GRAMMAR BOOK!

Conditionals!
Conditional Time Frame Probability Example Structure

If I meet Helen, I will invite her

First Conditional Future Possible If + S + do/does+ O, S +will do +O
to the party.
am/is/are might do
can do
may do

If I won the lottery, If + S + did + O, S +would do +O

Second Conditional Future Unlikely were
I would help the world.

Unreal/ If I had the money, If + S + did + O, S +would do +O

Second Conditional Present were
Imaginary I would lend it to you.

If I had studied French, If +S+ had done +O,

Third Conditional Past Impossible S + would have done +O
I would have known it.

If you drop something,

Always/Generally Certain If + S + do/does +O, S +do/does +O
Zero Conditional it falls.
am/is/are am/is/are
 Relative Clauses!
Imagine, a girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask a friend whether he knows her. You could say:

A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?

That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with a relative clause: you put both pieces of information into one sentence. Start with the
most important thing you want to know who the girl is.

Do you know the girl

As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need to put in the additional information the girl is talking to Tom. Use the girl only in
the first part of the sentence, in the second part replace it with the relative pronoun (for people, use the relative pronoun who). So the final sentence is:

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

relative
use example
pronoun

who subject or object pronoun for people I told you about the woman who lives next door.

which subject or object pronoun for animals and things Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?

which referring to a whole sentence He couldnt read which surprised me.

whose possession for people animals and things Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?

whom object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative I was invited by the professor whom I met at the
clauses we colloquially prefer who) conference.
that subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses I dont like the table that stands in the kitchen.
(who or which are also possible)

Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?

Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which, that are used for subject and object pronouns. You can, however,
distinguish them as follows:

If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used.

the apple which is lying on the table

If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in
defining relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.

the apple (which) George lay on the table

Relative Adverbs

A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the sentence easier to understand.

This is the shop in which I bought my bike.

This is the shop where I bought my bike.

relative adverb meaning use example

when in/on which refers to a time expression the day when we met him

where in/at which refers to a place the place where we met him
why for which refers to a reason the reason why we met him

Comparatives!
.not as + (adj.) + as.. ( CAN USE FOR ALL ADJECTIVES!)

.as + (adj.) + as.. = ( CAN USE FOR ALL ADJECTIVES!)

WOULD LIKE TO DO = WANT TO DO (NOW/FUTURE)
 FEEL LIKE DOING = KIND OF WANT TO DO NOW

Indefinite Pronouns!

pronoun meaning example

anybody/ anyone no matter what person Can anyone answer this question?

anything no matter what thing The doctor needs to know if you have eaten anything in the last
two hours.

everybody/ all people We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived.
everyone

everything all things They have no house or possessions. They lost everything in the
earthquake.

nobody/ no-one no person I phoned many times but nobody answered.

nothing no single thing, not anything If you don't know the answer it's best to say nothing.

somebody/ an unspecified or unknown person Clearly somebody murdered him. It was not suicide.
someone
pronoun meaning example

something an unspecified or unknown thing Listen! I just heard something! What could it be?

they people in general (informal) They say that vegetables are good for you.

any no matter how much or how many Is any left?

Are any coming?

none not any; no person or persons They fixed the water so why is none coming out of the tap?
I invited five friends but none have come.*

some an unspecified quantity of something; an unspecified number of Here is some.

people or things Some have arrived.

both two people or things, seen together John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are good.

each every one of two or more people or things, seen separately Each has his own thoughts.

neither not one and not the other of two people or things I keep telling Jack and Jill but neither believes me.
pronoun meaning example

either one or the other of two people or things Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't mind. Either is good for me.