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CHE531
CHEMICAL PROCESS
PRINCIPLES II

Energy Balance on
Nonreactive System
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Elements of energy balance calculations

Changes in pressure at constant
temperature
Changes in temperature
Procedure for energy balance calculations
Sensible heat and heat capacity
Balances on phase operation
Estimation & correlation of latent heat
Psychometric chart
Enthalpy concentration charts- single liquid
phase
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Phase Change Operations
Phase change such as melting and evaporation are usually
accompanied by large changes in internal energy and enthalpy
Latent heat
Specific enthalpy change associated with the phase at constant temperature
and pressure.
Heat of fusion or heat of melting, m (T,P)
Specific enthalpy different between solid and liquid forms of species at T & P
Heat of solidification (liquid to solid) is ve value of heat of fusion.
Heat of vaporization, v (T,P)
Specific enthalpy different between liquid and vaporforms of species at T & P
Heat of condensation (vapor to liquid) is ve value of heat of vaporization.
The latent heat of phase change may vary considerably with the
temperature at which the changes occurs but hardly varies with the
pressure at the transition point.
+ Recall Table B.1 for Heat of Vaporization and Heat of Melting
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Example 8.4-1
At what rate in kW must heat be transferred to a liquid
stream of methanol at its normal boiling point to generate
1500 g/min of saturated methanol?
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Example 8.4-2
100 gmol/h liquid n-hexane at 25C and 7 bar is vaporized
and heated to 300C at constant pressure. Neglecting the
effect of pressure on enthalpy, estimate the rate at which
heat must be supplied.
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+ Estimation of Heat of Vaporization

1. Troutons rule accuracy between 30%

H v (kJ / mol) 0.088Tb nonpolar liquid

H (kJ / mol) 0.109T
v b water or low MW alcohol

2. Chens equation accuracy between 2%

Tb [0.0331(Tb / Tc ) 0.0327 0.0297 log 10 Pc ]
H v (kJ / mol)
1.07 (Tb / Tc )

3. Clausius-Clapeyron equation - plot In p* versus 1/T

H v
In p
*
B
RT
+ Estimation of Heat of Vaporization

4. Clapeyron equation
d ( In p * ) H v

d (1 / T ) R
5. Watson correlation estimate v at T2 from known v at T1
0.38
T T2
H v (T2 ) H v (T1 ) c
Tc T1
Estimation of Heat of Fusion

m (kJ/mol) = 0.0092 Tm (K) metallic elements

= 0.0025 Tm (K) inorganic compound
= 0.050 Tm (K) organic compound
 Three (3) Methods for Solving Material Balance for
Reactive Process
Atomic Species Balance
No. of unknowns variables
- No. of independent reactive atomic
species balance
- No. of molecular balance on indep.
nonreactive species
- No. of other equation relating the
variable
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No. of degree of freedom
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Write a balance on atom;
e.g. atom C, atom H, atom O
Balance always equal to ( IN=OUT)
Extent of Reaction
No. of unknowns variables
+ No. of independent chemical
reaction
- No. of independent reactive
species
- No. of independent nonreactive
species
- No. of other equation relating the
variable
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No. of degree of freedom
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Write an extent of reaction equation
We need to determine the EoR
Molecular Species Balance
No. of unknowns variables
+ No. of independent chemical
reaction
- No. of independent reactive
species
- No. of independent nonreactive
species
- No. of other equation relating the
variable
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No. of degree of freedom
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Write a balance on molecules:
e.g. balance of water, balance on O2,
balance on CH4, etc..
Balance depend whether is a reactant
or product (need to consider gen.
or consm.)
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Example 8.4-4
An equimolar liquid mixture of benzene and toluene at 10C
is fed continuously to a vessel in which the mixture is heated
to 50C. The liquid products is 40 mole% B and the vapor
products is 68.4% B. How much heat must be transferred to
the mixture per gmole of feed
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Try this

Chlorine gas is to be heated from 100C and 1 atm to 200C.

(a) Calculate the heat input (kW) required to heat a stream of

the gas flowing at 5.0 kmoUs at constant pressure.
(b) Calculate the heat input (kJ) required to raise the
temperature of 5.0 kmol of chlorine in a closed rigid vessel
from 100C and 1 atm to 200C. What is the physical
significance of the numerical difference between the values
calculated in parts (a) and (b)?
(c) To accomplish the heating of part (b), you would actually
have to supply an amount of heat to the vessel greater than the
amount calculated. Why?
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And this
A stream of water vapor flowing at a rate of 250 mol/h is
brought from 600C and 10 bar to 100C and 1 atm.

(a) Estimate the required cooling rate (kW) three ways: (i)
from the steam tables. (ii) using heat capacity data in
Table B.2, and (iii) using specific enthalpy data in Table B.8.
(b) Which of the answers in part (a) is most accurate, and
why?
(c) What is the physical significance of the difference
between the values calculated with methods (i) and (ii)?
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A liquid mixture of30 wt% acetone and 70 wt'Yo 2-methyl-1-

pentanol (C6H140) is cooled from 45C to 20e. Calculate the
associated specific enthalpy change in Jig, using Kopp's rule
to estimate any heat capacity for which a tabulated value
cannot be found. State all assumptions you make.
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Take home quiz (problem 8.24)

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Thank you