Instructor’s Solutions Manual Part I John L. Scharf Carroll College Maurice D. Weir Naval Postgraduate School to accompany Thomas’ Calculus, Early Transcendentals Tenth Edition Based on the original work by George B. Thomas, Jr. Massachusetts Institute of Technology As revised by Ross L. Finney Maurice D. Weir and Frank R. Giordano Boston San Franciaco New York London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madetd Mexico City Munich Paris Cape‘Town Hong Keng. MontrealPRELIMINARY CHAPTER moshaf a8 (undefined) 5 @) x=-Ly=$ 6 @x 7. (@) y=Me=1) 41 () y= -the- (ay) 41 8 (@) y= 2-48 () y= 2-4) + 9.) m=f=t=} @) m=f}=9=0 y=}-0+0 y=O(x-1)41 ya}x ysl2. Preliminary Chapter ay =x. 3x-2y 10. (a) m= ty = # (undefined) Vertical line: UL. (a) y=3x-2 2 @) 18. The line contains (0,0) and (10,25). = 2520255 m=T9=0> 10-2 yoke 1B. (a) Sx-44y = 12 1) Slope: 4 i) yintercets 8 secret 16. (@) ii) y-intercept: 4 ii) ycintercept: 2 (b) y=ox+4 i) Slope: 2 ii) yrintereept: 4ca 18. Ww. a. 23, 24, (a) When y =0, we have $= 1, 80 x =e. (b) When y Section P.1 Lines 3 ya-(4/3) x44 (2) i) The desired tine has slope —1 and passes through (0,0): y= —I(x—0)+0 ar y= i) "The desined line ha slope =} = 1 and pases through (0,0): (x-0) +0 or y (b) i) ‘The given equation is equivalent to y = —2x-+4. The desired line has slope ~2 and passes through (2,2): y= =20042)+2 or y= 2x2, fi) The desired line has slope =} = } and passes through (—2,2): y =}(x-+2)+2 or y=}x+3. (a) i) The given line is vertical, so we seek a vertical line through (~2,4): ii) We seek a horizontal line through (~2,4): (0) 5) The given tin is orzontal, a we sec «horizontal ine through (—1,f): =f i) Wo sek veri line through (—1.f): f(x) = Fx- 1) +2=§x-F A(x) = -$(x-2) +(-1) = fete Check: £(5) = 5(5) -$ = 16, as expected. Check: (6) = -$(6) +2=—7, as expected. Since (x) =Jx—$, we have m= Zand b=—f. Since fs) =—Jx-+2, we have m= —f and b=2, y-3 “3° 9-79) y ‘This is the same as the equation obtained in Example 5. |, we have ¥ = 2, s0 x = 2c. When x =0, we have Y= 1, soy =4. When x =0, we have ¥ = 2, 90 y = 24. ‘The x-intercept is 2c and the y-intereept is 24.4. Preliminary Chapter 25, (a) The given equations are equivalent to y= ~2x + and y= —x-+1, respectively, so the slopes are -? and —1. The line are parallel when —2 = ~1, 40 (b) The lines are perpendicular when — 2 26. (0) mm SB 895 = 5 (0) ma JO 68 = GBB 161 degrnyinen 5-10 ata (me $$ = -1.1 degrees/inch (4) Best insulator: Fiberglass insulation Poorest insulator: Gypsum wallboard ‘The best insulator will have the largest temperature change per inch, because that will allow larger temperature differences on opposite sides of thinner layers. 2. Slope: = 0.0904 atmospheres per meter ‘At 50 meters, the pressure is p = 0.0994(50) + 1 = 5.97 atmospheres. Ap _ 1094-1 _ 9.94 Bd= "00-0 = 100 28. (a) a(t) = 45t ait) ) 150] 200} dt) =45t 50] t 7 2 3 4 (©) The slope is 45, which is the speed in miles per hour. (4) Suppose the car has been traveling 45 mph for several hours when itis first observed at point P at time t=0. (@) The car starts at time t = 0 at a point 30 miles past P. 29, (a) Suppose x'F is the same as °C. <2 x=$x+32 (1-f)xe82 -fxe= 2 x= 40 ‘Yes, 40°F is the samme as —40°C.Seetion P.1 Lines § (b) {90,50} by [=60, 60) It is related because all three lines pase through the point (~40,~40) where the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures are the same. . ‘30. The coordinates of the three missing vertices are (5,2), (1,4) and (~1,~2), as shown below. 2.3) Guy oa6 Preliminary Chapter 31 Suppose that the vertices of the given quadrilateral are (a,b); (ed), (ef), and (g,h). Then the midpoints of the consecutive siden ae W (ES P44), (5,4), v(SEEEEE), ana (EES DEY), when tee four pointe are connected, the loen of the sien of he resulting gue ar: dat bed Opposite sides have the same slope and are parallel. 32, The radius through (3,4) has slope 4=9 = 4, ‘The tangent ine is pepenielr to this rads, ite slope i = passes through (3,4). Box-a)44 tek the ine of dope —$ hat 83. (a) The equation for line L can be written as ys -f}x+ Go ite spe io ~The prpenctr ine ha slope b= Band pam trogh (68), equation is y= B(x—a) +b. (b) Substituting B (ea) +b fry in the equation for line L gives: AxtalRa-»+e]=cSection P.1 Lines 7 Atx + B%(x a) + ABb = AC. (a? + B?)x = Ba + AC ABD BYa + AC ABb A+B Substituting the expression for x in the equation for line L gives: Bist A0—ABb) a(BtAC= ABD), py <¢ ( AY +B +BY _~A(Ba4-AC— ABD) , O(a? +5?) B aa - A+B APB By = =AB’a=A?C + A™Bb-+ A?C + B°C A+B APBD + B°C— AB? By = A’Bb+ B°C—ABYe ¥ ae A% + BC ABa y At +B’ 2, 2 ‘The coordinates of Q are (Beaune LA Bo Abe), (©) Distance = y/(x—a)?+(y—b? - (aces ) + (Seep AB ») = a) +(At+ BC ABa aD A+B 5 5 _,|(Patac—ape— alan?) (2 +BC— ABa—b(at +B!) At +B? +e = ac ABb— A’a) y+ (Bos gma Be y “(Gar pees w+ +B (Sey ES) _ RR PCa = GRR BT BIC = AaB (a? +B?) (a? +B?) _ [Qe (CH Aa = (42+ B2)(C~ Aa—Bby? (2+) _ [(C=ra= Boy? ~ A+B? \8 Preliminary Chapter = Aa—Bb| VATS jAa+Bb-C| VATS 34, The line of incidence passes through (0,1) and (1,0) => The line of reflection passes through (1,0) and (2,1) 1x-1) > 1 is the line of reflection. 35, m= Ghd = Mh ax = ff, Therefore distance between first and last rows is y/04)? +z) = 40.25 8. 36. (a) (-1,4) (b) (3,-2) (©) (5,2) (4) (0x) (©) (-¥,0) v © Cre () (8,-10) 37. (a) y = 0.680x +9.013 (b) The slope is 0.68. It represents the approximate average weight gain in pounds per month. © (4) When x = 30, y = 0.680(30) + 9.013 = 29.413. She weighs about 29 pounds. 38. (a) y = 1060.4233x — 2,077,548.669 (b) The slope is 1060.4233. It represents the approximate rate of increase in earnings in dollars per year. (© (4975, 1995 by (2000, 35,000) (a) When x = 2000, y = 1060.4283(2000) — 2,07,548.669 = 43,208. In 2000, the construction workers” average annual compensation will be about $43,208. 389. (a) y = 5682x— 11,080,280 (b) The rate at which the median pri (6) y = 2732x — 5,362,360 (4) The median price is increasing at a rate of about $5632 per year in the Northeast, and about $2732 per year in the Midwest. It is increasing more rapidly in the Northeast, is increasing in dollars per yearSection P.2 Functions and Graphs 9 P.2 FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS 1. base s (beight}?+ (J) = x? = height perimeter is p(x) ane na) = fom) = fen (8) =e xtxtxsdx le length => 6? 4-6? = d? => 3. Let D = diagonal of a face of the cube and €= the length of an edge. ‘Then € + D? = d? and (by Exercise 2) 2 s/2 =a . ‘The surface area is 6¢2 = 84° — 24? and the volume is ¢? = (4, se & 6 = SF = 2g? and the volume i = ($5 4. The coordinates of P are (x, /) 80 the slope of the line joining P to the origin is m = i ye (x>0). Thus VE = dy and the x-coordinate of P is x= a the y-coordinate of P is y = gr. 5. (a) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test. (b) Io the graph ofa function of x since any vertical line intersects the graph at most once. 6. (a) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test (b) Not the graph of a function of x since it fails the vertical line test. 7. (a) domai 00,00); range {ty0e) () domain = 0,0); range 0,1] 8 (9) dala = (Ose yn range = y =-Syst> 0-994 =f and > 0 canbe ay pave rel number > range = (0,00). jomain = (0,00); y in r =, Itt= (b) de (0,00); y im range => y Taye '?° then y = 1 and as t increases, y becomes a smaller and smaller positive real number => range = (0,1). 9. 4-2? =(2—-2)(2+2) 20 2 € [-2,2] = domain, Largest value is g(0) = y/4 = 2 and smallest value is e(—2) = g(2) = V0 =0 = range = (0,2). 10. domain = (—o0,00); range = (~00,00) ML (a) Symmetric about (b) Symmetric about the origin the y-axis10. Preliminary Chapter 12. (a) Symmetric about (b) Symmetric about the y-axis the origin 18, Neither graph passes the vertical line test (a) (b) () xty=l Ixtyl=1e) or Se ety =-1 15. (a) even 16. () even (b) odd (b) neither AT. (a) odd 18, (a) even (b) even () oda 19, (a) neither 20, (a) even (b) even (b) evena, 2. 23, 26. (®) Note that f(x) = —[x~31+2, 90 its graph is the graph of the absolute value function reflected across the x-axis and then shifted 3 units right and 2 units upward. (00,00) (20,2 (@) Can LG (20,00) or all real numbers (2,00) (@) fe teret Eh (b) (~20,00) or all real numbers (©) (20,00) or all real numbers Section P.2 Functions and Graphs 11 (b) The graph of f(x) is the graph of the absolute value function stretched vertically by a factor of 2 and then shifted 4 unite to the left and 3 units downward (20,00) oF all eal numbers [-3,00) (@) Aa by 237 (00,00) or all real numbers {0,00) 24. (a ferrercin (b) (00,00) oF all real numbers (©) (0,20) Because if the vertical line test holds, then for each x-coordinate, there is at most one y-coordinate giving a point on the curve. This y-coordinate corresponds to the value assigned to the x-coordinate. Since ther ‘only one y-coordinate, the assignment is unique. Ifthe curve is not 0, there must be a point (x,y) on the curve where y #0. That would mean that (x,y) and (x,y) are two different points on the curve and itis not the graph of a function, since it fils the vertical line test.12, Preliminary Chapter 21. (a) jne through (0,0) and (1,1): y Line through (1,1) and (2,0): y=—x-+2 (b) fx) = x OSxS1 -x+2, Lexs2 2, O 0, 60 a= 5, . ‘Then ka = 4.5 gives 3k = 4.5, 1.5 we have ka Dividing, we have ka _ 15 kat 8 25 £05 5, and since f(—1) = 6 we have ka Since f(x) = k-a* is an exponential function, we require a > 0, 60 sok=3. The values are a= 0.5 and k =0.5. Then ka = 1.5 gives 0.5k = 1.5, 23, ce (Goby I-26) 6) by (=2, 6) x2.3219 x 1.386324 Preliminary Chapter 2. 26. oon 1-6. 61by(-3.5) [-6.6)by (3.51 x 0.6309 xa 1.5850 27, 5422(1.018)"® ~ 7609.7 million 28, (a) When t = 0, B= 100e"= 100. There were 100 bacteria present initially. (b) When t = 6, B = 10069) 5 394.951. After 6 hours, there are about 6304 bacteria. (©) Solving 100e°°3* = 200 graphically, we find that t r 1.000. The population will be 200 after about L hour, Since the population doubles (from 100 to 200) in about 1 hour, the doubling time is about 1 hour. 29, Let t be the number of years. Solving 500,000(1.0375)' = 1,000,000 graphically, we find that t ~ 18.828. ‘The population will reach 1 million in about 19 years. 30, (a) The population is given by P(t) = 6250(1.0275), where ¢ is the number of ye Population in 1915: P(25) = 12,315 Population in 1940: P(50) = 24,265 (b) Solving P(¢) = 50,000 graphically, we find that t ~ 76.651. The population reached 50,000 about 77 years after 1890, in 1967. a1. (a) Ay =6.6(3) (b) Solving A(t) = 1 graphically, we find that t 38. ‘There will be 1 gram remaining after about 38.1145 days. after 1890. 32, Let t be the number of years. Solving 2300(1.06)' = 4150 graphically, we find that t «10.129. Tt will take ‘about 10.129 years. (Ifthe interest is not credited to the account until the end of each year, it will take 11 vyea 238, Let A be the amount of the intial investment, and lett be the number of years. We wish to solve ‘A(1.0625)' = 2A, which is equivalent to 1.0625 = 2. Solving graphically, we find that t = 11.433. It will take about 11.493 years. (I the interest is credited at the end of each year, it will take 12 years, 4. Let A be the amount of th intial investment, and Itt be the number of yeas, We wish to aalve (1 +4825)" = 2A, which is envatent to (1-+20825)"* 2 solving eapicaly, me Gnd that {a 1L110- Kewl ake about 11.119 year (If the inter is credited at the end ofeach month, wl take 1 years 2 months} 435. Let Abe the amount of the intial investment and Ie tbe the number of years, We wis to solve ‘Ac®625 — 2A, which is equivalent to e995 = 2. Solving graphically, we find that t = 11.090. Tt will take about 11.090 years.Section P.3 Exponer Functions 25 36. Let Abe the amount ofthe intial investment, and lett be the number of years, We wish to solve ‘A(1.0875)' = 3A, which is equivalent to 1.0575! = 3. Solving graphically, we find that t = 19.650. It will take about 10.650 years. (the intrest i credited at che end ofeach yea, it wl take 20 years.) 5. Lat A be the amount of the initial investment, and lett be the number of years. We wish to solve on ae A(1-4 29525)" = 34, which is cquvalent to (1 + 20575) {2 19.108, Twill take about 19.108 years . Solving graphically, we find that 38. Let A be the amount of the initial investment, and let t be the number of years. We wish to solve ‘Ae® S875 = 3A, which is equivalent to e957" = 3, Solving graphically, we find that t= 19.106. It will take about 19.106 years. /0.8 39. After t hours, the population is P(t) P(24) = 2" ~ 2.815 x 10" bacteria. 2". After 24 hours, the population is or, equivalently, P(e 40. (a) Each year, the number of cases is 100% — 20% = 80% of the previous year's number of cases. After t years, the number of cases will be C(t) = 10,000(0.8)'. Solving C(t) = 1000 graphically, we find that ‘tay 10.819. It will take about 10.319 years. (b) Solving C(t) = 1 graphically, we find that {'~ 41.275. It will take about 41.275 years. AL, (a) Let x =0 represent 1900, x= 1 represent 1001, and so on. ‘The regression equation ie P(x) = 6.033(1.030)* (b) The regression equation gives an estimate of P(0) «6.03 million, which is not very close to the actual population. (6) Since the equation is of the form P(x) = P(0) 1.030%, the annual rate of growth is about 3%. 42. (a) The regression equation is P(x) = 4.881(1.019)*. 10,100) by 5,301 (b) (00) = 26.3 million (€) Since the equation is of the form P(x) = P(0)-1.019%, the annual rate of growth is approximately 1.0%.26 Preliminary Chapter PA FUNCTIONS AND LOGARITEMS 1. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal txt. 2. Not one-to-one, the graph fails the horizontal test. 3. Not one-to-one since (fr example) the horizontal line y = 2interaects the graph twice 4. Not one-to-one, the graph fils the horizontal test 5. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal test 6. Yes one-to-one, the graph passes the horizontal test 1. Domain: 00 8. Domain: x<1, Range: y>0 : Tren Domain: x >0, Range: y>0 10. Domai 1 gx <1, Range:4. 13. “4 16. a. 18. w. 20. Section P.4 Functions and Logarithms 27 Step 1: y G=T 12. Step i: ya? a x= Step 2: Step 2: y=—YF=tx) Sip: yaw -19 Paytiexay ty Step 2: y =YETI =P Me) Step 1: y=x? 2x41 oy = (x1? > Wyax-1 3x5 yF41 Step 2: y= 14+ Ve=P HR) . Steps y= (x41 > Faxtl axa yF-l Step 2: y= yE-1= f(x) Step 1: yax!? 5 x= yl? Step 2: y =x ye mssay dare PGbax, Inerchange xand y: 28a y 01a) =%zS Veri (fof *)(x) )sa=G-n480x (10 (a) =F ax+3) == 8 ey Y=5—dx + dx =5—y x =O F%, Interchange x and y: y= S58 Hx) = 55% Verity. (fox) = yer -1 sy 41ax8 5 (y 41M ax. Interchange x and ys (x+1)'/3 1G) = (41) or YEFT Verify. (oP Y(x) = YEFT)=( RFT) -1 = (x4 )-1 =x (Pon) = 08-1 =a FI = =x y=41,x20—y-Las 2205 VF= Interchange x and yz x=T=y + £¥(x) = YET or (x—1)!”? Verify. For x > 1 (the domain of ), (fot N() =A VamT)=(Veny 1 = (x1) 41 For x>0 (the domain of ), (Fon) =? +1) = fF +1) —1= VF ain1=x2. y= Lys Preliminary Chapter <0 x= yf. Interchange x and yi y = —/¥ = MY) =~ or -x!/? Verity For x 20 (the domain of ), (fo)(x) = (v3) =(~v3)" = For x <0 (the domain of f), (F*! 0f)(x) = f'(x?) = -V3? = -1x1=« ya p> 0 yt (29) xo 04 y= Interchange x and yz x°/? = y + £(x) =x°/? Verity For x > 0 (the domain of f), (fof-!)(x) = (2/2) =(0/2)" = For x20 (the domain of , (7 o(x) = 1-12) = (2/9)? —px1=x 2)? x $2 (x2)? = -y, x52 4x25 A 4x5 2- VF Interchange x andy: y = 2— =X — f(x) = 2— =X or 2— (—x)/? Verity. For x <0 (the domain of f-") (fof *)(x) = (2 Y=R) = (2 Y=) -2f = —(-VRP = t= x For x <2 (the domain off), (7 of (x) = (x29?) = 2~ [l= 2F = 2-Ix—21= 24+ (x2) =x yo(@42x41), x2B-ly= (e+), x2-1 > Fanti a VF-lax Interchange x and y: /X—1=y f'n) = Yk—1orx¥?-1 Verity For x > 0 (the domain of f"), (fo 09 =1( YR-1) =[( VE 1) +2( Ye —1) +1] = (VR) -2yR +14 2Y 8-241 = (Yeh For x > —I (the domain of ), (Cox) = 2 +241) = Vea deg 1-1 = er tP—1 =|x41]-1=(@41)-1=" 1 y osteo fed Interchange x and y: - 0) = Spot Verity. For 0(hedoniot™ (foF96)=1(e) === For x >0 (the domain of f), (f°? 0 f(x) =f (4)= 7 = V8 =ixl=xSection P.4 Functions and Logarithms 29 Ww yshatahox Interchange xand yy = be 10) = K Verity. (rhe) “Ch Tay (ten =F(4) = 2. Interchange x and y: y Verity Se 35)41_ saa 4-2) (T= 3x) FH =2) 3733) cra) a0049 (fof (x) ax+3 Interchange x and y: y= Verity. x. maT +3 _(Qx+3)+3(e-1) _5x_ (ory) = (8) = fa HED ae 2(345)+8_ aes) 430-2) _5 ee ero (xt) Ina seat asindayad (-20,00) 31, y=1~ (ln 3) logy x = 1~ (ln 3) BE = (0,00) (-20,00) In(x+2) tnx 32. y=(ln 10) log (x +2) = (in 10) TE) = tn (x 4-2)30 Preliminary Chapter 38. (1.045) = 1n (1.045)! = In 2 tin 1.04 =In2 t 16.75 hi in 1085 Graphical support: "| [2 18}by (= 32 Vi (2528) x 096008 Graphical support: BSERBD ho _| (4A) by (4.8) 34, 008 = 3 In 95 = In 3 0.05t = In 3 tong 0.05 0 In 3 21.97 Graphical support: (5,35) by (1a) 542% (2-542) =2"(0) (a -s@)+1=0 EV 400) ao + IS we 5 ota( 2237) 2.26 or 2.28 Graphical support: (Aah (4.8)Section P.4 Functions and Logarithms 31 BT. Iny= 244 eae Ly 38. In(y1)-In2=x4ln x + In(y—1) Peek +1 +I x+in 2 eh) orto tin? ay- =e) 9. (0) y= AODag 142 = 28 = 11 ogg“ x -loen(492-1) (Toy) Interchange x and yy = loaf) °C) = lo (sagz) Verity. - 100 (oF =t(on (r=) = lt 1005 1005 - = x#(100—x) ~ 100 = ae ww - $0 tat = =1 fog, (11) = Bog, (82-1) + *a(s0=y) (x) = Hog, 5 ) 5-1) = 1061s Interchange x and y: y= lo6;.1(55 Verity. ot) =t(log,,(¢%_))=——80- = (60) =£(l06, (553) Te) yen Oe = Six32 4 42, 43. rr 45. 46, a1. Preliminary Chapter Interchange x and ‘The slopes are reciprocals. (c) If the original functions both have slope m, each of the inverse functions will have slope 7h. ‘The graphs of sy Ma) = Se the inverses will be parallel lines with nonzero slope. (4) If the original functions have slopes m and — yy, respectively, then the inverse functions will have slopes zr and =m, respectively. Since each off and ~m is the negative reiprocel ofthe other, the graphs ofthe inverss wil be perpendicular lines with nonzero slope. -(@) Amount = (3)? © s()"=1 =)" d= ‘There will be 1 gram remaining after 36 hours. s0n(.0479) = 1000 L047! = 2 ~ n(1.0959 =n 2 = LOATS =n? t= Bg 6 1 ll take about 14.998 yer. (the intrepid thee of ech yea, wil take 1 ye) 35,000(1.0225 = 1,000,000 1.025 = fn (1.0906+) = In() ~ tn .0225 = n($) in(8/3) Tn 1.0225 © 44-081 It will take about 44.081 years. Let: O = original sound level = 10 logyo (Ix 10") db from Equation (1) in the text. Solving 0410 = 10 logyo (kt 10") for k = 10 logyg (1x 10!2) + 10 = 10 logo (kt x 10%?) 2 logy (1x 10!2) +1 = ogg (Kt 10"2) = logy (1 1082) +1 = logyg K+ logo (1% 10!4) > 1H logi k > 1= BK > nk=In 10> k= 10 10 Ino Sound level with intensity = 101 is 10 logy (101 x 10!) = 10[togyo 10 +1ogyo (1x 10!?)] = 10+ 10 logy (1x 10") = original sound level + 10 = an increase of 10 ab 4 <9 serene the dc ations ing (O99 <2 2M = E0885 dys “ eee bre Cae a ee (4,5) % (2.67,-3)49. (a) {10,10} (=10, 10) (1.58,3) (b) No pointe of intersection, since 2* > 0 for all values of x. 51. (a) We conclude that f and g are inverses of each other because (Fo g)(x) = (gof)(x) 52. (a) f(a) ‘We conclude that fis the identity function because (fog)(x) = (gef)(x) = Section P.4 Functions and Logarithms 33 50. (a) = (10, 10} by (10,10) (-1.39,4) (b) No points of intersection, since e* > 0 for all values of x. (b) and (c) the identity function, (b) and (c)34 Preliminary Chapter 53. (a) (b) and (@) ‘We conclude that f and g are inverses of each other because (fo g)(x) = (g 0f)(x) = x, the identity function. 54. (a) (b) and (¢) eave) (woSke) We conclude that f and g are inverses of each other because (fo g)(x) = (gof)(x) =x; the identity function, 55. (a) & 3) sya tntee)—in 25) fer awh2.34s ‘The graphs of y; appeat to be vertical ‘The graphs of y, ~y, support the finding in translates of ya part (a). (0) ¥g=¥1—¥q =I ax—In x = (In a+ In x) In x= In a, a constant, 56. (a) ya is vertical shift (upward) of yp, although One might use “trace” or “table” to verify this, 0. ‘This is no accident, because x18? = ein? lax = (¢in2)"¥ — als, 59. (a) The LnReg command on the TI-92 Plus calculator gives y(x) = —474.31 + 121.13 In x 474.31 + 121.13 In (82) = 59.48 million metric tons produced in 1982 and =474.31 + 121.13 In (100) = 83.51 million metric tons produced in 2000. (©) From the graph in part (b), y(82) © 59 and y(100) ~ 84. 60. (a) y = —2539.852 + 636.896 In x (®) When x =75, y % 200.94. About 209.04 million metric tons were produced, (6) ~2530.852 + 636.896 In x = 400 636.896 In x = 2999.852 in x = 200852 2930.88 xe 0 BEBE ws 101.08 According to the regression equation, Saudi Arabian oil production will reach 400 million metric tons when x 101.08, in about 2001.36 Preliminary Chapter P.5 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR INVERSES 1. (a) s=10=(10)(42)= 81m (b) 8 = 10 = (10)(1109 (sq) = HG = 53 m 2 3. 40 -y -% “hi & v3 me Bb deb ooo f BHM : TW tan @ und 1 coe und. Sp nd 0 cot @ 0 - wed 1-21 und, =v sec 8 und. - esc @ und. 4 und. 1 va ccd 1 2 =-4, =-3 ‘in x= 2 = 5. (@) cosx=—$,tanx=—-$ () sinx = ~2¥?, tan x= -2V3 4 on = YB tunedSeetion P.5 Trigonometric Functions and Their Inverses 37 ' i va period = 27 period = 2 12, period symmettie about the y-axis 18, (a) co8(x +x) (b) sin (2 — 08 m cos z—sin x sin x = (~1)(cos x) ~ (0)(sin x) = in 2x cos (—x) + c08 (2) sin (—x) = (0)(c0s (—x)) + (1)¢ (4x) = sin x 14 (9) sin(3E—x)=sin(Bf) con -3) +cou(§f) sn 3) = (19603) + (n(x) = eon (0) cxo(SF-+x) = co $8) con sin: fain x= (Oem) —(-I)en x) =n x 15, (9) con(x—§) = em x em(—f)~ sin xsin(~§) = C08 1(0)— (sin )(-1) =n 108 A cos (~B) —sin A sin(—B) = cos A cos B—sin A (—sin B) in B 16. (a) sin(x +#)= sin x cos(§) +008 x sin| (3)= (sin x)(0) + (cos x)(1) = cos x38 It, 18, 19, a. 2, . (@) A=-f.Ba4,c=0,D=} . (a) Ibis highest when the value of the sine is 1 at f(101) 3. 65+ (90"— 8) + (90° —a) Preliminary Chapter (B) sin(A~B) =sin(A+ (—B)) =sin A cos(—B) +08 A sin(—B) sin A cos B—cos A sin B in A cos B+cos A(—sin B) IfB=A, A-B=0 = cos(A—B) = cos 0= = cos? A+sin?A. Therefore, cos? A +sin? A ‘Also cos (A ~B) = cos(A— A) = cos A cos A-+sin A sin A If B= 2s, then cos(A-+2n) = cos A cos 2x—sin A sin 2x = (cos A)(1) — (sin A)(0) = cos A and sin (A +2n) =sin A cos 2x-+cos A sin 2x = (sin A)(1) + (cos A)(0) =sin A. The result agrees with the fact that the cosine and sine functions have period 2r. (@) A=2,B=2, ( A=}.B=2,021,D=} j osbalaed (a) amplitude =|A|=37 (0) period =| = 365 (©) right horizontal shift = C = 101 (G) upward vertical shit = 37 sin(0) +25 = 62°F. ‘The lowest mean daily temp is 37(—1) +25 = -12'F. (b) The average ofthe highest and lowest mean daily temperatures = 92 + (19) _ asp ‘The average of the sine function is ite horizontal axis, y = 25. OF O)-F OF (a) -F (0) F © -§ @)F mE OF 26. (a) 3) E © /. The angle a is the large angle between the wall and the right end of the blackboard minus the small angle betwean the eft end f the backboard and th wall = a =cot“(F)~cot-1(§). 80" a = s = 68 tan"" (9B) = 00 —20.78 0 42.29 ‘According to the figure in the text, we have the fll By the lav of cosines, c? = a? +b? —2ab coe & ? +1? 2 cos(A—B) = =2 cos(A~—B). By distance formula, c? = (cos A —cos B)? + (sin Asin B)?Section P.5 Trigonometric Functions and Their Inverses 39 cos? A —2 cos A cos B+ cos? B +sin?A—2 sin A sin B+sin?B = 2—2(cos A cos B-+sin A sin B). Thus =2 cos(A—B) = 2~2(cos A cos B-+sin A sin B) => cos(A—B) = cos A cos B-+sin A sin B. 30. Consider the figure where @ = A +B is the sum of two ‘angles. By the law of cosines, c? = a? +b? —2ab cos = 174172 cos(A +B) =2~2 cos (A+B). Also, by the distance formula, (co A—cos B)* +(sin A tsin BY? cos? A ~ 2 cos A cos B+cos?B +sin?A +2 sin A sin B+sin?B = 2(cos A cos B—sin A sin B). Thus, 2—2 cos(A +B) = 2—2(co8 A cos Bsin A = cos(A +B) = cos A cos B—sin A sin B. 8) 31. Take each square as a unit square, From the diagram we have the following: the smallest angle a has a tangent of 1 => a =tan“11; the middle angle @ has a tangent of 2 => 9 = tan™*2; and the largest angle 7 has a tangent of $ > y= tan"'3. The sum of these three angles is x => a+ 6+ = tan"! + tan*2 + tan“? 32. (a) From the aymmetzy of the diagram, we see that x ~ sec“ the vertical distance from the graph of y =sec?x to the line y = and this distance is the same as the height of y = sec™!x above the x-axis at a =x; ey 9 —s00“1x = see! (—x). 0) ea (a) er—cor ty whee 1x1 = t(— racor();wierex2 tor eg 1 = sec7! (-x) 88, sin (1) + 600"! (1) = $-+0= Fi sin (0) + eo"! (0) = 0-45 = $5 and sin“ (1) +0878 (1) = then sin“! (x) +05" (x) 11 (—a) + c087! (—a) at(x— cos’ from Equations (7) and (9) in the text. 1 ke 34, x Stan a=xand ten 6 =$> F=a4f = tan x4 tan’ T 45. From the figures in the txt, we see that sin B=. PC isan acute angle, then sin C= On the other and, h if Cis obtuse (asin the figure on the right), then sin C= sin(r—C) =f. Thus, in ether case, h=bsin C=e sin B= ah =ab sin C=acsin B. ay ee 24K By the law of cosines, cos C = 22 =" and cos B==+E=! Moreover, since the sum of the interior ay of a triangle is x, we have sin A =sin(x ~(B+C)) = sin(B+O) a+b? [2 +2="0) = sin B cos C +-cos B sin C [oP aphae]. [ath |g) = (gh Je ruta tat) ahs a= bean a40 Preliminary Chapter ‘Combining our results we have ah = ab sin C, ah = ac sin B, and ah =be sin A. Dividing by abe gives be SA stone Taw of ne sy sinA cos Py conAsin B 90. ta(A+B)= SRB) aw Rene Boon hair B = Ree See = an A cos A cor B cos A cos B 37, (a) cP =a? +b? —2ab cos C= 2? +3? 2(2)(3) c08 (60') = 4 +9 12 cos 60" ‘Thus, ¢ = V7 w 2.65. (b) 2 =a? +b? — 2ab cos C = 27 + 32 —2(2)(8) cos (40") c= VIB 12 cos Ww 1.951 o-1(f 3-12 cos(40"). Thus, 38. (2) By the law of sins, SA = sin B= V2. By precise 55 we know that ¢= V7. ‘Tha in B= 293 ~ 0.982, rot he igure a the ight and the ay of etic Waa -200) om BaP H4—ta( @) Applying the law of snes to the igre, Ai 2VBLL oy ‘Thus, combining results, Pata abt 2 +4a—8. From the quadratic formula and the 4+ VP 4-8) fact that a > 0, we have a=——Y—y = V4 Jo oonfeteat s0= 539. (a) The graphs of y = sin x and y =x nearly coincide when x is near the origin (when the calculator is in radians mode). (b) In degree mode, when x is near zero degrees the sine of x is much closer to zero than x itself. The ‘curves look like intersecting straight lines near the origin when the calculator is in degree mode. 40. (a) Cos x and sec x are positive in QI and QLV and negative in QUI and QIIL. Sec x is undefined when os x is 0. ‘The range of see x is (—co,—1] Ul, 0); ‘the range of cos x is [=1,1].Section P.6 Trigonometric Functions and Their Inverses 41 (b) Sin x and ese x are positive in QUI and negative in QUI and QIV. Cse x is undefined when sin x ig 0, ‘The range of ese x is (—20,—1U1,00); the range of sin x is [-1,1], 41, (a) Domain: all real numbers except those having. the form $+ kx where k is an integer. Range: -$ (1 1317110, 100) 51. (a) Using a graphing calculator with the sinusoidal regression feature, the equation is y = 8.0014 sin (0.9996x + 2.0012) + 2.9999. () y=3sin(x+2)+3 52, (a) Using a graphing calculator with the sinusoidal regression feature, the equation is 543 sin (2468.635x — 0.494) + 0.438. (oonby (2825)44° Preliminary Chapter / (b) The frequency is 2468.635 1 per second, which is euivalent to 68.83 w 300.0 yee per second (is) ‘The note isa “G P.6 PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS 2. x= cog 2, y=sin 2, 0 cos? (xt) +1 axttyt=l6 x=4einthy= > Wont , 25 cos?t me 5 ory=x,x<0 cos t, Ot <2r xy isthe nVisy atta x= VF 243 Section P.6 Parametric Equations 45 7. x= 3h, y 5}91, oct coy y=VitrOsyayk46 Preliminary Chapter 16. x= trl, y=Vi,t>0 aystox=Vy"FlLy20 18. x =cos(et), y =2 sin(e'), -c0 aB(52> let C be the point of intersection. ‘Then OC and tan t at a ahi)=(akr) = AB= 28. New Y=2-AB Sint y=2-(2805) in 9 2sint 2sin?t 2st = 2-2 con? =2ain?t, Therefore let x =2 cot t and y = 50, (a) x= 9+ (x; —xo)t and y = y+ (9 —yo)t > HEPA -W RB)” 3 ¥—¥9=(EHZ) 0 — xq) which is an equa on of the line through the points (x,¥9) and (x;,y3) (() Let xp = yp = 0 in (9) 59 x= 48, y = yt (the answer i not unique) (©) Let (p90) = (-140) ad (xy ys) = (Ost) oF let (8yr¥0) = (042) and (X99) KEL tty =torx= ty =1-t (the answer is not unique) 1,0) in part (@) BL) Sexcbo-enenigs>—feetish “he grph of cot shows where to ok fr the limits on(b) 1) 52. (a) (b) Section P.6 Parametric Equations 51 tant(2) ct.g ertant(—2) 0381 ce azei "The curve ia traced from ight Lo left and extend infinitely in both dictions fom the origin. For ~§ 1= (2). The volume ia V= $n? + r=]/QZ. Substitution into the oP am) 15. The coordinates of a point on the parabola are (x,x?). The angle of inclination 6 joining thia point to the origin satiaies the equation tan @=%" =x. Thus the point has coordinates (x,x2) = (tan ,tan?é). formula for surface area gives 16, tan 0 = RR = php > = 500 tan 08. WW. 18. Raya) TR Sy I-22) ‘Symmetric about the origin. Symmetric about the y-axis.66 Preliminary Chapter 19. 20. [6 elby (44) (1S 1ST by(-05, 13) Neither Symmetric about the y-axis. 21. y(-x) = (-x)? +1 =x? +1 = yl) 22, y(—x) = (¥)8— (x) = x8 428 +x = -9(x) Even Oda bh yea) 21-3) = 1-002 90) we 24, y(—x) = sec (—x) tan (—x) “sae eowenan te ab) oad ox) = ttt x41 2 OO = Toa) Pa oad 26, y(~x) = 1-sin(-x) = 1 +sin x =x++e08(—x) = —x-+ 608 x Neither even not odd Neither even nor odd 28. y(-x) = yf-ay*=1 = VHT = v(x) Bven 29, (a) The function is defined forall values of x, 90. (a) Since the aquare root requires 1—x> 0, the domain 10 the domain is (20,00). is (0,1) (&) Since jx} attains all nonnegative value, (®) Since Y/T=x attains all nonnegative value, the the range i [=2,00)- range it (—2,00) 31. (@) Since the square root requires 16—x?>0, 82. (a) The funetion is defined for all value os x, so the the domain is [4,4] domain is (20,00). (b) For values of x in the domain, 0 <16—x<16, (b) Since 3?-* attains all possible values, the range is 200< VIG=X <4. The range is [0,4] (1,00) 33. (a) The function is defined for all values of x, 90 the domain is (0,00), (b) Since 2e"* attains all positive values, the range is (~3,c0).34. 35. at. 39. 40. a1. 42, Preliminary Chapter Practice Exercises 67 (a) ‘The function is equivalent to y = tan 2x, so we require 2x # KE for odd integers k. ‘The domain in given by x E for oda integers (b) Since the tangent function attains all values, the range is (~00,00). (@) The function is defined forall values of x, 86, (a) ‘The function is defined forall values of x, s0 the domain is (00,20) s0 the domain is (~00, 0). (b) The sine function attains values from —1 to 1, 80-2 <2 sin(3x+) <2, and (b) The function is equivalent to y = 9/2, which hence ~3 <2 sin(Sx-+2)-1 0, so the 38. (a) The function is defined for all values of x, so domain is (3,00). the domain is (—00,0). (b) The logarithm attains all real values, 90 (b) The cube root attains all real values, so the range the range is (~20,00). is (-20,00). (a) The function is defined for -4 0 across the y-axis. 49. , 50. yebl? —" + ¥ Tt does not change the graph. 5 32. ‘The graph of f(x) = fix) is the same as the graph of f,(x) to the right of the y-axis. The raph of f(x) to the left of the y-axis is the reflection of y = fy(x), x > 0 across the y-axis. Preliminary Chapter Practice Exercises 69 ‘The graph of fy(x) = f(x) is the same as the graph of fy(x) to the right of the y-axis. The zaph of f(x) to the lft of the y-axis in the reflection of y = f(x), x2 0 acrom the y-axis, ‘The graph of f(x) = fy (x0 is the same as the ‘graph of f(x) to the right of the y-axis. The ‘graph of f(x) to the left of the y-axis is the reflection Of y = fy(x), x 2 0 actows the y-axis. sain el y yerien ‘The graph of f(x) =f, (1x) is the same as the ‘graph of f(x) to the right of the y-axis. The ‘graph of f(x) to the left of the y-axis is the reflection of y = f,(x), x > 0 across the y-axis.70 Preliminary Chapter 53. , 54. vat | + 7 z 4 ae Whenever g(x) is positive, the graph of y= g,(x) _It-does not change the graph. wi ‘the same as the graph of y = 6,(2). ‘When g;(x) is negative, the graph of y = g(x) is the reflection of the graph of y = g(x) across the 55. 7 56. ad ; volte 2 { a . 1 3 ah ” ree Whenever g(x) is positive, the graph of =le| is'the same as the graph of y ‘When g;(x) is negative, the graph of y ‘Whenever g(x) is postive, the graph of y = ga(x) = |5,(x)|s the same as the graph of y = (2). ‘When g;(x) is negative, the graph of y = g(x) is the reflection of the graph of y = g,(x) across the _the reflection of the graph of y = gy(x) across the sy=Vi-8 =r taxXtal-yloxsPreliminary Chapter Practice Exercises 71 58. The graph is symmetric about y = x. ) yahox=foy=h=r@) 80. (9) y=D-Bx Sx 2-y axa 2Gh Interchange x and y: y= 258+ Nx) = 258 Verity (oP D(x) = 10) = f(2g8) =2-3(2g)=2- 0-2) =x (on) =F '¢(e) =a) = 2G) a 60. (a) y= (X42) x22 Fat 2x VF-2 Interchange x and ys y= %—2 = x) = y-2 Verify. For x > 0 (the domain of f-") (fo N(x) = AEG) =f YR~2) =[( VE-2)+2f = (yRP = * For x > —2 (the domain of f), (Po (x) =F Mla) = 4((x-+2)*) = e422 = [x 42[-2= (e42)-2=x72 Preliminary Chapter (b) 1-6 12) 4 61, (a) eG) =( Y) = 669) =VB=x 62. (a) bk(a)) =4((49"8) =x, © x04 (+8) ” (©) Their will be parallel to one another and lie on ‘opposite sides of the line y = x equidistant from that, line.Preliminary Chapter Practice Exercises 73 64. (a) y=-xt1 9 x=-ytl SOW) = 1-x ‘the lines intersect at a right angle (b) y=—xtb xs -ytb > 1Q) the lines intersect at a right angle box (©) fi its own inverse 65. x = 2.71828182846 (using a TI-92 Plus calculator). 66. 8 * =x and In(e*) =x for all x >0 67. (@) 72 =72 0) omtadaad 68, (a) 08497) 23 gy? () e799 = ah = y= 69. (a) 2in ye=2inel#=(2)(f)ine=1_ (6) Inline’) = n(etne) =Ie=t © nd =P sine 70. (a) In(e@®) = (sec 6)(In e) = see @ (b) Ine) = (e*)(In e) = =In(de2?) = 71. Using a calculator, sin“ (0.6) = 0.6435 radians or 36.8699" (©) In(e2n™ nx? =2Inx ing a calculator, tan“ (~2.8) © 1.1607 radians or ~66.5014 and 050 a=csind () ten A=B > e=btand . (a) tan B=Bop a= pb (0) sn AaB eazy ua in Ange Vene . (a) sin AB (© sina gaVeeh . Singe sin x has period 2, 84, Since tan x has period x, |tan (x-+ x)|=[tan xi sin? (x-+2n) = sin®(x), This function has ‘This function has period x. A graph shows that no period 2. A graph shows that no smaller smaller number works for the period, number works for the period. a (Be. Deby (15.151 (2a. 2e) by 13) cos(x-+ §) = eos x eos(5)— sin x sin($)= (cos x)(0) ~ (sin x)(1) = sin x sin x) =n xcos(—) +008 x sin(—) = (in 390) + C08 2(-1) = 208 x #)a)-CA4)-S4 “atiierereinn y(¥ oe cole) fon eon ante o(H)-4)-(¥)(HE)- ApPreliminary Chapter Practice Exercises 75 @@F W-F OF 0) OF CE oF OF OF mot OF WF 1 wor f)=ne(§)=2 24 ex(iot(f)) e-Bay 98, tan (sce"1)4in(oe“1¢-2)) = tan (conf) sin in-?(—)) = tan (0)+in(—§) =0-+(~h) =f sts 41) elf fF) =u) = V8 97. a= tan“! 2x indicates the diagram — Va¥y} => sec(tan™ 2x) = sec a = VHT 98, «= see" E indicates the dingramm ZN 3 tan (see 90, a = cor"! indicates the dingram ZF = tan cor?) = tan o = VIE wey 100. a =tan“ indicates the diagram > sin (we z )= sina = eT 101, (4) Defined there aan angle whose tangent is 2 (8) Not defines there is no angle hove cosine i 2, 102, (a) Not defined there eno angle whowe coset sf (&) Define there ie an angle whowe content is 2 103, (a) Not defined there ie no angle whote scant i 0 (b) Not defined; there i no angle whose sine is /3.16 Preliminary Chapter 104, (a) Defined; there is an angle whose cotangent (b) Not defi hee ino angle whore coin is -8, 105, Let of punta B and C fom the base ofthe pol, measured log the Mat ground, reapecivly. ‘Then, tan 60"=P, tan 35'= and b c= 10 , Thos, tan 28° (e410 an 35° = c tan 50°= (+10) tan 35°= ¢ (tan 50°—tan 3 5 ENS z 10 tan 35°, = h =¢ tan 50° — 10. tan 35' tan 5 pes c= plan 35 an 0° tan 35 tan 5 eight of vertical pole, and let b and c denote the distances =e tan 60° and h= 16.98 m, 106. Let h = height of balloon above ground. From the figure at the wayne ight tan 40° = tan 10 = B tan T0'= h= (2a) 7 and h =a tan A a tan 40° = a(tan 40° + tan 70°) = 2 tan 70° 2tan 70" tan 40° tan a0 Ftan 10 ‘ se ay 107. (a) pester soon (8) The period appears to be 4x (c) fx +4) =sin (x +41) + cos| sin (x+2x) +c00(§ +2") since the petiod of sine and cosine is 2x. ‘Thus, f(x) has period 4x. ee 108. (a) gevinh (b) D = (00,0) U (0,00); R = [-1, 1] (© inno pride, Suppose fhas period p. "Then ¢(e-+kp) = (gL) =n 2x = 0 for al integer (cress)? Choose kao lange that gh kp > } > 0-< <=. But then (sh +p 1 WayWhich is a contradiction, ‘Thus f has no period, 109. (a) Substituting coe identity cos? + = Fond sin = Fin the Fin th 2. t= fives the Cartesian equation (8) +($) = 1 ‘The entire ellipse is traced by the curve. ) GG <> Initial point: (5,0) ‘Terminal point: (5,0) ‘The ellipee is traced exactly once in a counter- clockwise direction starting and ending at the (5,0). ILL. (a) Substituting t = 2—x into y = 11-2t gives 11-2(2—x), oF Ix-+7. ‘The part ofthe line from (4,18) to (~2,3) is traced by the parametrized curve, (b), the Cartesian equation y Initial point: (4,15) ‘Terminal point: (~2,3) ‘The line segment is traced from right to left starting at (4,15) and ending at (~2,3). 113. (a) For simplicity, we assume that x and y are for t= 0 and ends at (4,3) for t=1. Then Preliminary Chapter Practice Exercises 77 ‘a claimed. 120, () Substituting eos t identity cost + sin’ Yand sin t=} in the gives the Cartesian enuation (3) +(3) =1, or? ty? =16. The left half of the circle is traced by the parametrized. (b) 2 P [-9.S1by (6.61 Tnitial point: (0,4) Terminal point None since the endpoint $s tet included in the lateral ‘The emir atacd in ounterlckwise Ginectton starting at (04) and extending toy but tov incleding, (0-4) 112. (a) Substituting t= x1 into y = (t—1)? gives the Cartesian equation y y (x— 1-1), o (x-2)?. ‘The part of the parabola for x <2 traced by the parametrized curve. (b), res) Initial point: None ‘Terminal point: (3,0) ‘The curve is traced from left to right ending at the point (3,0). wear functions of t, and that the point (x,y) starts at (—2,5) (0), where f(0) = ~2 and £(1 2461. Also, y = g(t), where g(0) = 65 and g(1}78. Preliminary Chapter Since slope = 42 = F=6 = -2, y= g(t) = -2+5=5~2, One pomible prametsiaton ie: xa-246uy 5-2, 0CtC1 114, For simplicity, we assume that x and y are linear functions of t, and that the point (x,y) passes through (£3,=2) for t=O and (4,1) for t= 1. Then x = f(t), where f(0) = ~3 and f(1) = 4. "Since -B47t. Also, y = g(t), where g(0) = ~2 and g(1) = ~1 08 slope = 88 = 4-09) <7, x= 4) = 11-3 2) Since slope = SY = t=?) = 1, y =6() = Ka-B4 Th y= DHL ct coo. 244, One possible parametrization i 115. For simplicity, we assume that x and y are linear functions of t, and that the point (x,y) starts at (2,5) ‘Then x = f(t), where f(0) = 2 and f(1) = —1. Since = 34, Also, y = g(t), where g(0) = 5 and g(1) si Ay 0-5 Since slope = 4% = 9=8 =, y=5—5t, t20. sy Salt) = —5t+5 =5—5t. One possible parametrization is: 116. One possible parametrization is: x=t, y=U(t—4), t<2 PRELIMINARY CHAPTER ADDITIONAL EXERCISES-THEORY, EXAMPLES, APPLICATIONS 1, (a) The given graph is reflected about the y-axis. (b) The given graph is reflected about the x-axis (©) The given graph is shifted left 1 unit, stzetched (4) The given graph is shifted right 2 units, stretched vertically by a factor of 2, reflected about the vertically by a factor of 3, and then shifted x-axis, and then shifted upward 1 unit. downward 2 units. 4 yeMen-2iminary Chapter Additional Exercises~Theory, Examples, Applications 79 2. (a) z (b) eenfaty 3. (a) y = 100,000 —10,000x, 0<¢x < 10 () y = 55,000 100,000 — 10,000x = 55,000 =10,000x = ~45,000 45 ‘The value is $55,000 after 4.5 years. 4. (a) £(0) = 90 units 90 —52 In 3 = 82.8722 units {0.4} by (20,100) 5. 1500(1.08)* = 6000 ~ 1.08" = $000 = 20 tn (1,08)¢ = In 40 — ¢ tn 1.08 = In AP = 20/8). 15.6439 Ie will take about 16.6439 years. (If the bank only pays interest at the end of the year, it will take 16 year 6. The angles labeled + in the accompanying figure are equal since both angles subtend are CD. Simi labeled a are equal since they both subtend are AB. Thus, tviangles ABD and BEC are similar which implies Apt = ecg P—b & (a c)(ate) = b(2e cos 8b) tab cos 6 — b? => c? = a? +b? — 2ab cos 8. rly, the two angles 1. nin the proof of the law of snes of Setion P.6, Bxercie 86, ah = be sn A = ab sin C= sn B the aren of ABC =} (ba) sight) = Jah = fe80 10. uL 12, 13, 4. 15. 16. Preliminary Chapter (o) The coordinates of Pare (252,540) = (8). Thus the slope of oP = 4 — W/2 i (b) The slope of AB = B= ot hee dope is 1-=(8)(-8 is perpendialar to OP when ‘The line segments AB and OP are perpendicular when the product 2 85. Thus, bP =a? = a= (since both are postive). ‘Therefore, AB ‘Triangle ABD is an isosceles right triangle with its right angle at B and an angle of measure Fat A. We therefore have = ZDAB = ZDAE + ZCAB = tan“! 1+ tan“ 5 tn x) = x¥ In x and In(x*)" = x In x* = x? In x; then, x In x =x? Inx =x? > xInx=2 ln x > x=2 Therefore, x") =(x*) when x= 2. (2) I fis even, then f(x) = If fis odd, then {(—») x) and h(x) = (6(—)) = a(f(x)) = (2). s(x) and h(x) = g6(—x)) = a(—f(8)) = al f(x) = h(x) because g is even. If fis neither, then h may not be even. For example, if f(x) = x?-+x and g(x) = x2, then h(x) = x4 4 2x9 +x? and h(—x) =x*— 2x9 +x? # h(x). Therefore, h need not be even. (b) No, h is not always odd. Let g(t) =¢ and f(x) ‘Then, h(x) = g(f(x)) = f(x) = x? is even although g in odd. If f is odd, then f(x) = —f(x) and h(—x) = g(f(—x)) = g(—f(x)) = —a( f(x) = —h(x) because g is odd. Tn this ease, his odd. However, if fis even, asin the above counterexample, we see that h need not be oad. Alt) = Agel; A(t) =2Ap > 2Ag = Age Set =2 t= n2s t= M2 tad ‘There are (infinitely) many such function pairs. For example, f(x) = 3x and g(x) (g(x)) = f(4xx) = 3(4x) = 12x = 4(3x) = g(3x) = a(f(x))- Yes, there are many such function pairs. For example, i (x) (Fog)(x) = f(e(x)) = ((2e+3)9) =((2x+3)9)!"? = 2x43, (2x-+3)8 and f(x) = x1/9, then If Fis odd and defined at x, then f(—x) = ~f(x). Thus g(x) = f(x) -2 a(x) = ~(6(x) —2) = -f(4) +2. Then g cannot be odd because g(—x) > 4=0, which is a contradiction. Also, g(x) ‘even, then g(x) = f(x) ~2 is also even: g(x) A(x) ~ 2 whereas a(x) => A(x) —2 = f(x) +2 for all x. On the other hand, if fis (x). If g is odd and g(0) is defined, then g(0) = g(-0) = ~g(0). ‘Therefore, 2g(0) = 0 => g(0) =0. not even unless f(x) f(-x) = 2 = f(x) —Preliminary Chapter Additional Exercises~Theory, Examples, Applications 81 17, For (x,y) in the Ist quadrant, ixi-+|y|=1 +x exty=ltx ee ysl. Por (xy) in the 2nd quadrant, Ixitly|=x+1@ —xty=x41 y= 2x41. In the 3rd quadrant, ixit|y|=x+1 ee x-yextl y= —2x-1. Inthe dth quadrant, [xI+|y|=x+1 4 x4(-y) =x41 2 y =-1. The graph is given at the right. 18, We use reasoning similar to Exercise 17. (1) Ast quadrant: y-+1y|=x-+1x1 pay smeyex (2) 2nd quadrant: y+]y|=x-+ix1 ety ext(-x) <0 y=0. (8) 8rd quadrant: y+)y/=x+1x1 ey4(-y)=x4(-x) 2020 = all pointe in the 3rd quadrant satisfy the equation. (4) 4th quadrant: y-+]y|=x+1x1 yt (-y)=2x 6 0=x. Combining these results we have the graph given at the right: 19, If fia even and odd, then f(—x) ‘Thus 2f(x) = 0 = f(x) =0. (4) and f(—x) = f(x) = f(x) = f(x) for all x in the domain of f. 20.) As uggs et 2) =H) 5 gg) MDH) 49) oy) Ban ven function, Define O() = fe) ~ B(x) = fe) S224 809) hey Hx) (0) _ fx) — A) __ (Ks) = 1-2) fx) = (x) _ fo) _ _ (1 ( ) (x) + 0(x) is the sum of an even and an odd function. (©) Part (a) shows that f(x) = E(x) + 0(x) is the sum of an even and an odd function. If also f(x) = By(x) +0,(x), where By is even and O, is odd, then f(x) ~f(x) = 0 = (Ey(x) +0,(x)) = (E(x) +0(x)). Thus, E(x) — By(x) = 04(x) ~ 0(x) for all x in the domain of f (which is the same as the domain of E-Ey and O—0,). Now (E-E,)(-x) = E(-x) ~ By(~x) = B(x) —Ey(x) (since E and B, are even) = (E-E,)(x) = E~Ey is even, Likewise, (0, ~ 0)(~x) = 0,(~x) -O(-x) = -0,() - (-0() (Gince © and O, are odd) = ~(0,(x) — O(x)) = -(0; —0)(x) = 0, ~0 is odd. ‘Therefore, B— Ey and2 a. 2, m Preliminary Chapter =O are both even and odd so they must be zero at each x in the domain of f by Exercise 19. ‘That is, E, =E and 0, =0, s0 the decomposition of f found in part (a) is unique. If the graph of f(x) passes the horizontal line test, 60 will the graph of g(x) reflected about the x-axis ‘Alternate answer: If g(x) = a(x) then ~f(3,) = ~f(xq) fy) = fxg), and xy =, f(x) since it’s the same graph ince fis one-to-one. Suppose that g(x) = g(%,)- Then i Hyp 10a) = Hen) and xy = x since fis one-to-one, . (a) The expression a(b°*) +d is defined for all values of x, so the domain is (~20,c0). Since b** attains all positive values, the range is (d,oc) if a > 0 and the range is (~c0,d) if a < 0. (b) The expression a log, (xc) +d is defined when x > 0, so the domain is (c,00). Since a log, (xc) +4 attains every real value for some value of x, the range is (00, 0). (2) Suppose f(x) = fx). Then: set mat as bienes) = (a2, +)(em +4) oxy + ade, + dex, + bd = sexy + adr, + boxy thd aad, + bexy = adr, + box, (ad ~be)xy = (ed — be) Since ad—be #0, this means that xy = x3. aarth ys Sad cxy +dy = a+b (ey-a)x = -dy +b _atysb xaayse Interchange x and y. néxtb yaa xix ar Pix) = s0 the horizontal asymptote is y = 8 (c #0). Since f{x) is undefined at = 9; the vertical anymptote is x= § provided e #0. (d) Asx £00, f71(x) = GEAE — —4, 20 the horizontal asymptote is = 9 (¢ 40), Since (x) is undefined at 8. The horizontal asymptote of f becomes the vertical asymptote of f"! and vice versa due to the reflection of the graph about the line y = x. = 8 the vertical asymptote iswary Chapter Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 83 (0) rs ’ wo om} * ‘=| hocne : = «| = yoy ° = ‘The graph does not support the assumption that yor! ‘The graph supports the assumption that y a 4%, The constant of proportionality is estimated from the slope of the regression line, which is 0.6, therefore, y = 0.6(4*). 26. Plot the data. y (ol cont) x (hey SS ‘The graph suggests that an exponential relationship might be appropriate, The exponential regression function ‘on the TI-92 Plus calculator gives y = 599°" and the following graph shows the exponential regression curve superimposed on the graph of the data points. y (oul come) x (he) > ‘The curve appears to fit the data very well. ‘The cell count reaches 50,000 when 50,000 = 599° = x = 5 In 50,000 1 aye a 22.123 hours 22 hours 7.4 minutes.84 Preliminary Chapter 27, (a) Since the elongation of the spring is zero when the stress is 5(10-%)(Ib/in2), the data should be adjusted by aubtracting this amount from each of the stress data values. This gives the following table, where = ~5(10~). sx 0 «5 15585 ASKS BSG exl0® 0 19ST ASA: 1736256297 343390 of the graph is (ar —s100%) )8) and the model is ¢ 5 or ‘The slope ofthe graph i PEST = 4.0010) and the model ise = 41") (10°)(s -5(10-). () As show in the following graph, the largest relative error is about 6.4% Lact Embed 5.190% al . * acne *10° ston 160 200, 2% Ro 380 400 NobbobLoone® “The model fits the data well. There does appear to be a pattern in the errors (i, they are not random) indicating that refinement of the model is posible. = 4(10)(200 —5)(10-%) = 780(20°)(in./in.). Since » = 200(10~*)(Ib/in.2) is well outside the range of the data used for the model, one should not feel comfortable with this prediction without further testing of the spring. ©Preliminary Chapter Additional Exercises-Theory, Examples, Applications 85 28. Plot the data. rommce () re v0] xn =| . 10 rar ay (a) The data suggests a decaying exponential relationship. ‘The exponential regression function on the I-92 lus calculator gives p = 100,085et where p is the pressure in pascals and t is the elapsed time in minutes. ‘The next graph superimposes the exponential regression curve on the data points, ime (nin) T 2 3 4 3 ° (6) The ph chows ta the exponent epeina Gs the data vty el some atau a0 (0 The pwn ce 20 Pe en 290 10088 = 6 minutes 13 seconds. 6.22 minutes 29, (a) y = 20.627x + 398.622 (b) When x = 30, y = 957.445. According to the regression equation, about 957 degrees will be eared. (©) The slope is 20.627. It represents the approximate annual increase in the number of doctorates earned by Hispanic Americans per year. 80. (a) y = 14.60175-1.00232* (b) Solving y = 25 graphically, we obtain x - 232. According to the regression equation, the population will reach 26 million in the year 2132. (©) 0.232% 31, (a) The TI-92 Plus calculator gives f(x) = 2.000268 sin (2.990187x — 1.000966) + 3.999881, (b) f(x) = 2 sin (9x1) 4486 Preliminary Chapter 32, (a) y = -590.969 + 152.817 In x, where x is the number of years after 1960. (b) When x = 85, y = 87.94. ‘About 87.94 million metric tons were produced. (€) 590.960 + 152.817 In x= 120 152.817 In x = 710.969 nx = 710.969 m= 162817 roses x = ol82817 -s 104.84 ‘According to the regression equation, oil production will reach 120 million metric tons when x 104.84, in about 2005. 83. (a) The I-93 Plus calculator gives Q = 1.00(2.0138") = 1.00e°7* (b) For 1996, x =9.6 => Q(9.6) = «7 °) = 828.82 units of energy consumed that year as estimated by the exponential regression. ‘The exponential regression shows that energy consumption has doubled {neremed by 100%) each decade during the 20th century, ‘The anmtal rate of increase during this time is 2-04) _ 60.710) — 0.0725 = 7.25%. NOTES: