Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
2 Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 352 providing insights for todays HVAC system designer
Figure 3. Standard 90s regional economizer requirements based on cooling system capacity Figure 4a and Figure 4b (p. 4) show
typical economizer sequencing for
constant- and variable-volume
systems. Standard 90 does not
specifically require these operating
modes, but they result from logical
sequencing of mechanical and
economizer cooling. These diagrams
expand on the single diagram
presented in the Standard 90.12004
Users Manual. [3]
providing insights for todays HVAC system designer Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 352 3
to 100% and the return-air damper Figure 4a. Typical economizer control sequence for constant-volume systems
closes completely. The system enters
integrated economizer mode, where
100% outdoor airflow provides part of
the required cooling capacity and
mechanical cooling provides the
balance, modulating or cycling as
necessary to maintain the required
space (or supply-air) temperature. The
red area in Figure 4a represents the
mechanical cooling energy thats saved
during integrated economizer
operation.
4 Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 352 providing insights for todays HVAC system designer
manual and in Guideline 16, Selecting high-limit shutoff. In other words, the might actually differ from the
Outdoor, Return and Relief Dampers prescribed high-limit shutoff setting prescribed limit.
for Airside Economizer Systems [4] , acts as an economizer enable/
sequential or optimized damper disable setting. The prescribed high-limit setting
operation can save supply fan energy depends on location and the type of
by reducing mixing box pressure during Above the prescribed high-limit shutoff high-limit thats used. Table 6.5.1.1.3A
the modulated economizer mode. [5] a best compromise established by in the Standard allows six different
ASHRAE using computer simulations control types: fixed dry bulb,
for various control types in various differential dry bulb, fixed enthalpy,
Section 6.5.1.1.3: High-limit
climatesStandard 90 assumes that electronic enthalpy, differential
shutoff. Integrated airside-economizer
the system needs more mechanical enthalpy, and dew pointanddry bulb.
operation must be disabled (that is, the
cooling energy to condition 100%
outdoor-air damper must reduce intake In dry and marine climates and in very
outdoor air than to condition mixed air,
airflow from maximum to the minimum cold climates, fixed enthalpy control is
so economizer operation must be
airflow required for ventilation) not allowed (Figure 5, p. 6). Why?
disabled. Below the high-limit shutoff,
whenever outdoor air exceeds a Because it could result in 100%
the Standard assumes that the system
prescribed high-limit condition. This outdoor air during many hours when
needs less mechanical cooling to
makes sense: If it starts to rain or if it outdoor conditions are dry but very
condition 100% outdoor air. Of course,
gets really hot outside, you want to warm. If the cooling coil is dry, too,
since the prescribed limits are based
close the kitchen window, right? both sensible load and mechanical
on broad assumptions, the best
Conversely, economizer operation cooling energy increase rather than
economizer enable/disable condition
must be enabled when outdoor decrease. In cold climates, fixed
for a given building in a given location
conditions are equal to or below the
Decisions, Decisions
Standard 90 includes prescribed minimum High-limit shutoff type? Depending on Others: Standard 90 doesnt
requirements for economizer systems. But location, designers may choose from five permit other control types under the
within these requirements, designers still or six types of high-limit shutoff control, prescriptive approach to compliance.
must make several economizer-related ranging from lowest cost (fixed dry bulb)
decisions in addition to choosing the HVAC to perhaps lowest energy (differential Each permitted approach has a unique first
system type (CV-basic, CV-reheat, VAV) enthalpy): cost, operating cost, maintenance cost,
and size: to economize or not to and space relative-humidity performance.
Fixed dry bulb disables economizer
economize, whether to use an integrated To properly weigh the tradeoffs and make
operation when outdoor air exceeds a
or non-integrated economizer, which of six an informed choice, designers should use
fixed temperature.
types of high-limit shutoff control to an economic/performance analysis
implement, and perhaps an optimum high- Differential dry bulb (not allowed in program to compare at least fixed dry
limit shutoff setting as well. some climate zones) disables bulb, fixed enthalpy, and differential
economizer operation when the enthalpy, since these are common and
Economize? Even though economizer temperature outside is warmer than widely applicable.
cooling may not be required (because the the return air.
system is small or because its in a warm, High-limit shutoff setting? These
moist climate), a thorough engineering Fixed enthalpy (not allowed in some values are prescribed for different control
analysis may show that it reduces climate zones) disables economizer types in different climates. An economic/
operating costs enough to be worthwhile. operation when outdoor air exceeds a performance analysis may show that
fixed enthalpy (28 Btu/lb [65 kJ/kg]). higher or lower values offer better energy
Economizer type? Even though its not Electronic enthalpy disables economizer savings or better relative humidity
required in most locations, a designer may operation when outdoor air exceeds a performance for a particular building
choose integrated economizer control selected dry-bulb/dew-point curve, system. The authority having jurisdiction
anyway. Why use it? It always increases defined by electronic sensor may agree to approve a variance if such an
economizer hours and it doesnt increase manufacturers. analysis shows that a custom shutoff
first cost in chilled water systems. Why not setting results in lower energy use than the
use it? In simple DX systems, operating Differential enthalpy disables generic prescribed setting.
with 100% outdoor air may result in coil economizer operation when outdoor-air
frosting at low loads. And, at low outdoor enthalpy exceeds return-air enthalpy. Decisions about economizer systems can
air temperatures (low loads), it causes Dew pointanddry bulb disables be made spontaneously based on first-cost
compressor short-cycling, which may lead economizer operation when outdoor air considerations (for example) or they can
to refrigerant system instability and exceeds a fixed dry-bulb (75F [24C]) be made deliberately based on an analysis
possible reliability problems. The common OR a fixed dew-point (55F [13C]) of both life-cycle cost and relative-humidity
fix for low-load cycling usually involves temperature. performance. Many designers and their
hot gas bypass, which increases the first customers prefer the latter.
cost of integrated economizer control and
decreases the benefit.
providing insights for todays HVAC system designer Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 352 5
Figure 5. Standard 90s regional limitations for economizer control types building. Excessive building pressure
can cause doors to stand open,
creating a potential security risk.
6 Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 352 providing insights for todays HVAC system designer
while mechanical cooling provides the because outdoor air enters the
balance. In other words, economizer system via the cooling fan (rather References
systems must include both a than the heating fan). [1] ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard
modulated economizer mode AND an 90.12004. Energy Standard for
integrated economizer mode. One important exception to this Buildings Except Low-Rise
requirement allows VAV systems to Residential Buildings. Atlanta, GA:
ASHRAE.
The integrated economizer mode must use airside economizers even though
be used for all systems, with these lowering the supply-air temperature [2] ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.12004.
exceptions: may increase zone-level heating. This Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
exception is justified because the fan Quality. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
(a) some unloading DX systems that
uses less energy to deliver cooling air
reduce outdoor airflow to prevent [3] ASHRAE. 2004. Standard 90.12004
to those zones that need cooling. The Users Manual. Atlanta, GA:
coil frosting;
fan energy saved by lowering the ASHRAE.
(b) DX units with cooling capacities supply-air temperature offsets the
less than 65,000 Btu/h (19 kW); reheat energy used by those few zones [4] ASHRAE Guideline 162003.
Selecting Outdoor, Return, and
and, that need heat. Relief Dampers for Air-Side
(c) systems located in climates Economizer Systems. Atlanta, GA:
ASHRAE.
with limited hours of integrated
economizer operation (Figure 6). [5] Trane. 2000. Advanced System
Ultimately, you have Control Strategies. Engineers
Ironically, since Exception (c) covers Newsletter Live broadcast (APP-
choices APV004-EN, VHS format). Available
most climates in the continental United
States, Standard 90 only requires at www.trane.com/bookstore.
Should your kitchen window open? If
integrated economizer operation for so, when should you open it? When [6] Stanke, D. 2002. Managing the Ins
systems in the Southwest and on the should you close it? and Outs of Commercial Building
West Coast. Even so, integrated Pressurization. Engineers
economizer systems should still be Newsletter 31-2. La Crosse, WI:
For a given building in a given location
Trane.
considered because they do reduce with an established system cooling
mechanical cooling energy. Energy and capacity, Standard 90 either requires [7] Trane. 2006. HVAC Systems and
economics should be analyzed for each an economizer system or leaves that Airside Economizers. Engineers
specific building and its HVAC system decision to the designer. The type of Newsletter Live broadcast. Check
and economizer control type. After all, www.trane.com/bookstore for
high-limit control may be somewhat availability.
just because youre not required to restricted, but many options remain.
open the kitchen window doesnt Although high-limit shutoff settings are
mean that its a bad idea. prescribed, the designer might still be
able to justify a different high-limit
Section 6.5.1.4: Economizer heating settingone that saves more energy
system impact. Economizer system for the project at hand.
controls must not result in increased
building heating energy. This Altogether, the combination of a few
requirement may limit system choices. restrictions and so many options can
For instance, an airside economizer complicate the design of an effective
used with a single-fan, dual-duct VAV airside economizer system. Designers
system or multizone system would would do wellfor their clients, for
lower the air temperature entering the building occupants, and for Earthto
heating coil and increase the required thoroughly analyze the alternatives and
heating energy. On the other hand, an make economizer system choices
airside economizer does not impact using sound engineering judgment,
heating energy when used with a available systems, and accurate
dual-fan, dual-duct VAV system modeling tools.
providing insights for todays HVAC system designer Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 352 7
Trane
www.trane.com
Trane believes the facts and suggestions presented here to be accurate. However, final design and
application decisions are your responsibility. Trane disclaims any responsibility for actions taken on
the material presented.