EXPERIMENT 10

INTERACTING AND NON-INTERACTING SYSTEM / FLAPPER

NOZZLE

Experiment - A
Aim of the experiment: Studying the Step response of single capacity system
Observation:
Case 1 : 60 70 LPH
Initial flow rate (LPH): 60
Initial steady state tank level h1o (mm): 24
Final flow rate (LPH): 70
Final steady state tank level hs (mm): 30

Sr. No. Time (sec) h1(t), mm H(t)= h1(t)- h1o , H1(t) predicted,
mm mm
1 0 24 0 0
2 15 26 2 3.888937819
3 30 28 4 5.257236078
4 45 28 4 5.738663196
5 60 29 5 5.908050293
6 75 30 6 5.967648075
7 90 30 6 5.988617179
8 105 30 6 5.995995026

Calculation

H1(t)predicted =
Where
A = 10 LPH.
R = 0.6 mm.sec/ m3
= 14.36 sec.
 60 -> 70 LPH
7

4 observed
Height(mm) predicted
3

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Time(sec)

Case 2 : 70 80 LPH
Initial flow rate (LPH): 70
Initial steady state tank level h1o (mm): 30
Final flow rate (LPH): 80
Final steady state tank level hs (mm): 39

Sr. No. Time (sec) h1(t), mm H(t)= h1(t)- h1o , H1(t) predicted,
mm mm
1 0 30 0 0
2 15 34 4 5.833406729
3 30 36 6 7.885854117
4 45 38 8 8.607994794
5 60 39 9 8.862075439
6 75 39 9 8.951472113
7 105 39 9 8.993992539

Calculation

H1(t)predicted =
Where
A = 10 LPH.
R = 0.9 mm.sec/ m3
= 14.36 sec.

70 -> 80 LPH
10

6 observed
Height(mm) predicted
4

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Time(sec)

Case 3 : 80 90 LPH
Initial flow rate (LPH): 80
Initial steady state tank level h1o (mm): 39
Final flow rate (LPH): 90
Final steady state tank level hs (mm): 48
Sr. No. Time (sec) h1(t), mm H(t)= h1(t)- h1o , H1(t) predicted,
mm mm
1 0 39 0 0
2 15 44 5 5.833406729
3 30 46 7 7.885854117
4 45 47 8 8.607994794
5 60 48 9 8.862075439
6 75 48 9 8.951472113
7 90 48 9 8.982925769

Calculation

H1(t)predicted =
Where
A = 10 LPH.
R = 0.9 mm.sec/ m3
= 14.36 sec.

80 -> 90 LPH
10

6 observed
Height(mm) predicted
4

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Time(sec)

The variation in the predicted and observed values are due to the experimental errors like
human errors and apparatus errors.
 Experiment - B

Aim of the experiment: Studying the step response of a first order system arranged in
non-interacting mode
Observations
Case 1 : 60 70 LPH
Diameter of tank (mm): ID 92 mm
Initial flow rate (LPH): 60
Initial steady state level of Tank 1 h1o(mm): 22
Initial steady state level of Tank 2 h20 (mm): 6
Final flow rate (LPH): 70
Final steady state level of Tank 1 (mm): 30
Final steady state level of Tank 2 (mm): 16

Sr. No. Time (sec) h2(t), mm H2(t)= h2(t)- h20, H2(t) predicted,
mm mm
1 0 6 0 0
2 15 8 2 1.55697343
3 30 10 4 4.072550495
4 45 12 6 6.18587088
5 60 14 8 7.666471809
6 75 15 9 8.618127916
7 90 16 10 9.199958269
8 105 16 10 9.544346275
9 120 16 10 9.743665006
Calculations
Make sure units are consistent.

[ )]
t t

t predicted = A R2 1 1 2 ( 1 1
1 2 2
1
e e
1
2

H2
Where
A = 10 LPH.
1 = 19.15 sec
2 = 23.93 sec
R2 = 10 mm.sec/ m3

60 -> 70 LPH
12

10

observed
Height(mm) 6
predicted

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time(sec)

Case 2 : 70 80 LPH
Diameter of tank (mm): ID 92 mm
Initial flow rate (LPH): 70
Initial steady state level of Tank 1 h1o(mm): 30
Initial steady state level of Tank 2 h20 (mm): 16
Final flow rate (LPH): 80
Final steady state level of Tank 1 (mm): 40
Final steady state level of Tank 2 (mm): 30

Sr. No. Time (sec) h2(t), mm H2(t)= h2(t)- h20, H2(t) predicted,
mm mm
1 0 16 0 0
2 15 18 2 1.385004383
3 30 21 5 3.978000502
4 45 24 8 6.547734426
 5 60 26 10 8.677662591
6 75 27 11 10.29945472
7 90 28 12 11.47517304
8 105 30 14 12.30097665
10 120 30 14 12.86850797
Calculations
Make sure units are consistent.

[ )]
t t

t predicted = A R2 1 1 2 ( 1 1
1 2 2
e e
1

1
2

H2
Where
A = 10 LPH.
1 = 23.93 sec
2 = 33.51 sec
R2 = 14 mm.sec/ m3

70 -> 80 LPH
16
14
12
10
observed
Height(mm) 8
predicted
6
4
2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Time(sec)

Case 3 : 80 90 LPH
Diameter of tank (mm): ID 92 mm
Initial flow rate (LPH): 80
Initial steady state level of Tank 1 h1o(mm): 40
Initial steady state level of Tank 2 h20 (mm): 30
Final flow rate (LPH): 90
Final steady state level of Tank 1 (mm): 50
Final steady state level of Tank 2 (mm): 51

Sr. No. Time (sec) h2(t), mm H2(t)= h2(t)- h20, H2(t) predicted,
mm mm
1 0 16 0 0
2 15 18 2 1.385004383
3 30 21 5 3.978000502
4 45 24 8 6.547734426
5 60 26 10 8.677662591
6 75 27 11 10.29945472
7 90 28 12 11.47517304
8 105 30 14 12.30097665
10 120 30 14 12.86850797
Calculations
Make sure units are consistent.

[ )]
t t

t predicted = A R2 1 1 2 (1 1
1 2 2
e e
1

1
2

H2
Where
A = 10 LPH
1 = 23.93 sec
2 = 50.26 sec
R2 = 21 mm.sec/ m3
 80 -> 90 LPH
25

20

15
observed
Height(mm) 10 predicted

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
-5

Time(sec)

The variation in the predicted and observed values are due to the experimental errors like
human errors and apparatus errors.
 Experiment - C

Aim of the experiment: Studying the step response of first order systems arranged in
interacting mode
Observations
Case 1 : 60-70 LPH
Diameter of tank (mm): ID 92 mm
Initial flow rate (LPH):60
Initial steady state level of Tank 3 h3o (mm):52
Initial steady state level of Tank 2 h20 (mm):6
Final flow rate (LPH):70
Final steady state level of Tank 3 h3S (mm):80
Final steady state level of Tank 2 h2S (mm):17

Sr. No. Time (sec) h2(t), mm H2(t) = h2(t)- H2(t) predicted,

h20, mm mm
1 0 6 0
2 15 8 2
3 30 10 4
4 45 13 7
5 60 14 8
6 75 15 9
7 90 16 10
8 105 17 11
9 120 17 11
10 135 17 11
 60 -> 70 LPH
35

30

25

20
observed
Height(mm)
15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Time(sec)

Case 2 : 70-80 LPH

Diameter of tank (mm): ID 92 mm
Initial flow rate (LPH):70
Initial steady state level of Tank 3 h3o (mm):80
Initial steady state level of Tank 2 h20 (mm):20
Final flow rate (LPH):80
Final steady state level of Tank 3 h3S (mm):104
Final steady state level of Tank 2 h2S (mm):27

Sr. No. Time (sec) h2(t), mm H2(t) = h2(t)- H2(t) predicted,

h20, mm mm
1 0 20 0
2 15 22 2
3 30 24 4
4 45 26 6
5 60 27 7
6 75 27 7
7 90 27 7
 70 -> 80 LPH
35

30

25

20
observed
Height(mm)
15

10

0
0 50 100

Time(sec)

Case 3 : 80-90 LPH

Diameter of tank (mm): ID 92 mm
Initial flow rate (LPH):80
Initial steady state level of Tank 3 h3o (mm):104
Initial steady state level of Tank 2 h20 (mm):27
Final flow rate (LPH):90
Final steady state level of Tank 3 h3S (mm):144
Final steady state level of Tank 2 h2S (mm):46

Sr. No. Time (sec) h2(t), mm H2(t) = h2(t)- H2(t) predicted,

h20, mm mm
1 0 27 0
2 15 31 4
3 30 36 9
4 45 38 11
5 60 40 13
6 75 42 15
7 90 44 17
8 105 45 18
 9 120 46 19
10 135 46 19
11 150 46 19

80 -> 90 LPH
35

30

25

20
observed
Height(mm)
15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Time(sec)

The variation in the predicted and observed values are due to the experimental errors like
human errors and apparatus errors.

Experiment - D
Aim of the experiment: Studying the impulse response of fist order systems arranged in
non-interacting mode
Observations
Diameter of tank (mm): ID 92 mm
Initial flow rate (LPH):60
Initial steady state level of Tank 1 h10 (mm):20
Initial steady state level of Tank 2 h20 (mm): 5
Level of tank 1 after adding 0.5 lit of water:
Final steady state level of Tank 1 (mm):20
Final steady state level of Tank 2 (mm): 6
Sr. No. Time (sec) h2(t), mm H2(t) = h2(t)- H2(t) predicted,
h20, mm mm
1 0 5 0
2 15 30 25
3 30 36 31
4 45 32 27
5 60 28 23
6 75 22 17
7 90 19 14
8 105 16 11
9 120 12 7
10 135 10 5
11 150 8 3
12 165 7 2
13 180 6 1
14 195 6 1

60 LPH (impulse 0f 0.5l)

35

30

25

20
observed
Height(mm)
15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Time(sec)

The variation in the predicted and observed values are due to the experimental errors like
human errors and apparatus errors.

FLAPPER NOZZLE SYSTEM

Description of the experimental set-up

The set up helps in understanding conversion of mechanical motion to pressure signal. It

consists of flapper-nozzle mechanism, Dial gauge indicator, pressure gauges and air filter
regulator. A regulated supply of pressure, usually over 20 psig, provides a source of air
through the restriction. The nozzle is open at the end where the gap exists between the
nozzle and flapper, and air escapes in this region.

Aim of the experiment: To study characteristics of flapper nozzle system.

Observation:

pressure vs nozzle gap

60

40
pressure (psi)
20

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

nozzle gap (micro m)

Signal pressure(psig) Nozzle gap(m)

2 49
3 38
5 34
7 25
9 20
10 19
12 13
13 13
12 13
11 14
10 16
9 18
8 21
7 23
6 27
5 33
4 37
3 46