Savitribai Phule Pune

University
1. INTRODUCTION

As computer system and factory automation machine are getting more popular,
stability and reliability of power source have become an important social theme.It is
difficult to prevent the instantaneous voltage drop and power failure of power source
completely. UPS is one of the effective devices to solve the problems, and the
demands of UPS have been increasing with the spread of personal computer [1].
Usual UPSs are classified in ON-Line UPS, Standby UPS, Line-Interactive UPS, and
etc by power flow method. ON-Line UPS always supplies stable power with the load
by using inverter on any power condition. On Standby UPS, a stable power directly
supplies to the load under normal power condition and the inverter operates when the
power is not supplied accidentally. Line-Interactive UPS improves the power factor
and the output voltage [2].

To obtain the unity input power factor and the sinusoidal output voltage under normal
power condition, the conventional UPS requires the active rectifier and the inverter
with high frequency PWM switching. The bulky electrolytic capacitor and the LC
filter are also necessary to get a stable active rectifier operation and a high quality
sinusoidal output voltage. Under power failure condition, battery energy makes the
dc-bus voltage kept constant, and the PWM inverter supplies stable power to the load
without power interruption. This means that, the conventional UPS should consist of
the PWM active rectifier, the output PWM inverter, the battery energy storage system,
the bulky electrolytic capacitor and the input/output LC filter.[1]

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Mechanical flywheels originated well over 100 years ago had the basic function of
ensuring that industrial and automotive machines runned smoothly from cycle to
cycle. Dr. A. Stodola in 1917 (Stodola, 1927) had a first real breakthrough in
translating a book into English entitled analysis of flywheel rotor shapes and
rotational stress analysis came as relieve. In the industrial revolution, James Watt

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contributed to the development of the flywheel in the steam engine and his
contemporary James Pickard used a flywheel combined with a crank to transform
reciprocating motion into rotary motion. The principle of flywheel is found in the
Neolithic Spindle and the potter wheel (Castelvechi, 2007). The flywheel as a general
mechanical device is for equalizing the speed of rotation, according to the America
Medievalist Lynn White, recorded in the De diversibus artibus (on various arts) of the
German artisan.

The Ophilus Presbyter[ (ca 1070-1125) who records applying the device in several of
his machines (White Jr, 1975, 1964). Flywheel energy storage system after emergence
in 1917 existed as a heavy wheel that was used to store kinetic energy and smoothens
the operation of reciprocating engines until in the early stages of 1970s when flywheel
energy storage system was proposed as a main source of storing energy for stationery
machinery as well as for electrical power alternatives for industrial applications.
The discovery of magnetic bearing for the application of flywheel energy storage
system in the 1980s showed that the flywheel that were mechanically built had many
high attributes when compared with chemical batteries for many industrial
applications. The potential of using fiber composite materials in rotor as well as
magnetic bearing started to appear in theresearch industry about half a century ago
due to extensive laboratory research analysis. Recent advanced research has led to
tremendous improvement in flywheel energy storage technology

3. UPS
3.1 Definition
As computer system and factory automation machine are getting more popular,
stability and reliability of power source have become an important social theme. It is
difficult to prevent the instantaneous voltage drop and power failure of power source
completely.[4]

3.2 Modes of Operation of UPS

METs IOE Nashik, Mechanical Engineering Department

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 Savitribai Phule Pune
University
There are three modes of operation in which UPS is to be operated according to
condition:
1.Online Mode
2.StandBy Mode
3.Line Interactive Mode

In ON-Line UPS always supplies stable power with the load by using inverter on any
power condition. On Standby UPS, a stable power directly supplies to the load under
normal power condition and the inverter operates when the power is not supplied
accidentally,Where as in case of Line-Interactive mode of UPS,it improves the power
factor and the output voltage [9].

4. NECESSITY OF UPS

According to popularization of computer systems and factory automation machines,

the power source stability and reliability has become social problems. The power
source accidents under 0.05 (sec) are very severe to computer used machines. They
are happened by thunders, touchs of power source lines with birds or the other causes,
and the 99 percents of all the accident is occupied by them. Even 10 (msec) accident
causes the system down of the computer used machines,and users would have serious
damages by these accidents [5].

But the price and running cost of the conventional UPS are high because of using a
battery for an energy storage unit. From the view point of the life and reliability, the
battery is not so desirable than another energy storage unit. Therefore the UPS used in
the principal OA or FA equipments is desired to have more reliable and long life
energy storage ability. In spite of earnest researches to prolong life and efficiency of
the battery, it has following faults,
(1) Short life ( 3 ~ 5years for a lead-acid battery and 5% 8 years for an alkaline
battery)
(2) Necessity of frequent maintenance works (every half a year)

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University
(3) Generation of hydrogen gas with over-charge which pollutes environment
(4) Short life for repetitive charge-discharge times (under 800 times)

5. FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE UNIT

5.1 Flywheel
Flywheel is a mechanical device used to store the energy in the form of mass moment
of inertia.

The Battery less UPS consists of a diode rectifier, a single-phase inverter, flywheel
energy storage unit with Permanent magnet motor/generator and a three- phase
inverter.It is not consist of bulky electrolytic capacitor , battery and filter reactor like
convential UPS. Flywheel energy storage system (FESS) comes round againdue to the
latest developments of relevant technology, such as magnetic levitation, composite
materials, low-loss machinery and power electronic switch. Flywheel stores the
energy in a mechanical way, and the storage capacity is proportional to the moment
inertia of the flywheel unit and the square of its angular speed. While practical FESS
has an operation limit, a more accurate energy amount. Figure 1 shoes the pilot
flywheel of storage unit.

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 Savitribai Phule Pune
University

Figure 1: Pilot Flywheel Energy Storage Unit

Figure 1 shows the pilot flywheel energy storage unit. Table I shows the parameters of
pilot flywheel energy storage unit.The pilot unit has Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Machine with radial gap.It fastens on core-less structure by 18 elements of 4 turns
concentrated windings coils in stator, makes effective air gap at 16mm longer by
making permanent magnet thick and SPM structure. It is necessary to have small
electrical parameter on the PM motor with the flywheel for high-speed and repetitive
charge/discharge operation of flywheel energy. In addition, the percentage impedance
of winding resistance is reduced by high-electrical angular frequency. The rated
power of this unit is 1kW, the rated speed represents 10000rpm, short-circuit capacity
obtains 513A at the rated speed, and the size of the flywheel are
200(mm)*200(mm). Note that the pilot flywheel unit is driven by PM
motor/generator with big moment of inertia in rotor, and has suitable characteristics

Table 1: Motor Parameter

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 Savitribai Phule Pune
University
Rated power Prate 1 [kW]
Rated speed Nm 10000 [rpm]
Rated phase voltage Vrms 20.5 [V]
Rated line current Ilrms 20 [A]
Rated electrical frequency Ferate 1.33 [kHz]
Number of pole pairs P 8
Moment of inertia J 42.1e^-3 [kg_m2]
Rated storage energy Est 23.1 [kJ]
Phase resistance Ra 33 [mW]
Phase inductance La 2.7 [H]
Short-circuit capacity Is 513 [A]
(Source: Khurmi et. al., 2008)

8. TYPICAL BATTERY LESS UPS SYSTEM

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 Savitribai Phule Pune
University
Figure 2: Typical Battery UPS System
(Source: Shewale, 2014)

Whatever energy is stored by flywheel in it is sufficient to generate the power for 30

sec to supply the corresponding load after cut off of the utility supply. In these system
generator get switched on immediately after utility supply goes off. Time require for
the modern generator to come in circuit with rated potential difference is about 20 sec.
Thus power is delivered to the load without any interruption of supply.[8]

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