The Use of the Operating Microscope in Endodontics 197

Fig. 4. An example of a Galilean system. (Courtesy of Designs for Visions, Inc, Ronkonkoma,
NY, USA.)

with a limited field of view. Using computerized techniques, some manufacturers can
provide magnifications from 2.5 to 6 with an expanded field. Nevertheless, such
loupes require a constrained physical posture and cannot be worn for long periods of
time without producing significant head, neck, and back strain.

Fig. 5. An example of a Galilean system. (A) Prism loupes. These loupes have sophisticated
optics, which rely on internal prisms to bend the light. (Courtesy of Designs for Visions, Inc,
Ronkonkoma, NY, USA.) (B) Headset and prism loupes. (Courtesy of Carl Zeiss, Inc, Germany.)