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ENGM029 / Semester 2 2015/ 4pp (1 handout)

UNIVERSITY OF SURREY
Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Postgraduate Programmes in Civil Engineering

Module ENGM029; 15 Credits
BRIDGE MANAGEMENT
FHEQ Level 7 Examination
Time allowed: Two hours Semester 2 2015

Answer ALL THREE questions
Each question carries equal marks.

Where appropriate the mark carried by an individual part of a question is indicated in square
brackets [ ].
Candidates may use Casio FX115MS calculators or any other model with lower
functionality (i.e. non programmable, no alphanumeric memory and
no communication devices).
Additional materials:
1 Handout (Extracts from BS5400: Part 10)

Please note that this exam paper is copyright of the University of Surrey and may not be
reproduced, republished or redistributed without written permission
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

ENGM029/Semester 2 2015/ 4pp 2
1. Figure 1 shows the detail of a stiffener, filled-welded to a plate girder along the bottom
flange and the web. The plate girder is proposed as one of the main members of a new
steel highway bridge and its fatigue resistance needs to be assessed. A detailed analysis
of the bridge under design fatigue load models has resulted in the monthly stress range
spectrum given in Table 1.
(a) Classify the welded detail shown in Figure 1 according to BS 5400 Part 10. Each
of the welds connecting the stiffener to the web and to the flange need to be
classified separately. [4]
(b) Using Table 1 and assuming that the same spectrum is repeated every month,
estimate the design fatigue life of the stiffener detail. Is this satisfactory or not
and why? [10]
(c) Without performing any calculations, discuss whether a 20% increase in the stress
levels experienced by the detail or a 20% increase in the applied number of cycles
will have the largest effect on the design fatigue life. Comment on the sensitivity
of fatigue life on these two parameters. [5]
(d) A surface fatigue crack has been detected in the bridge detail. Suggest inspection
method(s) capable of detecting the crack and briefly describe how they can be
applied. [6]
650
20
Stiffeners
Fillet 12
welds 1250
5 5
25
Figure 1 Stiffener detail (all dimensions in mm)
Stress range (MPa) Applied number of cycles

18 7,000
25 5,500
35 1,000
42 300
Table 1 Monthly stress range spectrum for the stiffener detail shown in Figure 1
2. (a) The figure below highlights the major challenges in todays bridge asset
management. Provide concise explanations for any two of the factors listed. [6]
(b) Consider the following costs for a new bridge with a projected service life of 100
years:
Direct costs
Construction cost: 20 units
Programmed maintenance: 2 cost units every 20 years
Upgrading: 4 cost units after 60 years
Indirect costs
Programmed maintenance: 4 cost units per application
Upgrading: 6 cost units
Using a discount rate of 3%, find the whole life cost for this bridge scheme. You
may assume that the bridge will be replaced at the end of its service life and that
there is no need to consider end-of-life or replacement costs. [12]
(c) For the bridge in part (b), the highways authority is also considering an
alternative scheme, which could halve the time required for maintenance and
upgrading. However, its direct costs for maintenance are higher by 50%. What
would be your advice to the authority with regard to scheme selection? You may
assume that reduction in time results in a proportional reduction in indirect costs.
[7]
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3. (a) Discuss the reasons why a bridge may need strengthening. What strengthening
methods can you utilise to strengthen concrete bridges? Briefly describe these
methods with the aid of diagrams/figures. [12]
(b) Discuss the advantages that composites offer in construction and the main
challenges associated with using them. Describe for what purposes composites
can be used in bridges. [13]
Internal Examiners: Dr B. Imam

Prof M.K. Chryssanthopoulos
Prof Brian Bell
External Examiner: Dr A. Kwan
[FINAL PAGE]
ENGM029/Semester 2 2014/4pp (1 handout)


BRIDGE MANAGEMENT
Time allowed: Two hours

Semester 2 2014

Answer ALL THREE questions

brackets [ ].
1 Handout (Extracts from BS5400: Part 10)

Calculator restrictions: Casio Models FX115MS, FX115W or FX115S, or other models

with lower functionality


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1. A detail of a transverse attachment, fillet-welded to the bottom flange of a plate girder of a

railway bridge, is shown in Figure 1. The orientation of the loading exhibited by the detail
is shown in the same figure. The steel railway bridge was constructed in 1960 for a design
fatigue life of 120 years. The bridge is located very close to an iron ore mine and has been
used by a single type of freight train which carries ore from the mine to a nearby harbour.
The train has been operating since the bridges construction.
A re-assessment of the remaining fatigue life of the bridge is required. For this purpose,
field measurements have been obtained on the bridge detail for determining realistic
stress levels. Figure 2 presents the nominal stress history obtained under the passage of
a single freight train.
(a) Classify the welded detail shown in Figure 1 according to BS 5400 Part 10 taking
into account weld toe failure. Explain clearly your choice. [3]
(b) Use the BS5400 Part 10 reservoir method to convert the stress history shown in
Figure 2 into equivalent stress ranges. [7]
(c) Assuming that the freight train passes 60 times every day over the bridge,
calculate the remaining design fatigue life of the bridge neglecting any load
frequency increase in the future. Comment on whether this is satisfactory or not.
If not, propose ways of extending the remaining life. [10]
(d) If a crack was detected on the bridge detail, describe how you would use the
Fracture Mechanics method for the inspection and maintenance planning of the
bridge. [5]
25
Attachment
50
applied
350
stress
500 500 applied

stress
50
20
Fillet welds
Figure 1 (all dimensions in mm)
[QUESTION CONTINUES ON NEXT PAGE]

Stress (MPa)
60
45
25
10
Time
Figure 2
2. (a) Outline the objectives of bridge management at network and project level, in each
case giving at least one example. [7]
(b) Consider the following costs for a new bridge with a projected service life of 120
years:
Construction cost: 10 units

Programmed maintenance: 1 cost unit every 20 years
Upgrading: 4 cost units after 60 years
Using a discount rate of 3%, find the whole life cost for this bridge scheme. [10]
(c) A new preventative maintenance method can also be considered, which needs to
be applied at 10 year intervals. If fully effective, it could remove the need for
upgrading to be undertaken, though programmed maintenance every 20 years
would still be required. However, it is estimated there is a 50% chance that a
degree of upgrading (costing 3 units) would still be required after 80 years. In
comparison with the above scheme, how much would you be prepared to pay
every 10 years for such a method? What other considerations might influence
your decision? [8]
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3. A 3-span cantilever/suspended post-tensioned concrete bridge has been struck by an

over height vehicle and an assessment of the possible effects of the damage is required.
The main span is constructed with a central beam supported on reinforced concrete
half-joints at the quarter points.
The cantilevers and adjoining side spans are supported by elastomeric bearings over
intermediate column supports and are tied down to the concrete abutments with
vertical prestressed bars. Both of them are horizontally restrained by two steel dowels.
The vehicle struck one end of the suspended central beam at the upper half-joint,
immediately adjacent to the heavily reinforced anchorage block, causing one 25mm
reinforcing bar to be exposed and deformed by the impact. Concrete cover was lost at
the point of impact and across the soffit of the single box section. On the opposite side
of the deck, the lower half of the half-joint was affected by the reflected shock wave so
that concrete cover was also lost across the entire side face.
(a) Identify the primary risks of damage to the bridge and whether the impact is
likely to have increased the potential risk of an instantaneous collapse. [12]
(b) Outline a systematic investigation to check the integrity of the post-tensioned

central span, the adjoining post-tensioned cantilever and the side span. [13]
Internal Examiners: Dr B. Imam

Dr P. Lindsell
External Examiner: Prof K.S. Virdi
[FINAL PAGE]
ENGM029/SEMR2 2015/16 Req: Handout x 1
Department of Civil Engineering
Undergraduate Programmes in Civil and Environmental Engineering
Bridge Management
Time allowed: Two hours Semester 2 2015/6
Answer ALL questions
Each question carries 25 marks.
Where appropriate the mark carried by an individual

part of a question is indicated in square brackets [ ].
Extracts from BS5400: Part 10
no communication devices)
Please note that this exam paper is copyright of the University of Surrey and
may not be reproduced, republished or redistributed without written permission
ENGM029/Semr2 2015/16
1. Figure 1 shows a bridge detail of a welded steel railway bridge that was
constructed in 1970. The detail consists of a long attachment fillet welded
all around to another plate. The owner of the bridge wants to carry out a
detailed fatigue assessment of the bridge to estimate its remaining fatigue
life. To support this, field measurements have been carried out on the
bridge for a period of one week to determine the nominal stress ranges
that the detail is experiencing. Table 1 shows the weekly stress range
spectrum.
(a) Classify the welded detail shown in Figure 1 according to BS 5400

Part 10, clearly indicating your justification for your choice. [4]
(b) Using Table 1 and assuming that the spectrum is repeated every
week, estimate the remaining fatigue life of the bridge detail. You can
assume that there are 52 weeks in a year. [10]
(c) Briefly discuss three fatigue repair methods that can be used on steel
bridge details. [6]
(d) Briefly describe how fracture toughness can be used within the scope
of Fracture Mechanics analysis of cracks. What does the fracture
toughness of a material depend on? [5]
attachment
20
50
applied
260 applied
stress
stress
120 400
fillet welds
20
Figure 1 (all dimensions in mm)
Stress range Applied number of

(MPa) cycles
15 1,400
25 1,000
30 800
38 400
45 80
Table 1
2 [SEE NEXT PAGE]

ENGM029/Semr2 2015/16
2. (a) An eighty year old highway bridge is located close to a coastal town
in North England, next to an industrial plant. It is constructed with six
main steel beams carrying a reinforced concrete slab deck with steel
parapets. The beams are placed on brickwork abutments and are
supported by steel pot bearings. The bridge has just had a principal
inspection and the main findings are as follows:
- Paint on the two external beams, applied 10 years ago, has

deteriorated substantially and requires immediate attention.
- Paint on the remaining internal beams, also applied 10 years ago,
seems to be in a good condition and is expected to reach its
service life.
- The steel parapets are in a very good condition.
- The concrete deck will require re-surfacing within the next 5 years.
- The bearing are 10 years into their service life and seem to be
performing well.
Based on this information and the data given below, develop a

maintenance plan and estimate the whole life cost for maintenance
over the next 40 years. You may assume that the plan is to replace
the entire bridge at the end of this period. Use a discount rate of 3%.
Paint has an estimated service life of 15 years (repaint cost: 1 unit per
pair of beams)
Bearings have an estimated service life of 40 years (replacement cost:
6 units in total)
Steel parapets have an estimated service life of 25 years
(replacement cost: 3 units)
Carriageway surfacing has an estimated service life of 20 years
(resurfacing cost: 4 units) [12]
(b) A new type of RC deck slab with extra-durable surfacing and

integrated parapets is an option that could be considered for future
use. If installed, it would last for at least 40 years with no carriageway
re-surfacing or parapet replacement required during its service life.
How much would you be prepared to pay for such a unit to be
installed? Are there any other considerations which might influence
this decision? [7]
QUESTION 2 CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE
3 [SEE NEXT PAGE]

ENGM029/Semr2 2015/16
(c) The figure below shows the hierarchy in bridge management levels.
Give examples of activities and decisions that need to be undertaken
at each level.
[6]
4 [SEE NEXT PAGE]

ENGM029/Semr2 2015/16
3. (a) Within the context of railway bridges, describe what the purpose of
carrying out an assessment is. Discuss the different types of
assessment that are available in terms of increasing level of
sophistication. Also discuss why a bridge can become sub-standard?
What kind of mitigation options are available for sub-standard railway
bridges? [12]
(b) Discuss, with the aid of diagrams where necessary, three

strengthening methods for masonry arch bridges. [13]
Internal Examiner: Dr B. Imam

Prof B. Bell
5 [FINAL PAGE]
ENGM032/5/SEMR2 2015/16 (handout x1)
Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences
STEEL AND COMPOSITE BRIDGE DESIGN
Time allowed: Two hours Semester 2 2015-6
All questions carry equal marks; where appropriate the mark carried
by an individual part of a question is indicated in brackets [ ].
Additional Materials:
Candidates may use extracts from BS5400: Part 3 provided.
Please avoid the use of red and green inks.
Candidates may use Casio FX115MS calculators or any other model with
lower functionality (i.e. non programmable, no alphanumeric memory and
Please
note that this exam paper is copyright of the University of Surrey
and may not be reproduced, republished or redistributed without written
permission.
ENGM032/SEMR2 2015/16
1. (a) Explain in bullet point form when elastic design should be used for a
continuous composite bridge? [6]
(b) Consider the design of a composite bridge beam. The asymmetrical

beam cross-section has the following dimensions and material properties:
Top flange 300mm wide x 20mm thick

Bottom flange 300mm wide x 35mm thick
Web 1000mm deep x 12mm thick
Concrete slab 200mm deep x 2.0m wide
Steel strength S355 (fy = 355 N/mm2)
Partial factor (steel) 1.1
Concrete strength fcu = 50 N/mm2 (cube
strength)
fcyl = 40 N/mm2
(cylinder strength)
Partial factor (concrete) 1.5
Determine the plastic bending resistance of the composite beam in

positive (sagging) bending. [12]
(c) For the above beam size, calculate the second moment of area in positive
(sagging) bending for:
Modular ratio of steel to concrete, De = Es/Ec = 10. [12]
(d) For the above beam size, calculate the elastic bending resistance in
positive (sagging) bending for the limiting steel and concrete strengths as
given below:
Steel stress = 0.9 fy

Concrete stress = 0.4 fcu /1.1
[7]
QUESTION 1 CONTINUES ON NEXT PAGE
2
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ENGM032/SEMR2 2015/16
(e) Determine the elastic shear forces in the shear connectors and the
spacing of the shear connectors for the above composite section in
positive (sagging) bending based the above geometrical data and elastic
properties for:
Shear force, V = 500 kN

Characteristic resistance = 100 kN
of shear connector, Pk
Partial factor on Pk = 1.25
[7]
(e) Draw the shear force diagrams and illustrate the difference in the required
spacing of the shear connectors for elastic design of a uniformly loaded
beam and a beam with two point loads at the third points.
[6]
3
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ENGM032/SEMR2 2015/16
2. List the advantages and disadvantages of using bolts and welds for in-situ steel
bridge connections. [10]
Describe briefly the means available to ensure the correct bolt tension is
obtained when using high strength friction grip bolts in a bolted connection.
[6]
Figure 1 shows details of a splice connection made in a plate girder using M24
high strength friction grip bolts. Determine both the ultimate moment and
ultimate shear capacity of the connection. [34]
Notes:
All dimensions are in mm.
Web splice plates 900 x 325 x 10mm
Flange splice plates 450 x 250 x 15mm
All structural steel grade S275.
All bolts M24 diameter HSFG Grade 1.
Faying surfaces have been grit blasted.
Figure 1 Splice in plate girder

4
[SEE NEXT PAGE]
ENGM032/SEMR2 2015/16
Internal Examiners: Prof G A R Parke

Prof M Lawson
External Examiner: Prof Alan Kwan
5
[SEE NEXTPAGE]
[FINAL PAGE]
STEEL AND COMPOSITE BRIDGE DESIGN
All questions carry equal marks; where appropriate the mark carried
by an individual part of a question is indicated in brackets [ ].
Additional Materials:
Candidates may use extracts from BS5400: Part 3 provided.
Please avoid the use of red and green inks.

Please note that this exam paper is copyright of the University of Surrey and may not
be reproduced, republished or redistributed without written permission.
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

ENGM032/Semester 2 2015/3pp 2
1. (a) Explain in bullet point form how the section classification (for local buckling)
affects the method of design permitted for a continuous composite beam. Explain
what other factors influence whether the plastic bending resistance in negative
(hogging) bending can be achieved? [6]
(b) Consider the design of a composite bridge beam. The asymmetrical beam cross-
section has the following dimensions and material properties:
Top flange 300mm wide x 25mm thick

Bottom flange 300mm wide x 40mm thick
Web 1200mm deep x 15mm thick
Concrete slab 200mm deep x 2.0m wide
Steel strength S355 (fy = 355 N/mm2)
Partial factor (steel) 1.1
Concrete strength 40 N/mm2 (cube strength)
Partial factor (concrete) 1.5
Determine the plastic bending resistance of the composite beam in positive

(sagging) bending. [12]
(c) For the same beam as above, determine the plastic bending resistance of the beam
in negative (hogging) bending for the following additional data:
Reinforcement in the slab 20 bars x 20mm diameter

Reinforcement strength 500 N/mm2
Partial factor (reinforcement) 1.15
[12]
(d) For the above beam size, calculate the second moment of area in positive
(sagging) bending for:
Modular ratio of steel to concrete, e = Es/Ec = 10. [12]
(e) Determine the elastic bending resistance of the composite section in positive
(sagging) bending based on the limiting stress in the steel and concrete for:
Steel stress = 355 N/mm2

Concrete stress = 0.4 x Cube strength
[8]
2. (a) Explain, using sketches, the behaviour of a thin simply supported plate, loaded by
uniform in-plane compression, along two opposite edges. How does the plate
elastic buckling capacity alter with changes in the boundary conditions? [20]
(b) Figure 1 shows a cross section through a plate girder fabricated from plates in
S355 steel. The girder has a stiffened web with transverse stiffeners welded at
2500 mm centres along the girder. If the compression flange of the plate girder is
fully restrained against lateral torsional buckling, using the extracts from BS5400
Part 3, determine the maximum ultimate bending moment that the plate girder
can support with a co-existent ultimate vertical shear force of 1500 kN. [30]
500 x 22mm flange plate
2200 x 12 mm web plate
500 x 22mm flange plate
Figure 2 Cross-section through plate girder showing the dimension of the plates
Internal Examiners: Prof G A R Parke

Prof M Lawson
External Examiner: Prof Alan Kwan
[FINAL PAGE]

STRUCTURAL SAFETY AND RELIABILITY
All questions carry equal marks unless otherwise stated; where appropriate the mark carried
by an individual part of a question is indicated in brackets [].
1 Handout (Table of Standard Normal Distribution)

[SEE NEXT PAGE]

1. Provide concise answers to the following:
(a) List the advantages and disadvantages associated with estimating failure
probability through FORM and Monte Carlo simulation. [5]
(b) The following two numbers have been randomly generated from a uniform
distribution between 0 and 1: 0.45764, 0.01237. Find the corresponding values of
a random variable X which has the following cumulative distribution function:
FX(x) = 1 e-0.033x for x > 0. [5]
(c) The diagram below shows the design point A for a non-linear limit state
function in standard normal space. Define the co-ordinates of this point and
explain how it is used to estimate the probability of failure through FORM.
Zj
Zi
O
[5]
(d) Describe the essential characteristics of series and parallel systems, together with
expressions for system failure probability and at least one example of each. [5]
Where appropriate, use fully annotated diagrams and/or mathematical expressions to

support your arguments.
2. (a) Bayes Theorem states
P ( A | Ei ) P ( Ei )
P( Ei | A) = n
P( A | E
j =1
j ) P( E j )
With the aid of a Venn diagram describe the context in which this expression can
be applied, explaining carefully the significance of each term in the above
expression. [4]
(b) A non-destructive test detects defects in welds correctly with a probability of

80%. It also incorrectly finds a defect in 5% of satisfactory welds. Based on past
experience, it is expected that 10% of all welds contain defects. If 1000 welds are
to be inspected, what percentage is expected to be classified wrongly? [4]
(c) What is the probability that a weld found by the test to be satisfactory is in fact
defective? [4]
(d) What is the probability that a weld found by the test to contain flaws is in fact
satisfactory? [4]
(e) Compare the above two probabilities and comment on their relative magnitudes,
in light of potential improvements to the NDT performance (on either of the two
test characteristics given above) [4]
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3. (a) A slender cylindrical column is to be designed to carry a random axial load P.

The load carrying capacity of the column is given by
CED 4
PC =
L2
where L is the effective length, E is the elastic modulus, C is a model coefficient

and D is the column diameter.
Due to model uncertainty C is random, and due to uncertainty in the restraint

afforded by surrounding members L is also random. There is geometrical
variability in D and load variability in P. The elastic modulus E is deterministic
and equal to 205 kN/mm2.
Using the method of ISO 2394 with standardised sensitivity factors, find the
mean value of P that can be sustained for a target failure probability of 5x10-4.
The probabilistic models for P, L, C and D are given below:
Variable Distribution Mean Value Coefficient of

Variation
P Normal ? kN 0.30
L Normal 4m 0.15
C Normal 0.50 0.10
D Normal 150 mm 0.10
[13]
(b) State the key relationship between partial factors and the results of a reliability
analysis used in limit state code calibration, clearly defining all relevant terms.
Determine the partial factor to be used on the characteristic value of the diameter
D, specified as the 5% fractile of the distribution described in the table above (i.e.
the characteristic value has a 95% probability of being exceeded). The target
reliability is 5x10-4. [7]
Internal Examiner: Prof. M K Chryssanthopoulos
External Examiner: Dr. A Kwan
[FINAL PAGE]
Postgraduate Programmes in Bridge/Civil/Structural Engineering
STRUCTURAL SAFETY AND RELIABILITY

brackets [ ].
Additional material:
Table of Standard Normal Distribution
reproduced, republished or redistributed without written permission.
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

1. (a) A fully fixed 8m long beam carrying a uniformly distributed imposed load Q and
a permanent load G is to be designed against serviceability deflection criteria with
a target reliability of = 3.8. The loads Q and G and the Youngs modulus, E, are
assumed to be normally distributed random variables, with the parameters given
below. There is also some uncertainty related to the end fixity of the beam,
represented by the random variable K. The allowable central deflection is set to a
deterministic limit equal to L/200. Using the standardised sensitivity factors given
in ISO 2394, determine the required mean value of the second moment of area, I,
assuming that it is normally distributed with a coefficient of variation of 0.03.
What is the failure probability corresponding to the target ?
L = 8m
C
K (Q + G ) L4
C =
384 EI
Variable Mean Std. Dev.

Q (kN/m) 20 6
G (kN/m) 10 1
E (GPa) 140 7
K 1.2 0.1
[14]
(b) Discuss the use of reliability analysis in the calibration of partial factors for
structural codes. State the key relationship between partial factors and the
results of a reliability analysis used in the context of code calibration, clearly
defining all relevant terms. [6]
2. (a) The expression below is used to estimate the probability of failure for the
fundamental case which involves two random variables R and S, representing
resistance and load effect respectively:
pf = FR (x) f S (x) dx
-
Using an appropriate sketch, carefully define the terms and explain how this
expression may be derived. [5]
(b) A structural member with random resistance R is subjected to a random load

effect S. The probability density functions for R and S are shown in the diagram
below. Determine the mean values of R and S. Calculate the failure probability,
assuming that R and S are independent.
fS(s) fR(r)
5 12 15 22 R, S (in kN)
[15]
DATA:
The equation of a straight line y = f(x) passing through two points with co-ordinates
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by:
( y y1 ) = (x x1 )
( y 2 y1 ) (x2 x1 )
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3. (a) What are the essential characteristics of series and parallel systems? Write down
the expressions for system failure probability and state what is the effect of
element correlation on their probability of failure. [5]
(b) The majority of construction failures are linked to human error. What tools and
mechanisms do we have at our disposal to address this important cause of failure?
How do we deal with consciously accepted risks associated with random
variability in loads, materials and construction processes? [5]
(c) What are the main factors that influence the choice of target reliability values in
modern codes of practice? Discuss briefly, giving examples of particular
structural types and their function. [5]
(d) Using an annotated diagram, explain the geometric interpretation of the reliability
index and its significance in the development of the First Order Reliability
Method (FORM). [5]
Internal Examiner: Prof. M K Chryssanthopoulos
External Examiner: Prof. K S Virdi
[FINAL PAGE]
ENGM050/SEMR2 2015-16
Department of Civil Engineering
Undergraduate Programmes in Civil Engineering
Structural Safety and Reliability
Time allowed: Two hours Semester 2 2015/6
Each question carries 20 marks.
Where appropriate the mark carried by an individual

part of a question is indicated in square brackets [ ].
1 Attachment (Table of Standard Normal Distribution)
functionality (i.e. non programmable, no alphanumeric memory and not wireless enabled).
ENGM050/SEMR2 2015-16
1. The simple portal frame shown in Fig. Q1 is supported on two pad foundations.
The predicted settlements, '1 and '2, can be assumed to be independent normally
distributed random variables with mean values of 35mm and 22mm and standard
deviations of 10mm and 8mm respectively. Calculate the probability that:
(a) The maximum settlement will exceed 60mm.

[6]
(b) The differential settlement, i.e. '1 - '2 or '2 -'1, will exceed 40mm.
[6]
(c) Considering (a) and (b) as two possible failure modes related to settlement,
suggest an appropriate system to represent the probability of failure due to
settlement and calculate simple bounds for this probability.
[4]
(d) Without performing calculations, how would the calculated probabilities be

affected from high statistical dependence between '1 and '2?
[2]
(e) What factors could cause statistical dependence between '1 and '2?
[2]
'1 '2
Fig. Q1
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ENGM050/SEMR2 2015-16
2. Provide concise answers to the following:
(a) With the aid of a Venn diagram describe the context in which Bayes
theorem, given below, can be used in structural inspections. Explain
carefully the significance of each term.
P( A | Ei ) P( Ei )
P( Ei | A) n
P( A | E
j 1
j ) P( E j )
[5]
(b) The annual variation of a load S (in kN) is described by following

probability density function
f S ( s) 0.003( s 10) 2 0 dsd10
What is the probability that the load will exceed 8 kN in one year? What is
the probability that it will exceed 8kN in 20 years?
[5]
(c) The expression below is used to estimate the probability of failure for the
fundamental case which involves two random variables R and S,
representing resistance and load effect respectively:
+f
pf = FR (x) f S (x) dx
-f
Using an appropriate sketch, carefully define the terms and explain how this
expression may be derived.
[5]
(d) State the key relationship between partial factors and the results of a
reliability analysis used in limit state code calibration, clearly defining all
relevant terms.
[5]
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ENGM050/SEMR2 2015-16
3. The steel beam shown in Fig. Q3 is to be designed against deflection criteria to

resist a uniformly distributed imposed load Q and a permanent load G. The loads
Q and G and the Youngs modulus E are assumed to be normally distributed
variables, with the parameters given below. The second moment of area I is also
normally distributed with a coefficient of variation of 5%. The span is
deterministic and equal to L = 8m and the allowable deflection is L/200.
Variable Mean Std. Dev.

Q (kN/m) 40 8
G (kN/m) 15 1.5
E (kN/m2) 200x106 6x106
(a) Determine the mean value of the required second moment of area, I, so that
the reliability of the beam is E= 3.8. Use the standardised sensitivity factors
given in ISO 2394.
[10]
(b) Develop a system of partial factors for a target reliability of E= 3.8 to be
used in limit state design of similar beams. Assume Q will be specified by
its 95% fractile value and all other variables (G, E and I) by their mean
values.
[6]
(c) Discuss briefly the main factors that influence the choice of target reliability
values in modern codes of practice.
[4]
5 w L4
max
384 EI
Fig. Q3
Internal Examiner: Prof. M.K. Chryssanthopoulos
4 [FINAL PAGE]
ENGM054/Semester 2 2015/13pp (3 handouts)
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Time allowed: 2 hours Semester 2 2015
Extracts from R.D.Blevins Formulas for natural frequency and mode shape (2 Pages),
Formula Sheet (2 pages), Extract from Eurocode 8 (3 pages).
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

1. Consider an offshore wind turbine structure supported on a tubular tower (Figure 1).
Although actual towers are tapered, we will consider a tower with constant wall
thickness of 7cm and external diameter of 6m. The structure can be assumed to be fixed
at the mud line level (see Figure 1 right for the model schematic) and represented by a 2
degrees of freedom (DOF) simplified model.
Figure 1. (Left) wind turbine generating (WTG) structure; (Right): Assumed lumped
mass distribution, with two mass and 2 DOF at mass locations.
Design information:
Eurocode classification: founded on soil type B, a type 1 spectrum applies with 7%
overall damping and a 0.40g design peak ground acceleration.
The tower is made of steel with yield stress, Fy=375 MPa, and Young Modulus,
E=200 GPa.
Second moment of area of the tower can be calculated from:
Ix =
(
d 0 4 di 4 )
64
where: do = outside cylinder diameter, di = inside cylinder diameter
The seismic response of the tower in the lateral direction will be considered only
(ignore directional effects of lateral motions, such as in-plane and out of plane of
the rotating blade). Consider only a simplified model (as shown in Figure 1 - right).
Lumped masses of the WTG tower are: m1 = 175, 000 kg, and m2 = 500, 000 kg,
Relevant pages from EC8 and excerpts from Belvins book are enclosed for your reference.
Answer the following questions:
1. Answer the following questions quantitatively and sketch diagrams as required.
(a) Sketch the EC8 elastic (NOT design) response spectrum appropriate to the soil
and spectrum type in the design brief (plot spectral acceleration against period up
to 4 seconds) [10]
(b) Calculate the fundamental natural sway frequency (and period) of the wind
turbine tower (i.e. Figure 1 - right), and state the corresponding spectral
acceleration. [10]
(c) Determine the participating mass and percentage of mass acting in the
fundamental mode. Hence, calculate the base shearing force and seismic lateral
forces acting on each lumped mass for the fundamental model only. [15]
2. Answer the following questions descriptively and sketch diagrams as required.

(a) Sketch schematically a concentrically braced frame (CBF). [3]
(b) Connection in moment resisting frames (MRF) are their critical components. For
this reason, their design criteria are rather stringent. What is the guideline in EC8,
which relates capacity of connections and beams? [3]
(c) A single degree of freedom (SDOF) system with mass m, stiffness k, and 15%
critical damping is subjected to forcing vibrations F(t) = F0 sin(t ) . Please
compare damped and undamped circular frequencies. Which one is slower? [3]
(d) What is a soft-story and why it should be avoided? Please draw displaced shape
of a structure with a soft story. [3]
(e) Explain ductility factor, which is employed in design spectra. [3]
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

3. Table Q3 shows a realistic soil profile at a river bridge site giving details of the
thickness of the layer, corrected SPT values, unit weight of the soil, undrained
strength of the soil and angle of friction. The water table is at the ground level. It is
necessary to carry out preliminary design of a foundation for a bridge at this site for a
design earthquake of 7.5 magnitude and 0.15g as Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA).
You being the design engineer need to carry out the following calculations. Use and
STATE your engineering judgement for any missing information on soil properties
and other design issues.
(a) Using Eurocode 8 and your engineering judgement to predict which layers are
likely to liquefy under the above earthquake scenario? You may use the
Eurocode design chart on Liquefaction given in Figure Q3. The code suggests the
following formula for shear stress e = 0.65 S v where S is Soil parameter
based on ground type, is design ground acceleration. Take S as 1.2. [15]
(b) In many design calculations, designers needs to predict the natural period of the
ground. What is the approximate natural period of the ground shown in Table
Q3? State any assumption made on Engineering base layer. The following
relationships may be used to obtain shear wave velocity of the soil from SPT N
value:
For sandy soils: Vs = 80N [m / s]

1/ 3
For clay soils: Vs = 100N [m / s]

1/ 3
[10]
Table Q3: Soil Profile
Thickness of Undrained Strength Friction

Strata Basic (N1)60- Unit Weight,
the layer (Cohesion), Su Angle,
No. Description value (kN/m3)
(m) (kPa) (deg)
I Soft silty clay 2.0 3 19.1 40 -
II Soft clay 5.0 3 18.2 23 -
IIIA Loose silty sand 15.0 8 18.0 - 28
Medium dense
IIIB 5.0 30 19.0 - 30
silty sand
IV Stiff clayey silt 10.0 30 18.4 49 -
Figure Q3: Liquefaction chart taken from Eurocode 8
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

4. It was decided to use pile foundation for the bridge construction at the site described
in Table Q3. The contractor proposed to use 10 number steel tubular piles of 600mm
outside diameter, 25 m long and 16mm wall thickness. The piles will be arranged in 2
rows having 5 piles in each row with a centre to centre spacing of 2m. The maximum
axial load on the pile from the superstructure is 1500kN. You (being the head design
engineer) need to verify the design for the pile foundation.
(a) What are the possible failure mechanisms of the pile foundation? Use free hand
sketch/sketches to explain the failure mechanisms and briefly describe a
simplified hand calculation method to calculate the actions. [15]
(b) It was predicted that for an extreme seismic event, the soil may liquefy or loose
stiffness for the top 15m. Will the pile buckle assuming the pile heads are
restrained against rotation due to rigid pile cap? Make assumptions for missing
information required for the analysis. [10]
Formulas for Response Spectra Analysis
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

[SEE NEXT PAGE]

[SEE NEXT PAGE]

Internal Examiner: Prof S Bhattacharya

Dr S Szyniszewski
External Examiner: Dr Alan Kwan
[FINAL PAGE]
Time allowed: 2 hours Semester 2 2014
Extracts from R.D.Blevins Formulas for natural frequency and mode shape (1 page),
Formula Sheet (2 pages), Extract from Eurocode 8 Part 5 (2 pages).
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

1. Consider an industrial building consisting of multiple moment resisting frames

arranged in parallel. A typical frame from the structure is shown in Figure Q1. The
structure was refurbished into a department store, and an additional floor was erected to
facilitate its new functions.
Figure Q1
The roof system and the additional floor are sufficiently stiff that they can be
approximated as rigid in comparison to the supporting columns. Furthermore, the
connections between the columns and the roof system and the floor are moment
resisting connections. This building is to be seismically designed to a Eurocode 8
Elastic Response Spectra. The following properties apply to the building and its
location:
Founded on soil Type D, a Type 2 spectrum applies with 5% damping and a

0.35g design peak ground acceleration.
In the plane of each frame, each column bends about its strong axis (x-axis). Each
column has the following properties (Ixx=33130 cm4, Zxx= 5245 cm4, Fy=375
MPa, E=200 GPa). Assume that the columns are capable of developing their full
plastic flexural section capacity. In addition, H=8.0 m, d=4.0m, L=13 m, and
natural damping shall be approximated as =5%.
The seismic response of the building in the direction parallel to the moment
frames will be considered only. In each case below, a single frame (as shown in
Figure Q1 b) representing a typical contributory length of building shall be
considered.
The weights w1=18,000 kg, and w2=22,000 kg shall be taken as the floor and roof
weights respectively for the contributory area supported by the single frame
considered.
[QUESTION 1 CONTINUES ON NEXT PAGE]

Answer the following questions:
(a) Sketch the EC8 elastic response spectrum appropriate to the soil and spectrum
type in the design brief (plot spectral acceleration against period up to 4 seconds)
[5 Marks]
(b) Calculate the fundamental natural sway frequency (and period) of the building in
in the direction parallel to the moment frames (i.e. Figure Q1b), and state the
corresponding spectral acceleration. [5 Marks]
(c) Determine the participating mass and percentage of mass acting in the
fundamental mode for sway in the direction parallel to the moment frames.
Hence, calculate the base shearing force and seismic lateral forces acting on each
storey. [7 Marks]
(d) Calculate the fundamental natural sway frequency (and period) of the building in
direction parallel to the moment frames (i.e. section A-A) without the additional
floor (i.e. considering only the roof mass w2, and state the corresponding spectral
acceleration. [3 Marks]
2. Answer the following questions descriptively and sketch diagrams as required.
(a) Sketch schematically an eccentrically braced frame (EBF). [2 Marks]
(b) A single degree of freedom (SDOF) system with mass m, stiffness k, and 5%
critical damping is subjected to forcing vibrations F(t) = F0 sin(t ) . What is the
steady state response frequency? In other words, what is the frequency of SDOF
oscillations after transient vibrations are dissipated by the system damping?
[2 Marks]
(c) Explain the difference between a shear-type building model and a moment
resisting frame. Please sketch displaced shapes under lateral (seismic) loads to
illustrate the difference in the response. [3 Marks]
(d) Do seismic connections need to be stronger or weaker than their connecting

elements, when subjected to the plastic beam moments and the appropriate design
shear forces (EC8, Pt 1-3, Section 3)? Justify your answer briefly. [3 Marks]
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

3. Table Q3 shows a realistic soil profile at a site giving details of the thickness of the
layer, corrected SPT values, unit weight of the soil, undrained strength of the soil and angle
of friction. The water table is 0.5m below the ground level. It is necessary to carry out
preliminary design of a foundation (for costing purposes) for a building for a design
earthquake magnitude of 7.5 and 0.15g as Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). You being the
design engineer need to carry out the following calculations. Use and STATE your
engineering judgement for any missing information on soil properties and other design issues.
(a) Using Eurocode 8 predict whether or not Strata II and IIIA would liquefy under
the above scenario earthquake? You may use the Eurocode design chart on
Liquefaction, as given in the additional materials supplied with the paper. The
code suggests the following formula for shear stress e = 0.65 S v where S
is Soil parameter based on ground type, is design ground acceleration and v is
the total vertical stress. You may take S as 1.2. [15 Marks]
(b) In the Japanese Codes of Practice, designers need to predict the natural period of
the ground. Estimate the approximate natural period of the ground? State any
assumption made on Engineering base layer. The following equations may be
used to obtain shear wave velocity of the soil from SPT N value:
For sandy soils: Vs = 80 N 1 / 3[m / s ]

For clay soils: Vs = 100 N 1 / 3[m / s ]
[5 Marks]
Thickness of Undrained Strength Friction

Strata Basic (N1)60- Unit Weight,
the layer (Cohesion), Su Angle,
No. Description value (kN/m3)
(m) (kPa) (deg)
I Soft silty clay 2.0 3 19.1 40 -
II Soft clayey sand 5.0 2 18.2 23 -
IIIA Loose silty sand 15.0 8 18.0 - 28
Medium dense
IIIB 5.0 8 19.0 - 30
silty sand
IV Stiff clayey silt 3.0 8 18.4 49 -
Medium dense
V 10.0 28 19.0 - 32
silty sand
4. It was decided to use pile foundations for a 5 storey building to be constructed at the
site described in Table Q3. The contractor proposed to use a number of steel tubular
piles of 600mm diameter, 30 m long and 16mm wall thickness. The maximum axial
load on each pile from the superstructure is 900kN. You (being the head design
engineer) need to verify the design for the pile foundation.
(a) What are the possible failure mechanisms of the pile foundation? You may use
free hand sketches to explain the failure mechanisms [5 Marks]
(b) It was predicted that for an extreme seismic event, the soil may liquefy for the top
20m. Will the pile buckle assuming the pile heads are restrained against rotation?
Make assumptions for missing information required for the analysis. [5 Marks]
Internal Examiner: S.Bhattacharya
External Examiner: K.Virdi
[FINAL PAGE]
ENGM054/10/SEMR2 2015/16 (Hand-out x1)
Level M Examination
Time allowed: 2 hours Semester 2 2015/16
All questions carry equal marks unless otherwise stated; where appropriate the mark
carried by an individual part of a question is indicated in brackets [].
The only University approved calculators are Casio Models FX115MS,

FX115W or FX115S for September 1998 entry onwards.
The numbers at the end of each section of a question give an
approximate indication of the marks available.

Please note that this exam paper is copyright of the University of Surrey and may
not be reproduced, republished or redistributed without written permission.
ENGM054/SEMR2 2015/16 2
1. Table Q1 shows a ground profile obtained from ground investigation at a river

bridge site giving details of the thickness of the layer, corrected SPT values,
unit weight of the soil, undrained strength of the soil and angle of friction. The
water table is at the ground level. It is necessary to choose a foundation for the
bridge at this site for a design earthquake of 7.5 magnitude and 0.25g as Peak
Ground Acceleration (PGA). You being the design engineer need to carry out
the following calculations. Use and STATE your engineering judgement for any
missing information on soil properties and other design issues. The relevant
Eurocode graphs are given in Figure Q1.
(a) Use Eurocode 8 and your engineering judgement to predict which layers are
likely to liquefy under the above scenario earthquake? You may use the
Eurocode design chart on Liquefaction given in Figure Q1. The code suggests
the following formula for shear stress W e 0.65 u D u S u V v where the symbols
have their usual meaning. S is Soil parameter based on ground type, D is
design ground acceleration. Take S as 1.2.
[15 Marks]
(b) In many design calculations, designers needs to predict the natural period of
the ground. What is the approximate natural period of the ground shown in
Table Q1? State any assumption made on Engineering base layer. The
following corelations may be used to obtain shear wave velocity of the soil from
SPT N value:
For sandy soils: Vs 80 N 1/ 3[m / s]
For clay soils: Vs 100 N 1/ 3[m / s]
[10 Marks]
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

ENGM054/SEMR2 2015/16 3
Undrained
Thickness of Unit Friction
Strata Basic (N1)60- Strength
the layer Weight, Angle,
No. Description value (Cohesion), Su
(m) (kN/m3) (deg)
(kPa)
I Soft clay 1.0 7 19.1 20 -
II Stiff clay 2.0 3 18.2 70 -
IIIA Loose sand 10.0 12 18.0 - 28
Medium dense
IIIB 5.0 30 19.0 - 30
silty sand
IV Hard clay 10.0 50 20.0 150 -
Figure Q1: Liquefaction chart taken from Eurocode 8
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

ENGM054/SEMR2 2015/16 4
2. You are required to carry out foundation design of a 5-storey building supported
on pile foundations. The dead load of the building is around 15000kN. The
building is supported on 40 piles which will be arranged in two rows (20 piles in
each row) with a centre to centre spacing of 7.5m. The length of piles are 20m
and the external pile diameter is 400 mm. Further details of the building and
pile foundations is summarised in Table Q2. The ground profile is assumed to
be type D.
(a) You are required to design the pile based on Eurocode 8 Elastic
Response Spectra Method. Estimate the design lateral load on each pile
for 0.15g PGA in Type A ground.
[15 Marks]
(b) What are the possible failure mechanisms of the pile foundation? Use
free hand sketch/sketches to explain the failure mechanisms.
[10 Marks]
Table Q2: Building and pile foundation details
Parameter Value
Building height 14.5m above ground level
Building dimensions 22.6757m
Building type R.C.C. Framed
Foundation type Precast Pre-stressed concrete
driven pile
Dead load of the building 15000 kN
Length of piles 20 m
External diameter of 400 mm
piles
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

ENGM054/SEMR2 2015/16 5
3. Calculate fundamental frequency of a wind turbine blade described below. You

may assume the first fundamental mode can be captured with a simplified
single degree of freedom (SDOF) model that uses tip displacement in SDOF
representation.
[15 Marks]
Figure Q3-A: Schematic of the wind turbine
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

ENGM054/SEMR2 2015/16 6
For the sake of simplicity you may assume that the blade can be represented as a
rectangular tube shown below:
Figure Q3-B: Simplified blade cross-section
The blade is made of steel, with Young modulus of Es 200 GPa and you can
assume a cantilever beam is a sufficiently accurate representation of the
blades mechanical behaviour.
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

ENGM054/SEMR2 2015/16 7
4. Sketch elastic response spectrum given below information:
- type 1 spectrum,
- soil type B,
- damping 7%,
- 0.4 g peak ground acceleration from seismic map.
[10 Marks]
5. Sketch examples of concentrically braced frames (CBF) and explain the

deformation mechanism of CBF frame. What members are supposed to yield
or buckle to dissipate seismic energy? Mark the dissipative members clearly.
[10 Marks]
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

ENGM054/SEMR2 2015/16 8
6. For a certain 2D system with:
- first natural frequency, f1 0.962 Hz
1
- first eigenmode of I
31.44
- mass distribution given by:
m1 100000 kg and m2 500000 kg
- the response spectrum shown below in Figure Q6, calculate:
Figure Q6: Response spectrum for the location of the structure
(a) Calculate the peak accelerations experienced by the first and second DOF, in
the first mode of vibrations/motion.
[10 Marks]
(b) Calculate mass participation of the first mode.
[5 Marks]
[SEE NEXT PAGE]

ENGM054/SEMR2 2015/16 9
Internal Examiner: Prof S.Bhattacharya

Dr S. Szyniszewski
External Examiner: Dr A Kwan
[SEE[FINAL
NEXT PAGE]
PAGE]
k1 k2 k2
1
2 1
M M M x1 k M
x 1 1 1 2S fi 2
1
1 1 2
2 i k2 k2
3/2
1
4k1k2
2 2
2 S k1 k2 k2

M M M M M
1 1 2 1 2

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ENGM029 / Semester 2 2015/ 4pp (1 handout)

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Postgraduate Programmes in Civil Engineering

Time allowed: Two hours Semester 2 2015

Each question carries equal marks.

[SEE NEXT PAGE]

Stress range (MPa) Applied number of cycles

[SEE NEXT PAGE]

Internal Examiners: Dr B. Imam

External Examiner: Dr A. Kwan

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Postgraduate Programmes in Civil Engineering

Time allowed: Two hours

Each question carries equal marks.

Calculator restrictions: Casio Models FX115MS, FX115W or FX115S, or other models

[SEE NEXT PAGE]

1. A detail of a transverse attachment, fillet-welded to the bottom flange of a plate girder of a

500 500 applied

Figure 1 (all dimensions in mm)

[QUESTION CONTINUES ON NEXT PAGE]

Construction cost: 10 units

[SEE NEXT PAGE]

3. A 3-span cantilever/suspended post-tensioned concrete bridge has been struck by an

(b) Outline a systematic investigation to check the integrity of the post-tensioned

Internal Examiners: Dr B. Imam

External Examiner: Prof K.S. Virdi

Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences

Department of Civil Engineering

Undergraduate Programmes in Civil and Environmental Engineering

Module ENGM029; 15 Credits

FHEQ Level 7 Examination

Time allowed: Two hours Semester 2 2015/6

Answer ALL questions

Each question carries 25 marks.

Where appropriate the mark carried by an individual

(a) Classify the welded detail shown in Figure 1 according to BS 5400

Figure 1 (all dimensions in mm)

Stress range Applied number of

2 [SEE NEXT PAGE]

- Paint on the two external beams, applied 10 years ago, has

Based on this information and the data given below, develop a

(b) A new type of RC deck slab with extra-durable surfacing and

QUESTION 2 CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE

3 [SEE NEXT PAGE]

4 [SEE NEXT PAGE]

(b) Discuss, with the aid of diagrams where necessary, three

Internal Examiner: Dr B. Imam

Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences

Postgraduate Programmes in Civil Engineering

FHEQ Level 7 Examination

Module ENGM032; 15 Credits

STEEL AND COMPOSITE BRIDGE DESIGN

Time allowed: Two hours Semester 2 2015-6

Answer ALL questions

Please avoid the use of red and green inks.

(b) Consider the design of a composite bridge beam. The asymmetrical

Top flange 300mm wide x 20mm thick

Determine the plastic bending resistance of the composite beam in

Modular ratio of steel to concrete, De = Es/Ec = 10. [12]

Steel stress = 0.9 fy

QUESTION 1 CONTINUES ON NEXT PAGE

Shear force, V = 500 kN

Figure 1 Splice in plate girder