Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

CHAPTER 8
SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

1* Giveanexampleofathreedimensionalobjectthathasnomassatitscenterofmass.
Ahollowsphere.
2 Threepointmassesof2kgeacharelocatedonthexaxisattheorigin,x=0.20m,andx=0.50m.Findthecenter
ofmassofthesystem.
UseEqu.84;notethatycm=0 xcm=[(20+20.2+20.5)/6]m=0.233m

3 A24kgchildis20mfroman86kgadult.Whereisthecenterofmassofthissystem?
Taketheoriginatthepositionofthechild.
UseEqu.84 xcm=(8620/110)m=15.6m

4 Threeobjectsof2kgeacharelocatedinthexyplaneatpoints(10cm,0),(0,10cm),and(10cm,10cm).Find
thelocationofthecenterofmass.
UseEqu.84 xcm=[(102+102)/6]cm=6.67cm;
ycm=[(102+102)/6]cm=6.67cm

5* FindthecenterofmassxcmofthethreemassesinFigure846.
UseEqu.84 xcm=[(11+22+84)/11]m=3.36m

6 AlleyOopsclubaxconsistsofasymmetrical8kgstoneattachedtotheendofauniform2.5kgstickthatis98
cmlong.ThedimensionsoftheclubaxareshowninFigure847.Howfaristhecenterofmassfromthehandleend
oftheclubax?
1.LocateCMofstickandofstone Bysymmetry,xcm(stick)=0.49m;xcm(stone)=0.89m
2.UseEqu.84 xcm=[(2.50.49+80.89)/10.5]m=0.795m
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

7 ThreeballsA,B,andC,withmassesof3kg,1kg,and1kg,respectively,areconnectedbymasslessrods.The
ballsarelocatedasinFigure848.Whatarethecoordinatesofthecenterofmass?
UseEqu.84 xcm=[(32+11+13)/5]m=2m
ycm=[(32+11+10)/5]m=1.4m

8 Bysymmetry,locatethecenterofmassofanequilateraltriangleofsidelengthawithonevertexontheyaxis
andtheothersat(a/2,0)and(+a/2,0).

1.Drawthetriangle;assumevertexaty>0
2.Locatetheintersectionofthebisectors;seesketch

3.GivethecoordinatesofCM xcm=0;ycm=1/2atan30o=0.289a

9* TheuniformsheetofplywoodinFigure849hasamassof20kg.Finditscenterofmass.Weshallconsiderthis
astwosheets,asquaresheetof3msidelengthandmassm1andarectangularsheet1m2mwithamassofm2.Let
coordinateoriginbeatlowerlefthandcornerofthesheet.Let bethesurfacedensityofthesheet.
1.Findxcm(m1),ycm(m1)andxcm(m2),ycm(m2) Bysymmetry,xcm(m1)=1.5m,ycm(m1)=1.5m
andxcm(m2)=1.5m,ycm(m2)=2.0m
2.Determinem1andm2 m1=9kg,m2=2kg
3.UseEqu.84 xcm=(91.521.5)/7=1.5m
ycm=(91.522.0)/7=1.36m

10 ShowthatthecenterofmassofauniformsemicirculardiskofradiusRisatapoint(4/3)Rfromthecenterof
thecircle.

1.Thesemicirculardiskisshown;wealsoshowherethesurfaceelementdA
2.UseEqu.85tofindycm;xcm=0bysymmetry.ycm=(1/M)ydA
3.y=rsin,dA=rddr,andM=R2/2;maketheappropriate
substitutions
R 2 R 2 3 4
4.ycm=
M
0 0
r2sin d dr=
M
0
r2dr=
3M
R =
3
R0

11 AbaseballbatoflengthLhasapeculiarlineardensity(massperunitlength)givenby =0(1+x2/L2).Findthe
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

xcoordinateofthecenterofmassintermsofL.
L
UseEqu.85.xcm=xdm/dm.HereM=dm=dx= 0 (1+x2/L2)dx=4 0 L/30
0

L L
and xdm= x0 (1+x2/L2)dx=3 0 L2/4.0Wefindthatxcm=(9/16)L.
0 0

12 FindthecenterofmassofahomogeneoussolidhemisphereofradiusRandmassM.
ThevolumeelementforasphereisdV=r2sindddr,whereisthepolarangleandtheazimuthalangle.
Letthebaseofthehemispherebethexyplaneandbethemassdensity.Thenz=rcos.NowuseEqu.85:

R / 2 2 /2
R 4 1 sin 2 R 4 1 4 3 3
zcm=
M
0 0 0
r3sin cos d d dr=
2M

2

0
=
4M
;M= R ;zcm= R.
2 3 8

13* Findthecenterofmassofathinhemisphericalshell.
TheelementofareaontheshellisdA=2R2sind,whereRistheradiusofthehemisphere.Letbethe
surfacemassdensity.ThenM=1/2(4R2)=2R2.UsethesamecoordinatesasinProblem812,andapply
Equ.85:

/2
zdA = 2R 2
3
zcm= sincosd=R/2.
M 2R 0

14 Asheetofmetaliscutintheshapeofaparabola.Theedgeofthesheetisgivenbytheexpressiony=ax2,andy
rangesfromy=0toy=b.Findthecenterofmassintermsof
aandb.
Theparabolicsheetisshownhere.Notethatby
symmetry,xcm=0.
TheelementofareaisdA=xdy,andx=y1/2/ a 0.

b b 2 5/ 2
ycm =
xydy =
0 0
y 3 / 2 dy
= 5
b
3
= b.0
b b
2 3/ 2
xdy
0 0
y1 / 2 dy
3
b
5

15 Onthenightbeforeyourphysicsexam,youhearabangingonyourdoor,andinwalksKelly.Shesays,Theres
abigproblemhere.AccordingtoNewtonianphysics,onlyexternalforcescancausethecenterofmassofasystemto
accelerate.Butacaracceleratesbecauseofitsownengine,soobviouslyNewtonwaswrong.Shecrossesherarmsin
awaythatsuggeststhatsheisnotgoinganywhereuntilshegetsasatisfactoryexplanation.Howcanyouexplain
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

KellyserrortoherinordertorescueNewtonandgetbacktoyourstudying?
Theexternalforcehereistheforceofstaticfrictionbetweenthetiresandtheroad.
16 Twopucksofmassm1andm2lieunconnectedonafrictionlesstable.AhorizontalforceF1isexertedonm1only.
Whatisthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationofthecenterofmassofthepucks?(a)F1/m1(b)F1/(m1+m2)(c)F1/m2
(d)(m1+m2)F1/m1m2
(b)byapplicationofEqu.810.
17* ThetwopucksinProblem16arelyingonafrictionlesstableandconnectedbyaspringofforceconstantk.A
horizontalforceF1isagainexertedonlyonm1alongthespringawayfromm2.Whatisthemagnitudeofthe
accelerationofthecenterofmass?(a)F1/m1(b)F1/(m1+m2)(c)(F1+kx)/(m1+m2),wherexistheamountthe
springisstretched.(d)(m1+m2)F1/m1m2
(b)byapplicationofEqu.810;thespringforceisaninternalforce.
18 Two3kgmasseshavevelocitiesv1=2m/si+3m/sjandv2=4m/si6m/sj.Findthevelocityofthecenterof
massforthesystem.
UseEqu.813;vcm=(mivi)/M=(v1+v2)/2.

19 A1500kgcarismovingwestwardwithaspeedof20m/s,anda3000kgtruckistravelingeastwithaspeedof
16m/s.Findthevelocityofthecenterofmassofthesystem.
Leteastbethepositiveidirection.vcm=(mivi)/M vcm=[(300016150020)/4500]m/si=4m/si

20 AforceF=12Niisappliedtothe3kgballinProblem7.Whatistheaccelerationofthecenterofmass?
UseEqu.810 acm=(12/5)m/s2i=2.4m/s2i

21* AblockofmassmisattachedtoastringandsuspendedinsideahollowboxofmassM.Theboxrestsonascale
thatmeasuresthesystemsweight.(a)Ifthestringbreaks,doesthereadingonthescalechange?Explainyour
reasoning.(b)Assumethatthestringbreaksandthemassmfallswithconstantaccelerationg.Findtheacceleration
ofthecenterofmass,givingbothdirectionandmagnitude.(c)Usingtheresultfrom(b),determinethereadingonthe
scalewhilemisinfreefall.
(a) Yes;initiallythescalereads(M+m)g;whilemisinfreefall,thereadingisMg.
(b) acm=mg/(M+m),directeddownward.
(c) Fnet=(M+m)g(M+m)acm=Mg.
22 Averticalspringofforceconstantkisattachedatthebottomtoaplatformofmassmp,andatthetoptoa
masslesscup,asinFigure850.Theplatformrestsonascale.Aballofmassmbisplacedinthecup.Whatisthe
readingonthescalewhen(a)thespringiscompressedanamountd=mbg/k?(b)theballcomestorestmomentarily
withthespringcompressed?(c)theballagaincomestorestinitsoriginalposition?
(a) Theforceexertedbythespringonmp=mbg Scalereading=mpg+mbg
(b) Whentheballisatrest,mbgd=1/2kd2; Scalereading=kd+mpg=(2mb+mp)g
d=2mbg/k
(c) Inthiscase,thespringexertsnoforceonmb Scalereading=mpg
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

23 IntheAtwoodsmachineinFigure851,thestringpassesoverafixed,frictionlesscylinderofmassmc.(a)Find
theaccelerationofthecenterofmassofthetwoblockandcylindersystem.(b)UseNewtonssecondlawfor
systemstofindtheforceFexertedbythesupport.(c)Findthetensioninthestringconnectingtheblocksandshow
thatF=mcg+2T.
(a) 1.UseEqu.88andresultsofProblem481 acm=(m1am2a)/(m1+m2+mc);
a=(m1m2)/(m1+m2)
2.Simplifytheexpressionforacm acm=[(m1m2)2g]/[(m1+m2)(m1+m2+mc)]
(b) F=MgMacm;M=m1+m2+mc F=Mg(m1m2)2g/(m1+m2)
=[4m1m2/(m1+m2)+mc]g
(c) FromProblem481,T=2m1m2g/(m1+m2) F=2T+mcg=[4m1m2/(m1+m2)+mc]g;Q.E.D.

24 RepeatProblems22aand22bwiththeballdroppedintothecupfromaheighthabovethecup.
(a) Thereisnochangehere. Scalereading=(mp+mb)g

mb g 2kh 2kh
(b) SeeProb.796;xmax= 1 1 0 F=mpg+mbg 1 1 0
k mb g mb g

25* Trueorfalse:(a)Themomentumofaheavyobjectisgreaterthanthatofalightobjectmovingatthesamespeed.
(b)Themomentumofasystemmaybeconservedevenwhenmechanicalenergyisnot.(c)Thevelocityofthecenter
ofmassofasystemequalsthetotalmomentumofthesystemdividedbyitstotalmass.
(a)True(formagnitude) (b)True(inelasticcollision) (c)True
26 Howistherecoilofariflerelatedtomomentumconservation?
precoil+pgun=0;precoil=pgun.
27 Amanisstrandedinthemiddleofanicerinkthatisperfectlyfrictionless.Howcanhegettotheedge?
Ifhethrowssomethingforward,hewillmovebackward.

28 Agirljumpsfromaboattoadock.Whydoesshehavetojumpwithmoreenergythanshewouldneedifshe
werejumpingthesamedistancefromonedocktoanother?
Shemustgivetheboatarecoilmomentum,andEboat=pboat20/2mboat.
29* MuchearlyresearchinrocketmotionwasdonebyRobertGoddard,physicsprofessoratClarkCollegein
Worcester,Mass.Aquotationfroma1921editorialintheNewYorkTimesillustratesthepublicacceptanceofhis
work:ThatProfessorGoddardwithhischairatClarkCollegeandthecountenanceoftheSmithonianInstitution
doesnotknowtherelationbetweenactionandreaction,andtheneedtohavesomethingbetterthanavacuumagainst
whichtoreacttosaythatwouldbeabsurd.Ofcourse,heonlyseemstolacktheknowledgeladledoutdailyinhigh
schools.Thebeliefthatarocketneedssomethingtopushagainstwasaprevalentmisconceptionbeforerocketsin
spacewerecommonplace.Explainwhythatbeliefiswrong.
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

Conservationofmomentumdoesnotrequirethepresenceofamediumsuchasair.
30 Liz,Jay,andTaradiscoverthatsinisterchemicalsareleakingatasteadyratefromaholeinthebottomofa
railwaycar.Tocollectevidenceofapotentialenvironmentalmishap,theyvideotapethecarasitrollswithoutfriction
ataninitialspeedv0.Taraclaimsthatcarefulanalysisofthevideotapewillshowthatthecarsspeedisincreasing,
becauseitislosingmassasitdrains.Theincreaseinspeedwillhelptoprovethattheleakisoccurring.Lizsaysno,
thatwithalossofmass,thecarsspeedwillbedecreasing.Jaysaysthespeedwillremainthesame.(a)Whoisright?
(b)Whatforcesareexertedonthesystemofthecarpluschemicalcargo?
(a) Jayisright.
(b) Nonetexternalforceactsonthecarpluscargo.
31 Agirlofmass55kgjumpsoffthebowofa75kgcanoethatisinitiallyatrest.Ifhervelocityis2.5m/stothe
right,whatisthevelocityofthecanoeaftershejumps?
Fext=0;mivi=0 vc=(552.5/75)m/s=1.83m/s,oppositetogirlsv
32 Twomassesof5kgand10kgareconnectedbyacompressedspringandrestonafrictionlesstable.Afterthe
springisreleased,thesmallermasshasavelocityof8m/stotheleft.Whatisthevelocityofthelargermass?
Fext=0;mivi=0 v10=(58/10)m/s=4m/storight
33* Figure852showsthebehaviorofaprojectilejustafterithasbrokenupintothreepieces.Whatwasthespeedof
theprojectiletheinstantbeforeitbrokeup?(a)v3(b)v3/3(c)v3/4(d)4v3(e)(v1+v2+v3)/4
(c)Usepi=pf=mv3=4mvi.
34 Ashellofmassmandspeedvexplodesintotwoidenticalfragments.Iftheshellwasmovinghorizontallywith
respecttotheearth,andoneofthefragmentsissubsequentlymovingverticallywiththespeedv,findthevelocityv
oftheotherfragment.
Usepi=pf;pi=mvi=1/2mvj+1/2mv v=2vivj

35 Inacircusact,Marcello(mass70kg)isshotfromacannonwithamuzzlevelocityof24.00m/satanangleof
30oabovehorizontal.Hispartner,Tina(mass50kg),standsonanelevatedplatformlocatedatthetopofhis
trajectory.Hegrabsherashefliesbyandthetwoflyofftogether.Theylandinanetatthesameelevationasthe
cannonahorizontaldistancexaway.Findx.
1.Findpiatcontact;vxi=(24cos30o)m/s=20.8m/s (7020.8)kg.m/s=(120vxf)kg.m/s;vxf=12.1m/s
2.Findthetimeofflighttotheplatform t=(24sin30o)/gs=1.22s
3.Findx=vxit+vxft x=[(20.8+12.1)1.22]m=40.1m

36 Ablockandahandgunloadedwithonebulletarefirmlyaffixedtooppositeendsofamasslesscartthatrestsona
levelfrictionlessairtable(Figure853).Themassofthehandgunismg,themassoftheblockismbk,andthemassof
thebulletismbt.Thegunisaimedsothatwhenfired,thebulletwillgointotheblock.Whenthebulletleavesthe
barrelofthehandgun,ithasavelocityvbasmeasuredbyanobserveratrestwiththetable.Takethefallofthebullet
tobenegligibleanditspenetrationintotheblocktobesmall.(a)Whatisthevelocityofthecartimmediatelyafter
thebulletleavesthegunbarrel?(b)Whatisthevelocityofthecartimmediatelyafterthebulletcomestorestinthe
block?(c)Howfarhastheblockmovedfromitsinitialpositionatthemomentwhenthebulletcomestorestinthe
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

block?
(a) Usepb=pcart;vcart=[mb/(mg+mbk)]vb.
(b) Fext=0;pi=pf=0;vcart=0.
(c) vrel=vb+vcart=vb[(mg+mb+mbk)/(mg+mbk)];timeofflight=L/vrel;d=vcartt=L[mb/(mg+mb+mbk)].
37* Asmallobjectofmassmslidesdownawedgeofmass2mandexitssmoothlyontoafrictionlesstable.The
wedgeisinitiallyatrestonthetable.Iftheobjectisinitiallyatrestataheighthabovethetable,findthevelocityof
thewedgewhentheobjectleavesit.
px=0=mvx2mV;V=1/2vx;vx= 2 gh ; V gh / 2 0,directedoppositetothatofthemassm.
38 Describehowabasketballismovingwhen(a)itstotalkineticenergyisjusttheenergyofmotionofitscenterof
mass,and(b)itstotalkineticenergyistheenergyofitsmotionrelativetoitscenterofmass.
(a)Ithasaspeedvbutisnotspinningaboutitsaxis.
(b)Ithasnovelocitybutisspinningaboutitscenterofmass.
39 Twobowlingballsaremovingwiththesamevelocity,butonejustslidesdownthealley,whereastheotherrolls
downthealley.Whichballhasmoreenergy?
Therollingballhasmoreenergy,1/2mvcm2+Krel.
40 A3kgblockistravelingtotherightat5m/s,andasecond3kgblockistravelingtotheleftat2m/s.(a)Find
thetotalkineticenergyofthetwoblocksinthisreferenceframe.(b)Findthevelocityofthecenterofmassofthe
twobodysystem.(c)Findthevelocitiesofthetwoblocksrelativetothecenterofmass.(d)Findthekineticenergy
ofthemotionoftheblocksrelativetothecenterofmass.(e)Showthatyouranswerforpart(a)isgreaterthanyour
answerforpart(d)byanamountequaltothekineticenergyofthecenterofmass.
(a) K=K1+K2 K=1/2[325+34]J=43.5J
(b) UseEqu.813 vcm=(3532)/6im/s=1.5im/s
(c) vrel=vvcm v1,rel=3.5im/s;v2,rel=3.5im/s
(d) Krel=K1,rel+K2,rel Krel=1/2(33.52+33.52)J=36.75J
(e) FindKcm Kcm=1/2(61.52)J=6.75J=KKrel

41* RepeatProblem40withthesecond,3kgblockreplacedbyablockhavingamassof5kgandmovingtothe
rightat3m/s.
Wefollowthesameproceduresasintheprecedingproblem.

(a) K=1/2(352+532)J=60J;(b)vcm=(35+53)/8im/s=3.75im/s;(c)v1,rel=1.25m/s,
v2,rel=0.75m/s;(d)Krel=1/2(31.252+50.752)J=3.75J;(e)Kcm=1/2(83.752)=56.25J=KKrel.
42 Explainwhyasafetynetcansavethelifeofacircusperformer.
Itreducestheforceactingontheperformerbyincreasingt.Notethatp=Ftisconstant.
43 Howmightyouestimatethecollisiontimeofabaseballandbat?
Assumethattheballtravelsat80mi/h=35m/s.Theballstopsinadistanceofabout1cm.Sothedistance
traveledisabout2cmatanaveragespeedofabout18m/s.Thecollisiontimeis0.02/18=1ms.
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

44 Whydoesawineglasssurviveafallontoacarpetbutnotontoaconcretefloor?
Theaverageforceontheglassislesswhenfallingonacarpetbecausetislonger.
45* Asoccerballofmass0.43kgleavesthefootofthekickerwithaninitialspeedof25m/s.(a)Whatistheimpulse
impartedtotheballbythekicker?(b)Ifthefootofthekickerisincontactwiththeballfor0.008s,whatisthe
averageforceexertedbythefootontheball?
(a) UseEqu.819 I=mv=10.75N.s
(b) UseEqu.820 Fav=10.75/0.008N=1344N

46 A0.3kgbrickisdroppedfromaheightof8m.Ithitsthegroundandcomestorest.(a)Whatistheimpulse
exertedbythegroundonthebrick?(b)Ifittakes0.0013sfromthetimethebrickfirsttouchesthegrounduntilit
comestorest,whatistheaverageforceexertedbythegroundonthebrick?
(a) I=p I=mv=0.3(29.818)1/2N.s=3.76N.s
(b) Fav=I/t Fav=(3.76/0.0013)N=2891N

47 Ameteoriteofmass30.8tonne(1tonne=1000kg)isexhibitedintheHaydenPlanetariuminNewYork.
Supposethekineticenergyofthemeteoriteasithitthegroundwas617MJ.FindtheimpulseIexperiencedbythe
meteoriteuptothetimeitskineticenergywashalved(whichtookaboutt=3.0s).FindalsotheaverageforceF
exertedonthemeteoriteduringthistimeinterval.
1.I=p;findpiandpf;useEqu.823 pi=(230.8103617106)1/2kg.m/s
=6.165106kg.m/s
2.pf2=pi2/2 pf=pi/ 2 0;p=pi(11/ 2 0)=I=1.81MN.s
3.Fav=I/t Fav=0.602MN

48 Whena0.15kgbaseballishit,itsvelocitychangesfrom+20m/sto20m/s.(a)Whatisthemagnitudeofthe
impulsedeliveredbythebattotheball?(b)Ifthebaseballisincontactwiththebatfor1.3ms,whatistheaverage
forceexertedbythebatontheball?
(a) I=p I=0.1540N.s=6N.s
(b) Fav=I/t Fav=(6/1.3103)N=4.62kN
49* A300ghandballmovingwithaspeedof5.0m/sstrikesthewallatanangleof40 oandthenbouncesoffwiththe
samespeedatthesameangle.Itisincontactwiththewallfor2ms.Whatistheaverageforceexertedbytheballon
thewall?
1.Findv;vxi=v0cos40o,vxf=v0cos40o v=25.0cos40om/s=7.66m/s
2.Fav=mv/t Fav=0.37.66/2103N=1.15kN

50 A2000kgcartravelingat90km/hcrashesintoaconcretewallthatdoesnotgiveatall.(a)Estimatethetimeof
collision,assumingthatthecenterofthecartravelshalfwaytothewallwithconstantdeceleration.(Useanyreason
ablelengthforthecar.)(b)Estimatetheaverageforceexertedbythewallonthecar.
(a)Assumeacarlengthof6m;thent=(3/2vav)s=1.5/(25/2)s=0.12s.
(b)Fav=p/t=(200025/0.12)N=417kN.
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

51 Youthrowa150gballtoaheightof40m.(a)Useareasonablevalueforthedistancetheballmoveswhileitis
inyourhandtocalculatetheaverageforceexertedbyyourhandandthetimetheballisinyourhandwhileyouthrow
it.(b)Isitreasonabletoneglecttheweightoftheballwhileitisbeingthrown?
(a) Taked=0.7m;findvonleavinghandandvav v=(2gh)1/2=(29.8140)1/2=28m/s;vav=14m/s
t=d/vav t=0.7/14s=0.05s
Fav=p/t Fav=(0.1528/0.05)N=84N
(b) w/Fav=mg/Fav=0.0175 Yes;wislessthan2%oftheaverageforce
52 Ahandballofmass300gisthrownstraightagainstawallwithaspeedof8m/s.Itreboundswiththesamespeed.
(a)Whatimpulseisdeliveredtothewall?(b)Iftheballisincontactwiththewallfor0.003s,whataverageforceis
exertedonthewallbytheball?(c)Theballiscaughtbyaplayerwhobringsittorest.Intheprocess,herhandmoves
back0.5m.Whatistheimpulsereceivedbytheplayer?(d)Whataverageforcewasexertedontheplayerbythe
ball?
(a) SeeProblem848 I=0.316N.s=4.8N.s
(b)SeeProblem848 Fav=4.8/0.003N=1.6kN
(c) I=mv I=0.38N.s=2.4N.s
(d) t=d/vav;Fav=I/t=Ivav/d Fav=(2.44/0.5)N=19.2N

53* Thegreatlimestonecavernswereformedbydrippingwater.(a)Ifwaterdropletsof0.03mLfallfromaheightof
5matarateof10perminute,whatistheaverageforceexertedonthelimestonefloorbythedropletsofwater?(b)
Comparethisforcetotheweightofawaterdroplet.
(a) 1.Findthemassofthedroplet m=(3105L)(1.0kg/L)=3105kg
2.Findvatimpact v=(29.815)1/2m/s=9.9m/s
3.FindFav=Nmv/t;N/t=(10/60)s1 Fav=(31059.9/6)N=4.95105N
(b) w/Fav=39.81/4.95=6 wisaboutsixtimestheaverageforcedueto10drops
54 Afavoritegameatpicnicsistheeggtoss.Twopeopletossaraweggbackandforthastheymovefartherapart.If
theforcerequiredtobreaktheeggsshellisabout5Nandthemassoftheeggis50g,estimatethemaximum
separationdistancefortheeggthrowers.Makewhateverassumptionsseemreasonable.
Assume=45oforthemaximumrange;thenR=v02/g.Assumethemovementofthehandisd=0.7m.WithFmax=5
N,wehave50.7J=1/20.059.81RJ.SoR=14.3m.
55 Trueorfalse:(a)Inanyperfectlyinelasticcollision,allthekineticenergyofthebodiesislost.(b)Inaheadon
elasticcollision,therelativespeedofrecessionafterthecollisionequalstherelativespeedofapproachbeforethe
collision.(c)Kineticenergyisconservedinanelasticcollision.
(a)False(b)True(c)True

56 Underwhatconditionscanalltheinitialkineticenergyofcollidingbodiesbelostinacollision?
Thisoccursinaperfectlyinelasticcollisioninwhichthevelocityofthecenterofmassiszero.
57* Consideraperfectlyinelasticcollisionoftwoobjectsofequalmass.(a)Isthelossofkineticenergygreaterifthe
twoobjectshaveoppositelydirectedvelocitiesofequalmagnitudev/2,orifoneofthetwoobjectsisinitiallyatrest
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

andtheotherhasaninitialvelocityofv?(b)Inwhichsituationisthepercentagelossinkineticenergythegreatest?
(a) Case1:Ki=2(1/2mv2/4),Kf=0;K=mv2/4.Case2:Ki=1/2mv2,Kf=1/2[2m(v/2)2]=mv2/4;K=mv2/4.

Theenergylossesarethesame.
(b) Thepercentagelossisgreatest(infinite)incase1.
58 Amassm1travelingwithaspeedvmakesaheadonelasticcollisionwithastationarymassm2.Inwhichscenario
willtheenergyimpartedtom2begreatest?(a)m2<<m1(b)m2=m1(c)m2>>m1(d)noneoftheabove
(b)Alloftheenergyisimpartedtom2.
59 JoeandSaldecidethatlittleRonnyiswellbehavedenoughtositatthetablewiththefamilyforThanksgiving
dinner.Theyarewrong.Ronnythrowsa150ghandfulofmashedpotatoeshorizontallywithaspeedof5m/s.It
strikesa1.2kggravyboatthatisinitiallyatrestonthefrictionlesstable.Ifthepotatoessticktothegravyboat,what
isthespeedofthecombinedsystemasitslidesdownthetabletowardGrandpa?
Usepi=pf;vf=vim1/(m1+m2) vf=(50.15/1.35)m/s=0.556m/s
60 A2000kgcartravelingtotherightat30m/sischasingasecondcarofthesamemassthatistravelingtothe
rightat10m/s.(a)Ifthetwocarscollideandsticktogether,whatistheirspeedjustafterthecollision?(b)What
fractionoftheinitialkineticenergyofthecarsislostduringthiscollision?Wheredoesitgo?
(a) Usepi=m1v1+m2v2=(m1+m2)v;m1=m2=m vf=m(v1+v2)/2m=20m/s
(b) Ki=1/2m(v +v );Kf=mv
1
2
2
2
f
2
K/Ki=(v12+v222vf2)/(v12+v22)=0.2
Theenergygoesintoheat,sound,and
thedeformationofmetal.

61* An85kgrunningbackmovingat7m/smakesaperfectlyinelasticcollisionwitha105kglinebackerwhois
initiallyatrest.Whatisthespeedoftheplayersjustaftertheircollision?
Usepi=pf;vf=vim1/(m1+m2) vf=857/190=3.13m/s

62 A5.0kgobjectwithaspeedof4.0m/scollidesheadonwitha10kgobjectmovingtowarditwithaspeedof3.0
m/s.The10kgobjectstopsdeadafterthecollision.(a)Whatisthefinalspeedofthe5kgobject?(b)Isthecollision
elastic?
(a) pi=pf vf,5=(103.054.0)/5m/s=2m/s
(b) IfKi=Kf,thecollisioniselastic Ki=(40+45)J;Kf=10J;inelasticcollision

63 Aballofmassmmoveswithspeedvtotherighttowardsamuchheavierbatthatismovingtotheleftwithspeed
v.Findthespeedoftheballafteritmakesanelasticcollisionwiththebat.
UseEqu.829andthefactthatvi,batvf,bat;takeleftas vf,ball=vi,ball+2vi,bat
thepositivedirection vf,ball=3v
64 DuringtheGreatMuffinWarsof98,studentsfromrivalresidencesbecamefamiliarwiththecharacteristicsof
variousmuffins.MushyPumpkinSurprise,forexample,wasgoodfortemporarilyblindinganattacker,whileMrs.
OBriensBranMuffins,havingthedensityoflacrosseballs,wereusedmoresparingly,andmainlyasadeterrent.
Accordingtotherules,allmuffinsmusthaveamassof0.3kg.Duringoneofthemorememorablebattles,amuffin
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

movingtotherightat5m/scollideswithamuffinmovingtotheleftat2m/s.Findthefinalvelocitiesif(a)itisa
perfectlyinelasticcollisionoftwopumpkinmuffinsand(b)itisanelasticcollisionoftwobranmuffins.
(a) Usepi=pf;vf=(v1im1+v2im2)/(m1+m2) vf=m(52)/2mm/s=1.5m/s,totheright
(b) 1.FindvcmandtransformtoCMsystem vcm=1.5m/s;u1i=3.5m/s,u2i=3.5m/s
2.Useuf=uiandtransformback u1f=3.5m/s,u2f=3.5m/s;v1f=2m/s,v2f=5m/s
65* RepeatProblem64withasecond(illegal)muffinhavingamassof0.5kgandmovingtotherightat3m/s.
(a) Usepi=pf;vf=(v1im1+v2im2)/(m1+m2) vf=[(0.35+0.53)/0.8]m/s=3.75m/s
(b)1.TransformtoCMsystem;u=vvcm vcm=3.75m/s;u1i=1.25m/s,u2i=0.75m/s
2.Useuf=ui;transformbacktolabsystem u1f=1.25m/s,u2f=0.75m/s;v1f=2.5m/s,
v2f=4.5m/s
66 Aprotonofmassmundergoesaheadonelasticcollisionwithastationarycarbonnucleusofmass12m.The
speedoftheprotonis300m/s.(a)Findthevelocityofthecenterofmassofthesystem.(b)Findthevelocityofthe
protonafterthecollision.
(a) UseEqu.813 vcm=300m/13mm/s=23.1m/s
(b) UseEqu.830a vpf=[(11/13)300]m/s=254m/s

67 A3kgblockmovingat4m/smakesanelasticcollisionwithastationaryblockofmass2kg.Useconservation
ofmomentumandthefactthattherelativevelocityofrecessionequalstherelativevelocityofapproachtofindthe
velocityofeachblockafterthecollision.Checkyouranswerbycalculatingtheinitialandfinalkineticenergiesof
eachblock.
Equs.830aand830bareadirectconsequenceofmomentumconservationandEqu.829.(seeExample817)
1.UseEqus.830aand830b v3f=(14/5)m/s=0.8m/s;v2f=(64/5)m/s
=4.8m/s
2.EvaluateKiandKf Ki=1.516J=24J;Kf=(1.50.82+14.82)J=24J

68 Nightafternight,Lucyistormentedbynocturnalwailingfromthehousenextdoor.Onedaysheseizesa
revolver,stalkstotheneighborswindowwithacrazedlookinhereye,takesaim,andfiresa10gbulletintoher
target:a1.2kgsaxophonethatrestsonafrictionlesssurface.Thebulletpassesrightthroughandemergesonthe
othersidewithaspeedof100m/s,andthesaxophoneisgivenaspeedof4m/s.Findtheinitialspeedofthebullet,
andtheamountofenergydissipatedinitstripthroughthesaxophone.
1.Usepi=pf (0.01vi)kg.m/s=(0.01100+1.24)kg.m/s;
vi=580m/s
2.FindK=KiKf K=[0.00558020.6420.0051002]J
=1622J

69* Ablockofmassm1=2kgslidesalongafrictionlesstablewithaspeedof10m/s.Directlyinfrontofit,and
movinginthesamedirectionwithaspeedof3m/s,isablockofmassm2=5kg.Amasslessspringwithspring
constantk=1120N/misattachedtothesecondblockasinFigure854.(a)Beforem1runsintothespring,whatis
thevelocityofthecenterofmassofthesystem?(b)Afterthecollision,thespringiscompressedbyamaximum
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

amountx.Whatisthevalueofx?(c)Theblockswilleventuallyseparateagain.Whatarethefinalvelocitiesofthe
twoblocksmeasuredinthereferenceframeofthetable?
(a) UseEqu.813 vcm=(210+53)/7m/s=5m/s
(b) 1.Atmax.compression,u1=u2=0;K=Kcm Kcm=1/2752J=87.5J
2.Useconservationofenergy:1/2kx2=KiKcm Ki=(100+22.5)J=122.5J;1/2kx2=35J
3.Solveforandevaluatex x=(235/1120)1/2m=0.25m=25cm
(c) 1.Collisioniselastic;findu1iandu2i;u1fandu2f u1i=5m/s,u2i=2m/s;u1f=5m/s,u2f=2m/s
2.Transformtoreferenceframeoftable v1f=0m/s,v2f=7m/s

70 AbulletofmassmisfiredverticallyfrombelowintoablockofwoodofmassMthatisinitiallyatrest,supported
byathinsheetofpaper.Thebulletblaststhroughtheblock,whichrisestoaheightHaboveitsinitialpositionbefore
fallingbackdown.Thebulletcontinuesrisingtoaheighth.(a)Expresstheupwardvelocityofthebulletandthe
blockimmediatelyafterthebulletexitstheblockintermsofhandH.(b)Useconservationofmomentumtoexpress
thespeedofthebulletbeforeitenterstheblockofwoodintermsofgivenparameters.(c)Obtainexpressionsforthe
mechanicalenergiesofthesystembeforeandaftertheinelasticcollision.(d)Expresstheenergydissipatedinthe
blockofwoodintermsofm,h,M,andH.
(a) vm= 2 gh 0;vM= 2 gH 0.
(b) mvmi=mvm+MvM;vmi= 2 gh +(M/m) 2 gH .
(c) Ei=1/2mvmi2=mg[h=2(M/m) hH +(M/m)2H];Ef=g(mh+MH).
(d) Wf=EiEf=gMH[2 h / H +(M/m)1].
71 Aprotonofmassmismovingwithinitialspeedv0towardanparticleofmass4m,whichisinitiallyatrest.
Becausebothparticlescarrypositiveelectricalcharge,theyrepeleachother.Findthespeedvoftheparticle(a)
whenthedistancebetweenthetwoparticlesisleast,and(b)whenthetwoparticlesarefarapart.
(a) ThisproblemissimilartoProblem869;heretheelectrostaticrepulsiontakestheplaceofthespring.When
thedistancebetweenthetwoparticlesisleast,bothmoveatthesamespeed,namelyvcm.
Findvcm vcm=v=v0/5=0.2v0
(b) UseEqu.830b vf=(2/5)v0=0.4v0

72 A16gbulletisfiredintothebobofaballisticpendulumofmass1.5kg.Whenthebobisatitsmaximumheight,
thestringsmakeanangleof60owiththevertical.Thelengthofthependulumis2.3m.Findthespeedofthebullet.
1.Usepi=pf 0.016v1=1.516v2
2.Fromenergyconservation,v2= 2 gH 0 v2=[29.812.3(1cos60o)]1/2
3.Evaluatev2andv1,thespeedofthebullet v2=4.75m/s,v1=450m/s

73* Abulletofmassm1isfiredwithaspeedvintothebobofaballisticpendulumofmassm2.Thebobisattachedto
averylightrodoflengthLthatispivotedattheotherend.Thebulletisstoppedinthebob.Findtheminimumvsuch
thatthebobwillswingthroughacompletecircle.
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

1.Findviofbob+bullettomakecompletecircle 1/2(m1+m2)vi2=2gL(m1+m2);vi=2 gL 0
2.Usepi=pftofindv v=2[(m1+m2)/m1)] gL 0

74 Abulletofmassm1isfiredwithaspeedvintothebobofaballisticpendulumofmassm2.Findthemaximum
heighthattainedbythebobifthebulletpassesthroughthebobandemergeswithaspeedv/2.
1.Usepi=pftofindv2 m1v=1/2m1v+m2v2;v2=1/2(m1/m2)v
2.Useconservationofenergytofindh 1/2m2v22=m2gh;h=(m1v/2m2)2/2g=(v2/8g)(m1/m2)2
75 A3kgbombslidesalongafrictionlesshorizontalplaneinthexdirectionat6m/s.Itexplodesintotwopieces,
oneofmass2kgandtheotherofmass1kg.The1kgpiecemovesalongthehorizontalplaneintheydirectionat4
m/s.(a)Findthevelocityofthe2kgpiece.(b)Whatisthevelocityofthecenterofmassaftertheexplosion?
Weshalldopart(b)firstandusetheresulttosolvepart(a).
(b) vcm=vifromconservationofp vcm=6m/si
(a) Usepi=pf=(3kg)vcm 18m/si=14m/sj+2v2;v2=9m/si2m/sj
76 Theberylliumisotope Beisunstableanddecaysintotwoparticles(heliumnucleiofmassm=6.681027kg)
4

withthereleaseof1.51014Jofenergy.Determinethevelocitiesofthetwo particlesthatarisefromthedecayof
a4Benucleusatrest.
Frommomentumconservationitfollowsthatthevelocitiesofthetwo particlesareequalinmagnitudeand
oppositelydirected.
Useenergyconservation;solveforv 2(1/2mv2)=1.51014J;v=1.5106m/s

77* Thelightisotopeoflithium,5Li,isunstableandbreaksupspontaneouslyintoaproton(hydrogennucleus)andan
particle(heliumnucleus).Inthisprocess,atotalenergyof3.151013Jisreleased,appearingasthekineticenergy
ofthetworeactionproducts.Determinethevelocitiesoftheprotonand particlethatarisefromthedecayofa5Li
nucleusatrest.(Note:Themassesoftheprotonandalphaparticlearemp=1.671027kgandm=4mp=6.68
1027kg.)
1.Usepi=pf=0 4mpv=mpvp;v=vp/4
2.Useenergyconservation 1/2mpvp2+1/2mv2=(5/8)mpvp2=3.151013J
3.Solveforvpandv vp=1.74107m/s;v=4.34106m/s

78 JayandDavedecidethatthebestwaytoprotesttheopeningofanewincineratoristolaunchastinkbombinto
themiddleoftheceremony.Theycalculatethata6kgprojectilelaunchedwithaninitialspeedof40m/satanangle
of30owilldothetrick.Thebombwillexplodeonimpact,noonewillgethurt,buteveryonewillstink.Perfect.How
ever,atthetopofitsflight,thebombexplodesintotwofragments,eachhavingahorizontaltrajectory.Totopitoff
thisreallyisnttheirdaythe2kgfragmentlandsrightatthefeetofDaveandJay.(a)Wheredoesthe4kg
fragmentland?(b)Findtheenergyoftheexplosionbycomparingthekineticenergyoftheprojectilesjustbeforeand
justaftertheexplosion.
(a) 1.Findhatexplosion Mgh=1/2Mvyi2;h=(40sin30o)2/2gm=20.39m
2.Findvxatexplosion vx=40cos30om/s=34.64m/s
3.Tolandatorigin,vxof2kg=34.64m/s pi=pf;6vx=4v4x2vx;v4x=8vx/4=69.3m/s
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

4.Findtimeofflight t=2vyi/g=40/9.81s=4.08s
5.Finddistancetraveledby4kg d=(2.0434.64+2.0469.3)m=212m
(b) 1.FindKiandKfatexplosionsite Ki=334.642J=3600J;Kf=(34.642+269.32)J
=10800J
2.Energyofexplosion=KfKi Energyofexplosion=7200J
79 Aprojectileofmassm=3kgisfiredwithinitialspeedof120m/satanangleof30 owiththehorizontal.Atthe
topofitstrajectory,theprojectileexplodesintotwofragmentsofmasses1kgand2kg.The2kgfragmentlandson
thegrounddirectlybelowthepointofexplosion3.6saftertheexplosion.(a)Determinethevelocityofthe1kg
fragmentimmediatelyaftertheexplosion.(b)Findthedistancebetweenthepointoffiringandthepointatwhichthe
1kgfragmentstrikestheground.(c)Determinetheenergyreleasedintheexplosion.
(a) 1.Findvandratpointofexplosion v=vx0i;vx0=(120cos30o)m/s=104m/s
y=vy02/2g=602/19.62m=183.5m
Findt1,timeuntilexplosionandx t1=vy0/g=6.12s;x=vx0t1=636.5m
2.Findv2of2kgafterexplosion vx2=0;183.5vy23.61/29.813.62=0;
vy2=33.3m/s
3.Usepi=pftofindvx1andvy1 vx1=3104m/s=312m/s;
vy1=233.3m/s=66.6m/s
(b) 1.Findt2,timefor1kgtoreachground 1/2gt2266.6t2183.5=0;t2=15.94s
2.Finddistancetraveledby1kgmass d=(636.5+31215.94)m=5610m
(c) 1.FindKiandKfatexplosion; Ki=1.51042J=16.2kJ;
Kf=33.32+1/2(3122+66.62)J=52kJ
Eexpl.=K=KfKi K=Eexpl.=35.8kJ

80 Theboronisotope9Bisunstableanddisintegratesintoaprotonandtwoparticles.Thetotalenergyreleasedas
kineticenergyofthedecayproductsis4.41014J.Inonesuchevent,withthe9Bnucleusatrestpriortodecay,the
velocityoftheprotonismeasuredtobe6.0106m/s.Ifthetwoparticleshaveequalenergies,findthemagnitude
andthedirectionoftheirvelocitieswithrespecttothatoftheproton.
1.Showasketchofthevelocities.Weassumethatthe
protonsvelocityisinthenegativexdirection.Notethat
m=4mp=6.681027kg(seeProblem877)
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

2.Useconservationofenergytofindv
3.pi=0
4.Givetheanglewithrespecttovp

1/2mpvp2+2(1/2mv2)=4.41014J;mv2=1.41014J

v=1.45106m/s
2(4mp)(1.45106cos)=mp6106;=58.9o
=(180o58.9o)=121.1o

81* Thecoefficientofrestitutionforsteelonsteelismeasuredbydroppingasteelballontoasteelplatethatisrigidly
attachedtotheearth.Iftheballisdroppedfromaheightof3mandreboundstoaheightof2.5m,whatisthe
coefficientofrestitution?
Findtheratiovrec/vappanduseEqu.831 vrec 2 ghrec 2 .5
e0= = = =0.913
vapp 2 ghapp 3 .0

82 Accordingtotheofficialrulesofracquetball,aballacceptablefortournamentplaymustbouncetoaheightof
between173and183cmwhendroppedfromaheightof254cmatroomtemperature.Whatistheacceptablerange
ofvaluesforthecoefficientofrestitutionfortheracquetballfloorsystem?
SeeProblem881 emin= 173 / 254 =0.825;emax= 183 / 254 =0.8490

83 Aballbouncesto80%ofitsoriginalheight.(a)Whatfractionofitsmechanicalenergyislosteachtimeit
bounces?(b)Whatisthecoefficientofrestitutionoftheballfloorsystem?
(a)SinceKh,20%ofenergyislostwitheachbounce.
(b) SinceKv2,e=(0.8)1/2=0.894.
84 A2kgobjectmovingat6m/scollideswitha4kgobjectthatisinitiallyatrest.Afterthecollision,the2kg
objectmovesbackwardat1m/s.(a)Findthevelocityofthe4kgobjectafterthecollision.(b)Findtheenergylostin
thecollision.(c)Whatisthecoefficientofrestitutionforthiscollision?
(a)Usepi=pf (26)kg.m/s=[(21)+4v]kg.m/s;v=3.5m/s
(b) Eloss=KiKf Eloss=36J(1+23.52)J=10.5J
(c) UseEqu.831 e=(3.5+1)/6=0.75

85* A2kgblockmovingtotherightwithspeed5m/scollideswitha3kgblockthatismovinginthesamedirection
at2m/s,asinFigure855.Afterthecollision,the3kgblockmovesat4.2m/s.Find(a)thevelocityofthe2kg
blockafterthecollision,and(b)thecoefficientofrestitutionforthecollision.
(a) Usepi=pf (25+32)kg.m/s=(2v1f+34.2)kg.m/s;
v1f=1.7m/s
(b) UseEqu.831 e=(4.21.7)/(52)=0.833

86 Inapoolgame,thecueball,whichhasaninitialspeedof5m/s,makesanelasticcollisionwiththeeightball,
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

whichisinitiallyatrest.Afterthecollision,theeightballmovesatanangleof30 owiththeoriginaldirectionofthe
cueball.(a)Findthedirectionofmotionofthecueballafterthecollision.(b)Findthespeedofeachball.Assume
thattheballshaveequalmass.
(a) Elasticcollision,useenergyconservation; vci2=vcf2+v82;Notethatvci,vcf,andv8formrighttriangle
m1=m2
cf+8=90o cf=60o
(b)1.Usepi=pf 5m/s=vcfcos60o+v8cos30o;vcfsin60o=v8sin30o
2.Solveforvcfandv8 vcf=2.5m/s;v8=4.33m/s

87 AnobjectofmassM1=mcollideswithvelocityv0iintoanobjectofmassM2=2mwithvelocity1/2v0j.
Followingthecollision,themassm2hasavelocityv0/4i.(a)Determinethevelocityofthemassm1afterthe
collision.(b)Wasthisanelasticcollision?Ifnot,expresstheenergychangeintermsofmandv0.
(a) 1.Usepi=pf pi=mv0i+mv0j=pf=1/2mv0i+mv1f
2.Findv1f v1f=v0(1/2i+j);v1f2=(5/4)v02
(b) FindE=KiKf E=1/2mv02+mv02/4mv02/16(5/8)mv02=mv02/16

88 Apuckofmass0.5kgapproachesasecond,similarpuckthatisstationaryonfrictionlessice.Theinitialspeedof
themovingpuckis2m/s.Afterthecollision,onepuckleaveswithaspeedv1at30ototheoriginallineofmotion;the
secondpuckleaveswithspeedv2at60o,asinFigure856.(a)Calculatev1andv2.(b)Wasthecollisionelastic?
(b)Yes;thisisidenticaltoProblem886.Sincetheanglebetweenpucksis90 o,thecollisioniselastic.
(a)FollowprocedureofProblem886(b)withvci=2m/s.v1=1m/s,v2=1.73m/s.
89* Figure857showstheresultofacollisionbetweentwoobjectsofunequalmass.(a)Findthespeedv2ofthe
largermassafterthecollisionandtheangle 2.(b)Showthatthecollisioniselastic.
(a) 1.Usepi=pf; 3mv0= 5 0mv0cos1+2mv2cos2;
Note: 5 0sin1=2, 5 0cos1=1 5 0mv0sin1=2mv2sin2
2.Solvefor2 2cot2=32;cot2=1,2=45o
3.Solveforv2 v2= 2 0v0
(b)FindKiandKf Ki=4.5mv02;Kf=2.5mv02+2mv02=4.5mv02;Q.E.D.

90 Aballmovingat10m/smakesanoffcenterelasticcollisionwithanotherballofequalmassthatisinitiallyat
rest.Theincomingballisdeflectedatanangleof30 ofromitsoriginaldirectionofmotion.Findthevelocityofeach
ballafterthecollision.
ThisisidenticaltoProblem888exceptthattheinitialspeedoftheobjectis10m/s.Itfollowsthatthevelocities
are5m/sat60oand8.66m/sat30o.
91 Aparticlehasaninitialspeedv0.Itcollideswithasecondparticlethatisatrestandisdeflectedthroughanangle
.Itsspeedafterthecollisionisv.Thesecondparticlerecoils.Itsvelocitymakesanangle withtheinitialdirection
ofthefirstparticle.(a)Showthattan=(vsin)/(v0vcos).(b)Doyouhavetoassumethatthecollisioniseither
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

elasticorinelastictogettheresultinpart(a)?
(a) Letm1andm2betheincomingandstruckparticles;assumev0isinthexdirection.Frompi=pf,oneobtains
m1v0=m1vcos+m2v2cos(1)andm1vsin=m2v2sin(2).m2v2cos=m1v0m1vcos(1a).
Divide(2)by(1a)toobtain:tan=(vsin)/(v0vcos).
(b) Youdidnotuseenergyconservation.Therefore,theresultisvalidforelasticandinelasticcollisions.
92 Describeaperfectlyinelasticcollisionasviewedinthecenterofmassreferenceframe.
Thetwoobjectsapproachwithequalbutoppositemomentaandremainatrestafterthecollision.
93* Aparticlewithmomentump1inonedimensionmakesanelasticcollisionwithasecondparticleofmomentump2
=p1inthecenterofmassreferenceframe.Afterthecollisionitsmomentumisp1'.Writethetotalinitialandfinal
energiesintermsofp1andp1',andshowthatp1'=p1.Ifp1'=p1,theparticleismerelyturnedaroundbythecollision
andleaveswiththespeedithadinitially.Whatisthesignificanceoftheplussigninyoursolution?
Krel=p12/2m1+p12/2m2=p12(m1+m2)/2m1m2;Kcm=(2p1)2/2(m1+m2)=2p12/(m1+m2);K=Krel+Kcm,i.e.,
K=(p12/2)[(m12+6m1m2+m22)/(m12m2+m1m22)].Inanelasticcollision,Ki=Kf.Consequently,(p1')2=(p1)2and
p1'=p1.Ifp1'=p1,theparticlesdonotcollide.
94 A3kgblockistravelingtotherightat5m/s,anda1kgblockistravelingtotheleftat3m/s.(a)Findthe
velocityvcmofthecenterofmass.(b)Subtractvcmfromthevelocityofeachblocktofindthevelocityofeachblockin
thecenterofmassreferenceframe.(c)Aftertheymakeanelasticcollision,thevelocityofeachblockisreversedin
thisframe.Findthevelocityofeachblockafteranelasticcollision.(d)Transformbackintotheoriginalframeby
addingvcmtothevelocityofeachblock.(e)Checkyourresultbyfindingtheinitialandfinalkineticenergiesofthe
blocksintheoriginalframe.
(a) UseEqu.813 vcm=[(153)/4]m/s=3m/s
(b) Followtheindicatedprocedure u3=2m/s,u1=6m/s
(c) Followprocedure u3=2m/s,u1=6m/s
(d) Transformbacktolabsystem v3=1m/s,v1=9m/s
(e) EvaluateKiandKf Ki=1/2(325+19)=42J;Kf=1/2(31+181)
=42J

95 RepeatProblem94withasecondblockhavingamassof5kgandmovingtotherightat3m/s.
Followingsameproceduresoneobtains:
(a) vcm=3.75m/s.(b)u3=1.25m/s,u5=0.75m/s.(c)u3=1.25m/s,u5=0.75m/s.
(d)v3=2.5m/s,v5=4.5m/s.(e)Ki=1/2(35+59)J=60J;Kf=1/2(36.25+520.25)J=60J.
96 Arocketburnsfuelatarateof200kg/sandexhauststhegasatarelativespeedof6km/s.Findthethrustofthe
rocket.
UseEqu.839 Fth=6103200=1.2MN
97* Thepayloadofarocketis5%ofitstotalmass,therestbeingfuel.Iftherocketstartsfromrestandmoveswith
noexternalforcesactingonit,whatisitsfinalvelocityiftheexhaustvelocityofitsgasis5km/s?
1.Noexternalforcesareacting Equ.842reducestovf=uexln(mf/m0)
2.Evaluatevfformf/m0=1/20 vf=[5ln(20)]km/s=15km/s
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

98 Arocketmovesinfreespacewithnoexternalforcesactingonit.Itstartsfromrestandhasanexhaustspeedof3
km/s.Findthefinalvelocityifthepayloadis(a)20%,(b)10%,(c)1%.
FromProblem897,vf=uexln(m0/mf).
(a) m0/mf=5;evaluatevf vf=3ln(5)km/s=4.83km/s
(b) m0/mf=10 vf=3ln(10)km/s=6.91km/s
(c) m0/mf=100 vf=3ln(100)km/s=13.8km/s
99 Arockethasaninitialmassof30,000kg,ofwhich20%isthepayload.Itburnsfuelatarateof200kg/sand
exhaustsitsgasatarelativespeedof1.8km/s.Find(a)thethrustoftherocket,(b)thetimeuntilburnout,and(c)its
finalspeedassumingitmovesupwardnearthesurfaceoftheearthwherethegravitationalfieldgisconstant.
(a) UseEqu.839 Fth=1.8103200N=360kN
(b) massoffuel=0.830,000kg=24,000kg t=24,000/200s=120s
(c) UseEqu.842 vf=[1.8103ln(5)9.81120]m/s=1.72km/s

100 Whycanfrictionandtheforceofgravityusuallybeneglectedincollisionproblems?
Theeventtakesplaceinsuchashorttimeintervalthattheeffectsofgravityorfrictionarenegligible.
101*Theconditionnecessaryfortheconservationofmomentumofagivensystemisthat(a)energyis
conserved.(b)oneobjectisatrest.(c)noexternalforceacts.(d)internalforcesequalexternalforces.(e)thenet
externalforceiszero.
(e)
102 Asapendulumbobswingsbackandforth,isthemomentumofthebobconserved?Explainwhyorwhynot.
No;thenetexternalforceisthesumoftheforceofgravityandthetensioninthestring;thesedonotaddto
zero.
103 Amodeltraincarofmass250gtravelingwithaspeedof0.50m/slinksupwithanothercarofmass400gthatis
initiallyatrest.Whatisthespeedofthecarsimmediatelyaftertheyhavelinkedtogether?Findtheinitialandfinal
kineticenergies.
1.Usepi=pf vf=[(2500.5)/650]m/s=0.192m/s
2.FindKiandKf KI=1/2(0.250.52)J=31.25mJ;Kf=1/2(0.650.1922)=
12mJ

104 (a)FindthetotalkineticenergyofthetwomodeltraincarsofProblem103beforetheycouple.(b)Findthe
initialvelocitiesofthetwocarsrelativetothecenterofmassofthesystem,andusethemtocalculatetheinitial
kineticenergyofthesystemrelativetothecenterofmass.(c)Findthekineticenergyofthecenterofmass.(d)
Compareyouranswersfor(b)and(c)withthatfor(a).
(a)SeeProblem8103 Ki=31.25mJ
(b)1.SeeProblem8103;UseEqu.834 vcm=0.192m/s;u1=0.308m/s,u2=0.192m/s
2.FindKi,rel Ki,rel=1/2(0.250.3082+0.40.1922)J=19.23mJ
(c)FindKcm=1/2Mvcm2 Kcm=1/2(0.650.1922)J=12mJ
(d)Ki=Ki,rel+Kcm
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

105*A4kgfishisswimmingat1.5m/stotheright.Heswallowsa1.2kgfishswimmingtowardhimat3m/s.
Neglectingwaterresistance,whatisthevelocityofthelargerfishimmediatelyafterhislunch?
UseEqu.813 v=vcm=(41.51.23)/5.2m/s=0.462m/s

106 A3kgblockmovesat6m/stotherightwhilea6kgblockmovesat3m/stotheright.Find(a)thetotalkinetic
energyofthetwoblocksystem,(b)thevelocityofthecenterofmass,(c)thecenterofmasskineticenergy,and(d)
thekineticenergyrelativetothecenterofmass.
(a)Kt=K1+K2 Kt=1/2(362+632)J=81J
(b)UseEqu.813 vcm=(36+63)/9m/s=4m/s

(c)Kcm=1/2Mvcm2 Kcm=1/2(942)J=72J
(d)Krel=KtKcm(seeProblem8104) Krel=9J

107 A1500kgcartravelingnorthat70km/hcollidesatanintersectionwitha2000kgcartravelingwestat
55km/h.Thetwocarssticktogether.(a)Whatisthetotalmomentumofthesystembeforethecollision?(b)
Findthemagnitudeanddirectionofthevelocityofthewreckagejustafterthecollision.
(a)p=p1+p2 p=1.05105jkg.km/h1.1105ikg.km/h
(b)vf=vcm=p/M vf=(1.052+1.12)1/2105/3500km/h=43.4km/h
=tan1(1.1/1.05)=46.3owestofnorth

108 Thegreatwhitesharkcanhaveamassasgreatas3000kg.Supposesuchasharkiscruisingtheoceanwhenit
spotsamealbelowit:a200.0kgfishswimminghorizontallyat8.00m/s.Thesharkrushesverticallydownwardat
3.00m/sandswallowsthepreyatonce.Atwhatangletothevertical willthesharkbemovingimmediatelyafter
thesnack?Whatisthefinalspeedoftheshark?(Neglectanydrageffectsofthewater.)
1.=tan1(px/py) =tan1[(2008)/(30003)]=10.1o
2.v=vcm=(1/M)(px2+py2)1/2 v=(1/3200)(90002+16002)1/2m/s=2.86m/s

109*RepeatProblem106fora3kgblockmovingat6m/stotherightanda6kgblockmovingat3m/stotheleft.
FollowtheproceduresoutlinedinProblem8106.Oneobtainsthefollowingresults.
(a)Kt=81J(b)vcm=0(c)Kcm=0(d)Krel=81J
110 RepeatProblem106fora3kgblockmovingat10m/stotherightanda6kgblockmovingat1m/stotheright.
FollowtheproceduresoutlinedinProblem8106.Oneobtainsthefollowingresults.
(a)Kt=153J.(b)vcm=4m/s.(c)Kcm=72J.(d)Krel=81J.
111 A60kgwomanstandsonthebackofa6mlong,120kgraftthatisfloatingatrestinstillwaterwithnofriction.
Theraftis0.5mfromafixedpier,asinFigure858.(a)Thewomanwalkstothefrontoftheraftandstops.Howfar
istheraftfromthepiernow?(b)Whilethewomanwalks,shemaintainsaconstantspeedof
3m/srelativetotheraft.Findthetotalkineticenergyofthesystem(womanplusraft),andcomparewiththe
kineticenergyifthewomanwalkedat3m/sonarafttiedtothepier.(c)Wheredoesthisenergycomefrom,
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

andwheredoesitgowhenthewomanstopsatthefrontoftheraft?(d)Onland,thewomancanputaleadshot6m.
Shestandsatthebackoftheraft,aimsforward,andputstheshotsothatjustafteritleavesherhand,ithasthesame
velocityrelativetoherasitdoeswhenshethrowsitfromtheground.Wheredoestheshotland?
Weshallusethefollowingconvention:Taketheoriginatinitialpositionofrighthandendofraft;measure
positivedisplacementtotheleft;letxbethedisplacementofraft.
(a)Fext=0;consquentlyxcmdoesnotchange (1203+606)kg.m
=[120(3+x)+60x]kg.m
Solveforx;distancetodock,d=(x+0.5)m x=2.0m;d=2.5m
(b)Finduw,ur,andvcm;notethatthetimeelapsed uw=3m/s;ur=x/t=1m/s
is2s
DetermineKtandKonland Kt=1/2(6032+120)J=330J;K(onland)=270J

(c)60Jderivesfromthechemicalenergyof
thewoman.
(d)Theshotwilllandinthewater;theraftshifts
totheleft.
112 A1kgsteelballanda2mcordofnegligiblemassmakeupasimplependulumthatcanpivotwithoutfriction
aboutthepointO,asinFigure859.Thispendulumisreleasedfromrestinahorizontalpositionandwhentheballis
atitslowestpointitstrikesa1kgblocksittingatrestonaroughshelf.Assumethatthecollisionisperfectlyelastic
andtakethecoefficientoffrictionbetweentheblockandshelftobe0.1.(a)Whatisthevelocityoftheblockjust
afterimpact?(b)Howfardoestheblockmovebeforecomingtorest?
(a)Findvballatimpact vball=(2gh)1/2=(49.81)1/2m/s=6.26m/s
Sincemball=mblock,vblock=vballaftercollision vblock=6.26m/s
(b)ablock=kg=0.981m/s ;v =2as
2 2
s=6.262/1.962m=20m

113*InWorldWarI,themostawesomeweaponsofwarwerehugecannonsmountedonrailcars.Figure860shows
suchacannon,mountedsothatitwillprojectashellatanangleof30 o.Withthecarinitiallyatrest,thecannonfiresa
200kgprojectileat125m/s.Nowconsiderasystemcomposedofacannon,shell,andrailcar,allrollingonthetrack
withoutfrictionallosses.(a)Willthetotalvectormomentumofthatsystembethesame(i.e.,conserved)beforeand
aftertheshellisfired?Explainyouranswerinafewwords.(b)Ifthemassoftherailcarpluscannonis5000kg,what
willbetherecoilvelocityofthecaralongthetrackafterthefiring?(c)Theshellisobservedtorisetoamaximumheight
of180masitmovesthroughitstrajectory.Atthispoint,itsspeedis80m/s.Onthebasisofthisinformation,calculate
theamountofthermalenergyproducedbyairfrictionontheshellonitswayfromfiringtothismaximumheight.
(a)Momentumofsystemisnotconserved;thereisanexternalforce,theverticalreactionforceofrails.
(b)Usepxi=pxf 200125cos30o=5000vrec;vrec=4.33m/s
(c)1.Findhwithoutairfriction;h=vy2/2g h=199m
2.Wf=mgh+1/2m(v v )
x0
2
x
2
Wf=2009.8119+100[(125cos30o)2802)]J
=569kJ
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

114 A15gbullettravelingat500m/sstrikesan0.8kgblockofwoodthatisbalancedonatableedge0.8mabove
ground(Figure861).Ifthebulletburiesitselfintheblock,findthedistanceDatwhichtheblockhitsthefloor.
1.Findvcm vcm=(5000.015/0.815)m/s=9.2m/s
2.Findt,timetodrop0.8m;D=vcmt t=(1.6/9.81)1/2s=0.404s;D=0.4049.2m=3.72m

115 Inhandpumpedrailcarraces,aspeedof32km/hhasbeenachievedbyteamsoffour.Acarofmass350kgis
movingatthatspeedtowardariverwhenCarlos,thechiefpumper,noticesthatthebridgeaheadisout.Allfour
people(ofmass75kgeach)jumpsimultaneouslybackwardoffthecarwithavelocitythathasahorizontal
componentof4m/srelativetothecarafterjumping.Thecarproceedsoffthebankandfallsinthewateradistance
25.0moffthebank.(a)Estimatethetimeofthefalloftherailcar.(b)Whathappenstotheteamofpumpers?
(a)1.Usemomentumconservation ucar350=(475)up;up=(350/300)ucar
2.Giventhatucarup=4m/s;solveforucar ucar=[4/(1+350/300)]m/s=1.85m/s
3.UseEqu.834toobtainvcar vcar=(1.85+8.89)m/s=10.74m/s
4.t=d/vcar t=(25/10.74)s=2.3s
(b)Pumpershitthegroundat6.74m/s=24km/h Theymaygetbruisedabit

116 AconstantforceF=12Niisappliedtothe8kgmassofProblem5att=0.(a)Whatisthevelocityofthe
centerofmassofthethreeparticlesystematt=5s?(b)Whatisthelocationofthecenterofmassatt=5s?
(a)acm=F/M;vcm(t)=acmt vcm(5)=512/11m/si=5.45m/si
(b)xcm(t)=xcm(0)+1/2vcm(t)t xcm(5)=[(37/11)+1/2(60/11)5]m=17m

117*Twoparticlesofmassmand4maremovinginavacuumatrightanglesasinFigure862.AforceFactsonboth
particlesforatimeT.Asaresult,thevelocityoftheparticlemis4vinitsoriginaldirection.Findthenewvelocityv
oftheparticleofmass4m.
1.DetermineFT=p FT=3mvi
2.Findp4m=p4m(0)+p,andv p4m=3mvi4mvj;v=0.75vivj

118 Anopenrailroadcarofmass20,000kgisrollingwithoutfrictionat5m/salongaleveltrackwhenitstartsto
rain.Afterthecarhascollected2000kgofwater,therainstops.(a)Whatisthecarsvelocity?(b)Asthecaris
rollingalong,thewaterbeginsleakingoutofaholeinthebottomatarateof5kg/s.Whatisthevelocityafterhalf
thewaterhasleakedout?(c)Whatisthevelocityafterallthewaterhasleakedout?
(a)Assumerainfallsvertically;usepi=pf vf=(20,000/22,000)5m/s=4.55m/s
(b),(c)Dropsfallwithvofcar,sovcarunchanged v=4.55m/s

119 Intheslingshoteffect,thetransferofenergyinanelasticcollisionisusedtoboosttheenergyofaspaceprobe
sothatitcanescapefromthesolarsystem.Figure863showsaspaceprobemovingat10.4km/s(relativetothe
sun)towardSaturn,whichismovingat9.6km/s(relativetothesun)towardtheprobe.Becauseofthegravitational
attractionbetweenSaturnandtheprobe,theprobeswingsaroundSaturnandheadsbackintheoppositedirection
withspeedvf.(a)AssumingthiscollisiontobeaonedimensionalelasticcollisionwiththemassofSaturnmuch
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

greaterthanthatoftheprobe,findvf.(b)Bywhatfactoristhekineticenergyoftheprobeincreased?Wheredoes
thisenergycomefrom?
(a)1.Foranelasticcollision,uapp=urec uapp=(10.4+9.6)km/s=20km/s
2.UseEqu.834;vcm=9.6km/s vrec=29.6km/s
(b)FindKf/Ki=v /v
f
2
i
2
Kf/Ki=(29.6/10.4)2=8.1;energycomesfromtheslowing
ofSaturn(byanimmeasurablysmallamount)

120 You(mass80kg)andyourfriend(massunknown)areinarowboat(mass60kg)onacalmlake.Youareatthe
centeroftheboatrowingandsheisattheback,2mfromthecenter.Yougettiredandstoprowing.Sheoffersto
rowandaftertheboatcomestorest,youchangeplaces.Younoticethatafterchangingplacestheboathasmoved20
cmrelativetoafixedlog.Whatisyourfriendsmass?
Takethecoordinateorigintobeattheendoftheboatpriortoshiftingplaces.
1.Expressxcmpriortoshift xcm=[(60+80)2/(140+m)]m

2.Writeexpressionforxcm,xcmaftershift xcm=[(60+m)(20.2)800.2]/(140+m)m
3.ButFext=0,soxcm=xcm;solveform m=60kgor104kg

121*Asmallcarofmass800kgisparkedbehindasmalltruckofmass1600kgonalevelroad(Figure864).
Thebrakesofboththecarandthetruckareoffsothattheyarefreetorollwithnegligiblefriction.Amansitting on
thetailgateofthetruckshovesthecarawaybyexertingaconstantforceonthecarwithhisfeet.Thecar accelerates
at1.2m/s2.(a)Whatistheaccelerationofthetruck?(b)Whatisthemagnitudeoftheforceexerted on
eitherthetruckorthecar?
(a)Fext=0,acm=0 8001.2kg.m/s2=1600at;at=0.6m/ss
(b)F=ma F=960N

122 A13kgblockisatrestonalevelfloor.A400gglobofputtyisthrownattheblocksuchthatittravels
horizontally,hitstheblock,andstickstoit.Theblockandputtyslide15cmalongthefloor.Ifthecoefficientof
slidingfrictionis0.4,whatistheinitialspeedoftheputty?
1.FindKiofblock+glob;useenergyconservation Ki=fks=kMgs=0.413.49.810.15J=7.89J

2.FindMvcmaftercollision;thenusepi=pf Mvcm= 2MK i =mglvgl

vgl= 2 7.89 13.4 /0.4m/s=36.4m/s00

123 Acarelessdriverrearendsacarthatishaltedatastopsign.Justbeforeimpact,thedriverslamsonhisbrakes,
lockingthewheels.Thedriverofthestruckcaralsohashisfootsolidlyonthebrakepedal,lockinghisbrakes.The
massofthestruckcaris900kg,andthatoftheinitiallymovingvehicleis1200kg.Oncollision,thebumpersofthe
twocarsmesh.Policedeterminefromtheskidmarksthatafterthecollisionthetwocarsmoved0.76mtogether.
Testsrevealedthatthecoefficientofslidingfrictionbetweenthetiresandpavementwas0.92.Thedriverofthe
movingcarclaimsthathewastravelingatlessthan15km/hasheapproachedtheintersection.Ishetellingthe
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

truth?
1.Usev= 2as anda=sgtofindv=vcm vcm=(20.929.810.76)1/2m/s=3.7m/s
2.Usepi=pftofindvci,initialspeedofmovingcar vci=(21003.7/1200)m/s=6.475m/s=23.3km/h;No

124 Apendulumconsistsofa0.4kgbobattachedtoastringoflength1.6m.AblockofmassMrestsonahorizontal
frictionlesssurface(Figure865).Thependulumisreleasedfromrestatanangleof53 owiththeverticalandthebob
collideselasticallywiththeblock.Followingthecollision,themaximumangleofthependulumwiththeverticalis
5.73o.DeterminethemassM.
1.UseenergyconsevationtofindKM KM=0.49.811.6[cos5.73ocos53o]J=2.47J
2.Findvmiandvmfatcollision vmi=[29.811.6(1cos53o)]1/2m/s=3.544m/s
vmf=[29.811.6(1cos5.73o)]1/2m/s=0.396m/s
3.Usepi=pftofindpMaftercollision 3.5440.4=pM0.3960.4;
pM=1.576or1.26kg.m/s
4.UseKM=p /2MtodetermineM
M
2
M=0.32kgorM=0.50kg

125*Initially,massm=1.0kgandmassMarebothatrestonafrictionlessinclinedplane(Figure866).MassMrests
againstaspringthathasaspringconstantof11,000N/m.ThedistancealongtheplanebetweenmandMis4.0m.
Massmisreleased,makesanelasticcollisionwithmassM,andreboundsadistanceof2.56mbackuptheinclined
plane.MassMcomestorestmomentarily4.0cmfromitsinitialposition.FindthemassM.
1.Useconservationofenergy mgh=1/2kx2Mgxsin30o;h=1.44sin30o=0.72m
2.FindM:x=0.04m,m=1kg,k=11104N/m M=kx/g2mh/x;M=8.85kg

126 Acircularplateofradiusrhasacircularholecutoutofithavingradiusr/2(Figure867).Findthecenterof
massoftheplate.Hint:Theholecanberepresentedbytwodiskssuperimposed,oneofmassmandtheotherof
massm.
Bysymmetry,xcm=0.Letbethemassperunitareaofthedisk.Thenthemassofthecompletediskis r2=M,
andthemassofthematerialremovedis r2/4=M/4.Thus,ycm=(M/4)(r/2)/(3M/4)=r/6.
127 UsingthehintfromProblem126,findthecenterofmassofasolidsphereofradiusrthathasasphericalcavity
ofradiusr/2,asinFigure868.
SinceVr3,themassofthematerialremovedisM/8.Thus,xcm=ycm=0,andzcm=(M/8)(r/2)/(7M/8)=r/14.
128 AneutronofmassmmakesanelasticheadoncollisionwithastationarynucleusofmassM.(a)Showthatthe
energyofthenucleusafterthecollisionisKnucleus=[4mM/(m+M)2]Kn,whereKnistheinitialenergyoftheneutron.
(b)Showthatthefractionofenergylostbytheneutroninthiscollisionis

K n 4mM 4( m / M )
= 2 = .
Kn ( m M ) (1 m / M ) 2

(a)1.Writetheexpressionforenergyconservation pni2/2m=pM2/2M+pnf2/2m (1)

 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

2.Usemomentumconservation pni=pnf+pM;pnf=pnipM (2)

3.Eliminatepnfin(1)using(2);simplify pM/2M+pM/2mpni/m=0 (3)
4.Use(3)towritep /2mintermsofpM
ni
2
p /2m=Kn=p (M+m) /8M m
ni
2
M
2 2 2
(4)
5.ExpressKM=pM2/2MintermsofKn KM=pM2/2M=Kn[4Mm/(M+m)2];Q.E.D. (5)
(b)Fromenergyconservation,Kn=KM From(5):Kn/Kn=4Mm/(M+m) 2

129*Themassofacarbonnucleusisapproximately12timesthemassofaneutron.(a)Usetheresultsof
Problem128toshowthatafterNheadoncollisionsofaneutronwithcarbonnucleiatrest,theenergyofthe
neutronisapproximately0.716NE0,whereE0isitsoriginalenergy.Neutronsemittedinthefissionofauranium
nucleushaveanenergyofabout2MeV.Forsuchaneutrontocausethefissionofanotheruraniumnucleusina
reactor,itsenergymustbereducedtoabout0.02eV.(b)Howmanyheadoncollisionsareneededtoreducethe
energyofaneutronfrom2MeVto0.02eV,assumingelasticheadoncollisionswithstationarycarbonnuclei?
(a)1.WriteKnf/Kni=(KniKn)/Kni(see8128b) Knf/Kni=(Mm)2/(M+m)2=fractionallosspercollision
AfterNcollisions,Knf=K00.716N
2.InthiscaseKnf/Kni=0.716 8=Nlog(0.716);N=55
(b)Inthiscase(0.716) =10 ;solveforN
N 8

130 Onaverage,aneutronloses63%ofitsenergyinanelasticcollisionwithahydrogenatomand11%ofitsenergy
inanelasticcollisionwithacarbonatom.Thenumbersarelowerthantheoneswehavebeenusinginearlier
problemsbecausemostcollisionsarenotheadon.Calculatethenumberofcollisions,onaverage,neededtoreduce
theenergyofaneutronfrom2MeVto0.02eV(adesirableoutcomeforreasonsexplainedin
Problem129)iftheneutroncollideswith(a)hydrogenatomsand(b)carbonatoms.
(a)Inthiscase,Knf/Kni=0.37percollisions. (seeProblem8129b)8=Nlog(0.37);N=19
(b)Inthiscase,Knf/Kni=0.89percollision. 8=Nlog(0.89);N=158
131 AropeoflengthLandmassMliescoiledonatable.Startingatt=0,oneendoftheropeisliftedfromthetable
withaforceFsuchthatitmoveswithaconstantvelocityv.(a)Findtheheightofthecenterofmassoftherope
asafunctionoftime.(b)Differentiateyourresultin(a)twicetofindtheaccelerationofthecenterofmass.(c)
Assumingthattheforceexertedbythetableequalstheweightoftheropestillthere,findtheforceFyouexerton
thetopoftherope.
(a)Let=L/Mbethemassperunitlength.Thenycm=1/2y(y)/L=y2/2L;buty=vt,soycm=v2t2/2L.
(b)acm=d2ycm/dt2=v2/L.
(c)F=macm+mg,wherem=y=vt.Thus,F=(M/L)(vt)(v2/L)+(M/L)vtg=Mv3t/L2+Mvtg/L.
132 Atennisballofmassmtisheldasmalldistanceaboveabasketballofmassmb.Botharedroppedfromaheighth
abovethefloor.(Takehtobethedistancetothecenterofthebasketball.)Thebasketballcollideselasticallywiththe
floor.Findthespeedvtofthetennisballafteritthencollideselasticallywiththebasketball.Calculatetheheight
reachedbythetennisballifmb=0.480kg,mt=0.060kg,andh=2m.(Caution:Ifyoutrythisexperimentally,get
outofthewayofthetennisball!)
Thebasketball(subscriptb)willcollidewiththefloorandreboundfirst.Asitmovesupitcollideswiththetennis
ball(subscriptt)whichismovingdown.Weshallfirstfindthevelocitiesofthetwoballspriortotheircollision,and
thenusetheprocedureforelasticcollisionstodeterminethevelocityofthetennisballafterthecollision.
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

1.Findvbi,vti,andvcm.Takeupaspositive. vbi= 2 gh 0,vti=vbi;vcm=(mbmt)vbi/(mb+mt)

2.Findtherelativevelocityuti uti=vti[1+(mbmt)/(mb+mt)]=utf
3.Findvtf=utf+vcm vtf= 2 gh 0[1+2(mbmt)/(mb+mt)]
4.H=v /2g;usethenumericalvaluesgiven
tf
2
H=2[1+2(0.480.06)/0.54]2m=13.1m

133*RepeatProblem24ifthecuphasamassmcandtheballcollideswithitinelastically.
(a)Thesameasbefore,i.e.,F=kd+mpg=mg+mpg.
(b)1.Findvbi;usepi=pftofindvcmofball+cup vbi= 2 gh ;vcm= 2 gh [mb/(mc+mb)]0
2.Applyenergyconservation kx =(mc+mb)[mb/(mc+mb)] (2gh)=2mb2gh/(mb+mc)
2 2

3.Solveforthecompressionx;thenmultiplyby
ktofindtheforcethespringexertsonthe 2 gh 2kh
x=mb ;kx=mbg 0
platform. k ( mc mb ) g (mc mb )

4.F=mpg+kx
(b) Sincethecollisionisinelastic,theballnever
2kh
returnstoitsoriginalposition F=g m p mb 0

g ( mc mb

134 Twoastronautsatrestfaceeachotherinspace.One,withmassm1,throwsaballofmassmbtotheother,whose
massism2.Shecatchestheballandthrowsitbacktothefirstastronaut.Iftheyeachthrowtheballwithaspeedofv
relativetothemselves,howfastaretheymovingaftereachhasmadeonethrowandonecatch?
Notethateachcollisionisperfectlyinelastic.Also,vcm=0.Letvbbevelocityofball.
1.Findv1andvbafterthefirstthrow;usepi=pf v1=mbv/(m1+mb);vb=m1v/(m1+mb)
2.Findv2andvbafterm2catchestheball v2(m2+mb)=mbvb;v2=vmbm1/[(m1+mb)(m2+mb)]
3.Findv2afterm2throwstheball;letthisbev2f v2f=v[mb/(m2+mb)][1+m1/(m1+mb)]
4.Findvbf,velocityofballafterm2throwsitback vbf=v{1[mb/(m2+mb)][1+m1/(m1+mb)]
5.Applymomentumconservationtofindv1f v1f(m1+mb)=vbfmb+v1m1
6.Simplifytheexpressionforv1f v1f=m2mbv(2m1+mb)/[(m1+mb)2(m2+mb)]

135 TheratioofthemassoftheearthtothemassofthemoonisMe/mm=81.3.Theradiusoftheearthisabout6370
km,andthedistancefromtheearthtothemoonisabout384,000km.(a)Locatethecenterofmassoftheearth
moonsystemrelativetothesurfaceoftheearth.(b)Whatexternalforcesactontheearthmoonsystem?(c)Inwhat
directionistheaccelerationofthecenterofmassofthissystem?(d)Assumethatthecenterofmassofthissystem
movesinacircularorbitaroundthesun.Howfarmustthecenteroftheearthmoveintheradialdirection(towardor
awayfromthesun)duringthe14daysbetweenthetimethemoonisfarthestfromthesun(fullmoon)andthetimeit
isclosesttothesun(newmoon)?
(a)UseEqu.84;takeoriginatcenteroftheearth rcm=mmrem/(Me+mm)=rem/82.3=4670km
(b)Gravitationalforceofsun(andotherplanets)
(c)Accelerationistowardthesun
(d)NotethatCMisatafixeddistancefromsun d=24670km=9340km
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

136 Youwishtoenlargeaskatingsurfacesoyoustandontheiceatoneendandaimahosehorizontallytospray
waterontheschoolyardpavement.Waterleavesthehoseat2.4kg/swithaspeed30m/s.Ifyourmassis75kg,what
isyourrecoilacceleration?(Neglectfrictionandthemassofthehose.)
1.Differentiatep1+p2=0 (dm1/dt)v1+m1a1=(dm2/dt)v2m2a2
2.Heredm1/dt=2.4kg/s,a1=0;dm2/dt=0 a2=(2.430/75)m/s2=0.96m/s2
137*Aneutronatrestdecaysintoaprotonplusanelectron.Theconservationofmomentumimpliesthatthe
electronandprotonshouldhaveequalandoppositemomentum.However,experimentallytheydonot.This
apparentnonconservationofmomentumledWolfgangPaulitosuggestin1931thattherewasathird,unseen
particleemittedinthedecay.Thisparticleiscalledaneutrino,anditwasfinallyobserveddirectlyin1957.
Supposethattheelectronhasmomentump=4.651022kg.m/salongthenegativexdirectionandtheproton
(m=1.671027kg)moveswithspeed2.93105m/satanangle17.9oabovethexaxis.Findthemomentum
oftheneutrino.(Thekineticenergyoftheelectroniscomparabletoitsrestenergy,soitsenergyandmomentum
arerelatedrelativisticallyratherthanclassically.However,therestenergyoftheprotonislargecomparedwith
itskineticenergysotheclassicalrelationE=1/2mv2=p2/2misvalid.)
1.Momentumconservation:pe+pp+pv=0 pp=1.6710272.93105kg.m/s
=4.891022kg.m/s

2.Sinceppx+pe=0,pv=ppyj ppx=4.891022cos17.9o=4.651022kg.m/s=pe
pv=4.891022sin17.9ojkg.m/s
=1.51022jkg.m/s
138 Astreamofglassbeads,eachwithamassof0.5g,comesoutofahorizontaltubeatarateof100persecond
(Figure869).Thebeadsfalladistanceof0.5mtoabalancepanandbouncebacktotheiroriginalheight.How
muchmassmustbeplacedintheotherpanofthebalancetokeepthepointeratzero?
1.Findvyofthebeadasithitsthepan vy=(2gh)1/2=3.13m/s
2.Findpyperbead py=2mvy
3.F=Np/t=Mg;solveforM M=(1006.26/9.81)N=63.8g

139 AdumbbellconsistingoftwoballsofmassmconnectedbyamasslessrodoflengthLrestsonafrictionlessfloor
againstafrictionlesswalluntilitbeginstoslidedownthewallasinFigure870.Findthespeedvofthebottomball
atthemomentwhenitequalsthespeedofthetopone.
Bysymmetry,thespeedswillbeequalwhentheanglewiththeverticalis45 o.
1.Useenergyconservation;Ei=Ef Ei=mgL/2=Ef=mgL/2 2 0+1/2(2m)v2
2.Solveforv v=[Lg( 2 01)/2 2 0]1/2=1.2 L 0
140 AchainoflengthLandmassmisheldverticallysothatthebottomlinkjusttouchesthefloor.Itisthendropped.
(a)Showthattheaccelerationofthetopendofthechainisg.(b)Ifthechainismovingdownwardwithspeedvat
timet,andspeedv+vattimet+t,findanexpressionforthechangeinmomentumofthechainduringthe
intervalt.(c)Findtheforceexertedonthechainbythefloor.
 Chapter8SystemsofParticlesandConservationofMomentum

(a) Sincethechainisinfreefalluntilithitsthefloor,theaccelerationofeachpart(otherthanthatwhichrests
alreadyonthefloor)isg.
(b)Let=m/L.Thenalengthdyjustabovethebottomhasadownwardspeedofgtandmomentumgivenby
dp=gtdy=gtvydt=g2t2dt.Thus,p=g2t2t
(c)Theforceexertedonthefloorisdp/dt+mg,wherem=1/2g2t2isthemassrestingonthefloor.
F=(3/2)g2t2.