Experiment .

04
Objective:
To Find internal diameter of different holes using inside jaws of vernier calipers.

Apparatus:
A Vernier Calliper, a body having hole.

Theory:
Measuring instruments are used to measure various physical quantities such as length, mass, time,
diameter of different things. Measuring instruments used in the past were not reliable and accurate as we
use today. Hence we use the Vernier calliper for measuring the diameter of cylinder. The accuracy
obtained in measurements using a metre rule is up to 1mm. However accuracy greater than 1 mm can be
obtained by using Vernier calipers.
A Vernier caliper has main jaws that are used for measuring external diameter, as well as smaller jaws
that are used for measuring the internal diameter of objects. Some models also have a depth gauge. The
main scale is fixed in place, while the Vernier scale is the name for the sliding scale that opens and closes
the jaws. Sliding Scale has 10 or 20 divisions over it. The difference between one small division on main
scale division and one Vernier scale division is 0.1mm. It is called least count (LC) of the Vernier
calipers. It is defined as the minimum distance measure by the Vernier calliper. Least count of the Vernier
calipers can also be found as given below:

Least Count of Vernier calliper =

.

= mm

= 0.05 mm

Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value. For example, if in lab
you obtain a weight measurement of 3.2 kg for a given substance, but the actual or known weight is 10
kg, then your measurement is not accurate. In this case, your measurement is not close to the known
value.

Precision refers to the closeness of two or more measurements to each other. Using the example above, if
you weigh a given substance five times, and get 3.2 kg each time, then your measurement is very precise.
Precision is independent of accuracy. You can be very precise but inaccurate, as described above. You
can also be accurate but imprecise.

For example, if on average, your measurements for a given substance are close to the known value, but
the measurements are far from each other, then you have accuracy without precision.

A good analogy for understanding accuracy and precision is to imagine a basketball player shooting
baskets. If the player shoots with accuracy, his aim will always take the ball close to or into the basket. If
the player shoots with precision, his aim will always take the ball to the same location which may or may
not be close to the basket. A good player will be both accurate and precise by shooting the ball the same
way each time and each time making it in the basket.

Procedure:
1. First of all find the error, if any in the instrument. It is called zero error of the
instrument. Knowing the zero error, necessary correction can be made to find the
correct measurement. Such a correction is called zero correction of the instrument.
Zero correction is the negative of zero error.
To find zero error close the jaws of Vernier calipers. If zero line of the Vernier
scale coincides with the zero of the main scale then the zero error is zero. Zero error
 will exit if zero line of the Vernier scale is not coinciding with the zero of main
scale.
Zero error will be positive if zero line of Vernier scale is on the right side of the
zero of the main scale and will be negative if zero line of Vernier scale is on the left
side of zero of the main scale.
2. Place the inside jaws of the Vernier calipers inside the hole.
3. Open the jaws till they press the opposite sides of the hole gently.
4. Lock the vernier scale to the main scale using small lock provided to lock the
reading.
5. Note the complete division of main scale
6. Next find the Vernier scale division that is coinciding with any division on the main
scale. Multiply it by least count of Vernier calipers and add it in the main scale
reading.
7. This is equal to the internal Diameter of the hole.
8. Add zero error to get correct measurement.
9. Repeat the above procedure and record at least 3 observations.

Observations:
Serial No. Main scale reading Vernier scale reading Zero error correction Internal diameter of
Solid cylinder
1
2
3

Calculations:
Main scale reading =
Vernier scale coinciding with main scale =
Vernier scale reading =
Zero error =
Zero Correction (Z.C) =
Observed internal diameter of the cylinder =
Correct internal diameter of the cylinder =

Precautions:
1. Insert the jaws safely in the hole.
2. Dont disturb the body having hole during measurement
3. Observe the readings correct during measurement putting the scale at right angle to your sight.
 Q#1:Define Accuracy?
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Q#2:Define the term Precision?

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Q#3: What is the criterion for being both accurate and precise at the same time?
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Q # 4: Give detailed application of gauges in industry?
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