To cogitate is to think deeply and intently; the root of the word, which is unrelated

to cognition (which refers to knowledge rather than thinking), stems from agitare (meaning
drive), from which we also get agitate.

Contemplate connotes thought that is extensive as well as deep; another sense is view as
possible or probable. The root of contemplatus, the Latin source word, is templum, the word for
a place where omens are observed; it is cognate with temple.

Deliberate means to think carefully, as implied by its source, the adjective deliberate. An
additional sense is discuss before making a decision, as when a legislative body meets to
decide about whether to pass a law. (The derivation is from deliberare, meaning consider
carefully, the root is possibly libra, meaning pound or scale, with the sense of weighing.)

To meditate is to focus ones thoughts on something; the word, which can, alternatively, allude to
planning, also refers to a mental exercise conducted in order to achieve a high state of spiritual
awareness. (Meditate is derived from the Latin verb mederi, meaning remedy, and is related
to medical and medicine.)

Mull, from the Middle English noun mul, meaning dust, is cognate with meal and refers not
only to lengthy consideration but also to grinding.

Ponder has the connotation of carefully weighing a problem (as a matter of fact, ponder stems
from the Latin verb ponderare, meaning weigh, and is related to ponderous), with the
implication of extended inconclusive thinking. A similar term with the same etymological origin
is perpend.

Reflect means, among other things, think calmly and quietly; its root is from flectere (meaning
bend), which is also the source of flex.

To ruminate is to slowly and repeatedly go over something as if chewing it like a ruminant, a

type of animal, such as a cow, that chews its food over and over again. (The word stems from the
Latin term rumen, the name in that language and in English for part of a cows stomach.) Chew
over is an informal synonym. Others include the word eye and the phrases kick around, pore
over, and wrestle with.

10 Grammar Mistakes You Should Avoid

By Maeve Maddox
If you want to write clear, correct English, you certainly need to pay attention to the grammar rules. To help you with that, we collaborated with the folks
from Grammarly and Write To Done to create a list with 30 common grammar mistakes you should avoid. Enjoy!
Mistake 1: Using whom as a subject
INCORRECT: Fire personnel radioed deputies to stop the driver, whom, according to reports, appeared to have been under the influence of
intoxicants.
CORRECT : Fire personnel radioed deputies to stop the driver, who, according to reports, appeared to have been under the influence of intoxicants.
In this sentence, the pronoun is the subject of the verb appeared and therefore requires the subject form who. The object form of who is whom, which
functions as the object of a verb or as the object of a preposition:
That is the man whom I saw at the window. (object of the verb saw)
Did he say to whom he sent the letter? (object of the preposition to)

The misuse of whom as a subject frequently occurs when a phrase intervenes between the pronoun and its subject. Be especially careful with such
expressions as according to so-and-so, in my opinion, one suspects, etc. Less frequently, but more embarrassingly, whom is sometimes
substituted for who when little or nothing stands between it and its verb, as in this sentence taken from a news account: An off-duty fireman whom
lives in the area provided immediate assistance.
Mistake 2: Unnecessary would in a wish about the past
INCORRECT: Ten Things I Wish I Would Have Known When I Was Twenty
CORRECT : Ten Things I Wish I Had Known When I Was Twenty
The opportunity for knowing the ten things existed in the past, but exists no longer. The tense required, therefore, is the past perfect (had + past
participle).
Mistake 3: Dangling modifier
INCORRECT: At the age of four, Sams family moved from Florida, Missouri, to Hannibal.
CORRECT : At the age of four, Sam moved with his family from Florida, Missouri, to Hannibal.
Modifiers should be positioned as closely as possible to the element they modify. The modifying phrase At the age of four modifies Sam, not Sams
family.

Mistake 4: Subject-Verb disagreement with delayed subject

INCORRECT: There goes Sally and Greg on their way to the movies.
CORRECT : There go Sally and Greg on their way to the movies.
Subjects and verbs must agree in number. When a sentence begins with here or there, the true subject of the sentence follows the verb. Sally and
Greg is a plural subject, so the verb go must also be plural: Sally and Greg go.
Mistake 5: Incorrect use of object pronouns
INCORRECT: Me and my brothers all have college degrees in business.
CORRECT : My brothers and I all have college degrees in business.
Several English pronouns retain different forms that indicate their function in a sentence. Me is an object form. In the example, it is incorrectly used as
the subject of the verb have. Other object forms often used incorrectly are him, her, us, them, and whom.
Mistake 6: Incorrect use of subject pronouns
INCORRECT: The owner was most kind to my wife and I as we toured the grounds.
CORRECT : The owner was most kind to my wife and me as we toured the grounds.
I is a subject pronoun form. It is correctly used as the subject of a verb. Its object form is me, which is used as the object of a verb or, as in this
example, the object of a preposition (to). Not all English pronouns retain an object form. The pronouns that do have subject and object forms
are he/him, she/her, we/us, they/them, and who/whom.
Mistake 7: Inappropriate use of reflexive pronoun forms
INCORRECT: Jack and myself built the company from scratch.
CORRECT : Jack and I built the company from scratch.
A pronoun that ends in -self or -selves is called a reflexive pronoun. This type of pronoun refers to a noun or personal pronoun that occurs elsewhere in
the sentence. For example, He cut himself shaving. In this example, himself refers to the same person as the one meant by He. A typical error is to
use a reflexive pronoun in place of a personal pronoun:
INCORRECT: Thank you for everything you did for myself and my family.
CORRECT : Thank you for everything you did for me and my family.
Note: A more polite usage is to put me last in the phrase: Thank you for everything you did for my family and me.
Mistake 8: Incorrect use of did instead of had in certain if clauses
One use of the conjunction if is to introduce a clause that states an action that would have changed an outcome. For example, If I hadnt missed the
train, I would be in London now. A common error is to use did instead of had, as in this headline:
INCORRECT: [Celebrity] thinks he would be dead now if he didnt give up alcohol and drugs
CORRECT : [Celebrity] thinks he would be dead now if he hadnt given up alcohol and drugs
The person mentioned in the headline actually said (correctly), I honestly dont think Id be alive if I hadnt stopped drinking. The tense required is the
past perfect (had + past participle).
Mistake 9: Incorrect irregular verb forms
Most English verbs form the past and past participle by adding -ed to the base form. For example:
walk, walked, (has) walked
believe, believed, (has) believed
jump, jumped, (has) jumped
However, a few high-frequency verbs have irregular past forms, for example:
run, ran, (has) run
go, went, (has) gone
come, came, (has) come
Errors with irregular verb forms are becoming common in the media and in articles written by university graduates. Such errors are perhaps evidence
that elementary school teachers no longer drill their students on the irregular verb forms. Here are typical errors:

INCORRECT: Mary loves to read, has ran for office and has an articulate way of telling it like it is.Biographical note, KZNU.
CORRECT : Mary loves to read, has run for office and has an articulate way of telling it like it is.
INCORRECT: Deluna-Martinez is alleged to have went into one students account and dropped that students classes.News item, KRCR
CORRECT : Deluna-Martinez is alleged to have gone into one students account and dropped that students classes.
INCORRECT: Deep Impact could have just so happened to hit one of these cometesimals, while the gas seen before impact might have came from a
different region on the comet with different chemistry.Scientific article, NASA site.
CORRECT : Deep Impact could have just so happened to hit one of these cometesimals, while the gas seen before impact might have come from a
different region on the comet with different chemistry.
Note: A cometesimal is a mini-comet.
Mistake 10: Omitting that when it is needed after say
When there is no intervening conjunction, that may be omitted after the verb say:
The witness said she overheard the defendant threaten to burn the mans house down.

However, if a conjunction such as after, although, because, before, in addition to, until, or while intervenes between the verb say and its object, that is
needed to avoid ambiguity:
INCORRECT: Santana said after he stopped recording, he watched for a few more minutes but never saw anyone perform CPR.
CORRECT : Santana said that after he stopped recording, he watched for a few more minutes but never saw anyone perform CPR.