Geofisika Eksplorasi:

SEISMIC PROCESSING
Akamigas, 19 Des 2015
!!QUIZ!!
Teori Seismik
Teori Seismik
Sintetik Seismogram (latihan)
Sintetik Seismogram (latihan)
AI = Z = r1V1
Rc = (Z2 Z1) / (Z2 + Z1) Source wavelet Synthetic
(Ricker) seismogram

r1V1 *
Rc1 (-0.15)
r2V2
Rc2 (-0.3)
r3V3
Rc3 (-0.1)
r4V4
Rc3 (0.1)

r5V5
Koefisien refleksi
Polarity (SEG)
 Fasa

Energy is maximally front-loaded

(Energy does not arrive before zero time) Symmetric with respect to zero time
and peaks at zero time
(Energy arrives also before zero time)
Frequency
Resolution
Tahapan Survey Seismik
Instrument
Tujuan

Mendapatkan sinyal to noise ratio yang tinggi

Mendapatkan gambaran bawah permukaan yang
sebenarnya, secara struktur dan/atau nilai properties

Processing itu susah-susah gampang (Unknown)

Tujuan

Garbage In = Garbage Out

Kesalahan dalam processing akan berdampak pada
hasil interpretasi data

processing
interpretasi
Processing Sequence

Processing Sequence
Outline
Signal - Noise
Processing Sequences
Demultiplex
Demultiplex

Dari kumpulan tiap shot menjadi

kumpulan tiap trace
Processing Sequence
Geometry
Geometry
Geometry
Geometry
Geometry
Geometry (Gather)
Geometry (Gather)
Geometry (Gather)
Processing Sequence
Gain Correction
Gain Correction
Gain Correction

Before
Gain Correction

After
Processing Sequence
Static Correction
Static Correction
Static Correction
Static Correction
Processing Sequence
Trace Editing
Trace Editing
Trace Editing
Trace Editing
Trace Editing
Processing Sequence
Deconvolution

- Menghilangkat efek wavelet

- Meningkatkan resolusi
Deconvolution
Processing Sequence
Velan NMO Residual Static
Velan NMO Residual Static
Velan NMO Residual Static
Velan NMO Residual Static
Velan NMO Residual Static
Processing Sequence
Stack
Stack
Stack
Migration
Migration
Migration
Migration
Migration
Migration
Migration
Migration
Migration - 2D

Tinggian?
Migration - 3D

Tinggian hilang
Lanjut??
 SEISMIC PROCESSING

PERSIAPAN DAN VALIDASI DATA

PENGOLAHAN DATA

TEORI DASAR PROSESSING

TAHAPAN PROSESSING

DATA HASIL KELUARAN PROSESSING

 SEISMIC PROCESSING
PENYIAPAN DAN VALIDASI DATA
1. SEISMIK DATA

Reel Tape Catridge 3490 Catridge 3590

2. SUPPORTING DATA
- Observer Report
- Explaining Note
- Crossing Line
- SPS File
Hasil Akuisisi

Refraksi

Refleksi

GROUNDROLL
Factors Affecting Wavelet
 QC QEOMETRI UNTUK POSISI

GEOMETRI BENAR GEOMETRI SALAH

 QC GEOMETRI PADA SHOT POINT

BENAR

SALAH
QC GEOMETRI TERHADAP ELEVASI

SALAH

BENAR
Tanpa static

Field static

Refraction static
Refraction static

Field static

Perbaikan prosesing dengan refraction static

 STATIC CORRECTION
-Field Static
-Refraction Static

AMPLITUDE CORRECTIONS
Before apply Deconvolution -Spherical Divergence Before apply amplitude correction
-Surface Consistent Gain Correction
-Q Compensation

DECONVOLUTION
-Surface Consistent Spiking Decon
-Surface Consistent Predictive Decon
-Wavelet Processing and Signature Decon

After apply amplitude correction

After apply Deconvolution
END OF
PREPROCESSING
STAGES

Uncorrected amplitude Corrected amplitude

Contoh penampang tanpa equalisasi
Contoh penampang dengan equalisasi
Contoh penampang dengan equalisasi
 EDITING
-manual editing
-automatic editing

FILTERING
-Bandpass Filter The spectrum before (left) and after (right)
-FK Filter
filtering (Bandpass Filter),noise spectrum
-Notch Filter
( blue circle)remove after filtering.
BEFORE EDITING EDITING AFTER EDITING
Objective:
FIELD STATIC CORRECTION
- Remove all unexpected and noisy traces -Datum Static
either manually or automatically which -Flattening First Break Static
-Roll-along Static
will disturb data processing -Combination

Mute design

MUTE DESAIN
WINDOW DESAIN

First break picking First break picking with LMO

For refraction static For refraction static
Window detain
Desain mute
EDITING
KILL SHOT POINT
Window desain utk koreksi amplitudo
 Test filter
0 10 Hz 10 20 Hz 20 30 Hz 30 40 Hz 40 50 Hz 50 60 Hz 60 70 Hz No filter
 Variant operator length(120,160,240ms) with gap 8ms

Test Decon, Variant operator length(120,160,240ms) with gap 8ms

No Decon OP 120 ms OP 160 ms OP 240 ms

 Test Decon, Variant gap(4,8,16ms) with operator length 120ms

No Decon GAP - 4 GAP - 8 GAP - 16

Desain window utk deconvolusi
Sorting Gather
Sorting Gather
Rearrange From Common Shotpoint Gather
Into Common Midpoint Gather
source geophone
1 2 3 4 5
surface

reflektor

1 2 3 4 5

Common Shotpoint Gather

source geophone
surface

reflektor

Common Midpoint Gather

NMO Correction
Stacking
Constant Velocity Stacking
 Raw Shot Spherical difergen

Spherical difergen + Decon

 a. CMP Gather Sebelum NMO b. CMP Gather Setelah NMO tanpa Mute c. CMP Gather Setelah NMO dengan Mute

Koreksi NMO (Normal Move Out)

Mengembalikan perbedaan waktu antara event pada trace non-zero offset dengan
zero offset (normal move out time) dibawa ke semua trace pada zero offset untuk prioritas stack.
Mute (red line) biasanya diaplikasikan setelah koreksi NMO untuk mengembalikan
Trace yang terkena noise antara first break dan untuk mengembalikan efek stretching (b)
yang disebabkan oleh perbedaanpergantian waktu pada waktu-waktu yang berbeda
Desain window utk residual static
Perbaikan prosesing dengan pre stack time migration
STACK

MIGRATION
 PRESERVE/TIDAK PADA STACK

Preserve Tidak preserve

Faktor-Faktor Penentu Hasil Pengolahan Data:
 OUTPUT PENGOLAHAN DATA

SEGY :
RAW GATHER AFTER GEOMETRY
GATHER AFTER RESIDUAL STATIC
GATHER AFTER PSTM
STACK PSTM PRESERVE AMPLITUDO
STACK PSTM NON PRESERVE AMPLITUDO
MIGRATION STACK
ASCII :
SPS FILE
VELOCITY

HARD COPY/PAPER PRINT

FINAL STACK
MIGRATION STACK

BACKUP
- DISKET, EXABYTE, CARTRIDGE 3480/3490/3590/DLT
 KESIMPULAN?

RAW data sangat bergantung

hasil operasi akuisisi seismik
Processing data seismik
memiliki tahapan yang panjang
dan parameter disesuaikan
objektifnya
Diperlukan QC akuisisi dan
processing seismik untuk
mendapat hasil yang maksimal
TUGAS DI RUMAH