SPE
SPE 13205
The Effect of Bit Hydraulics on Bit Performance in
Relation to the Rock Destruction Mechanism at Depth
By R. Feenstra and D. 1-1.Z@ing, Koninkl~ke/Shell Explotatie en Prvduktie Labotatoritim,
R@vijk Z-H, the Nethedands.
Copyright 19S4 Sedety of Petroleum Engineers of AlME
This paper was presented at the 591hAnnual Technical Conference and Exhibitionhetd in Houston,Texas, September 16-19, 19S4. Ths material is sub.
ject to correctionby the author. Permissionto copy is restrictedto an abstract of not more than S00 worde. Write SPE, 6200 North Central Expressway,
Drawer 6470S, Dallas, Texas 75206 USA. Telex 730SS9 SPEDAL.
ABSTRACT
Bit hydraulics can contribute to a bits
performance by one or more of the following actions:
* reduction of chip holddown
* jet cutting
* reduction of bottom balling
* reduction of bit balling
* 4..........
b.cbu=pcrtof Ctlttizgs~ow=r& Ch.eanntulus.
How and to what extent bit hydraulics can help to
improve bit performance is mainly determined by the
bits cutters (teeth, inserts, diamonda, PDCa, jets),
the drilling fluid and the formation drilled under
downhole conditions. The introduction of a self-
cleaning bit strainer and self-cleaning bit cutters
widens the scope of bit hydraulics, particularly for
PDC-type bits.
INTRODUCTION
Since jet bitsl were introduced, much haa been
written about bit hydraulic. Jet drag bits fell into
disuse and jet roller bits quickly arrived at their
current, hydraulically not optimal, design.
Optimisation of the shape and size of the nozzlesz and
the flow rate waa about all that wae left to be
considered. Ever since they were introduced diamond
and PDC bits have shown a wide variety of hydraulic
designs because of the much greater geometrical
freedom these bits offer the designer. Recently the
application of PDC bits has increaaed significantly,
and further advancement in diamond technology can
only foster this trend. The hydraulic design of PDC
bita is often still questionable and might well be a
major drawback to the further expansion of this
revived jet drag bit in oil-well drilling. This paper
provides some insight as to why and how bit hydraulics
can contribute to the process of drilling an oil well
with all typea of bits.
references and illustrations at end of paper.
The informstion presented sternsfrom our own
observations and from full-scale experiments carried
out in the past but since it is largely available in
the literature, it will be documented only by
referring to publications. In addition, a few new
developments will be highlighted.
BIT HYDRAULICS
Bit hydraulic make five different contribution
to the drilling process; these are discussed in turn
below:
1. Reduction of Chip Holddown
Bit hydraulics can reduce chip holddown34by
hampering the muds external plastering ef e t on the
$&
hole bottom, thus increaai g filtrate flo . This
7
requires bottom scavenging , i.e. a high fluid
velocity over preferably all of the hole bottom,
particularly at the larger radii. Plastering and
bottom scavenging can be conveniently atg+~in
d e the
laboratory while drilling permeable rock . These
effects can be expected for both permeable and
impermeable rock, though the mechanism may differ as
will be discussed below:
(a) In very permeable rock (- 1 D) the filtrate flow
needed to build up pore pressure at cutting depth
would be excessive. However, during drilling the
rocks permeability may be reduced by internal
plastering. Fine solids may be entrained with the
filtrate into the pore structure over a distance of up
to several centimetres until they eventually plug a
suitable pore. This effect has been observed with
quebracho-type muds and with Black Magic, an early
type of oil-based mud, by splitting the rock sample
and studying the pore space. The internal plastering
virtually stretches the mud cake from microns to
centimetres inside the rock, reducing the preaaure
gradient over the mud cake accordingly. As a result,
 THE EFFECT OF BIT HYDRAULICS ON BIT PERFORMANCE IN RELATION
2 TO THE ROCK DESTRUCTION MECHANISM AT DEPTH
:he pore pressure at cutting depth was found to
Lncrease to a value approaching the mud pressure at
the bottom of the hole and the full-scale bit drilled
it a near atmospheric rate. Such internal plastering
1s not at all desirable in eservoir rocks because of
5
severe formation impairment . In this respect, the
~ozzles in jet bits are in a near optimum position
For promoting unwanted internal plastering behind the
nole wall in reservoir rock! Diamond bits and PDC bits
~quipped with nozzles also need to be monitored for
this feature.
(b) In the laboratory the effect of bottom
Scavenging on the drilling rate in low-permeability
rock (-4.1 mD) proved to be very favorable. In the
Eield, rock permeabilities may vary quickly, for
zxample with alternating thin layers of permeable,
less permeable, or impermeable rocks. The impermeable
~ayer~ ~a~p~~ fi~~~~~~ f~~~ ~Q th=t presslure can build
UP quickly also in the more permeable thin layers.
(c) In really dense and impermeable rock the
mechanism by which bottom sca e
. : ~id li~itd to tbS~
rii~ing rate is most comp~ex~?~ingaffects the
areas already damaged or being damaged by the cutters.
Jhen cracks, fissures and r ck flour created by the
cutters in the hole bottom1? are wetted and the
porosity they represent is filled with filtrate, the
removal of the flour, and possibly larger fragmenta
too, is facilitated. How the porosity is created and
how accessible it is depends on the,cutting process,
the rock type, the drilling fluid, the borehole
pressure etc. A diamond in a diamond bit, for
instance, only scratches the surface, but it does this
simultaneously with hundreds of other diamonds, thus
producing a much more accessible shallow porosity,
which is in contrast to the deep cracks produced by a
roller bit with few sharp highly loaded teeth.
Therefore, a diamond bit can be very sensitive to
bottom scavenging. Similarly a blunt roller bit at low
bit load and high rotational speed is also very
sensitive to bottom scavenging. The precise mechanism
of rock destruction by oil field bits when drilling
impermeable rock (particularly shale) at depth
requirea much more investigation.
Bottom scavenging may seem to be intensive when,
in practice, it is not. Two examples of this ?re given
below.
(a) Diamond bits, for instance, with few waterways and
wide diamond fields may feature high fluid velocity in
the waterways but low fluid velocity across the
diamond fields. Cuttings produced at the diamond
fields not only further reduce fluid flow across the
diamond fields, but also increase the solids content
of Cb.aef~tuid -.----,
Inr.allv, ~~p=~nmentlv.
=--..--, , ~h~ ~i~~~~~
drill in an immediate environment of a high-solids-
content mud, whereas the clean fluid passes through
the waterwaya at high fluid velocity. Bottom
scavenging is most effective when it covers all of the
hole bottom and particularly the area in front of the
cutters.
fk\
\WJ U44-3.Z...-...=1+4...1
-nllap
.u~~=. l.++.
wk.,.GV...=LV=V=L=L -L.-, fldi~Velocities
may be extremely high in the nozzles, much less at the
hole bottom, and negligible at the centre of
particularly large bits. These shortcomings COU1
corrected with respectively extended nozzle bits4 BPlo
$ rate will be economically insignificant. For euch soft
and four nozzle bits, all of which are still r a ed
as special bits but they are in fact availablef?,f!l
SPE 13205
from certain specified sources. Their successful
~~~~~f~~@has been demonstrated beyond any
from the use of thop~ands of bits; in sfupe
operations they have been used~o or are being used
routinely.
opti:2:;a;::;2:;::: f~~~@:2c ::::;ona,
roller bita, which, because of their design, do not
make the best uae of hydraulics. Better results may be
achieved by c$~centrating the effort on, for example,
PDC-type bits and diamond bit aet with new
thermostable synthetic diamonds92 . These bits provide
more freedom in design of the cutters (see self-
cleaning cutter concept) and hydraulics (see, next
section). With large cutters of about 11/2in
diameter becoming available the concept of one jet per
cutter may come within reach. Jetting directly in
front of the cutters would give the jet-cutting
mechanism (see next section) a chance to cope with
rock while it is weakened to rock flour - irrespective
of whether the rock is hard or soft, permeable or
impermeable. In this way both bottom and bit balling
/---- .-A V)
l.\-4-L6 l.-
\=~~ ~~~ti~n~ ~ -W IU.A&WL U= ptf$%~fitd ~tith.~~ tb~.
cured at a later stage when md has plastered the
pores and virtually stopped the wetting of the rock
flour.
Another development may have the potentiai to
prevent plastering by mud solids:
Acoustically ~uned, ~acillating~ he =ucture$3
(STRATOJET) . If
this ia so and if it is practicable in bits, without
too many compromiaea, such bits may virtually
eliminate the deleterious effects of mud on the
drilling rate at oil-field depths.
2. Jet Cutting
Several investigators have demonstrated that
virgin rock can be jetted This jet
Cutting has been exp~ained;aybyirectly
a build up of fluid
pressure gradient in the pore space below a stagnant
jet leading to tensile stresses below the rock surface
so as to break out grains or clusters of grains. For
nozzles located very close to the hole bottom, the
nozzle pressure has to exceed a threshold of roughly
5x the tensile strength of the rock to ena~~ a jet to
cut a groove about 3 nozzle diameters wide in virgin
rock. To what extent can such jet cutting contribute
to the performance of commercial bits?
In conventional roller bits jeta usually exit at
a distance many nozzle diameters away from the spot of
jet impact, particularly when small nozzles are used
for powerful jetting. As a result, the mpact pressure
on the bottom is reduced substantially2i and is spread
over surfaces larger than one let exit area. Since
even with modern hydraulic nozzle pressure drops are
limited to, say, 3000 psi, significant jet cutting
will only occur in the very soft unconsolidated
formations (much softer than Berea sandstone,
example, with a threshold pressure of 2000 psif~rand a
tensile strength of 380 psi). Becauae jets in roller
bits are usually directed towards the transition of
the hole bottom into the hole wall: jet cutting of
very soft unconsolidated formations may successfully
enlarge the hole and cause problems (deviation,
cementing, etc.), but its contribution to the drilling
formations extended nozzle bits may have less tendency
to enlarge the hole because their jets are directed
CPR i~7n5 R. FEENSTRA AND D.H. ZIJSLING
perpendicularly to the hole bottom. In large bits they
could even be directed slightly towards the bits
centre. Furthermore, with the jets exiting the nozzles
~~o~e ~e bctto= their cutting ability would be
extended to less aoft rock, approaching ultimately
Berea sandstone, for exampie.
Diamond bits and PDC bits offer much more freedom
for arranging jets than do roller bits (ace also
section 1: one jet per cutter). With nozzles close to
bottom and spread over different tracks a virtuaiiy
dual-purpose bit can be designed to cut either
mechanically, or by jets, or by both techniques. The
danger of a jet cutting an oversize hole as well as
the danger of plugging the nozzles which are smeller
than those used in roller bits also require attention
(ace self-cleaning strainer concept).
The uae of jet cutting27*28 can be extended
further to less soft rock when higher pump pressures
become available.
Since the jets usually carry mud solids as well,
lso a contribution from jetted particle
here s2t , but because of the relatively low solids
drilling
content, this is a minor effect.
3. Reduction of Bottom Balling
Under atmospheric conditions a bits cutters tend
to break out relatively large cuttings of virgin
formation in addition to some fines , which are
created, fo example, directly below the teeth of
roller bits50 . With increasing chip holddown the
formation of relatively large cuttings tends to be
suppressed and so is the penetration of each cutter.
Instead the cutters increasingly crush the virgin rock
into fine powder (rock flour) and, depending on the
this then sticks to the hole bottom
cutters ovewlo
) or to the cutters (bit
~:&filing ) prior to being removed into the drilling
fluid either hydraulically or mechanically. Let us
first look at the rock flour on the bottom, what
affecta its production and hw it can be alleviated.
Hard formation roller bits are designed to let
the cutters almost truly roll over the hole bottom
with minimum dragging action. This motion, combined
with a blunt cutter (worn tooth, round insert),
ideally converts particularly friable virgin rock
under the cutter into rock flour in situ, provided
that the drilling fluid and the hole depth are such
that the root of all drilling evil (chip holddown
pressure) can develop sufficiently. Dragging action
and cutter sharpness (soft formation roller bits)
lessen tha sticking of rock flour to the hole bottom.
Hard non-friable rock, such aa ~yartz, is much more
difficult to convert into flour than soft limestone
and chalk.
It is amazing what excessive overbalance does.
For instance, when driiiing clepieiwi r~S~iii%)iiS bit
penetration may virtually ceaae even when the
reservoir rock is rather soft sandstone. The choice of
ioii~t h4+ ia the= the ~or~~
.. . . ~QSsihi~
~ h~d f~iiiiiiiti~=
one. Instead a high pressure drop, soft formation
diamond bit, possibly with sharp diamonds, running at
a relatively lW bit load and maybe at an elevated
rotational speed, would have a much better chance of
avoiding excessive bottom balling and could even
initiate internal plugging (see section 1).
3
Intensive bottom scavenging of the entire hole
bottom, particularly of the outer part, can be
.-.. ,., --4--4-- -1.4-hnlArlnr.m (~~~
?&fectlv&! no~ ofl~y in I~f.I-ULXt& &Lup L.-..-...
3ection 1) - thereby possibly yreventin~ bottom
balling - but also in eroding the rock flour after it
i~S fcr-md. T . .&L=n=.....
Ak,= o+.. .th -6 ~~~ ~GCk fi~ur viii vanish
>nce it has been wetted. Also the jet cutting
nechanism has another chance to contribute to bit
?erformsnce once the virgin rock has been weakened to
rock flour. Layers of rock flour of up to millimetres,
snd occasionally up to one centimetfe deep, pidii~~d
By roller bits, have been observed. Since the rock
Flour is dry and exposes a very large surface area to
be wetted, jet cutting may prove to be more difficult
than it is for water-saturated virgin rock. In this
respect the tremendous impact of driiiing fiuid
~roperties on filtrate flw in wetting the flour and
tilling the pores cannot be overstressed. With clear,
really clear, water as a drilling fluid the rock flour
?roblem is minimal - if indeed it develops at all.
A pronounced enemy of rock flour build up on
bottom is a sharp dragging bit with minimum negative
back rake angle. This bit is roughly the opposite of a
true rolling hard formation bit with blunt cutters. In
between there is a variety of compromises. The
Iragging action of the dragging bit shifta the rock
Elour problem from the bottom to the bit, thus
?romoting bit balling (ace next section).
With most drag-type bits a severe negative back
rake angle is either presen\l(e.g., most diamond bits)
m develops (e.g., PDC bits ), and this may cause
3ome clogging of the rock surface. In general, the
irag-type bit forces the rock to separate from the
bottom. In particular, PDC bits may develop into very
promising bits for keeping the hole bottom clean by
the combined action of favorable cutters (see self-
:leaning cutter concept) and strategic nozzle
positions (ace previous sections).
With diamond bits metamorphic cuttings32 have
been produced from nowmetamorphic virgin rock,
indicating that enormous friction msY raise ~1
temperatures at the cutting edge to high values .
4. Reduction of Bit Balling
Bit balling hampers a bits penetration rate most
at elevated bit load and at depth with effectively
plastering muds. Inspection of the balled up material
reveala that it consists of rock flour and remnants of
mud. How doea this build up happen for the various bit
typea and how can it be alleviated?
With sufficient chip holddown dragging cutters
shear much of the virgin rock into flour, which is
then pushed up along the cutter face while being
pressed against the cutter face by a differential
pressure that can be equal to the borehole presaure3.
This eventually leads to bit baliing when, for soss
reason, the rock flour cannot be adequately removed.
Many, if not all, PDC bits feature a stand-off of a
~ti~:=~&i~m~~~~,
little less or a little more than the
When the rock flour builds up at the cutter face, it
experiences considerable frictio% but when it reaches
a ceiling, determined by the stand-off, it geta
;~$$ and further buildup requires even more
. In this respect the old fishtail bit was a
 THE EFFECT OF BIT HYDRAULICS ON BIT PERFORMANCE IN REIATION TO
4 THE ROCK DESTRUCTION MECHANISM AT DEPTH
better design. Rather than letting the rock flour
build up along the cutter face, it is preferable to
lead it quickly into free space (see self-cleaning
cutter concept), preferably immediately after passing
the cutting edge, thus preventing further build up of
friction forces and lessening the need for bit
hydraulics. The fascinating prospect of an engineered
cutting edge is within reach with modern diamond
technology (see self-cleaning cutter concept). An
alternative to this mechanical handling of rock flour
is hydraulical jet cutting of the rock flour in front
of each cutter (see section 1: one jet per cutter). A
combination of both offers a third possibility.
Diamond bits usually feature very little stand-
off. This, combined with wide, poorly scavenged
diamond fields and small diamonds, makes the bit an
ideal candidate for pronounced bit clogging when
drilling unfavorable formations. Exposure of the
diamonds cutting faces to or into deeper waterways,
for instance, provides both better cleaning and more
stand-off.
breafi=~~~z~~sf~ch (step~~bl~%~e~k~
ha:
reducing rock flour generation. This was observed more
than 30 years ago by Pfleider and Blake,
lTh:o:t:;:g.
the cutting action of diamond drill bits
A similar study today for oil-field bits and
conditions, including a geologists observations,
might provide important leads for future bit design.
When a diamond bit clogs locally because the
diamonda at that point do all the cutting on that
radius (a quality control problem), these diamonds
ultimately absorb all the bit load because the non-
clogged diamonds drill easily free..b a result~
excessive friction occurs and melts34 the clogged
deposit and the underlying bit matrix, thus initiating
an O ring in the bit face.
The cutters of roller bits crush rock for a
rather short time. When conditions become such that
rock flour sticks to the teeth, the rock flour is
exposed to the drilling fluid for a relatively long
time. Conditions should be tailored to promote
filtrate flow, but if the rock flour is then still not
removed before the next action of a tooth, another
layer of rock flour is added. This process is repeated
-.,-*.A -.,-V.e.i
.=. e.1..
.-. s~--.., snA 0-------2
----- OrS..%~llV-a Illmn
--7
of
--
r~ck
flour may build up and fill the space between the
teeth. When the balled-up rock flour is studied, for
example, after drilling soft limestone with a red mud,
the white build-up layers of rock flour, separated by
a thin red mud cake, are seen.
Soft formation roller bits leave much space for
the balled-up rock flour to be pushed away between the
teeth since they have few long teeth and some partial
tooth deletions. The rock flour is well exposed to the
drilling fluid, which increasea the chances of bit
hydraulics wetting and eroding it. These bits need
these favourabie features since their scraping action
is most pronounced, and hence the tendency of rock
flour to stick to the cutters is great. Hard formation
bits feature many short teeth, leaving minimum space
for rock flour to escape. Fortunately, these bits
feature minimum scraping action and are preferably run
in formations less prone to bit balling.
SPE 13205
Bit ball g of roller bits starts at the outer
rows of teethf~. Fortunately, the jets concentrate
hydraulics in that region; trailing jets appear to be
more effective than leading jets10. When bottom
scavenging fails to prevent bit balling, bit
sca enging is needed to erode the rock flour at the
7
bit . Bottom scavenging in front of the cutters would
entail both bit and bottom scavenging. It could be
accomplished, for instance, by providing extended
nozzle tubes with special nozzles, featuring a side
exit. Since the fluid makes a large turn (say 60)
inside the nozzle, the circular exiting jet flattens
(perpendicular to the hole bottom) and widens
(parallel to the hole bottom) before hitting the
bottom in front of a tooth row. Consequently, tooth
scavenging is much improved locally, but at the
expense of bottonrscavenging because of the relatively
long distance between jet exit and jet impact. The
problem is to find a compromise between bit and bottom
scavenging, which is well balanced over the radius of
the hole.
Jets in large bits are too far away to scavenge
the bits centre part adequately. This certainly holds
for 1792 and larger roller bits and may hold also be
true for smaller bits, down to say about 10. Severe
bit balling may result. This shortcoming can be
corrected rather easily by adding a fourth nozzle in
the centre of the bit, a modification still being
carried out worldwide by local workshops, often under
the auspices of affiliates of bit companies, bout 20
39. A
years after the first successful field tests
small fourth nozzle in the bit centre is satisfactory
and appears to be less prone to plugging than the
three nozzles at the outside. It is possible that
solids have concentrated towards the inner wall of the
drill pipe while traveling down the long rotating
drill string towards the bit. Another, cruder
alternative may be to blank off o~~ of the three
nozzles, thus promoting crossflow at the bits
centre part. Even better, the two remaining nozzles
can be extended, which is not so difficult in these
large bits; such bits13 have -de record runs in the
North Sea.
5. Transport of Cuttings towards the Annulus
Transport of loose cuttings from the cutters
towards the annulus requires attention but should not
be much of a problem. Under atmospheric conditions
#hen large cuttings are produced at a high rate,
did not affect the drilling rate
;~$tr:;gy:;yo even with rather poor
hydraulics. At depth there is still less of a problem
since the drilling rate and the cutting size are
~~~~f~ !&ttings tra~port can easily be studied in
s ; the example of the three-jet 171/2bit
which balled up at its centre (see section 4)
indicates the need for such studies. Th application
of different sized jets in roller bits13 might aid in
nliminstino
-----..= nna={hla
~------- &=&.w~~~~ c~~~~~s. wherQ
>
cuttings easily accumulate. Such accumulations have
also been observed in PDC and diamond bits.
Disintegration of lumps of rock flour in large
quantities may pose a maintenance problem with the use
of water-based drilling fluids.
;PE 13205 R. FEENSTRA AND D.H. ZIJSLING
Outlook
Bit hydraulics address a complicated drilling
process, further study of which would aid bit
development. Application of much of this knowhow in
the field of hydraulics to roiier bits is ultimately
hampered by an implementation problem. This doea not
hold for drag-type bits (PDC and diamond bits), which
may experience a face lift in the future because of
design freedom, prog~~;~2~~1~~~~~~8~c~01~~and
much recent interest . shown in Fig. 2, optimum benefit from their cleaning
-- ..4
cOncep~= 11
WLLA ----
~luwk1. A~e......A
~A=bua==u -hi-h
...... may ~i~ in
alleviating a few old problems.
A SELF-CLEANING BIT STRAINER CONCEPT
Since the flow rate during drilling is limited
(flow conditioning the annulus, pump capacity) a high
drilling fluid velocity on bottom can only be realised
locally by reducing the total flow area (TFA) of the
bits. This leads to small nozzles. The debris present
in the drilling fluid, however, can easily plug such
small nozzles and lost circulation material cannot be
circulated with such a bit in the hole.
ith Z~n~s~a%ra~~~=icaiiy . The drilling fluid
ap~C bit enters
equipped
the bit through the interior of a cylindrical strainer
and flows towards small nozzles through holes in the
atrainer wall. These holes are dimensioned such that
particles that might plug the small nozzles are
retained. The large debris is discharged through one
large nozzle in the bit. Prior to this, the debris has
to pass a screen-plate containing a number of holes
with a diameter smaller than that of the large nozzle
to prevent plugging of the large nozzle. Application
of a screen-plate with only three holes gives a
strainer bit the same characteristics with respect to
complete plugging as a conventional jet bit with
nozzles of the same size as the holes in the screen-
plate. With more holes in the screen-plate the bit is
even better protected against nozzle piugging than
current jet bits.
Validation of the strainer concept
The atrainer concept has b~~n tested on the full-
scale drilling machine at KSEPL by circulating
drilling fluid containing lost circulation material
(LCM) through a bit equipped with this type of
strainer. The bit contained one large nozzle of 12 mm
diameter for discharge of debris, and 10 nozzles of 5
mm diameter (plus 1 nozzle of 8 mm diameter) for
discharge of strained drilling fluid.
Both acid-soluble and non-acid-soluble LCM at
concentrations shown in Table 1 have been circulated
through the bit. The circulation of LCM at these
concentrations is considered to represent the most
severe conditions (with regard to plugging of nozzles)
that may ariae in the field.
The tests revealed that drilling fluid containing
acid-soluble LCM at the concentration shown in Table 1
could be circulated through the bit without plugging
the strainer and the nozzles. The non-acid-soluble
L~> however, plugged the small nozzles during
circulation, while the large nozzle remained open
throughout the tests.
5
Additional circulation tests with non-acid-
soluble LCM on models of strainers revealed that a
proper dimensioning of the holes in the strainer
prevents the small nozzles from being plugged, but
makes the strainer itself more prone to plugging.
Slots in the strainer waii were founcito be much more
effective in preventing plugging of the strainer than
circular holes. In particular, when the slots are
oriented parallel to the direction of the main
drilling fluid flow inside the strainer and shaped as
a...-..4t.f
...- fih+aic.A~.i~ is ~Q be~=~e~ lJ~~~~
&apa&&l.,-g W.e-..e..e ~h~~e
conditions a particle that plugs part of a slot owing
to a pressure drop over the strainer can be removed
a~re easLly by the win flow of the drilling fluid
inside the strainer than is the case for circular
holes in the strainer wall. Tests confirmed that
plugging of the strainer equipped with slots (Fig. 2)
is governed by the ratio between the flow area of the
strainer and that of the small nozzles and the average
drilling fluid velocity inside the strainer.
The te~~: re~=~ied th=t nlllrzrrinQ Of 7 ~ IIOZZleS
r--=e---cs --
can be prevented by using a slot width of 2 mm and
that 5 mm nozzles require a maximum slot width of 1 mm
to prevent them from plugging.
Under these conditions drilling fluid with non-
acid-soluble LCM at the concentration given in Table 1
could be circulated without plugging the small nozzles
ad the St~ZiIl~r,
if ~~~ ~~~io of
between fiow area
the strainer and the small nozzles equals at least 40
for a drilling fluid velocity inside the strainer of
about 10% of that at the exit of the nozzles. These
test results, however, should be considered with some
care since other grades of LCM may behave differently
with respect to plugging.
Application of strainer bits in the field
The above tests demonstrate that drilling fluid
ea considerable amount of debris can be
CQntaininQ
circulated through properly designed strainer bits
without damaging their hydraulic properties.
Application of a strainer in a PDC bit enables much
better bit scavenging and cutter cooling by means of a
large number of small nozzles. When high-pressure
pumps are available on a rig, the application of a
strainer in a roller bit offers the possibility of
using small nozzles and of improving bottom
scavenging. One large nozzle can be used here to
create a crossflow under the bit which also enhances
bottom cleaning.
When running a strainer bit in the hole the small
nozzles should be plugged from the outside by devices
that can be pumped out when the hole bottom is reached
(e.g. plastic caps). Thus accumulation of debris
between the strainer and the b
the SULS1lnozzles is Prevented! and
body the drillpipe
hich ia
fight plug
still filled through the large nozzle.
If plugging of a strainer occurs after
circulation of LCM at extremely high concentrations,
it may be remedied by pulling and dropping the bit a
few times without circulating. This enables the debris
to be released from the strainer wall and to be
discharged through the large nozzle when circulation
is started again.
 THE EFFECT OF BIT HYDRAULICS ON BIT PERFORMANCE IN RELATION
TO THE ROCK DESTRUCTION MECHANISM AT DEPTH
The application of a self-cleaning strainer in a
bit has a considerable advantage over a surface
strainer in the flw line because now the operator no
longer needs to take care of selecting, running and
maintaining the proper surface strainer for a
particular bit. In addition, the surface strainer and
the bit have to be bypasaed when LCM has to be
circulated. Furthermore, the self-cleaning bit
strainer discharges debris generated downstream of a
surface strainer. This debris can come from the
drillpipe (internal coating), the rotary hose or from
Moineau-t e motors (rubber), or from the box of any
dri,1pipe3?
added (dried cuttings, etc).
Drillpipe strainera tend to be forgotten and may
present hazards (Do they allow string shots and
surveys when partly plugged? Do they damage internal
coating?) The self-cleaning bit strainer is built in
the bit, does not interfere with drilling operations,
guarantees circulation, and enables the operator to
utilise bit hydraulics to the best advantage.
THE SELF-CLEANING CUTTER CONCEPT
The multitude of cutters applied in PDC bits need
to be cleaned hydraulically when they ball up because
the cutters are then apparently not sufficiently self-
cleaning. It is almost impossible to clean ao many
cutters with relatively few jets. Therefore our
thinking needs to be directed towards minimizing the
hydraulic-cleaning requirement and maximizing the
self-cleaning ability of the cutters, as has been
indicated when discussing BIT HYDRA-ULTCS.iiowcan this
be done? Let us look at one cutter , and in particular
at its shape.
Single cutter tests
The effect of the shape of the diamond layer of a
PDC on the balling of cutters has been scanned in
single cutter tests under simulated downhole and
operating conditions for PDC bits in Mancos shale, a
typical medium-hard shale. PDCS with a curved diamond
layer with either a constant or a continuously varying
radius of curvature (R) have been used in the tests.
These shapes of the diamond layer (Fig. 3) ensure that
a possible self-cleaning effect of the curved surface
becomes independent of the degree of wear. The various
shapes of the diamond layers involve different back
rake angles for the individual PDCS or even a varying
back rake angle over the width of cut of a particular
PDC. For the convex PDCS the back rake angles ranged
from 40 to 0, while concave PDCS were tested with
back rake angles ranging from -10 to 5. The tests
were carried out in oil and water-based drilling fluid
(Table 1), respectively. The fluids were not
circulated during the few revolutions of the tests.
On the basis of the preliminary test results the
various PDCS can be split up into two groups, those
having either a concave and or a convex diamond
surface with a constant or a continuously varying
radius of curvature.
The concave PDCS (Fig. 3a) generated massive
lumps of rock flour which stuck to the diamond surface
in both oil and water-baaed drilling fluid. After the
tests the large chips generated in oil, remained
SPE 13205
stable, while the large chips generated in water-based
drilling fluid deteriorated slowly as a result of
filtrate invasion.
The convex PDCS generated smaller chips of rock
flour and fragments with a msxlmum size of about 1 mm.
rhe conventional flat PDCS generated chips of
intermediate size. Here the actual chip size depends
on operating conditions.
These results indicate that convex PDCS will
require much less hydraulic cleaning to prevent
balling than concave PDCS. This also implies that the
performance of a PDC bit can be improved considerably
by use of convex PDCs since the tendency of bit
balling aa initiated by balling of PDCS is
significantly reduced.
Another source of bit balling is trapping of
chips during transport to the annulus. Here again
chips generated by convex PDCS are favoured over those
of concave PDCS because small chips can be transported
to the annulus by drilling fluid with very little risk
of getting trapped under the bit. Tiiemassive lumps Gf
rock flour, however, generated by concave PDCS may
well get stuck on their way to the annulus,
particularly in the case of stud-type PDC bits. The
effect of the shape of PDCS on bit performance will be
most pronounced when drilling with water-baaed
drilling fluid, where balling phenomena are most
severe.
Outlook
The converahaped cutter is only an example of
how the self-cleaning ability of cutters can be
improved. Since diamond technology allows freedom in
cutter design, the challenge is to develop better
cutters for future bita. This requires research,
particularly by bit manufacturers, and also field
tests by operatora. A concerted effort is needed to
derive the potential benefit from a promising new
generation of oil-field bits85 .
CONCLUSIONS
* The need for bit hydraulics is largely determined by
the drilling process downhole.
* Bit design, bit selection and operating conditions
govern the drilling process downhole.
* Research on the drilling process at depth,
particularly in shale, is needed to develop better
cutters for drag-type bits.
* A self-cleaning bit strainer can alleviate practical
constraints on bit hydraulics.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authora thank Shell Research B.V. for their
permission to publish this paper and express their
appreciation to David R. Hall of MEGA diamond for
providing the PDCS used in the experiments on the
self-cleaning cutter concept.
SPE 13205 R. FEENSTRA AND D.H. ZIJSLING
iEFERBNCES
1. Eckel, J.R. & Nolley, J.P.: An analysis of
hydraulic factors affecting the rate of
penetration of drag-type rotary bits.
Drilltng and Production Practice 1949, published
by API New York, 1950.
2. Eckel, J.R. & Bielstein, W.J.: Nozzledesign and
its effect on drilling rate and pump operation.
Drilling and Production Practice 1951, published
by API New York 1952.
3. Gamier, A.J. & Lingen, N.H. van: Phenomena
affecting drilling rates at depth.
Trans. AIME (Sept. 1959), 216, 232.
4. Cunningham, R.A. & Eenink, J.G.: Laboratorystudy
of effect of overburden, formation and mud column
pressures on drilling rate of permeable
formations.
J. Pet. Techn. (January 1959), 270, 9.
5. Darley, H.C.H.: Designing fast drilling fluids.
Trans. AIME (April 1965), 465.
6. Young, F.S.Jr. & Gray, K.E.: Dynamic filtration
during microbit drilling.
SPE 1518, presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of
AIME, Dallas, Texas (October 2-5, 1966).
7. van Lingen, N.H.: Bottomscavenging, a major
factor governing penetration rates at depth.
J. Pet. Techn. (Feb. 1962), 187.
8. Black, A.D., Dearing, H.L. & Dibona, B.G.:
Effectsof pore pressure and mud filtration on
drilling rates in a permeable sandstone.
SPE 12117 preaented at the 58th Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, San Francisco, LA
(October 508, 1983).
9. Bell, J.: Formation damage can be minimised.
Drilling Contractor, March 1982, 118.
10. Feenstra, R. & van Leeuwen, J.J.M.: Full-scale
experiments Oii j~tS ----.-.kl-
iil i3pcLuEuuLc . . ..1. A-4114,,
LUW U.LAAA%.e .
J. Pet. Tech. (March, 1964), 329.
11. Pfleider, E.P. & Blake, R.L.: Research on the
cutting action of the diamond drill bit.
Mining Eng. (Feb. 1953), 3, No. 2, 187.
12. Baker, W.: Innovations in rock bit design -
hydraulics.
Drilling (July 1983), 82.
13. Cholet, H. & Baron, G.: Unique bit design
improves hydraulics and performance.
World Oil (October1977).
14. Pratt, C.A.: Increased penetration rates achieved
with new extended nozzle bits.
J. Pet. Tech. (Aug. 1978), 1191.
15. Sellers, M. & Vita, P.: Chevron succeeds with
extended nozzle bits in West Texas.
Petr. Eng. Int. (Jan. 1982), 44.
16. Anon. Why Dutch gas wells are drilled quickly.
World Oil (August 1, 1969), 42.
17. Robbibaro, P.A.: New bit improves ROP in sand-
shale sequence.
World Oil (April, 1979), 188.
18. Robinson, L.H.: Optimizingbit hydraulics
increases penetration rate.
World Oil (July 1982), 197.
19. Tsai, C.R. & Robinson, L.H.: Improvedrilling
efficiency with two nozzles and more weight on
bit.
IADC/SPE 11410 presented at IADC/SPE 1983 Drilling
Conference in New Orleans (Febr. 20-23, 1983),411.
20. Doiron, H.H. & Deane, J.D.: A new approach for
optimlsing bit hydraulics.
SPE 11677 presented at the 1983 California
Regional Meeting, Ventura (March 23-25,1983), 123.
7
21. Holster, J.L. & Kipp, R.J.: Effectof bit
hydraulic horsepower on the drilling rate of a
polycrystalline diamond bit.
SPE 11949 presented at the 58th Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, San Francisco LA
(October 5-8, 1983).
22. Wood, J.: Thermallystable cutters extend
application of synthetic diamond bits to hard
formations.
Oil and Gas Journal (April 1984), 82, No. 14, 133.
23. Johnson Jr., V.E. Chahine, G.L., Lindenmuth, W.T.,
Corm, A.F., Frederick, G.S. 6 Giacchino Jr. G.J.:
The development of structured cavitating jets for
deep hole bits.
SPE 1106O presented at the 57th Annual Fall
Technical Conference in New Orleans, LA (Sept. 26-
29, 1982).
24. Breitstein, L. et al.: Status of water jet
drilling R6D (Final Report), prepared under
Contract No. ET-78-c-01-2628 (Sept. 1980).
U.S. Department of Energy, Bartlesville ETC,
P.O.Box 1398, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003.
25. Feenstra, R., Pols, A.C. & van Steveninck, J.:
Tests show jet drilling has promise.
The Oil and Gas Journal (July 1, 1974), 45.
26. Hinze, J.O.: Noniaotropic free turbulence.
Turbulence, McGraw-Hill, 1959.
27. Pols, A.C.: Rock type decides jetting economics.
The Oil and Gas Journal (Febr. 7, 1977).
28. Maurer, W.C., Heilhecker, J.K. & Love, W.W.: High
pressure jet drilling.
SPE 3988 presented at the 47th Annual Fall
Meeting, San Antonio (Oct. 8-11, 1972).
29. Wyllie, M.R.J.: Jetted particle drilling.
No SP6 presented at the 8th World Petrol. Congr.
1071
L,#*.
30. Maurer, W.C.: How bottom-hole pressure affects
penetration rate.
Oil and Gas Journal (January 10, 1966), 61.
31. Zijsling, D.H.: Analysis of temperature
distribution and performance of polycrystalline
diamond compact bits under field drilling
conditions.
SPE 13260 presented at the 59th Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas (16-19
September, 1984).
32. Taylor, J.C.M.: Bit metamorphism can change
character of cuttings.
Oil and Gas Journal (Oct. 1983), 107.
33. Huang, H.I. & Iversen, R.E.: The positive effects
of side rake in oilfield bits using
polycrystalline diamond compact cutters.
SPE 10152 presented at the 56th Annual Fall
Technical Conference, San Antonio, Texas (October
5-7, 1981).
34. Gallon, J.: How diamond bits are used in Sahara
drilling.
Oil and Gas Journal (July 1963), 3, 7.
35. Feenstra, R.: Unpublished results of field tests
since 1964.
Kon./Shell E & P Lab., Rijswijk, Netherlands.
36. Glowka, D.: Optimisation of bit hydraulic
configurations.
SPE 10240 presented at the 56th Annual Fall
Technical Conference, San Antonio, Texaa (October
5-7, 1981).
 THE EFFECT OF BIT HYDRAULICS ON BIT PERFORMANCE IN RELATION
8 TO THE ROCK DESTRUCTION MECHANISM AT DEPTH SPE 13205

~7. Ortega, A. & Glowka, D.A.: Frictionalheating and 51. Booker, C.H.: Get ready for the great poly-
convective cooling of polycrystalline diamond drag crystalline bit war.
tools during rock cutting. Drilling (July 1982), 43, no. 10.
SPE 11061 presented at the 57th Annual Fall 52. Booker, C.H.: Diamond shear bit panel-1 and 2.
Technical Conference, New Orleans LA (Sept. 26-29, Oil and Gas Journal (Sept. 27, 1982 and Oct. 4,
1982). 1982).
38. Glowka, D.A. & Stone, C.H.: Thethermal response 53. Dahlem, J.: Downhole tools and materials: going
of polycrystalline diamond compact cutters under for penetration.
simulated dowhole conditions. Oilman (July 1983).
SPE 11947 presented at the 58th kunual Technical 54. Wood, J.E.: Correct methodology improves PCD bit
Conference, San Francisco LA (Oct. 5-8, 1982). performance.
39. Swenson, D.V., Jones, A.K..& Wesenberg, D.L.: Petrol. Eng. Inst. (April 1982), 54, no. 5.
Analytical and experimental investigations of 55. Wood, J.E.: Diamondbits. Ptl. Heres when to use
rock cutting using polycrystalline diamond compact diamond bits.
drag cutters. Drilling Contract (July 1983), 39, no. 7.
SPE 1015O, presented at 56th Annual Fall Technical 56. Wood, J.E.: Heres how to use diamond bits. Pt2.
Conference, San Antonio, Texas (October 5-7,1981). Drilling Contract (August 1983), 39, no. 8.
io. Hoover, E.R. & Middleton, J.N.: Laboratory 57. Wood, J.E.: Polycrystalline diamond bit: its use
evaluation of PDC drill bits under high speed and in soft or average formations.
high wear conditions. Petrol. Int. (May 1982), 40, no. 5.
SPE 10326 presented at the 56th Annual Fall 58. Keller, U.S. & Crow, M.L.: Where and how not to
Technical Conference, San Antonio, Texas (Oct. run PDC bits.
5-7, 1981). IADC/SPE 11387 presented at the IADC/SPE 1983
41. Park, A. & Williams, C.R.: Improvement of Drilling Conference, New Orleans LA (Febr. 20-23,
drilling capabilities of PDC cutters in hard 1983), 249.
formation. 59. Koskie Jr. E.T.: Common-sense measures improve
Bartlesville ETC, P.O.Box 1398, Bartlesville, PDC bit performance.
Oklahoma 74006. World Oil (Sept. 1982), 195, No. 5.
42. Cerkovnik, J.: Design, application and future of 60. Koskie Jr. E.T.: Polycrystalline bits can reduce
polycrystalline diamond compact cutters in the rig costs.
Rocky Mountains. Drill bit (July 1981), 30, no. 7.
SPE 10893 presented at the Rocky Mountain Regional 61. Walther, E.: Polycrystalline diamond drill bits
----.
Meeting, Biiiings, MT (May ig-~i, lYUZ). expand small-rig capabilities.
43. Andrews, T.L.: Shear underreamer fitted with rwre~~ ~ei.v.. (---L-A-..81
\LluLG1x-lapLLA
1oQ9\
L.UL), 22, iici. 2.

polycrystalline diamond studs doubles penetration 62. Wood, J.E.: Positive displacement downhole motors
rate. and diamond compact bits reduce drilling costs in
Oil and Gas Journal (Febr. 14, 1983), 114. overthrust wells.
44. Maslowski, A.: Diamondsfor bits prove valuable. SPE 11843, presented at SPE of AIME Rocky Mountain
n-4114me r,-.-+-...+ n.f.wnh 1an2\
-~~-~~% v..-~-~. \..-.-., -~-~), ~~, ~~. ~. reg. meeting, Sait La-ke
City, Utah (Hay 22-25,
45. Knowlton, R.H. & Huang, H.: Polycrystalline 1983) .
diamond compact bit hydraulics. 63. Cress, L.A.: How and when to run a PDC bit in the
SPE 11063 ~--------- nresented at the 57~h Ann~a~ Fa~~ rr----
uPPeL
m-----
A==@
P..IK
UULL
t!-----
UUU_l. =
A-
ml
--------1-
U~CLtlLUL S
..<-..--<--!,
VL=W~LIIL .

Technical Conference, New Orleana LA (Sept. 26-29, IADC/SPE 11388 presented at the 1983 Drilling
1982). Conference, New Orleans LA (Febr. 20-23, 1983).
46. Radtke, R.P. & Pain, D.D.: Optimisation of 64. Arceneaux, M.A. & Fielder, J.L.: Field experience
hydraulics for PCD bits in Gulf Coast shales with with PDC bits in North East Texas.
water-base muds. IADC/SPE 11390 presented at the IADC/SPE 1983
IADC/SPE 11411, presented at th IADC/SPE 1983 Drilling Conference, New Orleans LA (Febr. 20-23,
Drilling Conference, New Orleans LA (Febr. 20-23, 1983).
1983), 419. 65. Offenbacher, L.A., McDermaid, J.D. & Patterson,
47. Kuhn , K.O. & Forrest, S.: Flow enhancement C.R.: PDCbits find application in Oklahoma
characterises design of polycrystalline diamond drilling-.
cutter bits. IADC/SPE 11389 presented at the IADC/SPE 1983
SPE 11062 presented at the 57th Annual Fall Drilling Conference, New Orleans LA (Febr. 20-23,
Technical Conference, New Orleans LA (Sept. 26-29, 1983).
1982). 66. Slack, J.B.: Penetration rates and bit life of
48. Golis, S.W.: Analysis of the invert emulsion oil the polycrystalline diamond bits in the Austin
M..A /,.1.,,.-..+- 1 14 ..- A4 . . ..--A La. . . . . . . . a- -L..3I-..
ULIJU, ~A,GJ.y.uczA-4,,= tL.1.aluuL,U LL ~~~1.=111 LL1 U1la.&LUW
cnaiiitrend of the Giiciings,Texas fieiri.
permeable formations. Drilling (Nov. 1981), 43, no. 11.
IADC/SPE 11391 presented at the IADC/SPE 1983 67. Forrest, S. & Kuhn, K.: Drilling technology
Drilling Conference, New Orleans LA (Febr. 20-23, report. Near perfect combination generates record
1983). bit inn.
.. .. -
49. bolls, S.w.; invert mud works weii with FIIC Oil and Gas Journal (March 1983), 82, No. 12.
(polycrystalline diamond compact). 68. Wood, J.E.: Stratapax drill blanks saved money
Drilling contract (Jan. 1984), 40, no. 1. in Montana.
50. Flak, L.H.: Drillingprogress 83. Use oil muds Western Oil Reporter (Aug. 1981), 38, no. 8.
to improve PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact) 69. FOX, J.P. & Wood: J.E.: PDC bits find application
..
bit performance. in San Joaquin Valley.
World Oil (Oct. 1983), 197. SPE 12790 presented at the 1984 California
Regional Meeting, Long Beach CA (April 11-13,
1984).
E 13205 R. FEENSTRA AND D.H. ZIJSLING 9

o. Moore, S,0., Lynch, B.W. & Talbot, K.J.: A case
history of polycrystalline diamond compact bit
performance in the Tuscaloosa Trend.
SPE 11944, presented at the 58th Annual Technical
Conference, San Francisco LA (Oct. 5-8, 1983).
11. Preslar, P.L. & McDermaid, J.D.: PDC bit proves
effective at South Graham Deese Sand Unit.
SPE 11945 presented at the 58th Annual Technical
Conference, ---
Dan ----------
rranc&scu TAu= (Oct. 5-8, 1983).
12. Preslar, P.L.: NorthSea techniques promote more
efficient drilling.
Offshore Eng. (April 1983).
13. Turnbull, R.W.: Turbodrill, PDC bits spell
success in Mobils Statfjord.
Petr. Eng. Int. (October 1982), 54, no. 12.
14. Paterson, A.W. & Shute, J.P.: Experience with
poiycrystaiiine diamond cempaet bits in the
Northern North Sea.
EUR339 presented at the European Petroleum
Conference, London (Oct. 25-28, 1982).
75. Bleakley, W.B.: HowConoco cuts Murchison
drilling time.
Petrol. Eng. (Febr. 1982), 54, no. 2.
?6. Illerhaus, R. & Oppelt, J.: Experience of
drilling with PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond
Compact) bits in North Sea operations.
Noroil (March 1983), 11, no. 3.
77. Bruyn, de H.J.: Better turbodrilling can give
dramatic reductions in drilling costs.
SPE 11895 presented at SPE of ~IME Offshore Europe
Conference, Aberdeen (Sept. 6-9, 1983).
78. Allamon, J.P.: Conoco saves days and collars with
a new bit.
World Oil (Jan. 1982), 194.
79. McKinley, D., Knowlton, H. & Ricard, R.:
Economics of turbodrilling in Canada.
Presented at Petr. Sot. of CIM & Can.Ass. Dr. Eng.
meeting (MSy 10-13, 1983), paper no. 83-34-03.
80. Balkenbush, R.J. & Onisko, J.E.: Applicationof
PDC hir~ in the Kuparuk River field, Alaska.
SPE 11946 presented at the 58th Annual Technical
Conference, San Francisco CA (Oct. 5-8, 1983).
81. Gani, R.A.: Diamond shear bits pass tests in
Indonesias Arun gas field.
Oil and Gas Journal (Nov. 1982), 80, no. 48.
82. Heckes, A.A., Meano, W. & Baker, L.E.: Poly-
crystalline diamond drill bits for Venezuelan
~~if~~i~ acmlicati~n.
-==-..
Sandia Nat. Lab. Rep. no: SAND 82-1963 (April
----.
1Y53) .
83. van Prooyen, J., Juergens, R. & Gilbert, H.E.:
Recent field results with new bits.
Journal of Petroleum Technology (Sept. 1982), 34,
1938.
84. Walker, B.H. & Feenatra, R.: Rotary bit with jet
nozzles.
U.S. Patent No. 4, 341, 273.
85. Feenatra, R., Juergens, R. & Walker, B.H.: New
generation of oilf~eld-bits - laboratory and field
results.
SPE 6712 presented at the 52nd Annual Fall
Technical Conference, Denver, Colorado (Oct. 9-12,
1977).

TABLE 1
LCM CIRCULATION TESTS

Drilling fluid
Water-based mud
S.d. : 1220 kg/m3 MF:70
API-w.1.: 2 cm3/30 min Pv : 24 CF
Ge 1 : 0.5/1.5 Pa YP : 6 Pa

LCM

Acid-soluble Particle size (mm) Cone. (kg/m3)

Durcal 130
I 0.05 - 0.4
I 44
,,
I
Granicalcium f 0.35 - 0.7
,,
c 0.5 - 1.5
Chicken grit 2 -4 ,,

TOTAL 176

Non-acid soluble Particle size (mm) Cone. (kg/m3)

Mica f 0.15 - 1.2 47

,, .,
c 1.2 - 6.4
Walnut f 0.15 - 0.59 24
,, !,
c 0.15 - 5.0
Cellophane 19

I TOTAL 161
 STRAINER

:A::wLE

SCREEN PLATE

WING

LARGE NOZZLE

Fig.{ SCHEMATIC OF STRAINER BIT

OmO. 43058 P 692

 . . ., ., .4.. ., .4, ..

--- . -.

.
. -- . - -.. - Y.T

1- I

!LJ R

b) convex

:urvature )
. .. .... .. .. .. . ..- .. -

., . . . .. . ..
,-
 strained mud

mud with debris

I

Fig.2 STRAINER WITH SLOTS

a) Concave b) Convex

Fig.3 PDC SHAPES (R= Radius ofcurvatire)

P692
FIGS.2,3
Dr.no.46145