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United States Geological Survey, 1200 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4667 U.S,A,
and
H.J.
United States Geological SurveYi MS 90S, Denver Federal Center, Denver. Colorado 50225 U.S,,,-;\.
Carten, RR, White, WI{, and Stein, HJ, 1993, granite-reL'lted mOi'VD>CLenL,m
C~lassification and in Kirkham, R. V, Sinciair, TrdJrpe, RJ and Du,ke,
Deposit Modeling: ;",OhWlrYi{ Assoctation of Canada, Special Paper 40, p, 521-554,
Abstract
extractable molybdenulfi- is contained or
deposits. Based on hydrotrJ.rmal, the
divided two associations: (1) rift-related deposits
rhyolitic stocks; and (2) low-grade, arc-rela.ted dePOS1tS
or plutons. rllrI;nVTV two
rhyolite-aikalic suite or a monzogranLie respec-
the compositional. structural and thermal differences betu'een interplate
rift environments, Th,..ese differences affect th~ that
upper crustal
generation of mafic tnagma. and tite associated
potassium. sodiurn, niobium, tantalum and uraniurn in tr~
COTL'., ide red to the Jtlrrn..ation nf high-grade O()TlOrtVT'V flH)LVI"Lf";;IL,n
The high-sdica rhyolite-alkalic suite contains
- that are
centres
(1protracted period of regional silicic magmatism, The
or with brittle failure (imbricate norrnal
exrel1aea upper crust. Differences an!.ong subclasses
the GS'1f1Pr'O"OI1,r,
States Geological Survey, 913 ~ationaI Cente::, Reston, Virginia 22092 C.S.A.
521
CARTEN E1'
UfUlnnrUPllLl-'flJ dans
the associated
Granite-related mineral
denum,
522
GRANITE-RELATED MOLYBDENUM SYSTEi\IS
of a common sequence
tectonic events that
centrations of metals.
of vol-
residual magma into a near-surface
environment of 1-5
0. of volatiles and are ,>n~'~~~., dur-
solidification of magma;
In VCln-
filled fractures or in skarn.
interrelated variables affect final pro-
derived from this sequence of events: the
523
Table
tedou i c and
and
Production t
Mn
grade clltoH
Dep(lBiI (Ma) MethoJ References (Wt.'fu) Metal (%1 (%) (~!t) (%1
Gl'anite-relt!ted lVIo:
Adanac CNHC 71 CI,ricllopher and Pinson!. (19b2) Mo M 0.U9" O.O(ill Ceolog ic W lI. White (~1It'8. 1990)
al (J 98~) 0.030 l\\l'khllill al
Aniluramba AUQL 24(J Witcher (1975), Hocum (1978) Mo M 0.1J70
HalJ Huttt., KAr 1\",tud (1971)) Mo Iv! 0.100 14 C(;o)ov,ic cOtnm.,I!)90)
!:lell Moly h. Caeter M" M 0 Mineable (Ul7il)
llJol'nttarn SW[)N UFb Wilson and Fullicli (l8K2) Mo M 0 Oblander (lDH5)
~ltn. CNIlC ~8 JlJ7 K Ar Wh,le cl "I. WIGS) Mo \\ 0.074 GtJuiuglC Kirkham (ID8~~)
CanlcBnian Pl.!'!'! HI! [Itlltlel and But'LOn (985) 71 Mo M 0.051 Knittel and Burton (198;',)
Cannivaf1 1197d)' 67 Mo M oO:JG Worl.hington (l9'l7)
ai. (l~79)
CNHC Mo :VI O.()Vl Geolugic Ki,.kl,,"1\ el ,,/. (1982)
PE[{u KAt Mo Iv! 10() (J lfollistcr(197SlJ)
Quart'. Hill US!\K 1\ d 01 (l979) Mo M (Jon 1,216 0.027 Gcologie comm, 19\JO)
O.OBI 793 0.060 Milleable (omlll.,lfJ90)
I(ed Bird CNLlC KAr (1981) Mo 1\1 0.108 O.OGO Kirkham Wid;!')
Hed Mountuin CNYT K Ar Sinclai,' (19i)6}, 68 Mo M 0.100 IWi O.IJGIJ and Kalrlerc (I fI8!i)
und l(uhlcrL (l91lG)
4G. Roundy I\ Ar (1981) ?:l M O.20S Geulogic Kirkham (1982)
.1'/. Sturie Moly Pant.eleyev (1980) Mo 0.078 101 OOH) Bloomer (If)81)
LIS 1Il (107:1&), M 0.110 181 O.ObO Geologic Schmidt "I. (1982)
Schmidt ai (1982)
Trout Lake I< Boyle Hnd Leit.eh (1 Mo 0.138 0.060 Boyle and (l9S:l)
[,0. 'l'yrnYllu1. Lilms PaKlllav (1977) ~'1o"W M () 065 50 Sutuloy (19'78)
York,] I fardy CNBC KAr ( 1981 7:3 MoW M 0.120 Geologie W.H. Wbite (pors. comm., 19(0)
lJ 1l.()6(J Gcologic Whito 10:1())
[e-related
Buckingham USNV McKee (1 fJ:!2) 70 ~loCn (J.O:')" 0.034 Gt1ulogic W.H. cumm.,I!)90)
0040 O.U60 (J,,(,logic WH. CtHllm,I!I!II.!)
30 K Ar Holliater (1078u) Arc 0010 (UIIO 00
(1978) M(ICu liiftC 0069 0074 WH comm.,IUHO)
W.lf Wb'tc (perti 19~1()) O.OiIG o 060 Geologic IV II, Whit" comm.,I!i!)OI
57 KAr Schcrkcnbac:h d (lUS:,) mg ~Io OOJ(J 0.060 IV.!!. COll\ l1\. , 1!1!)(t)
MXCO Tertiury EHttrnullJ Loon anJ Slillor (lDSl) 0.074 0.060 IllJ ()O~lO WIt. ,'ottltll.,I!IDOI
(I 0071 126 0.060 hlinoablo W.l COinm, lU90)
Hall lISNV 6670 KAt, Ul:'L ~baver (19841 Moen 0.091 Minl'able
Jill (j l:if'. iO '1 WaHm comm., Moen 0.100 (103C1 907 Ccolugic S.H comm., t!190)
Mocoa ]Gli KAr Sdlll"o ct "I. (1980 MoCu 0100 G00jOgie Sill,loe cl al
60 Ml. Tolmall USWA fiO6U W.C. Utlahack (I/C"8 mg Mo ell 0.056 O.ODO '19~1 0.036 Miru]llblc W.C.
(i.OS! oO,lQ 0.027 Geologic cumm.,19di,)
Hilllt" lJSNM :31 1< Thompson (1982) :\IuCu 0.070 0.100 119GB, and
comm., 1990;, [1"lilSter (1978b)
Table X
cut-of!'
CmJ11try" (Mo) Method HefereneeN (wt.%) Metal (%) (%)
GraniLtl-:related
Andina CILl': b nl. (1983), :3,000 Geolot,ic
(1085)
Damon and Mauger (l9GGI 0030 0480
(lGBI) 0.031 0.348 308
While al. (l8G8)
Warnaars o/. (UJ78) Ndtionul
Schar, Crook CNIJC 18(, KAr Pailluloyoy unJ DuduH (19'72) 0020 03ilil HIl7 l\lrkboltl vi 01. (I
USAZ I(AI' unJ KiHlloc (1962), CuMo (J O:IO! 7 I(rlli, llD7b)
of an individual IS
minerai economics. As an eXlli'I1-
have a
.}
loS are
This restricted distribution of ages cannot ex-
the erosion of older
erOSion no
reserves underestimate or do not include
copper. these most de-
that contain economic or subeconomic con-
centrations of either of these metals are either copper
0.1
-
6
6
0.03
0
~
0.01
0.003
0.001
O. i 0.3 3
rocks in arc
formed in association with more felsic
literature. rocks continental-rift
527
CARTEN ET :\L
in the
IS to
m nCWT, nFT">'
events and processes re-
mafic to intermediate for their occurrence. fea-
tures common and distinctive
we can evaluate the effects of extensive
intensive variables on the outcome
The the number and
cause economic
recent additions to
and associated ore bodies are sive variables. !JV'~0'~r,~ classification schemes and
into tectonic environments. The models are less based and conse-
of less reliable,
related to intracontinen-
rH
~
'.MO 16,0 million tonnes; -
OJ
3
, Kll,yoirtE'-ilJKal;1C suite
i 20 L- N 5i6 million iormes , IT'diIion tOfmes
~{
...--2 r
+-'
~
0
~ -
o
o 100 200 300 400 500 500 o 100 200 300 400 500 600
the literature.
528
GRANITEREL\TED yl0LYBDENUM SYSTEMS
mantle sources
strontlrnn-
support a
tholeiitic to silica associated with
the presence of normative Henderson and Mount Emmons
This also includes Stein and Crock. 19901.
normative transitional basalts that mafic lower crust or subcontinental mantle may have
eline-normative alkali basalts. In roles in the of evolved
magma critical volatiles, Involvement
of upper crust in the
level chambers is minimal
the heat
with concentrations of
in tholeiitic and alkaiine magmas
and enriched in alkalic rocks.
Differences trace-element and volatile contents
of crustal magma in part reflect the of transfer of mass,
mantle from which basalts were essential to the formation of economic
derived. DePaolo tems, The
crust in island-arc and continental-arc IS tone
4'
529
CARTEN ET liL.
al
the abundance major elements
based classifications are
the combined
, , 1 '
m magma Laan are vana- of both classes
the abundance of trace elements, Unfor- UolHlt::i'~cl1n similar processes of ore
formation,
and rare
The common oCC'Jrrence of
the loss of elements to
effect subsolidus
8
N = 47
0.8
-
0.6
o
:0.099
0,4 0.4
0.2 0.2
A .. ., .... --i
0.209':: A
. A
o k -_ _~_ _~L-~~-LL-_ _~~_ _ _ _~~~
0.02 0.03 0,05 0.1 0,15 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 :3 30 100 300 1000
Differentiated
530
GRt\NITERELATED MOLYBDENUM SYSTEMS
as intermediate
as used in pa-
the mag-
and tectonic characteristics of
as subclasses for discussion purposes, Climax and Henderson
of this suite are considered as of
contL'1Uum. All of these de-
0.35
05 0.3
0.3
0.25
!II Climax
s!-"
0.2
o iii Henderson
:2: O. 5
0.05
0.1
0.03
0.02 0.05
531
ETAL.
Table II
Structural and characteristics of selected ,,,,rn!lV,'V nlOlyr,ae:nttm
28 18 22 37
50 50 25 30
Pre-e~ wae of a'.lSW Colondo mmernl belt Colorndo minad CoIorndo ll'Iinad Pioche minetll.! belt
w~ belt beit
Yes Yes ?
No Yes Yes ?
No No No No
532
GRANITE-RELATED .:'vlOLYBDENUM SYSTEMS
I
Transitional
High-silica Hl J ~ik,.lir suite
Alkalic
Differentiated
II
I
~ I BigBen uvePeak mbja:g Nocdli
I Boo:!vib Compolli!ed ~
I 23-25 51
I 36 30 247-200
I 290 30-186 d
I
~
i
i Con!:inenu.! II I Continenu.! Continenu.! Coo.tinenu.! Col1Unenu.!
!
I
Con!:inenu.!
I!
e~ e~iol1 extension eJttelYioo exteruion exteMioo ~io!l
I
I Yes
I I Yell I Yes Yes Yes Yes Corr,mon
I
I 40-50
1
40 40
I 35 30 I <40, typiWJy 30-40 ! !
!
II
-270
! -160 j
-ISO
I 7 '[ ?
I >-2"'1
I
I Caldera mugin; I
II ~mIqi!l
I
!
None Ver!J.1
I
! vent?
Caldera
margin
UJden~
I
GelW:illy 00 rol~
edifice pre:rerved
I
I lemezwne'7 I
I
Lewis IDd QlllK I
I
None i None &mille Bmble l i _ bell: Yes
I
I
! I
line
L I linear belt
Ii
~~Rio
I Trn.ruverne '"'ProtoRRio Initial magmatic Oslo Rift 0310 Rift ?
I Grnnde rift i ~yrj
I Gomde rift lineament I
j
ICo!lte~
I
I
to
Pre-ore
II Con!.e~ Contemporaneous '7 '[
I
I to ~-ore (3-5 II
I
contemponme<:lW to~-ore I
I, I m.y. yoonga)
I
I
I
I
, I a'1gv",,,n
myoiite (TT) myolite (7T) rhyoii~yte myolitt>- myolite (TT) myolite (TT)
No ? No No ? No
533
CARTE]'.; ET
T~lement composition at
productive in;rusiOrul
Syeru~c rocks No No No No No
~yre yefj~te) Yes~tite) Yes Yes ?
Albli ~t-;:mdesite No No No Yes ?
Dilcite O mollIDgrWte No No No Yes
Evidence foe lll.lWc-felllic Yes
I
Yes No Yes ?
~mixi.ng
In;rusion or extrusion of topaz ClJ.ill;; Mountain 0-4 nLY. Woods Mountain Boston PeU:: Wah Wah NOll
myolite (age relalive to yooager) (4 m.y. younger) (8 m.y. younger) Moon~(1-3 m.y.
~ization) younger)
HYDROTHERMAL
I
,Olle "logo Pm; Gnniie
Moon!ain
II No I No No No II No ,
! (1 m.y. younge!)
!
I
I
I
I I I I
I None I
I
I ~ ~yoiiie
yoonga}
(6 m.)'.
!, Tro:hyb.-.lt !
!
Syenite '{
II None
I
I
I I I I
. Minoc No ! Yes I Yes 7 ! No I
!!
I M.inoc
! No I No I No! '1 Uncommon
Mnrl,.,...,,"
535
CARTEN ET
and
localities at which tectonic
conditions 'Nere
of
500
A
200 (~
"A 000
A A 41.
150
A A
t=':
-,
~ A
A~
A
100
--
r"
t:
a..
500
A A
x
.0
Z
70
-1 -
a..
.0
a::
200
50
100
Urad-Henderson Urad-Henderson
to th,.;Jse that
intr~,;ions associated with
late intrcLSions that were
536
GRANITE-REL4.TED MOLYBDENUM SYSTEMS
The behaviour
of these elements can be accounted for
fractionation of monaz ite and zircon
Other trace elements
rocks of
Crock, tuff may have
Frazier et from local vents of
magma chamber as underlies the Urad-
Henderson system.
Additional features of relative concentrations of niobium and zir-
nent to this paper are recorded In Table II. Par- conium in transitional may reflect the de-
537
CARTEN ETAL
gree and of interaction of mafic alkali -rich magmas enrichment trends similar to those
magma or of mineralized metaluminous
chamber. Mahood ( aluminous intrusions
ment
of mafic and felsic magmas
has been observed at most The presence of
chlorine and
a similar pro-
and
1
alumHI0US
1500
B
200
1000
A. !Ill
!Ill
;}!l
t A. !Ill !ill I !ill CP
A. A.~ !ill
100 -.
t ~
--
JA.A.:A..
500
:"J'"
A. A.
o E
a. A.
a.
.0
Z
ME ---
.0
50 a: ~MH
RS
200
100
50 100 200 300 500
magma
538
GHANITE-HEL"'-TED MOLYBDENU:Y'[ SYSTEMS
may have been coincident with the arrival above and within
the base of the range from 50 to 500 ppm. not
fractionation Cu content is ~50-100 ppm in the ore zone of
at Pine Grove was less extensive Lower copper concentrations
than at Henderson and CILmax may resuit from
fractionation.
noted that fluids evolved late in the
events arc
0.24% are
intrusive breccia that lies above a stock in
the intrusive at Goat Hill. Intrusive
is not common at Mount and Pine but
intrusions
events. In this
that one of the two more
resurgence is vesiculation of
magma caldera formation. The resurgence
of and the formation of intrusive breccias
may reflect
Alkalic.
volcanic
intrusions
enriched In niobium
of the
539
CARTEN
Ma'
calc-alkal inc
a bimodal basalt-
way. In cases, mineralizatioL is related used to date the
to brecciation and follows this event. At concluded tha~
Marble
Basin is related
subduction.
dude from
basaltic rocks ofTrarIs-Pecos Texas
of the tectonic that Cenozoic subduction did
affect volcanism in this area.
character of the 38-32
to inheritance of com-
surface south\vest
and are unbrecciated and unmineralized.
eralization succeeded Proterozoic.
noted that mafic lavas
to ca. 20
as 1.vithin a true
subduction.
simiiar sequence of diachronous
events in many of the stnlc-
of the Great Basin and
COITtmon middle
younger
or basaltic volcanism is
related to extension. Based on evidence of a flat
beneath both extended and non-extended ter-
the Great Gans that
upper crust overlies a
lower crust-mantle. De-
ductile may
in structural do-
the Great
central Colorado: for
Obradovich Mount Aetna
540
GRANITE-RELATED p.l0LYBDENUlVI
as in the
, Cruistiansen alo, IS an un-
source for these differentiated magmaso In
CA!JtJ';,C;U to similar stress and thermal
The alkalic character of the volcanic-subvolcanic near-surface ascent of mafic magma is more
that are associated with Smaller volumes of felsic melt are
because of more heat ioss and shorter residence
the crusto values are corre-
Other
off
Rift and reflect the continuation of young felsic mag-
from the axis to the of the Rio
basinHo In a similar manner, younger
observed, in the Great Basin has
ore-related magma- of the
tism thickness of nature of extensional
continental crclst intersected the accounts for the differences in age of the
Rio Grande rift
tudes Other factors such as
zones of crustal weakness and rate of magma flow
account for local variations in ofmag-
rna observedo To the south, thin crust
alkaline volcanism dominated, Farther north
thicker Precambrian
and Sierra alkaline and calc-aLkaline magma- The transitional at
tism are mixedo Still farther Precambrian crust located on the Transverse
, (" ,
and alkalic with ana ,-,OaK belt of
Ma: characterized at its
sys- northeastern end volcanic and subvolcanic rocks
of the Montana alkalic
This
viewed as
occurred beneath the at
Climax and Hendersono The thicker continental
crust behaved more
column than thinner crusL
and acted as
ascent of mafic mag-
Because these silicic volcanic
centres appear to have lifetimes (::c 1
a ificant volume of mafic rn.agma must be
added the to thermal energy with an intermediate calc-alkalic
541
CARTENETAL
alkalic rocks uncommon and calc- denum a more direct vievv of pro-
alkalic and younger bimodal basalt
be a of the younger
matism. The distribution
northeast to southwest is
north distribution of 'te'Ln:;UU,;::'
Rio Grande rift:
and calc-alkalic.
In ~r,~'nG"
tions of alkali
desite and in East Greenland Gleadow
of voluminous tholeiitic
LH'-'~,HJ<A~Hjl.H
in the volcanic centres the mafic rocks.
felsic with Interaction of lower crust basalt is
mineralization is in mafic rocks associated with silicic lavas
sociated with a younger suite the 38-32 Ma and
The small volume of
in these otherwise alkalic systems
were volatile flux of
thermal
volcanism is not observed. may account for the
concentrations of niobium and
in rocks such as those at Marble - Cave
P ,
LeaK.
The alkalic of East Greenland are simi-
1ar to those of the Trans-Pecos Nielsen
concluded that the small
The alkalic-related formed in rocks intruded into the
occurred at levels below the crust and contamination with undersaturated mag-
transitional and Climax- ma. The less well-described
in those are similar in tee-
and character to the East Greenland
542
GRANITE-REI~"'TED MOLYBDENUM
with
extension-related per-
in the lower middle crust and preven-
Pine Grove. Similar tion of brittle failure of the upper crust. ex-
rocks may appear in the root zones of tended upper crust is u.'1iavourable for the formation
magma chambers Henderson and Cli- stable magma chambers essential to the
max. Their the local of
in tra~sitional and
from the differentiation of
of
m the upper crustal magma chfullber.
basalt may not mix
of
in magma associated with ore-
Mount Ernmons. Henderson 35-f01d increase between intrusions with
the of and
the ultimate source for the
derivation magma in mineralized com-
and involves both mantle and crustal compo-
Based on detailed and
of the et al.
were
Stress
these elements are also enriched in ore-associated
metaluminous magma. The common occurrence of
com- intrusive breccia may reflect the additional involve-
ment of a volatile that has low m
This volatile enrich-
of metasomatism be-
of alkali
elements
LIL
and
543
CARTEN ETAL
0,711 Redwell
05122 ~ $
Redwell
0,710 Mt
::yClimax
0.708
0,707
0.5128 r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
0.714
0,5126
0,712
0,710
A' l:J
Z 0.5122
Mt
0.708 =- 08 '_"- 71
~- ~~ - - - 0,8 1::6
72 - - _~ v
!
~ I
-'
56
0,706
", I
A'~
544
GRANITE RELATED MOLYBDENUM SYSTEM
a1.
and other
are intro-
tend-
et al.
In
active additions will both contribute the formation
of a
tantalum and
dur- magma chamber. The interaction of
rocks with this enhances the
of formation of a transitional Cli-
of this tec-
tonic association can be difficult. Alkalic rocks
behind an arc
the cessation
de-
of sources. Keith
nrrm'rlD" a summary of evidence for the deri-
from the mamle. Additional
includes the presence of
In non-
in the litho-
of mantle-derived alka-
line magma and volatiles. ocean-island
an uncontaminated of
546
7
GR?NITE-RELATED MOLYBDENU1\1 SYSTEM
Rhyolite
Adal1l!.C
Yorke-Hardy
(ij
u
o
E
CD
Rhyodacite Mrumbjerg
Nordi!
(monzogranite)
Buckingham
(J
<;:
!\!
E
0
(ii ill
U iii
0 Dacite cr:.
E Bingham
c (granodiorite)
::J Nogal Peak
,
Andesite
Tholeiitic
Porphyry Cu
,
basalt basalt
CI, F, C~, Nb, Zr, Y, Zn, Ta, Rb, Na, K (volatiie flux)
Calc-Alkaline Alkaline
Rate of Percolation
547
CARTEN ET
ible-element-enriched for
volatile
of the alkalic
between the two
of
and concentration
magma chamber. Low con-
to
of
small-volume melts.
R
magma from
may contain lesser volumes extended lower crust
ate magma because of their formation thicker and
extended
10\ver and middle crust.
are
in a volcanic centre,
formation of the maximum
derived magma is essential and to brittle failure of upper
felsic magma of Cr'..lst. Under conditions of low moderate rates
or all of these ,-,V",U1JVU<C LH,,;' total extensional strain
of mafic magma and volatiles
of volatiles
the matu- with evolved magma. Continued e;,.i:ension ultimate-
processes that effi- leads to failure of the upper crust and of
dis- mafic less felsic
solved in meta luminous cr'..lstal chambers that reser-
4. continental crust is critical to the forma-
because de-
of mafic magma, serves as
an extended fractionation contributes
volumes of felsic from its lower levels to a
a stable upper level suitable for
magma chambers.
5. Extensive fractionation of magTIla
essential to the forma-
tion of an alkalic or
of introduction of mafic-derived volatiles into
magma chamber. The the volume of systems can
548
GRANITERELATED Ivl0LYBDENUM SYSTEMS
(Stone)
nq,,.rlr'rlCanadian Institute of MiCling an:!
74(833),
dll'CtlHLl(, volcanoes,
Volcanism, Inception,
Academy Press, Wash
Journal
Arizona Geological
Bookstrom, R.E.,
1988, Origins of bimodal
Hed :Vlountain porphyr:v systems,
and strontium isotopic evidence: Colo-
v.83(2), 122.
of Trout Lake
rvIining
near a subduction
New Zealand:
Geothermal Research. Vo 40,
p.5570.
Brown. P. and
Red Mountain
central Yukon,
S,
deposits
CapiHitas
- Cannivan
v.66.
In
EaSL Greenland: Nieddelelse:r om p.
549
ET
v. 3, p. 229-250.
Engel, iLEA" Engel, C,G, and Haverrs, 1965, Chemical
characteristics oceanic basalts the upper mantle:
Society of America" Bulletin,
de la
York. 589 p.
Upton, RG"J" 1987, Fitton,
p, 1211-1220,
1984. Molybdenum precious
metal minera.lization at Flammefjeld. Southeast Green-
1921-1929,
and mineraliza-
Sierra Blanca,
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