MICROBIOLOGY: MICROBIAL Week 3

NUTRITION Adelina Manurung

OUTLINE
Previous lectures
The Common Nutrient Requirements
Requirements for C, H and O
Requirements for N, P and S
Growth Factors
Uptake of Nutrients by the cell
Culture Media
Isolation of Pure Cultures

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PREVIOUS LECTURES
Based on the presence of nucleus Prokaryote and Eukaryote
Prokaryote small, lack nucleus, able to multiply rapidly
Size

Wessner, 2013

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MORFOLOGY

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SHAPE OF BACTERIA

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 CELL WALLS

PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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GRAM POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE

DIFFERENCE : Gram (-)

have OM, Gram (+) have
Techoic Acid
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BACTERIAL CELL SURFACE

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GRAM STAIN

REASON

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MOTILITY FROM FLAGELLA

RUN & TUMBLE

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TAXONOMY
TAXONOMIC LEVEL EXAMPLE
PHYLUM Firmicutes
CLASS Bacilli
ORDER Lactobacillales
FAMILY Streptococcaceae
GENUS Streptococcus Class : suffix ia
SPECIES S. mutans Order : suffix ales
Family : suffix aceae

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ARCHAEA
Could live in environments that seem extreme for us
Produce methane
Size typical bacteria cell
RNA 16 S rRNA
Chromosomes single, circular
Cell wall consists of pseudopeptidoglycan

Crenarchaeota Thermophiles and Hyperthermophiles, mesophiles and

ARCHAEA psychrophiles

Euryarchaeota Methanogens, Halophiles

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EUKARYOTE

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SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

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APPLICATIVE

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 NEXT..

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THE COMMON NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS

Nutrients are substances used in biosynthesis and energy production and therefore
are required for microbial growth
MO require macroelements and microelements.
Macroelements are needed in large quantities C, H, O, N, S, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe*
Microelements are used in very small amounts Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, Cu

* exist in the cell as cations and play a variety of roles

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 Elements Functions
Pottasium For activity of enzymes and protein synthesis
Calcium Contributes to the heat resistance of bacterial
endospores
Magnesium Cofactor for many enzymes
Iron Synthesis of cytochromes and cofactor
Zinc Catalytic subunit in E.coli
Manganese Can catalyzing the transfer of Phosphate
Molybdenum Nitrogen fixation
Cobalt Component of vitamin B12

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REQUIREMENTS FOR C, H AND O

Carbon is required for the

skeleton or backbone of all
organic molecules
Carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen
are often satisfied together

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 Nutritional Types of MO

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REQUIREMENTS FOR N, P AND S

May be acquired from the same nutrients that supply carbon

Nitrogen is needed for synthesis amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, some
carbohydrates and lipids, enzymes cofactors
Phosphorus is present in nucleic acids, phospholipids, nucleotides like ATP, several
cofactors, some proteins.
Sulfur is needed for the synthesis of substances like amino acids cysteine and
methionine, some carbohydrates, biotin, and thiamine

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GROWTH FACTORS
Components cannot be synthesized by the organism but they are essential components

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UPTAKE OF NUTRIENTS BY THE CELL
Some nutrients can enter cells through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active
transport, group translocation, iron uptake
Passive diffusion molecules move from a region of higher concentration to one of
lower concentration
Facilitated diffusion process is aided by the carrier, which carrier proteins is
specific to higher concentration or against a concentration gradient, with the use of
metabolic energy input
Active transport transport of solute molecules to higher concentrations or againts a
concentration gradient, with the use ofmetabolic energy
Group translocation molecule is transported into the cell while at the same time
being chemically altered

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CULTURE MEDIA

Will be used in laboratory

The function of the medium will also determine its composition
1. Synthetic or defined media
CO2 as carbon source, nitrate or ammonia as a nitrogen source, sulfate, phosphate
2. Complex media
Contain some ingredients of unknown chemical composition. E.g. peptone, Beef
Extract, yeast

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TYPE OF MEDIA
Based on function and composition
1. General purpose media Support the growth of many
MO
2. Enriched media Specially fortified media
3. Selective media Favor the growth of particular MO.
4. Differential media Media that distinguish between
different groups of bacteria

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ISOLATION OF PURE CULTURES
1. spread
2
plate
2. streak
plates
3. pour plate

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MORPHOLOGY

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REFERENCES
Prescott. Microbiology. 1990. WCB
Madigan. Brock Biology of Microorganism. 2000. Prentice Hall
Wessner. Microbiology. 2013

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 METABOLISM

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