1) THE PRINCIPLES OF WIRELESS POWER a) Nikola Tesla and the True Wireless In the period from 1890 to 1900 Dr, Nikola Tesla was engaged in the stezatic research of high frequency electric waves with the specific aim developing a method transmission and reception of electric energy without the use of connecting wires. Inspired by Dr. Heinrich Hertz s experimental researches into the Maxwell theory of electro-magnetic waves, Dr. Tesla Seveloped various appartus with the object of exploring the developments Br. Hertz. Tesla found his progress slow until he developed his oscillat- ig current (0.C.) transformer,known as the Tesla Transformer,which allowed r his progress beyond the original exprriments of Dr. Hertz and thus beyond the original theory of elecro-magnetism. Tesla found to his dismay that it was not possible to demonstrate that vas enanations from his 0.C. transformer were akin to the transverse vi! ations of tight waves as theorized by Haxvell, which Dr. Hertz among others it to verify. At this point Tesla began to doubt if the Maxyell theory validity. To quote “For more than 1° years I have been reading uy s‘es, reports of scientific transactions, and articles on Hertz-wave ep myself informed, but they have a’ ways impressec me “e tion". what Tesla had discovered was that the emanations from his 0.C. tran- sforner were of longitudinai-dielectric waveform, that is, in the form 72 ELECRIC RAYS OF INDUCTION. This indicates the survose of Tesla's exten- sive research into X-rays and xindred forms of radiation,which were con- n the luminiferous aether by Tesla and his idered logitudina’ waves contemporeries. The theories of electric waves was of no concern to G. Marconi however, and by his adaptation of Dr. Tesla s fundamental patents went on to estab- lish conm退cial wireless communication. By 1919 Marconi completed constr- uction of five high frequency power plants around the world. These plants generated currents at a frequency of 13,000 cycles/ second, produced by 209 Kilowatt notor-generator sets.ernators employed in these H.G. sets were fashoned after those developed by Tesla but became known as the Alexanderson alternators, after Steinnet: s protoge Ernst F.i/. Alexanderson. These alternators delive- red currents to what is called the multiple loaded flat top antenna. A dia- gram and equivilent circuit of the Bolinas, California plant is shown in figure (1). Upon co: pletion of these wireless plants in 1919 the U.S. government etablished the Radio Corperation Of America (R.C.A.) to take contro? of the plants constructed upon U.S. territory. R.C.A.,Marconi Wireless Co., others went on to develop wireless (now radio) commmication based con transverse, or Hertzian, waveforms. The culmination of the trenc wave antenna was the R.C.A. type "D" director, later to become the weil om rhoabic antenna, figure (2). ‘These developments firmly entrenched the use of Hertzien waves in the ess communication, thereby diverting interest fron the waveforms discovered by Dr. Nikola Tesla. Tesla's progress in commercial Yooment was further delayed by his absolute insistance upon establis- hing a perfect system, the "World System", of wireless power and commun- ication. The World System was much more costly and complex than the simple nstal rconi. To quote Dr. Tesla’s thoughts about the devel- ations of # nnent of wireless at this point in history: ‘The commercia’ application the art has ted to the consruction of larger transmitters their number, greater distances had to be covered ve to employ recieving devices of ever greater sensitivness. All j the trouble and seriously ng the reliability and value of the plants. To such a degree has this been the case that conservitive business zen and finenciers have come to loo!: upon this method of conveying inte’ligence as one offering but very limited possibi: ies, and the Governnent has deemed it a sable to assume control. TI unfortunate state of affairs, fatal to the eniis- tuent of capital and healthful competitive development, cou’d have deen avoided had e’ectricians not remained to this day under a delucive theory and had the practical exploiters of this advance net permitted enterprise to outrun technical competence”. Dr. Tesla remained unswayed by these commercia’ developments and their inpact upon scientific thought. Tesla understood that the transverse, or Hert ian. waveform was useless for the transmission of electric energy on an industria” scale. The scattering nature of these waves represents the sere C1) | cesceoer Pesce Feawrcemee emery (AG.#) ALe-O3 “ Cone 2.4L bon pew Morar ARTY Pare Geveraron eee. Say" (eDUCrERS ZAG DAGRAMATIC Zoe PLATE pe PACS OCEtE LENT 7O Cceue erence PULT OF saw HDRES ence cK ATMOSPHERE (ORL cre Zc ALTE LA TRALSMISSIOL La faery Je Dv crew SCHEMATICDIAG RAMATIC. DIRECTOR Fine, 29 8S ryasgs tertSaba ro rows a BUR MEETS SEBS rerneakecrve' 38 Sis oe etesews Due | soeclewron m ncoent gut ct PLANE OF WAVE-DIRECTION . ct acria Puede caw + Load Go 2 SCHEMATIC. LO, RAMATION oe £C , TR4wsmrssi3owrinary limitation to efficient energy transfer, to quote: "Nothing strates this better than the recent demonstrations of a number of erts with very short waves. which have created the impression that power will be eventually transmitted by such means. In reality, experiments of this kind are the very denial of the possibility of economic transmission of electric energy." This of course brings to mind the recent proposal to t from a sattilite in outer space megawatts of photo-voltaic energy transi a micro-wave beam down to the earth's surface. b) The Tesla system The system of transmission and reception of electric energy wihout the loyment of connecting wires, or waveguides, as concieved by Dr. Tesla IS NOT the propagation of any type of electromagnetic wave, nor is it the onosphere waveguide. Tesla's system employes excitation of the earth-. resonant actions along lines, or rays, of ELECTRIC INDUCTION, these lines standing between the transmitter and the reciever, figure (3). The appar- atus for establising these lines of induction is calird the Tesla Magni- fying Transmitter (T.!.T.). The T.M.?. is a system of resonant transforers harmonical’y balanced to the electric condition of the earth. The mono- polar nature of the T.M.T. induction facilitates the ease of transmission and reception that this apparatus exhibits. These lines of induction established by the T.i.T. are dravm into of the earth's interior, despite the conductivity of ustrate this ductivity surface. which would screen electro-nagetic waves. To nt consider Tesla’s descriptin of an experinent: "I have here a short @ which is exhausted to a high decree anc covered with a sub- the coating allowing barely the iight to shine fe tul intial through. A mettalic clasp, with a hook for suspending the tube, is fastened around the middle portion of the latter, the clasp being in contact with the bronze coating. I now want to light the gas inside by suspending the tube on a wire connected to a coi. Any one who would try the experiment for the first time, not having any previos experience, would probably take care to be quite alone when making the trial. for fear that he might become the joke of his assistants. Stii1, the bulb lights in spite of the metal coating. and the light can be distinctly percieved through the latter. A long tube covered with a’uminium bronze lights when he?d in one hand-Fie (3) Demasend We See Let Oe hee ees © ramen rere eete excuses ezoeee 7 care apace? canscity ae eee ” suppey G Wp PEER ee eA oe SLERay SURPLY MLS Wt Exceecy DEMALD DIELECTRIC Tar E4RTe RESOLMLT Connecrie. Core,the other touching the termina’ of the coil - auite powerfully. It might be objected that the coatings are not sufficiently conducting; still even if they were highly resistant, they ought to screen the gas. They 7 screen it perfectly in a condition of rest, but not by far per- cert: ct"y when the charge is surging in the coating. But the loss of energy which occurs within the tube, not withstanding the screen, is occasioned principally by the presence of the gas. were we to take a large hollow it with a perfect incompressible fluid dielectric, mettalic sphere and fit there would be no joss inside the sphere, and consequently the inside night be considered as perfect’y screened, though the potential be very rapid’y alternating.Even were the sphere filled with oil, the loss would be incomparably smal"er than when the fluid is replaced by a gas, for in the latter case the force produces dis: cements; that means impact and co" lisions on the inside. The dielectric induction thru the interior of the earth communicates the energy from the transmitter to the reciever as shown by figure (4). ‘The unused portion of energy is reflected back to the transmitter more etely. Operating this energy reciprication between transmitter and reciever at the natural period and waveshape of the earth's own energy sulsation rate greatly overcomes the effect of distance,hence no significant “ose of energy is apperent. Thus a standing wave of indution energy exists or “ess com setween the transmitter and reciever, or what can be called transponders, culsating at one of the earth s natural harmonics. If the phase angie of of the pu’sating frea- the earth pulsation frequency lags the phase an ency energy is abstracted from the earth's supply of energy and delivered as “free energy" to the transponders. It can therefore b= seen that while the transmission of transverse waves ivolves the spraying of energy, with its conseauent square law diminish- nent of energy density, and no hope of retrieving the unused energy, the Tesia system involves the direct connection of transmitter and reciever, vie the oulsating ‘ines of electric induction. Therefore, the transmitter and reciever are rendered as one apparatus. c) Operating principles of the T.II.T. Because the energy is propagated thru the "ground" the question exists as to how to ground the apparatus, that is ,how to establish an electric reference point, since the so called ground is now the hot terminal of the transponders, and therefore is incapable of also serving as an electric reference point. Here exists the singular feature of the Tesla 0.C. tran- sformer in that the distributed mutual inductance and odd function 7FIG ¥ Anasooy oF Tess | ten patresonence work to establish a virtual ground. This fundamental principle cf virtual grounding is also to be found in the Tesia Tele-geodynamic osci7lator (T.G.0.) which serves as a mechanical analog to the T.!.T. ‘The principle behind this is the geometrical reconfiguration of the fund- amental components of energy,the kinetic and potential, this reconfiguration resulting in the separation of cause and effect in not only time but space. The result hereof is the circumvention of the Newtonian laws of action and reaction. This allows for the production of heretofore wnexp- cored phenomena. Hence, the T.M.T. aswel? as the T.G.0. is capable of transmitting brations by virtue of the fact that it is SELF REFERENCING, thereby not requiring any ground,that is, no solid backing from which to push against. This relates to the saying “Give me a fulcrum and I will move the earth". Tesla found this fulcrum and moved the earth; both mechanically, producing @ local earthquake in New York City; and electrically, producing a stand- ing lightning discharge at Colorado Springs (and possibly lightning else- ‘nere on the iso anet). The Tesia transponder (T.M.T.) can be divided into FIVE distinct com- ponent: 1) EARTH 2) REFLECTING CAPACITANCE 3) ENERGY TRANSFORMER 4) COUPLING TRANSFORMER 5) RESONANT COIL The interconnection of these five components is shown by figure (5). In this arrangement energy is continuously bounced back and forth tveen the earth and the reflecting capacitance at a rate tuned to a natural rate of the earth. This standing wave of energy pulsation is main- tained by the energy transformer which delivers electric energy to this standing wave via the coupling transformer. A certain percentage of this energy in the standing vave is refracted thru the earth-transformer refl- ection point and into the earth. This refracted energy establishes another stancing vave in the earth. Hence, a pair of standing waves are produced ‘hich communicate energy thru the refraction. The oscillating resonant coil, tuned to an earth harmon: a virtual ground at one termina’ of the coun’ing transformer thus rendering the earth termininal active from the standpoint relative to the electric conditions surrounding the apvaratus. The coll terminal deginated as the reflecting cavacitance aspears active and the earth terminal appears to be establishes neutral, whereas from the earth's standpoint the earth termina! is active. Thus. the reason for the popular notion that the reflecting capacitance 7FIG (&) TESta MAGAIEY 1 OG- FRACS 1 TTET2 (7.7) jetis the outout of the apparatus. In light of the virtual ground theory this is ooviousy not correct. See figure (6). ‘he electric conditions surrounding the T.!.T. no longer can be rep resented by conventional, or ezecrto-magnetic, concepts because the system has converted the electro-magnetic energy of the dimensions a nto a ée-materialized, or mass free energy. The dimensions of this form re given by Dr. “ilheim Reich as mat s the spatial analog of the reactive , cr vattless, energy that is encountered in a’ternating current systems. s asma discharges resuiting from die ectric saturation (breakdown) of the dietectric aedium that surrounds the T. nger can be related to she “avs of thermodynamics but are related to the lavs of organic GROWTH, such as the spontaneous production of enercy and Go’den ratio proportioning. zt is of varticu’ar interest to note that these Phenomena serve as exper- cation of the theory of Cosmic Suprimpesition as put forth -T. no menta™ veri. Dr. m Reich. The pulsetion of energy between the enersy transZoruer. which is d:- ch is magnetic in ectric in nature, and the coupling transformer, i iitional stending wave indevendent of that of resents an adi ‘ho wesonant col end ‘independent of that of the earth. This ne standing in neve is ca’led an electric osciliation and represents a standing wav tine. The energy of this standing wave is refracted thr: the cous’ ing transformer thereby exchanging enersy with the other standing wave as shown schematica’it in figure (7). It can be seen that the T.M.T. ivolves three a in its operation, each coupled to the other thru two points of refraction. stinct standing waves Zach of these standing waves represents a distinct dimensiona? aspect: 4) EARTH SAVE; SPACE DIMENSIONAL 2) INTER TRANSFORMER; TIME DIMENSIONAL 3) RESONANT COIL; EXTRA DIMENSIONAL “Fie (6) RADIATION Ne y ALT ECLA + resesrcemee Lo csarw T (cmowxe) Conmenmoc41e RADIO SysTEN Ssammrzomte Aho System Ben UWSRATCAR geoven TRALS PORTER Saar JeDu erro TESA WIRELESS SysTEmM 12Fre (7) TRALS ECRAER @ COUP HG TRAM RERMER EARTH T cove coeP eee 13The analogous relations in musical revresentation are: 1) HARMONY; SPACE DIMENSIONAL 2) REYT: TIME DIMENSIONAL 3) MELODY; EXTRA DIMENSIONAL order for th: triple resonant, or sexti (6) energy transient to operate in consonant resonance, conjugate relation must be made to exist detween a’. six energies. Unfortunately, very little theoretical knowlege sts for transients of more than double energy. This is primarily due limited understanding of the science of algebra with regard to the so" utions of equations higher than second degree. “42) INDUCTION IN THE DIMENSION OF TIME a) History of discoveries The elemental principles of electric induction were first discovered by Miceel Faraday in the early part of the 19th century. Faraday con- sidered actin at a distance thru empty space as an improbable explanation of magnetic attraction and repultion. By intuitive and experimental methoc he determined that space is pervadedwith lines of induction. These lines induction were considered by Faraday to be the polarization of the contiguous particles of the aether. The lines, or polarizations, displayed the curious property of not taking the shortest path between the poles of an inductor, but followed curvec paths thru space. This curvature of s unacceptable to Faraday's contemporaries and he was sharp- induction + ly criticized for this discovery. In the course of his experimental researches Faraday found that when surrounding an electric conductor is altered so as to a magnetic fii change the amount of induction surrounding this conductor, an electro- motive force (E.l!.F.) is produced along the conductor length in propor- tion to the quickness of the alteration. Algebraically it is = a LIMES PER SECOLD é (voers) hat is, the E.M.F. of magnitude E is directly proportional to the total nunber of lines of induction % enclosing the conductor, and is invesely provortional to the length of time t required to produce or consume these .W.F. is known as voltage. ines of induction. In practical work the = This discovery marks the beginning of our knowledge of transformer theory, ané is called the LAW OF ELECTRO-HMAGNETIC INDUCTION. Faraday also the existance of another form of lines of induction distinct from the mag- netic form. These lines appear around what are called "electo-static charges" ,and were given the name DIELECTRIC lines of induction. Tais field of induction is complimentary to the magnetic field of induction. ‘The experimental researches of Michael Faraday greatly impressed two of perhaps the most influential electrical scientists of the 19th laxwell sought to translate ‘to mathematical form in order century, J.C. Maxwell and J.J. Thompson. the experimental researches of Faraday to provide a more quanitive understanding of electric induction. Maxwel! discovered a fundamental law complimentary to the law of electro- magnetic induction, this being the LAW OF DIELECTRIC INDUCTION, or what /$is often called displacement current. Algebraically it is, T= ea LIVES PER SECOVD (Anperes) That is, the current of magnitude I is directly proportional to the number of lines of dielectric induction #terminating on the conductor surface, ané inversely proportional to the length of time t required to produce or consume these lines of induction. In practical work this is known as the amperes. The compl. mtary nature of magnetic and dielectric inductions led maxwell to discover the existance of a constant numerical proportion - vetween the units of measure in magnetism and the units of measure in. Gielectricity, this constant being numerically ecual to the velocity of light squared. This famous discovery led Maxwell to the THEORY OF ELECTRO-MAGNETISM, this theory stating that electric waves are ident- ical to waves of light. and thereby gave the notion that magnetism and cie’ectricity are inseperable. The Maxwell. theory of electro-magnetisn dominated research into electric waves, particularly after the experiments of H.Hertz. Nikola Tesla comment on this matter: " I do not hesitate to say that in a short time it will be recognized as one of the most rema: ible and inexplicable erations of the scientific mind which has ever been recorded Unfortunataly this time has not yet arrived. Prof. J.J.Thompson took a much less mathematical approach and more sical anvroach to Faraday's dicoveries. Prof. Thompson considered Faraday's contiguous aether particles and lines of induction as CONCRETE, PHYSICAL REALITIES, despite the shift in contemporary thought (cir 1900) back to what resembles action at a distance thru an aetherless, and now @ spiritless, dead, space. Thompson considered the propagation of magnetic inductions as dis- tinctly INDEPENDENT of each other, rather than these two inductions - propagating cojointly as given by the theory of electro-magnetism. He concieved the propagation of magnetic induction, because of the lines being transverse to the direction of propagation, as being retarded by the broadside drag they encounter in their motion thru the aether; vhereas the propagation of dielectric induction, because of these lines being directed along the path of propagation, are not retarded, but glide smoothly thru the aether with little or no opposition to notion, seAnalogousiy, the propagation of a parachute thru the atmosphere is alin +o magnetic propagation and hence the effect of drag, whereas the prop- agation of a missile thru the atmosphere is akin to dielectric propagation. Hence, dielectric induction propagates faster and thus arrives sooner than the magnetic induction, and thus sooner than the electro-magnetic energy. this concept is of prime importance for the understanding of the works o? Dr. Nikola Testa. In his search for the contiguous particles of the aether Prof. Thompson discovered hat is known as the electron. Much misunderstanding has developed with regard to the re’ation between this particle and dielec- ric induction. This has worked auch harm into the proper understanding of Tesla’s discoveries, and the understanding of electricity in general. To quote C.P. Steinmet= on this matter: " Unfortunately, to a large extent in dea’ing with the dielectric fields the prehistoric conception of the electro-static charge on the conductor still exists, and by its use des- troys the analogy between the two components of the electric field, the magnetic and the dielectric, and makes the consideration of dielectric ids unecessarily complicated. There obviously is no more sense in thinking of the displacement current as current which charges the conductor with a quanity of elect- .P, of magnetic induction » But ricity, than there is of speaking of the E. as charging the conductor with a quanity of magnetis ncestion, together with the notion of a quanity of vatter c etc., has vanished since Faraday’s representation of the magnetic ty the Lines of magnetic force, the terminology of electro-statics of many textbooks stil? speaks of electric charges on the conductor, and the energy stored by them. without considering that the dielectric energy += not on the surface of the conductor, but in the srace outside of the conductar, ‘just as the magnetic energy’. In 1854 Sir William Thompson, known also as Lord Kelvin, published ations. This theory demonstrated the inter- th the law of dielecti the theory of electric osci action of the law of electro: induction. forming the law of electric induction in the dinension of time. agnetic induction Agebraically it is, P= = £T ULITS PER SECOLD SGUARED oF (warrs) this is called the electric power, or wattage. In practical 7This theory, and its further development by Heimholtz, Heaviside, and ciple behind nearly all of Te Steinmetz,revresents a fundamental anparatus. Lord Kelvin felt that it was possible to establish compressional waves, such as sound waves, thru the luminiferous aether, these waves ng a version of Maxwell s displacement current. This current, often ws thru electric insulators, and even thru ca’e¢ capacitor current, f so called empty space. No conductors or electron flux is involved with this current. Kelvin indicated his feelings that these waves must prop- agate faster than the velocity of light. To quote Kelvin's description of the actions of the indution in the space between the plates of a capacitor fed by an alternator: " Now does any one believe that , if the revolution were made fast enough, the electro-static law of force, pure and simple, would apply to the air at different distances from each plate? Everyone believes that if the process can be conducted fast enough, severe lions times per second, we should have ion times, or millions of mi: large deviations from the electro-static law in the distribution of electri force through the air in the neighborhood. It seems absolutely certain that such an action as that going on would give rise to electrical waves. Now. it does seem to me probable that these e7ectrica’ waves are conden- ves in the luminiferous aether; and probably it would be that gation of these waves would be enormous’y faster than the sationa). the propa; ation of ordinary light waves." ‘The velecity of dielectric propagation was exper: verified by Prof. Yheatstone to be W/2 tines faster than the velocity of light. Tesla also states this velocity in his writings on wave propagation. these scientific discoveries, end the fact that Oliver developed a theory of faster than “ight electrons which was confirmed by Dr. Tesla, it is a wonder how the present notions of electro- magnetism and its limiting velocity as purported by Einstein an his follo- wers have dominated electric theory. It is of particular interest to note that C.2. Steinmetz did not consider Hertzian waves as transmission of energy but as energy loss by the hysteresis of the aether.3) THECRETICAL CONCEPTS OF TESLA’S DISCOVERIES All this o ‘alone: scones PALOReY TESLA, PHYSICS AND ELECTRICITY Research into the works of Nikola Tesla reveais electric phenomena that behave contrary to the theory of electricity in present use, Explanation of Tesla's inventions has been given from the standpoint of physics, yeilding many misconceptions, The science of physics is based on the phenomena surrounding particles and mass, which finds little application in the study of electric phenomena, The explanation of Tesla's discoveries are to be found in the science of electricity rather than the science of physics, The sci- ence of electricity has been dormant since the days (1900) ef stein- metz, Tesla and Heaviside, This is primarily due to vested interests which we may call the "Edison sffect." This material. serves as a preface to a theoretical investigation of N, Tesla's discoveries by the examination of the rotating magnetic field and high frequency transformer, It is assumed that the reader is acquainted with the commonly available material on Tesla, and possesses a basic knowledge of mechanics and electricity. THE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD In the general electromechanical transformer energy is exchanged between mechanical and electric form, Such an apparatus typically employs a system of moving inductance coils and field magnets. It is March-April 1986 JBR, Page 1 aFis 2 LADUTAKCE Coll Seer Roce ¥ 1087 OF SHEET ComPER LIMES OF ELETIC. KLUX 2 M Ss Ane Cte ote \ Force MACE roma Fie 2 _— Doczee Poe FE emer am PaaS March-April 1896 JBR, Page 2desirable that the machanical energy produced or consumed by of row tational form in order to operate with pumps, engines, turbines, etc. The eethod of producing rotary force, without the use of mechanical eetifiers known as commutators, was discovered by Nikola Tesla in the late 1800s and is known as the rotating magnetic field, ELEMENTAL PRINCIPLES An examination of the rudimentary interaction between inductance coils and field magnets will provide some insight into the principles behind the rotary magnetic field. Consider a simple electromechanical device consisting of a piece of iron with a copper loop winding around it along with a small bar Signet (Fig. 1); Any variation in the distance (1) between the pole magne TES inductance coil and magnet produces an electromotive foree (voltage) at the terminals of the copper loop resulting from the field magnet's lines of force passing through the iron core of She {hauctance coil. The magnitude of this E.M.F, is directly propor tignal te the speed at which the distance (1) is varied and the quan- tity of magnetism issuing from the field magnet pole face, conversely, if an electromotive force is applied to the induc~ tance coll terminals, the distance (1) varies at a speed directly ranee tional to the strength of the E.M.F. and the quantity of magnets Proper one trom the field magnet pole face, Thus electrical force and athanical force are combined in this device. If a flow of electrical energy (watts) is taken from tic soil terminals and delivered to a load mechanical resistancy (friction) iepears at the ficld magnet as a result of magnetic attraction and apPetsion between the magnet and iron core, Mechanical force applied core field magnet in order to move it results in power flow out of the coil. This flow of power generates an oppositional or counter wee teonotive foree which repels the field magnet against the mechan- {tel force. This results in work having to be expended in order to ica) er eagnet. However this work is not lost but is delivered to the electric load. Conversely, if the field magnet is to deliver mechanical energy to a load, with an externally £.M.F. applied to the coil terminals, the field’ magnet tends to be held stationary by the resistancy of the cognected mechanical load, Since the field magnet is not in motion it GSannot develop a counter £.M.F, in the coil to meot che externally applied £.M.F. Thus electrical energy flows into the coil and 45 dew iivered to the field magnet as work via magnetic actions, causing it to move and perform work on the load. Hence, mechanical energy and electrical energy are rendered on and the same by this electromechanical apparatus. Connecting this apparatus to a source of reciprocating mechanical energy produces 4n alternating electromotive force at the coil terminals, thus a linear or longitudinal A.C, generator. Connecting this apparatus to @ source SF alternating electric energy produces a reciprocating mechanical Sores at the field magnet, thus a linear A.C. motor, In either mode of operation the fiold magnet reciprocates in a manner not unlike he piston of the internal combustion engine. Rotary motion is not possible without the use of a crankshaft and flywheel. March-April 1986 JBR, Page 3 aFIG 3 Meco March-April 1986 JBR, Pago 223Arranging two inductance coils in a line as shown in Fig, 2 and connecting these coils to a pair of alternating E.M.F.s that are out Sf"step by 1/2 of an alternating cycle with respect to each other fesults in the mechanical force being directed inwardly into the molecular spaces (inner space) within the field magnet. The field magnet is alternately stretched and compressed by magnetic action and ho external foree is evident except as vibration and heat, However, arranging two of the pairs shown in Fig. 2 at right angles to cach other, connecting each to a pair of alternating E.M.F.s that are out of phase or step by one quarter cycle (quadrature) with respect to Gach other produces a rotating travelling wave of magnetism, that is, a whirling wirtual magnetic pole, This virtual pole travels from one pole face to the next during the time interval of one quarter cycle, thus maiing one complete revolution around all the pole faces for each cycle of alternation of the E.M.F.s. The field magnet aligns with the virtual pole, locking in with the rotary magnetic wave, thereby producing rotational force. An analogy may assist in understanding this phenomena, Consider that the sun appears to revolve around the earth, Imagine the sun as a large magnetic pole and your mind's view of it as the field magnet. As the sun sets off in the distant horizon, it seemingly dissappears. However, the sun is not gone but it is high noon 90 degrees, or one quarter, the way around the planet, Now imagine moving with the sun around the planet, always keeping up with it so as to maintain the constant appearance of high noon, Thusly, one would be carried round and round the planet, just as the field magnet is carried round and round by the virtual pole. In this condition the sun would appear Stationary in the sky, with the earth flying backwards underfoot. Inspired to thinking of this relation by the poet Goethe, Tesla per- cieved the entire theory and application of alternating electric ener- @y, principally the rotating magnetic wave. "The glow retreats, done is the day of toil it yonder hastes, new fields of life exploring; Ah, that no wing can Lift ne crom the soil, upon its track to follow, fvilow soaringe.. ROTATIONAL ¥AVES he fundamental principle behind the production of the rotary magnetic field serves as the principle behind all periodic electric waves, It is therefore of interest to investigate the discovery a little further. The apparatus shown in Fig. 1 develops mechanical force along the axis of the field magnet as shown in Fig. 4, Likewise, mechanical counterforce is applied along the axis of the field magnet. Hence, ie work is to be drawn or supplied respectively to the field magnet from an axternal apparatus, a connecting rod is required between the two machines. The flow of energy is along the axis of the roa and thus is in line (space conjunction) with the forces involved, A simple analogy is a hammer and nail, The hammer supplies mechanical force to the nail, the nail transmitting the force into the wood. The counter- force tends to make the hammer bounce off the nail. llowever, the wood is soft and cannot reflect a strong counterforce back up the nail and March-April 1986 JBR, Page 5 a3into the hammer, Thus the nail slides into the wood absorbing mech- anical energy from the hammer which is dissipated into the wood. The apparatus of Fig. 2 develops mechanical force axially also, but it is entirely concentrated within the molecular space. Any counterforce must push back slong the same axis, Thus the work is also along axis like Fig. 4 and is delivered to the molecular struc= ture, The analogy is two hammers striking a steel block from op- posite sides, pounding the block and producing heat and vibration within it. The apparatus of Fig. 3 produces a quite different wave form (Fig. 5). Tae mechanical force delivered to the shaft is applied at a right angle to the axis in clockwise direction. The counterforce is applied in the opposite rotational sense or counter-clockwise dir- ection at a right angle to tho axis. The flow of mechanical energy is still along the shaft as in Fig, 4, however, it no longer pulsates in magnitude with the cycle but it continues, quite like the flow of electric energy in a direct current ciresiv, An analogy is a screw and screwdriver, The screwdriver is forced rotationally clockwise by the hand or other motive furce, The counter- force appears in opposition, that is counterclockwise, thereby ar- vesting the rotation of the screwdriver. However, the wood is soft and cannot reflect the counterforce back into the screwdriver, Thus the screw travels longitudinally into the wood, perpendicular to the rotation of the screwdriver. The form of this wave has been of great interest to a wide variety of fields of endeavor, It has been called the Caduceus coil, spinning wave, double helix, solar cross, and of course the rotating magnetic field. Applications are as wide ranging, from sewage treat- ment plants and guided missles all the way to the Van Tassel Integra ron and astrology. FICS Feo March-April 1986 JBR, page 6 aqing Current Transformer ‘he oscillating current transformer functions quite differently than a conventional transformer in that the law of dielectric ‘n~ nen ea ds utilized as well as the familiar law of magnetic indust= ducticne propagation of waves along the coil axis does not resemble the propagation of waves along a conventional transmission 120+ cee ce eeoeplicated by inter-turn capacitance & mtual magnetic busagtance, In this respect the 0.C. transformer does not behave Tees Fesonant transmission line, nor a R.C.L. circuit, bu’ more Tike a special type of wave guide. Perhaps the most important feature of the 0.C. transformer is that in the course of propa] gation along the coil azis the electric energy is domaterialized, Gratis, rendered mass free energy resembling Dr. Wilhelm Reich's ongGne fnercy in its behavior. It is this feature that renders Orgone "traasforuer usefull for wireless power transmission and spe otion; and gives the 0.C, transformer singular importance in the study of Dr. Tesla's research. FUNDAMENTALS OF COIL INDUCTION consider the elemental slice of a coil shown in fig. 1. Between the tusus 1,2 4 3 of the coiled conductor exists a complex electric wave consisting of two basic components. In one component (fig+ 2), ae soe of magnetic and dielectric flux cross at Fight angles, producing @ photon flux perpendicular to these cro Propagating energy along the gap, parallel to the conductors and Pronnd the coil. This is the transverse electro-magnetic aves In arowndner component, shown in fig. 3, the lines of magnetic flux see ct ross but unite along the same axis, perpendicular to the cost ’Conductors, hereby energy is conveyed along the coil axis. ‘This is the Longitudinal Magneto-Dielectric Wave May-June 1986 JBR, Page 15 ass/00"V cun TRAL SeeRSE Diagscrie. oF Seekey FLow May-June 1986 JBR, Page 16 RELATIONS Compas 17e lox Parte Of Jeo peRes lene aeZz researc — | i Bae, Sosevora4e cove OF MN TERS AWD WIRE Levers oF fe. 1 I Ke &1—— suce as COLL Ce eDiee, THREE FORVS Fleer C+) Hence, two distinct forms of energy flow are present in th coiled conductor, propagating at right angles with respect to each Gther, ae shown in fig. 4, Hereby a resultant wave is produced Chien propagates around the coil in a helical fashion, leading {he transverse wave between the conductors, Thus the oscillating Goll posses a complex vavelongth which is shorter than the wave= length of the coiled conductor. COIL CALCULATION If the assumptions are made that an alternating current is applied to one ond of the coil, the other end of the coil is open circuited, Additionaly external inductance and capacitance must be taken into account, then simple formlae may be derived for a single layer solenoid. The well known formula for the total inductance of a single layer solenoid is Le rt? 6 ‘(r+T01) a Where is coil radius 1 ds coil length N ds number of turns May-June 1986 JBR, Page 17 a7FlIGeRe (3) SLE Fie RétaTIon Comps ize FlOxX PATTERY OF Tio. Toms LONE TEDL wee May-June 1986 JBR, Page 18 wor aaeou ” PIA GLEE speed Deeerare eee aeThe capacitance of a single layer solenoid is given by the formule =12 c= pr 2.54 x 107'? parads (2) (inches) where the factor p is a function of the length to diameter ratio, tabulated in table (1), The dimensions of the coil are shown in figure (1), The capacitance is minimum when length to diameter ratio is equal to one, Because the coil is assumed to be in oscillation with a stand= ing wave, the current distribution along the coil is not uniform, but varies sinusoidially with respect to distance along the coil. Thies alters the results obtained by equation (1), thus for resonance Le Henrys (3) likewise, for capacitance c Farads (4) Hereby the velocity of propagation is given by vy = V/ VEQSS (s) =, where Vea Vue Inch/sec (6) That 4s, the velocity of light, and Yo = Ve” [uaz 2 244] 21710? Inch/see (7) St amece m= the ratio of coil length to coil diameter. The values of propagation factor y are tabulated in table (2). ‘Thus, the frequency of cacillation or resonance of the coil is given by the relation Py = Vo/(1,°4) Cycles/sec (8) Where 1 | = total length of the coiled conductor in inches, May-June 1986 JBR, Page 19 oFFicere (x) Lonerrenese Crasesveese Rescwraer Feevetpse 7 Reseceries x ALGLE oF Lead sowereaiedte The characteristic impedance of the resonant coil is given by onms (9) Hence, = NZ, onms — (10)— where = ((182 un)p | = Z 13 2 > [(192.9 + 406,4n)p| Z 10? ohms (inches) (11) and N = number of turns, The values of sheet impedance, Z,, are tabulated in table (3). The time constant of the coil, that is, the rate of energy dissipation due to coil resistance is given by the approximate formula us RA/2L, = Nepers/age (12) Where , = coil radius a coil iongth May-June 1986 JBR, Page 20 30In general, the dissipation of the coil's oscillating energy by conductor resistance: 1) Decreases with increase of coil diameter, dj 2) Decreases with increase of coil length, 1, rapidly when tha satio, ny of length to diameter is small with little decrease beyond n equal to unity; 3) Is minimum when the ratio of wire diameter to coil pitch is 60%. By examination of the attached tables, (1), (2) & (3), it is seen that the long coils of pogular designs do not result in optimum performance, In gonera!, coils should be short and wide, and not Tonger than n=l, The frequency is usually given as F, = V./A, Waich by equation (7) is incorrect. Winding on solid or continous Teeetee rather than spaced slender rods, as shown in figure (1), setatiy retards wave propagation as indicated in equation (6), Freceey seriously distorting the wave, The diclectric constant of the coll; €, should be as close to unity as is physically possible to insure high efficiency of transformation, The equations for the voltampere relations of the oscillating coil are = 3 (2, %, +8) By Complex Input Voltage (13) t, 292 45) 3, Complex Input current — (14) zy Input Impedance, Ohms (15) Yo Zt whore Voltage on elevated terminal I, = Current into elevated terminal x, = 27! o = 4 = Terminal impedance = Terminal admittance > = u/2F,2Decronent j = root of (=1 May-June 1986 JER, Page 21 1For negligible losses and absolute values Where 1 = (Z2 TPAC, )E, 1 2 (v/27F,¢,)I, ©, = Terminal capacitance By the law of conservation of energy B,I, = 2,1, Volts Amperes Volt-Amperes (16) (17) (18) If the terminal capacitance is small then the approximate input/ output relations of the Tesla coil are given by Length/¥idth =o O.10 0415 0,20 0.25 0530 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0,60 0.70 B, = ZI, Output Volts = BY, Input Amperes i= YE, Output Amperes = 1,2, Input Volts TABLE (1) Coil Capacitance Factor Factor Length/width Factor Pp a P 0.96 0.80 0.46 0.79 0.90 0.86 0.70 1,00 0.46 0.64 1.5 O.47 0,60 2.0 0.50 0.57 25 0.56 0.54 3.0 0.61 0.52 35 0.67° 0.50 40 0.72 0448 45 0.77 0.47 5.0 0,81 May-June 1986 JSR, Page 22 (19) (20) (21) (22) 32TABLE (2) TABLE (3) Length/width Ve L/w =n Inches/Sec Velocity= 7 =a 0.10 9042 x 107 79.8% 0.10 0.107 x 1¢ 0415 10.9 92.2 0.15 0.070 0.20 12.0 102 0.20 0.116 0.25 13.0 110 0.25 0,116 0.30 13.9 118 0.30 0.116 0.35 14,8 125 0.35 0.115 0,40 15.6 132 0.40 o.115 0.45 1664 139 0.45 0,118 0.50 V7.2 146 0.50 0.113 0.60 184% 156 0.60 0,110 0.70 1965 165 0.70 0.106 0.80 20.5 176 0.80 0.103 0.90 2104 181 0.90 0.099 1,00 22.7 187 1,00 0,095 15 2504 215 15 0.081 2.0 27.6 234 2.0 0.070 2.5 28.7 249 25 0,061 3.0 29.7 251 340 0.054 365 30.3 257 305 0,048 4,0 30.9 262 4.0 0.044 4s 31466 268 45 0,040 5.0 3204 27% 5.0 0.037 6.0 33.0 279 6.0 0,032 7.0 33-9 287 7.0 0.028 weet tate ete eee serene tne Books by Eric Dollard CONDENSED INTRO TO TESLA TRANSFORMERS, This book is an abstract of theory and construction techniques of Tesla transformers. It is the result of exporimental investigations and theoretical considerations, la patents and an article on capacity by Fritz Lowenstein, Tosla's assistant, (BSRA #TE-1)+ess+see+ $5450 INTRODUCTION TO DIELECTRIC & MAGNETIC DISCHARGES IN ELECTRICAL WINDINGS. Theory of abrupt electrical oscillations euch as those used by Tesla for experimental rosearches, Contains ELECTRICAL OSCILLA~ TIONS IN ANTENNAE AND INDUCTION COILS by Jobn Miller, 1919. This is one of the few articles containing equations useful to the design of Tesla coils, (BSRA #TE=2). $5.50 May-June 1986 JBR, Page 23 33se (1Z) LLDUSTION) Ley Zee 2 DIDI SIO GF SPACE 00 LTR LAL FERRIES [At PRESEAT (SAGE FER THE STEDY OF ECE PREPAGAT IAL AEG As COS MKD A/EPRID APPARATES ILL Se LP ere 7 FROM THE FULDATIELTAL DRE RACH PHT THEY ARE REPREELTATIOUS OF EXERGY PREPRACATEAS ALOIS A SIGE £10 CR AXIS 6 TIE FGI tenT CIRCUIT CF Cole PRCRAGHTION 1S, WOWEER BST REPRESEAIED 4S LU FIGERE (1) , THAT IS, Two PERPER DCU GR PATHS RGR LEDECTION. THES THE PROPAGATION CAL OCCCR LL Ay DIRECTION OL THE 3CFAFACE CF WER IES GILEL? Ay FIGCRE C1) WE ATES Ci ELECTRIC ELEGY LALRIES WITH THE BIRECTIOA) OF PROPACATIOL ALD DePtRTE WCLIFICALTLY FROM THE Commer ELE TIZO- MACLETIC. FORAD Lene THE PATH TS AO LOUGR ALOUG JwE- LSUAL Axis. TAS DPAR- JERE pe FORT) OF VAGCHR WPCRRILCE +e JME STURBY OF TESLAS D/SCOLERIES. 3YFIG L SleneeT a cor. (A) | | oO — PRM cere. Ks K ARowLD Coit. yw al al —— > HTH 64) rod . (7m) (4.At.D) PATA PROPACATIONW RET FEL TERLS (a) @ (2) BLOCK oF ELEM ELT wo vyoar+tb (8) ©) os STR vot) ForAaL Speer cove 7e la) Flar3 od asFIG (2) Bors ricste Ants 3¢ibis ia ara cece ednelbllacl teil sato i syuce ELECTRIC EXERGY (3 THE PRODUT 447 SRA OF TW FLOK OF TIAGLETIO jxeDUCT/ OA, AAD THE” Fe OX OF DIELECTFAIT LeDecTIOW,. Fae: AATTZE OF THESE FLUES , he D THE ATURE OF FwELTe PREGDOCTS , DETERAUVES TLIC CHLARACTEFEI SIS CF ELECTIEIC EXERGY THAT APPEAR thr THEA TEESE SA + OSCILE B71 G CORIREKT~ TIALS ACR AHR @ (77S THES MODCIRTALT” TO fh CESTIGATE” FRE AAT ILE CF FELES COomPoterc7s OF EtecTRc Ecercy. lamers FLECTIEIC FLERGY EXISTS CE 4hy SYS7ET OF FtECTRIC Deere cTERS CERT RuecaneeA APPER (UY THE SPACE Sc eRout nue THE Coe DUCTOES » PALATE IEG LETIC. HED DI ECEDTerT AACTIOAR AIALUE EST” THIEAISECCES (4 THE SOIOCADIAGS AETHER. _ SeLROVABDIMG THE COmPDecra©es Ss eA 47~/S CHLLED THE TIAGHETIO FIECR CF (EDU CTLOAY. TAI SATERS ITY OF TAS SPIACHETICN FIEED SS CL EL Ray THE POP. ABER CE UGUETIE LIMES , By FUULG THE GIZIZOULDING- GRACE! THE PORTION OF THE~ FETAL MAGLETIC [ADUCTIOL LEWC IS PARAL EL TO THE- SCRFACE OF THE COKDUCTES2 /S C-420ED 37THE TRAUSLERSE MAGLETIC peDULCTIOLW, DB, , ALD THAT PORTION CF THE TEAL MAGCLETIC | 2EG1OL0 MEH 1S PERPELNICUAR 7S THE SURFACE OF Tie COAPDUCTERE /S CHLLED THE LOWG/TEDLEHLA ACL ET S pamuctiow, ZB. 1 CeveRin TWE 7RAUSLERSEK PIACLETIC. (DUCTION EXI3TS AT F2IGHT 406 LES TO THE Flow OF FLERGY 400 THE LOUGITODIAAL SAGLIETIC. IADUCTION EXISTS 147 LIE Wet Ths Them Flows OF EXERGY. THE GEOMETRIC RELATIOAS 426 Gite sk Figure (2). SSSUME FROM THE SCRAACE OF THE” Con DLCTORS US Cena /S C4LCED THE DiEweCTFE/E FIELD. THE (ETERS ITY CF THE DICE CITRIC FIECD /3 Cite Ay THe TOTAL LU-BER OF THE DIF ECTIIG L/S OF LE DUCE, Wey THE PERTIOL OF THe TOTAL DIELECTRIC (ADLTIOL. THAT TEI2ZAIL ATES, CPOLY SURFACES (THE DiRECTIO 4 OF THe Flow CF CLE Ry SS CALLED THE LOAGIT Dia DIEETIIC senrucio., Vi» ALD THE PORTIOL F+147- TERATNIMATES CPO4S SURMACES PEPEPEKDICULAR TO THI E- Flow OF FweRey & CALLED Tt TIA CLES DIELECTRIC, HADUTIOA) . THE GEQMETREI® SRECATIOAS ARE Gitew re FicerRe (3) a5