History Notes : Period 5

1700 CE - 1900 CE

5.1 Industrialization and Global Capitalism

Industrialization fundamentally altered the production of goods around the world.
Its not only changed how goods were produced and consumed and what was
considered a good, it also had far-reaching effects on the global economy, social
relations, and culture. Although it is common to speak of an Industrial Revolution,
the process of industrialization was a gradual one that unfolded over the course of the
18th and 19th centuries, eventually becoming global.
Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange
Key Terms
1. Industrialization
2. Industrial Revolution
3. Consumerism
4. Global Economy
5. Globalization
6. Urbanization
7. Raw Goods
8. Fossil Fuels
Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced.
Factors led to the rise of industrial productions, including:
Europes location - atlantic ocean
Distributions of coal, iron, and timber
Europeans demographic changes
Urbanizations
Improved agricultural productivity
Legal protection of private property
Abundance of rivers and canals
Access to foreign resources
Machines
The developments of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion
engine, made it possible to exploit vast new sources of energy stored in fossil fuels,
specifically coal and oil. The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy
available to human societies.
Factories!
The development of factories concentrated labor in a single location and led to an
increasing degree of specialization of labor.
Raw Goods!
New patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated the
global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the
increasing amount and array of goods produced in their factories.
Example of Goods
Production and export of natural resources:
1. Cotton
2. Rubber
3. Palm oil
4. Sugar
5. Wheat
6. Meat
7. Guano
8. Metals
Second Time Around!
The second industrial revolution led to new methods in the production of steel,
chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th
century.
Spread the Love!
As industrial production became more common in Europe, it spread to other parts of
the world (the United States, Japan, and Russia).
It shows many many different ways how the industrial revolution was caused, not just
that but also how it all started with the periodization four.

5.2 The development and spread of global capitalism

In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to improve working
conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages, while others opposed industrialists
treatment of workers by promoting alternative visions of society, including Marxism.
Key Terms
1. Utopian
2. Socialism
3. Anarchism
4. Capitalism
5. Totalitarianism
6. Marxism
7. Gold Standard
8. Liberalism
9. Adam Smith
10. Robber Barons
Global Trade
The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of
large-scale transnational business that relied on various financial instruments.
To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial productions, financial institutions:
EXAMPLES, FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS:
Stock markets
Insurance
Gold Standard
 Limited-liability corporations
Ideologies
The ideologies inspiration for economic changes lies in the development of capitalism
and classical liberalism associated with Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill.
Henry Ford (1863 - 1947)
Was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the
sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.
Opposing Viewpoints
Captains of Industry Robber Barons
-Created Jobs -Exploited workers
-Increased productions -Corrupted the government
-Provided cheap products -Greedy
-Gave money back to the community -Offered bribes for political favors
-Helped build the nation -Above the law
Andrew Carnegie (1835 - 1919)
Was a Scottish-American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the
American steel industry in the late 19th century. He built a leadership role as a
philanthropist for the United States and the British Empire.
He increased the throughput velocity to gain economies of scale and to fully utilize
his resources. The result was a declining price of steel for the consumer.
The development and spread of global capitalism led to variety of responses.
Examples, Alternative Visions:
Utopian Socialism
Anarchism
Industrialism in Communist States
China and Ottoman Empire
In China and the Ottoman Empire. Some members of the government resisted
economic change and attempted to maintain pre-industrial forms of economic
productions, while other members of the Qing and Ottoman governments led reforms
in imperial policies.
In a small number of states, governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions
of industrialization.
Example, State-Sponsored Visions of Industrialization:
The economic reforms of Japan
The development of factories and railroads in Tsarist Russia
Development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt.
Reform
In response to criticisms of industrial global capitalism, some governments mitigated
the negative effects of industrial capitalism by promoting various types of reforms.
Examples of Reforms:
State pensions and public health in Germany
Expansion of suffrage in Britain
Public education in many nation-states
5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform
The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and
rebellion against existing governments, and the establishments of new nation-states
around the world.
Enlightenment thought and the resistance of colonized peoples to imperial centers
shaped this revolutionary activity. These rebellions sometimes resulted in the
formation of new states and stimulated of new ideologies.
These new ideas in turn further stimulated the revolutionary and anti-imperial
tendencies of this period.
Key Terms:
1. Difference between REVOLUTION and REBELLION
2. The Enlightenment Era
3. Anti Imperialism
4. Nationalism
5. Monarchy
6. Difference between SOCIALISM and COMMUNISM
7. Sufferage
8. Hierarchies
9. Global capitalism economy
10. Unindustrialized Societies
11. Migrants
Imperialism Empire-Building
Europeans states that established empires:
British
Dutch
French
German
Russian
Enlightenments
The rise and diffusion of enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions
in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing
governments
Enlightenment ideas influenced many people to challenge existing notions of social
relations, which contributed to the expansion of rights.
Expanded suffrage
Abolition of slavery
End of serfdom
Philosophers
Enlightenment Philosophers:
Voltaire
Montesquieu
Locke
Rousseau
The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, as reflected in revolutionary documents
influenced resistance to existing political authority.
The American Declaration of Independence
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Bolivars Jamaica Letter
New Communities
Beginning in the 18th century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of
commonality based on language, religion, social customs, and territory.
These newly imagined national communities linked this identity with the borders of the
state, while governments used this idea to unite diverse populations.
Nationalism
Examples:
German nationalism
Italian nationalism
Filipino nationalism
Argentine nationalism
Rebellions
The global spread of Europeans political and social thought and the increasing
number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities
Slave resistance
Anti-colonial rebellions
Nationalism
Discontent
Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist and revolutionary
movements. Colonia subjects led a series of rebellions that facilitated the emergence
of independent states.
Latin American independence movements
French subjects rebelled against their monarchy
The American Revolution
The Haitian Revolution

Migration is a Factor
Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both
industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing
patterns of living.
Relocation
Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons.
Because of the nature of the new models of transportation, both internal and external
migrants increasingly