and a suitable
battery. The output shall be connected
to suitable cable and tested under a full
load. Fully functional tests are as detailed
in section 9 and carried out in accordan-
ce with table 1. However the procedu-

page 163
Table 1-Functional tests
Test Mains supply Condition of battery Loading Duration of

voltage condition test
1 Vna + 10 % Discharged b I max. a 4h
2 Vn 15 % Discharged b I max. a 4h
3 Vn 15 % Discharged b I max. b Manufacturers

specification
with a
minimum
of 5 min
4 Disconnected Discharging c I max. b
5 Vn 15 % Replaced by short circuit d I max. a
6 Vn 15 % Replaced by short circuit e I max. a
7 Vn + 10 % Disconnected I max. b
8 Vn 15 % Disconnected I max. b
9 Vn + 10 % Fully charged f I min

a Vn is nominal voltage of the public electricity supply or equivalent.
b A battery of max specified capacity discharged to its final voltage as described in 9.3.1.1. The
battery is allowed to charge during the test.
c In this test the battery may be replaced by a laboratory power supply capable of supplying the
required output current. The output voltage of the power supply shall be gradually reduced from the
fully charged voltage of the battery to the voltage at which the PSE output(s) switch off as in 5.2.3.
d Mains shall be applied after having replaced the battery by a short circuit.
e Replace the battery by a short circuit after the mains is applied.
f A battery charged to its fully charged voltage

Environmental tests are carried out in ac- However functional tests, required by
cordance with table 2 below. If the power this standard, to be undertaken after en-
supply unit is housed within other equip- vironmental testing, shall also take place.
ment for which there is a different stan- If the power supply is housed separately
dard, then testing in accordance with or in an enclosure for which there is no
that standard shall apply. (e.g. EN54-2). standard then table 2 shall apply.
Table 2 Environmental tests
Test Operational or Clause number

endurance
Cold Operational 9.5
Impact Operational 9.7
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Operational 9.9

immunity tests
Damp heat, steady state Endurance 9.14
Vibration, sinusoidal Endurance 9.15

page 165
Annexes to EN54-4
Annex A- Laboratory procedure for tes-

ting compliance with the requirements of
5.2.1 and 5.4.c
Annex ZA- Deals with the clauses of the

standard in respect of their compliance
with the mandate of the EU construc-
tion products directive, (now regulation).

part 5 heat detectors - point detectors
Scope Static response temperature is that at

which the detector would be in an alarm
This standard specifies the requirements state if subjected to a vanishingly small rate
for point type heat detectors. Typical appli- of rise temperature, typically 0.2K min -1
cation temperature is the temperature of
the environment into which the detector is Classification
placed and which exists for most of the time
in a none fire situation as detailed in table Detectors shall conform to one or more
1.Maximum application temperature is that of the following classes, as shown in the
which the detector may be subjected to for attached table, column 1, according to
short periods of time, in a non-fire situation the requirements of the detailed tests.
as detailed in table 1.
Table 1 Detector Classification temperatures
Detector Typical Maximum Minimum Static Maximum Static

Class Application Application Response Response
TemperatureC Temperature C Temperature C Temperature C
A1 25 50 54 65
A2 25 50 54 70
B 40 65 69 85
C 55 80 84 100
D 70 95 99 115
E 85 110 114 130
F 100 125 129 145
G 115 140 144 160

page 167
heat detectors - point detectors
Manufacturers may add the suffix S, detector from its base without some form
(Static) or R, (Rate of Rise) to the detec- of indication is not possible.
tor data. Detectors which provide only
a static response do not respond below The manufacturers settings should not
their minimum response temperature be accessible to change without the
irrespective of the rate of rise in tempe- need for a password, special tool or by
rature. Detectors incorporating a rate of the breaking or removal of a seal. If on
rise characteristic will meet the respon- site adjustment of the detectors respon-
se requirements shown in table 4, even se type is provided, then the factory set-
when installed where temperatures are ting, which complies with this standard,
significantly lower than the typical appli- should be clearly displayed for each de-
cation temperature. tector and should only be accessible to
change with a password or special tool
Individual alarm indication shall be provi- or by the removal of the detector from its
ded for class A1, A2, B, C or D detectors base.
via a red visual indicator which shall be
extinguished when the detector is reset. Any settings which are not compliant
Where conditions other than fire are in- with this standard shall only be accessi-
dicated these shall be clearly distinguis- ble by the same means and it should be
hable other than when the detector is in clearly displayed, either on the detec-
service mode. For detachable detectors tor or in data format, the detector does
the indicator may be in the head or the not comply with this standard. The ad-
base and should be visible at a distance justments may be carried out either at
of 6 metres directly below the detector in the detector or via the control and indica-
ambient light levels of up to 500 lux. tor equipment.

Classes E, F or G detectors shall contain Configuration data relevant to the com-
either an integral red indicator or some pliance with a standard shall be stored in
other means of indicating its alarm state. non-volatile memory and access shall be
password protected or by use of a special
Monitoring of detachable detectors shall tool and shall only be possible when the
be provided by which removal of the device is taken out of normal service.

Detectors are subjected to the as detailed in table 4, between the upper

following Test Schedules. and lower levels.
Directional dependence: to prove that Cold (operational): to prove the detector

performance is not dependent upon a operates correctly in low temperature
specific airflow environments. The detectors, (resetta-
ble) response when subjected to a rise in
Static response temperature: to confirm temperature of 3 Kmin-1 shall not be less
the detectors response to a slow rate of than 7min 13s. At a temperature rise of
rise in temperature. Static type detectors 20 Kmin-1 the response time shall not
may also be subjected to further testing be less than 30s for Class A1 and 1min
to ensure they do not respond below for other classes. For non- resettable de-
their stated response temperature relati- tectors the response times shall be those
ve to their class. shown in table 4, between the upper and
lower times for the relevant class.
Response times from typical application
temperature: to prove the detectors res- Dry heat (endurance): proves the perfor-
ponse, (table 1) to a range of rate of rise mance of detectors in classes C, D, E, F
air temperatures. The response times and G when installed in high ambient
should lie between the upper and lower temperatures. The tests are at tempera-
levels shown in table 4, relative to its tures indicated in table 1. The detectors,
class. (resettable) response when subjected to
a rise in temperature of 3 Kmin-1 shall
Variation in supply parameters: to prove not be less than 7min 13s. At a tempera-
that within the detectors specified volta- ture rise of 20 Kmin-1 the response time
ge range the response times are reasona- shall not be less than 1min. For non- re-
bly constant settable detectors the response times
shall be those shown in table 4.
Reproducibity: to show that response
times are within the specified limits and Damp heat, cyclic and steady: These
for resettable detectors that the respon- tests prove the detectors ability to exist
se times do not vary significantly during in humid conditions and where there
repeat testing. Response times shall be may be condensation present, for short

page 169
and long durations. The detectors shall 20 Kmin-1 the response time shall not
remain fault free and their response (for be less than 30s for Class A1 and 1min
resettable) when subjected to a rise in for other classes. For non- resettable de-
temperature of 3 Kmin-1 will not be less tectors the response times shall be those
than 7min 13s. At a temperature rise of shown in table 4,
20 Kmin-1 the response time shall not
be less than 30s for Class A1 and 1min Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC):
for other classes. For non- resettable de- tests are carried out in accordance with
tectors the response times shall be those EN50130-4. The detector should res-
shown in table 4 pond, (resettable) to a rise in temperature
of 3 Kmin-1 within 7min 13s. At 20 Kmin-
Corrosion (SO2) will demonstrate the de- 1 the response time shall not be less than
tectors resistance to corrosive atmosphe- 30s for Class A1 and 1min for other clas-
res. The detector should remain fault free ses. For non- resettable detectors the
and respond, (resettable) to a rise in tem- response times shall be those shown in
perature of 3 Kmin-1 within 7min 13s. At table 4.
20 Kmin-1 the response time shall not
be less than 30s for Class A1 and 1min
for other classes. For non- resettable de-
tectors the response times shall be those
shown in table 4,
Shock, Impact and Vibration: these tests

are designed to prove the detectors im-
munity to mechanical shocks, impact
and short and long term vibration. The
shock test procedure is that described
in the IEC document 60068-2-27. long
term vibration tests are conducted in ac-
cordance with IEC document 60068-2-6.
The detector should remain fault free and
respond, (resettable) to a rise in tempe-
rature of 3 Kmin-1 within 7min 13s. At

Table 4 Response time limits
Rate of rise Class A1 detectors

of air
temperature Lower limit of response time Upper limit of response time
K min - 1 Min S Min S
1 29 0 40 20
3 7 13 13 40
5 4 9 8 20
10 1 0 4 20
20 30 2 20
30 20 1 40

page 171
Table 4 Response time limits
Rate of rise Class A2, B, C, D, E, F and G detectors

of air
temperature Lower limit of response time Upper limit of response time
K min - 1 Min S Min S
1 29 0 46 0
3 7 13 16 0
5 4 9 10 0
10 2 0 5 30
20 1 0 3 13
30 40 2 25
Response times from high ambient temperature: proves the detectors ability to perform correctly in a high temperature
environment. The detectors response time should fall between those indicated below in table 5.

Table 5 Response time limits for maximum application temperature
Detector Lower limit of response time at air temperature rise of

class
3K min-1 20K min-1
Min S Min S
A1 1 20 12
All other 1 20 12
Detector Upper limit of response time at air temperature rise of

class
3K min-1 20K min-1
Min S Min S
A1 13 40 2 20
All other 16 0 3 13
Annexes to EN54-5
Annex A - Heat tunnel for response time and response temperature measurements
Annex B - Information concerning the construction of the heat tunnel
Annex C - Derivation of upper and lower limits of response times
Annex D - Apparatus for impact test
Annex ZA - Clauses of this European Standard addressing essential requirements or other
provisions of EU Directives (now regulation)

page 173
part 7 smoke detectors
Scope, the standard specifies the re- be visible at a distance of 6 metres di-
quirements, test methods and perfor- rectly below the detector in ambient
mance criteria for point type smoke light levels of up to 500 lux. Where the-
detectors, both optical and ionisa- re is a connection to remote indicators,
tion, including smoke detectors with control relays etc., failures of these con-
more than one sensor. Ionisation nections shall not prevent the correct
detectors are not permitted in cer- operation of the detector.
tain countries therefore local codes
should be consulted. Monitoring of detachable detectors
shall be provided by which removal
Requirements of the detector from its base without
Compliance, for the detector to meet some form of indication is not possible.
the requirements of this clause shall be
verified by visual inspection or enginee- The manufacturers settings should not
ring assessment, tested as described in be accessible to change without the
clause 5 and, for detectors with more need for a password, special tool or by
than one smoke sensor, shall meet the the breaking or removal of a seal.
requirements of the tests detailed in
Annex N. If on site adjustment of the detectors
response type is provided, then the fac-
Individual alarm indication shall be pro- tory setting, which complies with this
vided via a red visual indicator which standard, should be clearly displayed
shall be extinguished when the detec- for each detector and should only be
tor is reset. Where conditions other accessible to change with a password
than fire are indicated these shall be or special tool or by the removal of the
clearly distinguishable other than when detector from its base.
the detector is in service mode. For de-
tachable detectors the indicator may Any settings which are not compliant
be in the head or the base and should with this standard shall only be accessi-

smoke detectors
ble by the same means and it should be Testing a detectors response with very
clearly displayed, either on the detec- slow increases in smoke density is im-
tor or in data format, the detector does practical and therefore assessment is
not comply with this standard. The ad- made of the detectors response by a
justments may be carried out either at combination of test and simulations
the detector or via the control and indi- together with analysis of the software.
cator equipment. The detectors performance is measu-
red against formulae designed to con-
The detector shall be designed to res- firm a response within 100 seconds
trict the access of insects into its sen- when the increase in smoke density is
sitive parts without restricting smoke greater than one fourth of the detector
entry. In order to achieve this it may threshold value multiplied by 1.6. This
be necessary to take other precautions ensures the detectors response value
against false alarms due to the entry of does not increase by more than a fac-
small insects. tor of 1.6 before an alarm condition is
reached. A detectors response should
The provision of drift compensation fall between a maximum sensitivity of
to counter the effects of a build-up 1.5% and a minimum of 6% obscura-
of dirt in the detector shall not signifi- tion per metre when tested.
cantly reduce the detectors sensitivi-
ty to slowly developing fires. To verify
this, an assessment of the detectors
response to slow increases in smoke
density shall be made. The detector
shall meet the requirements of clause
4.8 if its response times falls within tho-
se specified.

page 175
smoke detectors
Test schedule
Test Clause
Repeatability 5.2
Directional dependence 5.3
Reproducibility 5.4
Variation in supply parameters 5.5
Air movement 5.6
Dazzling 1) 5.7
Dry heat (operational 5.8
Damp heat, steady state (operational) 5.10
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) corrosion (endurance) 5.12

smoke detectors
Test schedule
Test Clause
Vibration, sinusoidal (operational) 5.15
Vibration, sinusoidal (endurance) 5.16
Radiated electromagnetic fields (operational) 5.17
Conducted disturbances induced by electromagnetic 5.17

fields (operational)
Fast transient bursts (operational) 5.17
Slow high energy voltage surge (operational) 5.18
Fire sensitivity
1)
This test only applies to detectors using scattered or transmitted light.

page 177
smoke detectors
Annexes to EN54-7 Annex N - Additional requirements and

test methods for smoke detectors with
Annex A - Smoke tunnel for response more than one smoke sensor
threshold value measurements Annex ZA - deals with the clauses of
Annex B - Test aerosol for response the standard in respect of their com-
threshold value measurements pliance with the mandate of the EU
Annex C - Smoke measuring instru- Construction Product Directive (now
ments Regulation).
Annex D - Apparatus for dazzling test
Annex E - Apparatus for impact test
Annex F - Fire test room
Annex G -Smouldering (pyrolysis)
wood fire (TF2)
Annex H -Glowing smouldering cotton
fire (TF3)
Annex I - Flaming plastics (polyuretha-
ne) fire (TF4)
Annex J - Flaming liquid (n-heptane)
fire (TF5)
Annex K - Information concerning the
construction of the smoke tunnel
Annex L - Information concerning
the requirements for the response to
slowly developing fires
Annex M - Information concerning the
construction of the measuring ioniza-
tion Chamber

part 10 flame detectors
Scope This European Standard spe- tors, control relays etc., failures of the-
cifies the requirements, test methods se connections shall not prevent the
and performance criteria for point-type, correct operation of the detector.
resettable flame detectors that operate
using radiation from a flame for use in Monitoring of detachable detectors
fire detection systems. shall be provided by which removal
of the detector from its base without
Requirements some form of indication is not possible.
Compliance is for the detector to be The manufacturers settings should

verified by visual inspection or enginee- not be accessible to change without
ring assessment and successfully tes- the need for a password, special tool
ted as described in clause 5. Detectors or by the breaking or removal of a seal
will be classified, when responding to and for each setting. For those settings
fires within 30 secs as: Class 1, up to which the manufacturer claims com-
25metres, Class, 2 up to 17 metres or pliance with this standard, each shall
Class 3, up to 12 metres. Below 12me- have achieved a classification corres-
tres detectors will not be classified. ponding to that marked on the detector
for that setting;
Individual alarm indication shall be
provided via a red visual indicator If on site adjustment of the detectors
which shall be extinguished when the response type is provided, then the fac-
detector is reset. Where conditions tory setting, which complies with this
other than fire are indicated these shall standard, should be clearly displayed
be clearly distinguishable other than for each detector and should only be
when the detector is in service mode. accessible to change with a password
For detachable detectors the indicator or special tool or by the removal of the
may be in the head or the base. Where detector from its base.
there is a connection to remote indica-

page 179
flame detectors
Any settings which are not compliant detector to radiation from a suitable fla-
with this standard shall only be accessi- me source and establishing the maxi-
ble by the same means and it should be mum distance at which the detector
clearly displayed, either on the detec- will reliably enter the alarm condition
tor or in data format, the detector does within a time of 30 s. The test appara-
not comply with this standard. The ad- tus shall be as described in annex A, B
justments may be carried out either at and C. When testing, the radiation sour-
the detector or via the control and indi- ce is modulated in accordance with the
cator equipment. manufacturers specification. Tests are
conducted using methane, n-heptane,
Technical data regarding both installa- and methylated spirit.
tion and maintenance should be provi-
ded with each detector or in the case
of supporting documentation, docu-
ment references should be provided.
If on site adjustment of the detectors
response type is provided, the data
shall clearly indicate the classification,
means of adjustment or programming
instructions.
For detectors which are software con-

trol controlled then the documenta-
tion, design, and storage of programs
and data will meet the requirements of
4.9.2, 4.9.3 and 4.9.4.
The Principle of testing is to measure

the response point when exposing the

flame detectors
Table 1 Test Schedule
Test Clause
Reproducibility 5.2
Repeatability 5.3
Fire sensitivity 5.5
Dazzling (operational) 5.6
Damp heat cyclic (operational) 5.9
Damp heat steady state (endurance) 5.10
Sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) corrosion (endurance) 5.11

page 181
flame detectors
Test Clause
Variation in supply parameters (operational) 5.16
Conducted disturbances induced by 5.17

electromagnetic fields (operational)
Annexes to EN54-10
Annex A - Optical Bench Response test
Annex B - Methane Burner
Annex C - Test Fires
Annex D - Dazzle test
Annex E - Impact test apparatus
Annex ZA - deals with the clauses of
the standard in respect of their com-
pliance with the mandate of the EU
Construction Product Directive (now
Regulation)

part 11 manual call points
Scope and whether indoor or outdoor version.

The normal condition of the call point
This standard specifies the require- shall be recognizable by the appearan-
ments and methods of test for both ce of the operating face as detailed in
indoor and outdoor manual call points 4.7.which shall be flat and shall not be
and includes the appearance and ope- broken, deformed or displaced?
ration for both types A (single action)
and B (dual action). It covers simple Change from the normal to the alarm
devices, those fitted with electronic condition, will be by the following
components (e.g. resistors, diodes) and methods
addressable units. This Standard does
not cover manual call points for use For type A manual call points, breaking
as intrinsically safe or for in hazardous and/or displacing the frangible ele-
conditions, where such applications rement together with changing the ap-
quire further requirements or tests. The pearance of the operating face.
Colours of various parts of the call point For type B manual call points: as above
shall be in accordance with 4.7.2.3 plus manually activating the operating
element.
Compliance is for the manual call point
which shall be verified by visual ins- It shall be possible to see that the
pection or engineering assessment operating element is in the activated
and successfully tested as described in position but not possible to activate it
clause 5. without breaking or displacing the fran-
gible element [see 4.3.2 b)] or without
Requirements the use of a special tool (see 4.6).
Each manual call point should be A transparent flap may be fitted over
clearly labelled providing information the call point to protect against acci-
regarding the relevant standard, type, dental operation of a type A call point.

page 183
manual call points
If Individual alarm indication is provi- cial tool to simulate an alarm condition

ded it shall be positioned on the front by activating the operating element,
of the call point, be red and shall be ex- allowing the manual call point to be re-
tinguished when the call point is reset. set without breaking the frangible ele-
It shall be visible from a distance of 2 m ment. Operating the frangible element
directly in front of the manual call point shall not cause injury to the operator.
in an ambient light intensity up to 500
lx. Where conditions other than fire For type B manual call points the ac-
are indicated these shall be clearly dis- tuation force of the operating element
tinguishable other than when the call shall meet the requirements of EN 894-
point is in service mode. The call point 3:2000.
shall be marked with the appropriate
symbols as detailed in paragraph 4.7.3. For manual call points which are soft-
ware control controlled then the do-
The manual call point shall be reset af- cumentation, design, and storage of
ter operation as follows: programs and data will meet the requi-
rements of 4.8.2, 4.8.3 and 4.8.4.
a) for non-resettable frangible
elements, by inserting a new element; The alarm signal shall respond to the
b) for resettable frangible elements, by required test, indicated at the supply
resetting the frangible element. and monitoring equipment (see 5.1.2)
within 10 s after the operating element
Furthermore for type B manual call has been activated.
points, it shall only be possible to return
it to its normal condition by means of a
special tool.
The manual call point shall incorporate

a test facility, which will require a spe-

manual call points
Test Clause
number
Variation of supply parameters 5.6
Vibration (endurance) 5,17

page 185
manual call points
Test Clause
number
Electromagnetic compatibility 5.18

(operational)a; i.e.
a) electrostatic discharge
b) radiated electromagnetic fields
c) conducted disturbances induced by
electromagnetic fields
d) voltage transient, fast transient bursts
e) voltage transient, slow high-energy
voltage surge
a)
Test only for manual call points with active electronic components.

manual call points
Test Indoor Outdoor

use use
Variation of supply parameters x x
Dry heat (operational) x x
Dry heat (endurance) x
Cold (operational) x x
Damp heat, cyclic (operational) x x
Damp heat, cyclic (endurance) x
Damp heat, steady state (endurance) x x
SO2 corrosion (endurance) x x
Shock (operational) x x
Impact (operational) x x
Vibration (operational) x x
Vibration (endurance) x x

page 187
manual call points
Test Indoor Outdoor

use use
Electromagnetic compatibility x x
(operational)a; i.e.
a) electrostatic discharge
b) radiated electromagnetic fields
c) conducted disturbances induced by
d) voltage transient, fast transient bursts
e) voltage transient, slow high-energy
voltage surge
Enclosure protection x
Annexes to EN54-11
Annex A- Test apparatus
(for operation)
Annex B - Test apparatus
(for non-operation)
Annex C- Test apparatus for
impact test
Regulation)

part 12 smoke detectors - line type
Scope If on site adjustment of the detectors

response type is provided, then the fac-
This European Standard specifies re- tory setting, which complies with this
quirements, test methods and perfor- standard, should be clearly displayed
mance criteria for line type smoke de- for each detector and should only be
tectors utilising the attenuation of an accessible to change with a password
optical beam, for use in fire detection or special tool or by the removal of the
systems. The detector will consist of a detector from its base.
transmitter and a receiver and may in-
clude reflector(s). Any settings which are not compliant
with this standard shall only be accessi-
Requirements ble by the same means and it should be
clearly displayed, either on the detec-
Compliance, for the detector to meet tor or in data format, the detector does
the requirements of this clause, shall not comply with this standard. The ad-
be verified by visual inspection or engi- justments may be carried out either at
neering assessment and successfully the detector or via the control and indi-
tested as described in clause 5. cator equipment.
Individual alarm indication shall be pro- Monitoring of detachable detectors

vided via a red visual indicator which shall be provided by which removal
shall be extinguished when the detec- of the detector from its base without
tor is reset. some form of indication is not possible.
The manufacturers settings should not A fire alarm signal shall have priority
be accessible to change without the over faults resulting from a rapid chan-
need for a password, special tool or by ge in obscuration or by a result of the
the breaking or removal of a seal. limit of compensation being reached.

page 189
smoke detectors - line type
Configuration data relevant to the com- change significantly over the stated
pliance with a standard shall be stored minimum and maximum optical path
in non-volatile memory and access length.
shall be password protected or by use
of a special tool and shall only be pos- Tests are conducted ensuring its sensi-
sible when the device is taken out of tivity to a broad spectrum of fires likely
normal service. to be encountered in various types of
buildings and applications.
The detectors shall be tested in accor-
dance with the test schedule in Table
1 and include the following test which
are applicable to linear) beam) type
smoke detectors.
Directional dependence, whereby the

detector is tested to show that small
inaccuracies in alignment do not affect
its performance.
Slow changes in attenuation whereby

the detector is tested to ensure that it
can detect a slowly smouldering fire
despite any sensitivity compensation
applied to counter the effects of conta-
mination of the optical components.
Optical path length dependence, whe-

reby the detector is tested to show
that the response threshold does not

Test Clause
Reproducibility 5.2
Repeatability 5.3
Variation of supply parameters 5.5
Rapid changes in obscuration 5.6
Slow changes in obscuration 5.7
Optical path length dependence 5.8
Stray light 5.10
Damp heat, steady state (operational) 5.13

page 191
Test Clause
Conducted disturbances induced by electromagnetic fields 5.16

(operational)
Slow high energy voltage surges (operational) 5.16
Sulphur dioxide SO2 corrosion (endurance) 5.17
Annexes to EN54-12
Annex A - Smoke test for response Annex F Flaming liquid (n-heptane)

threshold value measurements fire TF5
Annex B Fire test room Annex G Stray light test set up
Annex C Smouldering pyrolysis Annex H - Glowing smouldering cotton
wood fire TF2 fire (TF3)
Annex D Glowing Smouldering Co- Annex ZA - deals with the clauses of
tton TF3 the standard in respect of their com-
Annex E Flaming Plastic (polyuretha- pliance with the mandate of the EU
ne) fire TF4 Construction Product Directive (now
Regulation)

part 13 compatibility assessment of system components
Scope of this document and the relevant part

of EN 54 and also the requirements of
This document specifies the require- the application guidelines of the coun-
ments for the compatibility and con- tries where the components are
nectability of system components that intended to be used.
comply with the requirements of EN
54 or with their specification in the Networked systems
absence of an EN 54 standard and in-
cludes system requirements only when A fault in a single fire alarm control pa-
these are necessary for compatibility nel shall not affect other control units.
assessment. It also specifies require- A single fault on a transmission path
ments for the integrity of the fire detec- connecting control panels shall not ad-
tion and fire alarm system when conversely affect the functionality of the
nected to other systems. network. Where more than a single
fault results in control panels being dis-
Requirements connected it shall be clearly displayed
which panels are affected. All faults
Compliance with this standard requires shall be indicated. Where there is justi-
the system design and compatibility of fication, e.g. a high life risk the standard
its components to meet the require- suggests that at each control panel
ments of this clause. This shall be ve- there be a facility to communicate with
rified by assessment (5.1) with regard the fire brigade, should 2 simultaneous
to the documentation (4.7), and shall transmission faults occur, disconnec-
be successfully tested (if necessary) as ting a panel from the network and the
described in 5.2 to 5.5. System requi- main control panel.
rements can also be stated in national
application guidelines /codes of practi- A fire alarm condition shall be indicated
ce. Suppliers of components must en- on the main control panel within 20 s
sure that they meet the requirements and a fault within 120s.

page 193
compatibility assessment of system components
The means provided for minimizing the such a device must in no way jeopardi-
effect of a fault on a transmission path se the operation of the system.
shall complete the restoration within
300 s. The main control panel shall at Input and output devices for connec-
least indicate general conditions as de- tion to a fire protection system are con-
fined in EN 54-2. sidered as type 1.
At the main control panel it shall be Assessment methods and tests

possible to identify the panel from
which the signal originated. A theoretical analysis to assess the
compatibility of components when in-
At the main panel, it may be possible terconnected will take place and the
to operate controls which are found on outcome will indicate whether a physi-
the individual panels, but only with the cal test is required. (Annex C provides
same affects. Any software that is used an example). EMC testing will be ca-
for networking shall conform to EN 54- rried out if thought necessary.
2:1997, Clause 13.
Functional test for compatibility
Compatibility can be achieved if es-
sential components (type 1) operate This test is to prove compliance of
within the specified limits in the rele- components in a specified configura-
vant part of EN54, whereas essential tion provided by the manufacturer and
components not covered by an EN54 in accordance with the relevant EN54
standard shall conform to EN54-1, part.
clause 4 and meet the EMC immuni-
ty requirements of EN50130-4. For
a non-essential component (type 2),
such as a printer, to be connected, then

compatibility assessment of system components
Annexes to EN54-13
Annex A - Function of a Fire Detection

and Alarm System
Annex B Classification of component
types 1 and 2
Annex C Example methodology for
theoretical assessment

page 195
part 16 voice alarm control and indicating equipment
Introduction This standard being similar in structure

to part 2 stipulates those functions that
This standard covers the requirements are mandatory, as well as those which
for the construction and performance are optional. As in part 2 the optional
for voice alarm control and indicating functions may be specific to certain
equipment for use in fire detection and applications
fire alarm systems where the audible
signal is in the form of tone(s) and/or When the systems are truly integrated
voice message(s).Those parts of the they may share common indications,
system concerning audibility and inte- manual controls and outputs (see An-
lligibility, are not covered in this stan- nex F); however a single fault affecting
dard. Consideration should be given to the control and indicator panel shall
the requirements of an overall system not affect the mandatory functions of
that may affect the design and which the voice alarm system. The indica-
may be specified in another part of EN tions and manual control(s) of the voice
54, in national legislation, codes and alarm condition shall be clearly identi-
standards or in contractual documents. fiable.
Requirements The system power supply equipment

may be common to both systems but
A voice alarm system, when forming must comply with the requirements of
part of the fire detection and fire alarm EN 54-4.
system provides an audible fire alarm
signal. Such a system will require voice The voice alarm control and indicator
alarm control and indication in order to shall be capable of clearly displaying
react to an incoming alarm and subse- the following, a quiescent condition;
quently generate and broadcast a mes- voice alarm condition; fault warning
sage. The two systems may share an in- condition and a disablement condition
tegrated form of control or be separate. .The control shall be capable of displa-

voice alarm control and indicating equipment
ying, on different alarm zones at the trollers. The voice alarm control shall
same time, a voice alarm condition; provide a fault warning within 100 s of
fault warning condition and a disable- the occurrence of a fault, unless speci-
ment condition. fied differently in this European Stan-
dard or in other parts of EN 54. The
Where specified, all mandatory indi- voice alarm control may have provision
cations shall be clearly identified and for at least one spare power amplifier
where alpha numeric displays provi- which should replace the faulty equip-
de additional information for different ment within 10 secs of the fault being
functional conditions these may be detected. The spare should be supervi-
displayed at the same time. Informa- sed when not in use.
tion should be grouped and separated
for each condition. A separate power A common fault warning shall be pro-
on indicator shall be provided on each vided if there is a condition relating to
enclosure, where they exist. Where any short circuit or interruption in a voi-
further indication is provided it shall ce alarm transmission path, including
be distinguishable and not override the microphone and loudspeakers,
the primary indicators. A system nor- even where the fault does not affect
mal display may be provided but must the operation of loudspeakers; and to
not conflict with the above. The voice any fire alarm devices when used, and
alarm control shall be capable of recei- the failure of any power amplifier.
ving and processing alarm signals and
generating the appropriate voice alarm The mandatory indications and/or out-
outputs within 3s or on the expiry of puts shall not be corrupted by multiple
any delay period. alarm signals when received simulta-
neously, either automatically or ma-
Annex E provides additional informa- nually. Where the voice and fire alarm
tion concerning the interface between systems are separate, failure of the
the voice alarm and the fire alarm con- transmission path between the two

page 197
shall not result in any loss of control remain in alarm after rest shall be redis-
or change of state of the voice alarm, played within 20 secs.
without indication being provided.
In addition to the voice alarm outputs
The audible alarm (message) may be the control may have provision for the
delayed, up to a maximum of 10 minu- automatic transmission of fire signals
tes but may be over-ridden manually. to other devices such as beacons and
Delays can be turned on/off manually tactile devices. It shall be possible to
or automatically, with the applicable deactivate and reactivate these with
level of access and a separate and dis- the appropriate level of access, but not
creet indicator or display shall be vi- automatically.
sible when an alarm occurs when the
delay is turned on. The display will be The alarm broadcast may be manually
cancelled when the alarm message is activated, zone by zone, or in groups
broadcast. The system can be confi- of zones with the appropriate access
gured for phased warning broadcasts, level. Manual activation will activate all
which can be switched on and off with mandatory inputs and outputs. Indica-
the applicable level of access. tion that a voice alarm condition exits
in each zone shall be provided and may
Where the voice alarm condition has be via a led and/or LCD display. Fault
been triggered from the fire alarm con- and disablement conditions can be dis-
trol, the message broadcast may be si- played in similar fashion.
lenced and reset from the same control
panel; incomplete messages will be The voice alarm control may be in-
completed before being silenced. The terfaced to external control device(s)
silence function should be reversible such as those required by local regu-
and messages rebroadcast when re- lations; such interfaces shall provide
quired. Any parts of the system which only limited access and the mandatory
functions of the voice alarm control

shall not be overridden. Any faults in All mandatory Indicators shall be visi-
the transmission path between the two ble at 3 m distance for general indica-
shall not prevent the operation of the tions and the supply of power and at 0,
mandatory functions, and shall display 8 m distance for others. If flashing in-
a warning if such a fault occurs. dications are used, both the on and off
The external control devices should periods shall be a minimum of 0,25 s,
comply with available local codes, Eu- and the flash frequency shall be a mini-
ropean Standards or national mum of 1 Hz for voice alarm indications
standards. and 0,2 Hz for fault indications.
The voice alarm control may contain If the same leds are used for the indi-
emergency microphones which shall cation of faults and disablements, fault
have priority over all inputs, including indications shall flash and disablement
pre-recorded messages. Access will be shall be steady. Mandatory indications
by an appropriate level. Where a pre- on an alphanumeric display shall be le-
alarm tone precedes the activation of gible for at least one hour following the
the microphone an adjacent indicator display of a new indication of an alarm
will display when the microphone be- and 5 min for fault or disablement con-
comes active. ditions, at 0,8 m distance, in ambient
light of 5 lux to 500 lux. The colours of
When the emergency microphone is in the general and specific leds shall be
use any audible indication that causes red for alarms, yellow for fault, and di-
any interference shall be automatically sablements and green for power. Whe-
muted. Where multiple microphones re voice alarm automatic message sta-
are provided they shall be configured tus indicators are provided, it might be
via appropriate access level and only a advantageous to differentiate between
single microphone can be in use at any evacuation and alert message with red
one time. Pre-recorded messages shall for emergency messages and yellow
be stored in non-volatile memory. for alert messages.

page 199
Table 1 Test schedule on voice alarm control equipment
Test Subclause
number
Output power 16.4
Signal-to-noise ratio 16.5
Frequency response of Voice alarm control without 16.6

microphone(s)
Frequency response of Voice alarm control with 16.7

microphone(s)
Damp heat, steady state (operational) Operational 16.9 16.9
Supply voltage variation (operational) 16.14
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), Immunity tests 16.15a

(operational)
a)
Visible and audible indications of purely transitory nature are allowed during the application

Annex to EN54-16
Annex A - Explanation of Access levels

Annex B Optional functions
Annex C Design Requirements for
software controlled systems
Annex D General Information
Annex E Interface between Fire and
Voice Alarm controls
Annex F Common Indications, con-
trols and outputs in combined systems
Regulation)

page 201
part 17 short circuit isolators
Introduction and fire alarm systems. Compliance

shall be verified by visual inspection
The purpose of a short-circuit isolator or engineering assessment and suc-
is to limit the consequences of faults in cessfully tested as described in clause
fire alarm circuits, both loops and spurs. 5. However, for short circuit isolators
Sections of these circuits are separated which are integrated into other devices
by installing short circuit isolators at already covered by an existing Euro-
strategic locations, and where appli- pean Standard the environmental con-
cable in accordance with the national ditioning shall be performed in accor-
standard of the country of installation dance with that EN.
where such a standard exists, or where
there is no country standard then to the Requirements
European standard, CEN/TS54-14, or
ISO 7240-14. If the short-circuit isolator incorporates
an integral status indicator then this
In addition the short circuit isolators shall not be red.
should be installed in accordance with
the system manufacturers design limi- Where it provides protection to an-
tations to ensure that circuits are not cillary devices, failures of these con-
overloaded such as to create volt drop nections shall not prevent the correct
which is also likely to cause similar pro- operation of the short circuit isolator.
blems and jeopardise the correct ope- If the isolating device is detachable
ration of components. (i.e. it is attached to a mounting base),
then a means shall be provided to de-
Scope tect the removal of the device from
the base in order to give a fault signal.
This standard specifies the require- It shall not be possible to change the
ments and methods of test for short manufacturers settings or provide for
circuit isolators, for use in fire detection on-site adjustment of the short-circuit
short circuit isolators
isolator without the use of a code or

special tool. For each setting the short
circuit isolator shall comply with the re-
quirements of this European Standard.
The functional testing is to verify ope-

ration within the manufacturers speci-
fication and to test each condition clai-
med to cause it to operate and at the
maximum specified current. The isola-
tor should open circuit when detecting
a short circuit condition and /or excess
current causing a volt drop below a le-
vel at which the devices will function
correctly.

page 203
Table 1 Test schedule
Test Clause
Reproducibility 5.2
Variation in supply voltage 5.3
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) corrosion (endurance) 5.8

Test Clause
Conducted disturbances induced by electromagnetic 5.13

fields
Annex to EN54-17
Annex A Examples of testing
procedure
Annex B Impact Test
Annex ZA -- deals with the clauses of
Regulation)

page 205
part 18 input/output devices
Scope Introduction
This Standard specifies the requirements, The term input/output devices cover a
test methods and performance criteria for wide range of different types of devices
input/output devices connected to a fire whose applications are different. These
detection and fire alarm system, which may include, digital inputs, monitored
may transmit and/or receive signals inputs for voltage, together with relay
which are, necessary for the operation of outputs, voltage outputs or solid state
the fire detection and fire alarm system drivers to switch external devices.
and/or fire protection system.
This Standard does not therefore inclu-
An input/output device may be phy- de detailed functional requirements for
sically separate or its function may be the devices themselves but requires
integrated into another device. Control that their function is sufficiently speci-
and indicating equipment and ancillary fied by the manufacturer and that they
control and indicating equipment (e.g. function correctly in accordance with
repeater panels and fire brigade pa- that specification.
nels) are not covered by this Standard.
Devices shall be supplied with sufficient
Compliance data to ensure their correct installation
and operation. This data shall include
In order to comply with this Standard, the parameters necessary to define the
the input/output devices shall be ve- input and/or output functions (e.g. out-
rified by inspection and engineering put voltage and current ratings, alarm
assessment and shall be successfully and fault trip levels and logic levels).
tested as described in Clause 5. If the
input/output device is detachable then For devices which rely on software con-
a means shall be provided to detect the trol, these shall meet the requirements
removal of the device from its base in of 4.5.2, 4.5.3 and 4.5.4.
order to give a fault signal.
input/output devices
Table 1 Test schedule for input/output devices
Test Clause
Performance and variation of supply parameters 5.2
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), immunity tests 5.12

page 207
input/output devices
Annex to EN54-18

Regulation).

part 20 aspirating smoke detectors
Scope Requirements
This Standard specifies the require- Individual alarm indication shall be

ments, test methods and performance provided outside of the detector via a
criteria for aspirating smoke detectors red visual indicator which shall be ex-
for use in fire detection and fire alarm tinguished when the detector is reset.
systems. Where conditions other than fire are
indicated these shall be clearly distin-
Aspirating smoke detectors are used guishable other than when the detec-
for the protection of more special and tor is in service mode.
specific risks.
The response of an aspirating smoke
There are some aspects of the detec- detector is dependent upon both the
tors functionality therefore not covered sensitivity settings of the smoke sen-
by this standard. sing element and the design of the
sampling device; e.g. pipework and
An aspirating smoke detector is one sampling points. In some detectors the
in which air and aerosols are drawn smoke sensing sensitivity can be adjus-
through a sampling device and carried ted in order to suit the application and
to one or more smoke sensing ele- sampling device.
ments by an integral fan or pump.
The manufacturers settings should not
To comply with this standard the detec- be accessible to change without the
tor shall meet the requirements of this need for a password, special tool or by
clause, which shall be verified by inspec- the breaking or removal of a seal. The
tion and engineering assessment, and, adjustments may be made at the de-
when successfully tested in accordance tector or at the control and indicating
with those described in Clause 6. equipment.

page 209
aspirating smoke detectors
Changing the sensitivity settings can to detect leakage or obstruction of the

affect the classification of the installed sampling device or pipework sampling
detector. If it is possible to reconfigure point(s). This time is additional to any
the detector such that it no longer com- delay between signalling the fault and
plies with the standard, then this shall its indication at the control panel and is
be clearly marked on the detector or to allow for spurious short term flow va-
in the associated data. The provision riations which would otherwise cause
of drift compensation to counter the unwanted fault signals.
effects of a build-up of dirt in the detec-
tor, and /or the provision of algorithms The power for the aspirating detector
to suit an environment shall not signifi- shall be supplied by a separate power
cantly reduce the detectors sensitivity supply complying with EN 54-4 which
to slowly developing fires. may be within the main control and in-
dicating equipment.
The sampling pipes and fittings shall
have adequate mechanical strength Aspirating Smoke Detector systems
and temperature resistance in accor- are classified based upon the sensiti-
dance with EN 61386-1 to at least vity setting as shown in the table be-
Class 1131. Pipes which are not clas- low. The method used for determining
sified by the manufacturer of the detec- the classification is likely to take into
tor shall either be tested, as part of the account the sizes and number of sam-
approval, or be supported by evidence pling points, their position along the
that the requirements of this standard sampling device/pipe, the sensitivity of
are met. the detector and the sampling device/
pipework arrangement and its length.
An airflow fault signal will be genera-
ted, within 300secs, when the flow is
outside the manufacturers operational
limits. The airflow shall be monitored

Classification table for aspirating smoke detectors
Class Description Example application(s)
A Aspirating smoke detector Very early detection: the

providing very high sensitivity detection of very dilute
smoke for example entering
air conditioning ducts to
detect the extremely dilute
concentrations of smoke
that might emanate from
equipment in the environ-
mentally controlled area
such as a clean room.
B Aspirating smoke detector Early detection: for example

providing enhanced special fire detection within
sensitivity or close to particularly
valuable, vulnerable or criti-
cal items such as computer
or electronic equipment
cabinets.
C Aspirating smoke detector Standard detection: general

providing normal sensitivity fire detection in normal
rooms or spaces, giving, for
example, at least an equiva-
lent level of detection as a
point or beam type smoke
detection system.
The detectors shall be tested according to the test schedule in the following table.

page 211
Test schedule
Test Clause
Repeatability 6.2
Reproducibility 6.3
Variation of supply voltage 6.4
Damp heat, Steady State (operational) 6.7
Damp heat, Steady State (endurance) 6.8
Electromagnetic compatibility, Immunity tests 6.14

Fire test requirements for multi-class detectors
Detector Class Combination of Configuration Test fires to be applied

configurations to be used (see Annexes B to H)
A only Config A Config A TF2A, TF3A, TF4, TF5A
B only Config B Config B TF2B, TF3B, TF4, TF5B
B only Config C Config C TF2, TF3, TF4, TF5
B and C Config B = Config C Config B/C TF2B, TF3B, TF4, TF5B
B and C Config B Config C Config B TF2B, TF3B, TF5B

Config C TF2, TF3, TF4, TF5
A, B and C Config A = Config B = Config C Config A/B/C TF2A, TF3A, TF4, TF5A
A, B and C Config A = Config B Config C Config A/B TF2A, TF3A, TF4, TF5A
A, B and C Config A Config B = Config C Config A TF2A, TF3A, TF5A

Config B/C TF2B, TF3B, TF4, TF5B
A, B and C Config A Config B Config C Config A TF2A, TF3A, TF5A

Config B TF2B, TF3B, TF5B
Config A means the worst case configuration for the Class A testing;
Config B means the worst case configuration for the Class B testing;
Config C means the worst case configuration for the Class C testing;
= means that configurations are the same (e.g. Config A = Config B means that the same
configuration is used for the Class A testing as for the Class B testing);
means that configurations are different (e.g. Config B Config C means that a different
configuration is used for the Class B testing than for the Class C testing).

page 213
Annex to EN54-20
Annex A Response threshold values

Annex B Test Fire TF2
Annex C - Test Fire TF2A and B
Annex C - Test Fire TF2A and B
Annex D - Test Fire TF3
Annex E - Test Fire TF3A and B
Annex F - Test Fire TF4
Annex G - Test Fire TF5
Annex H - Test Fire TF5A and B
Annex I Fire test room
Annex J Slow developing Fires
Annex K Air Flow test
Regulation).

part 21 alarm transmission and fault warning

routing equipment
Scope The fault warning routing equipment

shall be capable of receiving fault war-
This Standard specifies the require- ning signal from the control and indi-
ments, test methods and performance cator panel and from the transmission
criteria for fire alarm and fault routing network and transmitting faults to both
transmission equipment for use with the control and indicator panel and the
fire detection and fire alarm systems. alarm receiving centre.
If functions other than those specified
in this Standard are provided, they Indication of signals shall be provided at
shall not jeopardize the functionality the transmission equipment, via leds,
required for compliance. Transmission or at the control and indicator equip-
equipment can be type 1 where a dedi- ment for both the received acknowled-
cated alarm path exists and type 2 for a gement signal from the alarm receiving
digital communicator using the public centre as defined in EN 50136-2-1 and
switched telephone network, both in at least one common fault warning be
accordance with EN50136-1-1. used to indicate the following:
Requirements 1) if the acknowledgement signal is

not received at the routing equipment
The alarm transmission routing equip- within 100 s for type 1 and 240 s for
ment shall be capable of receiving fire type 2 of the initiation of the transmit-
alarm signals from the Control and in- ted fire alarm.
dicator panel and faults from the trans-
mission network which together with 2) a failure within the routing equip-
acknowledgements from the alarm rement (e.g. power supply failure).
ceiving centre will be transmitted to the
control and indicator panel. It shall also 3) a failure within the alarm transmis-
be capable of transmitting fire alarm sion network.
signals to the alarm receiving centre.

page 215
alarm transmission and fault warning routing equipment
4) where the routing equipment and parate equipment then both can ope-
the fire alarm control panel are in se- rate simultaneously. If the signals are
parate enclosures and where a fault combined in a single piece of equip-
exists on the interconnection path, a ment then the fire signal shall take prio-
fault signal shall be indicated locally rity. A fault in any transmission path
and transmitted to the alarm receiving between the routing equipment and
centre. the transmission network (as defined
in EN 50136-1-1) shall not affect the
The routing equipment enclosure shall routing equipment or any other trans-
be of robust construction, consistent mission path.
with the recommended installation
method and shall be a minimum of The power supply for the transmission
IP30 of EN 60529. equipment shall be in accordance with
All light emitting indicators shall be EN54-4. If the power supply is within
clearly labelled with the information a separate enclosure then duplicate
being legible at 0, 8 m distance in an paths will be arranged so that failure
ambient light intensity from 100 lux in one does not isolate the transmis-
to 500 lux. If flashing indications are sion equipment. The change over from
used, the on off-periods shall be a mi- the primary to standby power supply
nimum of 0, 25 s and the flash frequen- shall not affect any indications other
cy not less than 0, 2 Hz for fault indi- than those specifically associated with
cations. The light-emitting indicators power supplies. Any provision for dis-
shall be yellow for fault and red for the connecting or adjusting the power
indication of the acknowledgement. All supply to the equipment will not be
terminals and fuses shall be clearly la- readily accessible, without the required
belled. access.
If the processing and transmission of Access shall be provided on the routing

fire and fault signals is achieved in se- equipment, from level 1 (most acces-

sible) to level 4 (least accessible). Ma-

nual controls and other functions shall
be grouped on the appropriate access
level, as specified in EN 54-2.
Environmental tests
Test Clause number
Cold 10.4
Damp heat, steady state, (operational) 10.5
Impact 10.6
Vibration, sinusoidal, (operational) 10.7
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) 10.8

immunity tests
Supply voltage variations 10.9
Damp heat, steady state, (endurance) 10.10
Vibration, sinusoidal, (endurance) 10.11

page 217
Annex to EN54-21
Annex A Performance requirements

for type 1 and 2 systems
Annex B Verification of performance
requirements
Annex C Design requirements for
software
Regulation).

part 23 fire alarm devices visual alarm devices
Introduction visual alarm device is tested by measu-

ring its light output in the surrounding
This Standard specifies the require- hemisphere. As the light output can
ments, test methods and performance vary over time a test is made to check
criteria for visual alarm devices in a fire that any variation is acceptable. This
detection and alarm system which are Standard gives common requirements
intended to signal a warning of a fire. for the construction as well as for their
It applies only to pulsing or flashing vi- performance under varying conditions
sual alarm devices, such as xenon or Devices are classified as Type A, indoor
rotating beacons. and Type B, outdoor. The degree of pro-
tection provided by the enclosure shall
In order to comply devices shall meet be IP21 for Type A and IP33 for type B,
the requirements of Clause 4, which in accordance with EN 60529.
shall be verified by visual inspection
or engineering assessment and shall The device shall be rated for a mini-
be successfully tested as described in mum of 100 hours which will not affect
Clause 5. its ability to cycle on and off as required
as part of the compliance testing. This
Requirements requirement does not apply to the ca-
pacity of any integral batteries used
The purpose of a visual fire alarm devi- as a means of providing local standby
ce is to warn persons within, or close power. The capacity and charging re-
to a building of the outbreak of a fire. quirements of such batteries should
This Standard allows manufacturers to meet the requirement of the system.
specify devices in terms of the range at
which the required illumination is met. Access to the device shall be restricted
Three categories are defined; for ceiling by the use of special screws or tools
and wall mounted devices and an open and it should not be possible to chan-
category. The maximum range of the ge the manufacturers settings without

page 219
fire alarm devices visual alarm devices
use of the same or by breaking a seal. mum wall mounting height in metres,
If on site adjustment of the device with a minimum value of 2.4 m; and y
settings is provided, then the factory is the width of a square room, in metres
setting, which complies with this stan- covered by the device. e.g. W-2,4-6 re-
dard, should be clearly displayed for presents a device mounted at a height
each. Any settings which are not com- of 2.4m in a room measuring 6mx6m.
pliant with this standard shall only be For category O devices the coverage
accessible by the same means and it volume in which the required illumina-
should be clearly displayed, either on tion is achieved shall be specified.
the device or in data format that the
device does not comply with this stan- The visual alarm device shall produce
dard. The adjustments may be carried either red or white light of at least 1
out either at the device or via the con- candela for 70 % of all measurement
trol and indicator equipment. points and shall not exceed 500 cd
for any measurement points. The flash
Visual alarm devices shall meet the re- rate shall be between 0.5 and 2 Hz
quirement for coverage as either a C, measured at 10 % of the peak values of
ceiling mounted, or W, wall mounted, consecutive leading edges of the first
or O, open class device. pulse of each flash. The maximum on
time, measured between the leading
Category C devices shall be further spe- and trailing edge shall not exceed 0.2 s.
cified as C-x-y where: x is either 3, 6 or 9 The light temporal pattern and fre-
and is the maximum ceiling mounting quency of flashing may vary in diffe-
height in metres and y is the diameter, rent countries and therefore reference
in metres, of the coverage. e.g. C-3-12 needs to be made to local regulations.
would represent a 12 metre diameter Flashing lights may require synchro-
coverage when mounted at 3 metres nization to prevent the possibility of
Category W devices shall be further a flash frequency/temporal pattern;
specified as W-x-y where x is the maxi- that could adversely affect some occu-

pants inducing epileptic fits when mul-

tiple devices are within a field of view.
In such cases, devices shall meet the
requirements of the test described in
5.3.7.
Technical data regarding both installa-

tion and maintenance should be provi-
ded with each device or in supporting
documentation.

page 221
Test c Clause
Reproducibility 5.1.7
Duration of operation 5.2.1
Enclosure protection 5.2.4
Coverage volume 5.3.1
Variation of light output 5.3.2
Synchronization 5.3.7
(option with requirements)
Dry heat (operational) 5.4.1.1
Dry heat (endurance) 5.4.1.2
Cold (operational) 5.4.1.3
Damp heat, cyclic (operational) 5.4.2.1
Damp heat, steady state (endurance) 5.4.2.2
Damp heat, cyclic (endurance) 5.4.2.3
Shock (operational) 5.4.3.1

Test c Clause
Impact (operational) 5.4.3.2
Vibration (operational) 5.4.3.3
Vibration (endurance) 5.4.3.4
SO2 corrosion (endurance) 5.4.4
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), 5.4.5b

immunity (operational):
Electrostatic discharge
Radiated electromagnetic fields
Conducted disturbances induced by
Voltage transients fast transient
bursts
Voltage transients slow high energy
voltage surge
b
The EMC tests specified in 5.4.5 are not required for devices which do not rely on active
electronic components for their operation.
c
The tests on an individual specimen may be carried out in any order except that the reprodu-
cibility test (5.1.7) shall be performed first on all specimens and the tests on specimen 2 shall
be carried out in the order listed, except for the enclosure protection test, 5.2.4, which shall be
conducted last.
section two fire detection and alarm systems fire detection and alarm systems section two
page 223
Annexes to EN54-23
Annex A Measuring light distribution

Annex B Comparative light output
measurement
Annex C Light test chamber
Annex D Flammability test require-
ments
Regulation).

part 24 components of voice alarm systems - loudspeakers
Introduction Requirements
This Standard specifies the require- This standard recognizes that the per-
ments, test methods and performance formance of voice alarm loudspeakers
criteria for voice alarm loudspeakers for will vary according to the nature of the
use with fire detection and fire alarm space into which they are installed. It
systems .For compliance, voice alarm therefore specifies the minimum re-
loudspeakers shall be verified by visual quirements and a common method for
inspection or engineering assessment testing their operational performance
and shall be successfully tested as des- against parameters specified by the
cribed in Clause 5. manufacturer.
The purpose of a voice alarm louds- As the types of loudspeaker included

peaker is to provide intelligible warning are electromechanical devices without
to person(s) of a fire, whilst at the same sensitive electronics, electromagnetic
time advising appropriate methods of compatibility (EMC) tests are excluded.
evacuation. Providing such information Loudspeakers are suitable for either in-
speeds up a persons response time door, type A or outdoor, type B, applica-
to an incident, removes uncertainty, tions as specified. Type B loudspeakers
allowing evacuation times to be redu- can be beneficial in some indoor situa-
ced. Voice alarm loudspeakers need tions where high temperature and/or
to achieve a minimum acoustical per- humidity are present. For type A the
formance, as well as constructional degree of protection required is to IP21
and environmental requirements, to be and for type B, IP33 of EN 60529.
suitable for use in fire detection and fire
alarm systems. Loudspeakers suitable for special appli-
cations or hazardous areas are not co-
vered by this standard.

page 225
components of voice alarm systems - loudspeakers
The voice alarm loudspeaker shall be those with adjustable orientation such
rated for a minimum of 100 hours ope- as horn or column loudspeakers and
ration at the rated noise power speci- loudspeaker arrays.
fied by the manufacturer. Access to the
device will be limited and require spe- The maximum sound pressure level
cial tools, codes, or be restricted by the is expressed in dB and measured at a
use of hidden screws or seals. distance of 4 metres from the referen-
ce point on the reference axis over a
Voice alarm loudspeakers shall be period of at least 30s. The loudspeaker
clearly marked and in addition to the shall be deemed to conform to the ra-
standard data, detailed in the overview ted sound pressure test if the sound
shall contain information relative to the pressure level is greater or equal to the
rated noise voltage for transformer- value specified by the manufacturer.
coupled loudspeakers; the rated impe-
dance for direct-coupled loudspeakers; The loudspeakers shall be constructed
the rated noise power at the highest using materials capable of withstan-
power setting; and the various power ding the tests detailed in clause 5.
settings (e.g. transformer tapping op-
tions for transformer-coupled louds- Plastic materials shall conform to
peakers). EN60695-11-10 when operating on a
voltage 30V RMS or 42.4 V dc with
Some loudspeakers are a combination less than 15 watts of power, or, EN
of one or more housings together with 60695-11-20 when operating on a vol-
a termination box and an interconnec- tage 30V RMS or 42.4 V dc with less
ting cable. The housing(s), cable(s) and than 15 watts of power.
terminal box should be considered to
be the loudspeaker for the purposes
of this Standard. Examples include:
pendant types and
Test c Subclause
Reproducibility 5.2
(frequency response / sensitivity)
Rated impedance 5.3
Horizontal and vertical coverage 5.4

angles
Maximum sound pressure level 5.5
Rated noise power (durability) 5.6

page 227
Test c Subclause

5.17 7

Annexes to EN54-24
Annex A Acoustical Measurements

Annex B Rated noise power
Annex C Physical references
Annex ZA; deals with the clauses of
construction products directive, (now
regulation).

page 229
part 25 components using radio links
Introduction Scope
The purpose of this Standard is to de- This Standard specifies the require-
fine additional requirements to other ments, test methods and performan-
parts of EN 54 that allow compliant ce criteria for both systems and com-
radio fire detection systems and components used in fire alarms systems
ponents to be at least as efficient and which use radio frequency links to
stable as approved wired fire detection communicate. Compliance with this
systems. Systems and components standard requires the components to
are covered because it is difficult to meet these requirements which shall
describe the components separately. be verified by visual inspection or engi-
Limitations with respect to the use of neering assessment, and successfully
radio components may be specified in tested as described in Clause 8.
national technical rules or guidelines
and consideration should be given to Where combined wired and radio
the frequencies, bands and channels systems are used the relevant part of
used by radio based systems. The re- EN54 together with this standard will
quirements in this standard shall apply both apply. The requirements for wired
together with those in other parts of systems are superseded or modified by
EN54 where the component has the this standard. This document does not
same function as that covered in the cover those issues which relate to na-
other standard, and when not speci- tional regulations which may vary from
fically covered in this standard. e.g. A country to country, and which may
heat detector installed on a wireless include frequencies, power and limita-
system will comply with EN54-5 tions of losses on circuits or radio links.
components using radio links
Requirements shall be ensured that they do not affect

each other. The manufacturer shall
The manufacturer shall provide a safe- also ensure that signal transmission is
guard to ensure any attenuation, which possible, without causing interference,
may be caused by differing influences even if other users are working in the
on site, does not affect the radio link in same band. Interference to a single
such a way as to prevent communica- receiver shall not cause alarm or fault
tion between components. The limits messages at the control equipment. If
will be at least 10dB for frequencies any radio linked component is unable
up to 10MHz and as defined in Annex to transmit a message to the CIE within
B for frequencies greater than 10MHz. EN 54-2 defined periods it shall be indi-
The system shall use a secure transmis- cated in less than 100 s.
sion protocol which ensures that sig-
nals are not lost. Each component will Power supplied to the components
be marked individually as an indication shall be via a primary battery or an ex-
that they belong to the same system ternal power supply unit complying
and components belonging to different with EN54-4. Components powered by
systems should not be compatible. the independent power source shall be
contained within the same enclosure.
The system should demonstrate im- The battery shall have a minimum life
munity to its own radio influences and of 3 years. The system requirements
others on the spectrum. Those pro- shall not cause the battery to discharge
duced as a result of electromagnetic below 85% by end of life. The remai-
affects are covered by those guidelines ning 15 % of the rated capacity takes
in EN50130-4. Influences as a result of account of self-discharge of the power
a direct attack is not covered or requi- source.
red in the EN54 standards. Where two
or similar systems from the same ma- All components powered from the
nufacturer are operating within range it independent power source shall be

page 231
components using radio links
capable of transmitting a fault signal

(low power) before the power source
fails whilst still functioning.
Annexes to EN54-25
Annex A Radio frequency shielded
test
Annex B Immunity to attenuation
Annex C - Autonomous power supply
Annex ZA; deals with the clauses of
construction products directive, (now
regulation).

electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres

Intrinsic safety I
BS EN 50020 Where it is required to be Category

M1 equipment in accordance with EN
Scope 50303 it must also comply with the re-
quirements of this standard.
This European standard was appro-
ved by CENELEC whose members are Note: EN 54 ceases to have harmoni-
bound to comply. This gives this stan- sed status under the ATEX directive
dard, with conditions, the status of a and was replaced by EN 60079-0.
national standard. (Equipment in Explosive atmospheres).
EN 50284 Equipment for use in Group
The Standard specifies the construc- II category 1G (general)
tion and testing of intrinsically safe cir- EN50303 Equipment for use in Group I
cuits, apparatus and associated appa- category M1 (mining)
ratus for use in potentially explosive
atmospheres. It applies to electrical Requirements
apparatus in circuits which are safe The requirements of this standard
and incapable of causing an explosion. apply to both levels of Intrinsically safe
The standard also applies to apparatus apparatus protection ia and ib,
located outside the potentially hazar- unless otherwise stated, and In the de-
dous area, or which are protected by termination of the level, failure of com-
another type of protection listed in EN ponents and connections shall be con-
50014, where the intrinsic safety of sidered in accordance with 7.6.
the circuit may depend upon the appa-
ratus itself. When the maximum voltage is applied
to the intrinsically safe circuits and
Where intrinsically safe apparatus is re- apparatus of level ia, it shall not be
quired to be Category 1 G in accordan- capable of causing ignition in normal
ce with EN 50284 it must also comply operation when up to two countable
with the requirements in this standard. and a number of none countable faults,

page 233

Intrinsic safety I
which present the most difficult condi- levels of energy, which is also within
tions, are present. the defined parameters, for example
photocells. When simple apparatus is
When the maximum voltage is applied located in the hazardous area, it shall
to the intrinsically safe circuits and be temperature classified.
apparatus of level ib, it shall not be
capable of causing ignition in normal Where simple apparatus is to be loca-
operation when up to one countable ted in a Category 1 G or M1, then the
and a number of none countable faults, apparatus shall also comply with the re-
which present the most difficult condi- quirements of EN 50284 or EN 50303
tions, are present. as applicable.
(Note: non countable faults are those Temperature classification, (T1-6) defi-
in non-conforming components of the nes the maximum surface temperature
apparatus known as the associated of any surface exposed to the atmos-
apparatus; countable faults are tho- phere and ensures it remains below the
se in components which conform to ignition temperature.
the constructional requirement of this
standard, known as intrinsically safe Intrinsically safe and associated appa-
apparatus. The application for ia covers ratus require an adequate enclosure so
all zones whereas ib devices are only as to secure the method of protection,
approved for use in zone 1 and 2. which for Group II is IP20 in normally
benign environments and for Group I
Simple apparatus can be defined as is IP 54, in accordance with EN 60529,
being a passive component such as a (degree of protection provided by en-
switch, or one where sources of stored closures).
energy are within defined parameters,
for example capacitors, or where com-
ponents can only generate very low


Intrinsic safety I
The maximum current in any insulated conducting parts of the external con-
cable shall not exceed that specified by ductors. Metal partitions shall be ear-
the manufacturer. thed and have sufficient strength and
rigidity to prevent any damage during
Terminals for intrinsically safe circuits the connection of field wiring. The clea-
shall be separated from non-intrin- rance between the terminals of sepa-
sically safe circuits including where rate intrinsically safe circuits is given
intrinsic safety can be impaired by in Table 4 of the standard. In addition,
disconnected external wiring coming the clearances between the bare con-
into contact with conductors or com- ducting parts of connected external
ponents. Terminals should be suitably conductors shall be at least 6 mm and
arranged that components will not be between any conducting parts of exter-
damaged when connections are made nal conductors and earthed metal shall
and where separation is achieved by be 3 mm.
distance then the clearance between
terminals shall ensure any bare con- Plugs and sockets used for connection
ducting parts are at least 50mm apart of external intrinsically safe circuits
and unlikely to come into contact, even shall be separate from and non-inter-
if dislodged. changeable with those for non-intrinsi-
cally safe circuits.
When separation is accomplished by
locating terminals for intrinsically safe Protection shall be provided within in-
and non-intrinsically safe trinsically safe apparatus to prevent the
circuits in separate enclosures by use reversal of the polarity of supplies inclu-
a partition and a single cover, the ding within a battery where this could
partitions separating terminals shall occur. For this purpose, a single diode
extend to within 1,5 mm of the enclo- shall be acceptable.
sure walls, or shall provide a minimum
distance of 50 mm between the bare

page 235

Intrinsic safety I
Where a relay coil is connected to an in clause 5. Components shall also con-

intrinsically safe circuit, the contacts in form to clause 7.Where a connector
normal operation shall not exceed their carries a conductor such as an earth
manufacturers rating and shall not connection on which intrinsic safety
switch more than 5 A. or 250 V or100 depends, the connector shall incorpo-
VA. When the values exceed these but rate at least three independent connec-
do not exceed 10 A or 500 VA, the va- ting elements for ia circuits and two
lues in Table 4 for the relevant voltage for ib circuits and be rated to carry the
shall be doubled. For higher values, all maximum possible current.
circuits shall be connected to the same
relay only if they are separated by a Where a casting compound is used to
suitable earthed metal or insulating ba- exclude a potentially explosive atmos-
rrier. Where a relay has some contacts phere from components and intrinsi-
in intrinsically safe and others in non- cally safe circuits, it shall conform to
intrinsically safe circuits, the contacts 6.4.4, and where used to reduce the
shall be separated by an insulating or ignition capability of hot components
earthed metal barrier in addition to Ta- its profile shall reduce the maximum
ble 4. The relay shall be designed such surface temperature of the casting
that a broken or damaged contact can- compound to the desired value.
not impair the integrity of the separa-
tion. In both normal operation and fault con-
ditions, any remaining components on
Where earthing of enclosures and equi- which the type of protection depends,
pment is required to maintain the type shall not operate at more than two-
of protection (ia or ib), the cross-sectio- thirds of their rating. These maximum
nal area of any conductors, connectors rated values shall be the normal com-
and terminals used shall be rated to ca- mercial ratings specified by the manu-
rry the maximum possible continuous facturer of the component.
current under the conditions specified Connectors shall be designed such that


Intrinsic safety I
interchangeability with others in the any connection which may be at earth

same apparatus is impossible unless it potential, the diode type barrier shall
does not result in an unsafe condition have a connection to earth through a
or the connectors are easily identified. 4mm(min) insulated wire.
Where an explosion could adversely Intrinsically safe and associated appa-

affect intrinsic safety, the use of cells ratus shall be marked in accordance
and batteries, capable of exploding, with EN 50014.
under certain conditions must be con-
firmed as being safe for use in intrinsi- For associated apparatus, the symbol
cally safe and associated apparatus for EEx ia or EEx ib shall be enclosed in
both ia and ib applications. They shall square brackets.
be of a type where leakage onto com-
ponents is not possible and preferably Connection facilities including termi-
should be sealed. Batteries which are nal boxes, plugs and sockets shall be
not sealed shall be tested in accordan- clearly marked and identifiable
ce with 10.9.2 and where colour coded, it shall be
light blue.
The diodes and resistors within a safe-
ty barrier limit the voltage and current The documentation required by 23.2 of
applied to an intrinsically safe circuit. EN 50014 shall include the electrical
These assemblies are used as interfa- parameters for the apparatus, power
ces between intrinsically safe and non- sources: output data; power receivers:
intrinsically safe circuits, and shall be input data, any special requirements
subjected to the routine test of 11.1. for installation and use; the maximum
The requirements of Table 4 shall also voltage (ac/dc) which may be applied
apply except that lines 5, 6 and 7 do to non-intrinsically safe circuits or as-
not apply to opto-coupled barriers; sociated apparatus; special conditions
e.g. galvanic isolators. In addition to relating to the type of protection, con-

page 237

Intrinsic safety I
formance or otherwise with insulation

values (6.4.12); the designation of the
surfaces of any enclosure where rele-
vant to intrinsic safety and the environ-
ment for which the apparatus is suitable.
Appendix to EN50200
Annex A Assessment of intrinsically
safe circuits
Annex B Spark test equipment
Annex C Measurement of creepage,
clearances and separation distances
Annex D Encapsulation
Annex E Certification for torches

fixed firefighting systems - components for gas

EN 12094-1, Requirements and test shall both be fulfilled. The power supply
methods for electrical automatic requirements shall be in accordance
control and delay devices with EN54-4 and there shall be duplica-
te paths between the two if the power
Scope supply is not integral to the automatic
control and delay device.
This Standard specifies the require-
ments and test methods for electrical The functionality of the device shall be
automatic control and delay devices in accordance with clauses 4, 5, 6 and
(device) for use with automatic fire 9.3 of this standard. Testing is as detai-
detection and fire alarm systems and led in section 9.
CO2-, Inert Gas- or Halocarbon Gas-Fire
Extinguishing Systems. The standard The device shall be classified for one of
specifies both compulsory and optio- the following based upon the intended
nal functions. Additional functions as- ambient conditions:
sociated with fire extinguishing can be
provided, but are not covered by this Class A: temperature range of - 5 C to
standard. + 40 C;
Class B: temperature range of 20 C
Requirements to + 50 C;
Class C: temperature range of - 5 C
The electric auto control and delay may to + 40 C and corrosive atmosphere
be an independent unit or an integral class 3C4 of EN 60721-3-3;
part of a control and indicator panel. Class D: temperature range of - 20 C
If the devices are integral to a control to + 50 C and corrosive atmosphere
panel and use the same indication and class 3C4 of EN 60721-3-3.
controls as that as the fire detection
and alarm system then the require- The device shall receive and process
ments for this standard and EN54-2 all the necessary functions associated

page 239

with the electrical control of the extin- The device shall be capable of displa-
guishing system and indicate signals ying all conditions including device
for each flooding zone, within 3 secs of activated, fault and extinguishing sys-
the input being received. The compul- tem gas released. The released condi-
sory functions to be performed by the tion can be established upon receipt
device shall include receiving inputs of a signal indicating a flow of the gas,
from both the fire detection system and (both audibly and visually), or upon the
a manual station connected directly to triggering of the extinguishing signal
the device. On receipts of input signals, output.
a signal to the release mechanism and
to a distinctive continuous alarm soun- The monitoring of components such as a
der, which shall only be silenced by loss of gas will in the event of an abnor-
an appropriate access level and after mal condition indicate a fault, clearly dis-
confirmation of a discharge occurring, playing the nature of the condition and
shall occur within 1 further sec unless within 100s of its occurrence.
a delay is incorporated within the pro-
gramme. The activation of an emergen- If a signal is sent to an external signa-
cy hold button, will be displayed on the lling unit, separate indication will be
device, both audibly and visually, and provided to that affect.
if occurring during the pre-discharge
warning time will affect a change to National guidelines can require other/
the signal from the alarm devices in different functionality, e.g. a separate
the protected area. Faults affecting the indicator per flooding zone or a maxi-
emergency hold device shall be recog- mum number of monitored compo-
nised and indicated within 2secs and nents per indicator.
prevent the transmission of the extin-
guishing signal. Any delay time shall be Where an alphanumeric display is used
adjustable between 0 and 60 sec. to provide the required information,
additional leds for the Activated, Re-


leased, Fault, Disabled and Bloc- intermittent pre-discharge warning,

ked conditions shall be provided. which shall not be interrupted, shor-
The display should be capable of indica- tened or reset by a signal from the
ting all released flooding zones simulta- emergency hold button. To provide
neously. If it has insufficient numbers indication of a flow of agent together
of fields the zones shall be indicated by with the monitoring and control of val-
separate light emitting indicators. ves and other associated components.
A field shall consist at least of 16 cha- If an emergency hold button is fitted it
racters, where it cross refers to other shall signal its status to the device to-
information or 40 characters, where gether with any other mechanical parts
the display provides a full description. capable of disabling the extinguishing
system. The device shall receive and
Faults signals shall be displayed for display any changeover from a manual
any open, short circuit or earth fault to an automatic status.
associated with all input and output de-
vices, including monitoring circuits, di- If a controlled discharge of extinguis-
sablement devices, signal transmission hing agent is required this will be per-
equipment and power supplies, both formed by the device as will the initia-
AC and DC; or if there is a fault affecting of any secondary discharges. A
ting the operating program in any soft- secondary discharge will result from a
ware controlled device. In which case second manual input, after the initial
not more than one flooding zone shall discharge and whilst the sounders in
be affected except where a room and the area are still operating.
its void are subdivided into two zones.
Signals to pilot cylinders, spare cylin-
Optional functions which may be per- ders, optical devices, doors, ventilation
formed by the device can include, plant, required as part of the cause and
delaying the signal to the release me- effect will be performed by the device.
chanism whilst providing a distinct If the information is transmitted to an

page 241

external centre this shall be indicated If the processing of the input signal has
by a separate light emitting indicator started, the disablement of any gas
and/or by an alphanumeric display. If zone is prohibited.
a device is intended to control the floo-
ding time, it shall be adjustable from a Following a reset command the activa-
minimum time specified by the manu- ted, released and fault conditions will
facturer up to at least 300 s. be reset and the display will provide
indication of the current status, inclu-
In some European countries there are ding any not normal conditions, within
regulations stipulating that the activa- 20 s. Provision shall be made to inhibit
ted condition can only be established the reset , either for a period up to 30
after the receipt of two input signals, seconds or until an end of discharge
from independent circuits, one from signal is received. Disablements shall
the fire detection and alarm system not be removed by the reset function.
and a further signal from the device.
The first input must be both audibly Annexes to EN12094-1
and visually indicated and outputs such Annex A Summary of Indications
as plant shutdown may be triggered. If Annex B Software controlled device
the same indicator is used for both in- Annex ZA - deals with the clauses of
puts, the first input shall be indicated the standard in respect of their com-
with a flashing light, changing to a pliance with the mandate of the EU
steady light when the second input is Construction products directive, (now
received. regulation).
The processing of the input signal shall

have the highest priority unless a signal
from an emergency hold or abort button
is present; a fault exists within its circuit or
if the gas discharge is disabled.


Part 3: Requirements and test - Gas extinguishing system, (or in the

methods for manual triggering and national language(s) acceptable in the
stop devices country of use2)). The colour of the
component shall be blue. A suitable
Scope blue colour is specified in ISO 3864.
Triggering and stop devices, which do
This standard specifies the require- not follow the design requirements of
ments and test methods for manual tri- EN 54-11, shall have the same electri-
ggering and stop devices of CO2-, Inert cal function, performance and marking
Gas- or Halocarbon Gas fire extinguis- as specified above.
hing systems.
The pressurized parts of components,
Requirements except seals, shall be made of metal
with the working pressure specified by
Electrical triggering devices shall com- the manufacturer. The device will be
ply , generally, with the requirements marked as suitable for wall and/or ma-
of EN 54-11 type B with clear indica- chine mounting.
tion of the function marked on the front
face with MANUAL RELEASE - Gas ex-
tinguishing system (or in the national
language(s) acceptable in the country
of use) ). The colour of the component
shall be yellow. A suitable yellow co-
lour is specified in ISO 3864.
Electrical stop devices shall comply,

generally, with EN 54-11 with clear in-
dication of the function marked on the
front face with EMERGENCY STOP

page 243

For triggering devices the tests shall be in accordance with EN 54-11

Non-electrical triggering devices - Test samples and order of tests
Tests
Sub Clause
Compliance 5.2.3
Pressure 5.2.4
Strength 5.2.5
Function 5.2.6
Temperature 5.2.7
Operational reliability 5.2.8
Corrosion 5.2.9
Stress corrosion 5.2.10
Vibration 5.2.11


Marking
Each component shall be marked in a

permanent and legible manner with
the name or logo of the manufactu-
rer/supplier, the model (type / envi-
ronment category as defined in EN
54-11, the installation detail, relevant
data by which, at least, the date or ba-
tch and place of manufacture and the
version number(s) of any software can be
ascertained together with the working
pressure for manual triggering devices
and associated pipework.
Where the CE marking give the same

information as above, the requirements
of this clause 6 have been met.

Construction products directive, (now
regulation).

Issue 1 CGFC-01 , 2014
Printed 2014 TYCENCLASSCONS (7/14)
Issue 1.0 CGFC-01, 2014 EMEA Version

FireClass and any other product names listed above are marks and/
or registered marks. Unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
Copyright 2014 Tyco Fire Products LP. All rights reserved.

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section one guide to design, installation,commissioning and maintenance of fire

systems in non domestic premises

About this manual Purpose 1

guide to design of fire systems section one

3.3 Detection zone configuration guidelines 24

section one guide to design of fire systems

6.7 Honeycomb ceilings 66

guide to design of fire systems section one

9.7 Voice alarm systems and voice sounders 103

section one guide to design of fire systems

14. System installation 124

17. Responsibilities of user 136

guide to design of fire systems section one

Smoke detectors 173

Flame detectors 178

Manual call points 182

Smoke detectors - line type 188

Compatibility assessment of system components 192

Voice alarm control and indicating equipment 195

Short circuit isolators 201

Input /output devices 205

Aspirating smoke detectors 208

Alarm transmission and fault warning routing equipment 214

Fire alarm devices - visual alarm devices 218

Components of voice alarm systems - loudspeakers 224

Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive 232

Fixed firefighting systems - components for gas 238

section one guide to design, installation,commissioning and maintenance of fire

about this manual

Purpose This manual is a consultants guide to

guide to design of fire systems section one

about this manual

section one guide to design of fire systems

section one guide to design, installation,commissioning and maintenance of fire

about this manual

Section 2: Specification for a Digital to produce a definitive specification of

This section contains a sample specifi- Readership

guide to design of fire systems section one

We gratefully acknowledges the use of

section one guide to design of fire systems

1. Introduction lified designers to plan and design fire de-

part one guide to design of fire systems

section one guide to design, installation,commissioning and maintenance of fire

1. Introduction lified designers to plan and design fire de-

guide to design of fire systems section one

section one guide to design of fire systems

section one guide to design, installation,commissioning and maintenance of fire

guide to design of fire systems section one

Inventory of Hazardous Materials associated documentation which form

section one guide to design of fire systems

section one guide to design, installation,commissioning and maintenance of fire

guide to design of fire systems section one

section one guide to design of fire systems

section one guide to design, installation,commissioning and maintenance of fire

1.1.3 Type of System can provide early warning of fire with

guide to design of fire systems section one

fig 1. Fire Planning and Design Flowchart (section1)

section one guide to design of fire systems

section one guide to design, installation,commissioning and maintenance of fire

fig 1. Fire Planning and Design Flowchart (section2)

guide to design of fire systems section one

1.1.5 Planning Flowchart

To assist with designing and specifying a