ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

DOPPLER EXAMINATION
Why is Doppler important?
Gives information about the blood flow
velocity, direction and amplitude
Helps noninvasive assessment of
valvular abnormalities congenital cardiac
defects
2D DOPPLER
TISSUE BLOOD
ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONAL
PERPENDICULAR PARALLEL
HIGH FREQUENCY LOW FREQUENCY
DOPPLER EFFECT
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RECEIVING AND TRANSMITTENT
FREQUENCY - fd=frft
NO DOPPLER SHIFT
POSITIVE DOPPLER SHIFT
NEGATIVE DOPPLER SHIFT
POSITIVE SHIFT NEGATIVE SHIFT
CERTAIN TERMS.
DOPPLER SHIFT:DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN RECEIVED AND
TRANSMITTED FREQUNCIES
DEPENDS UPON
1. TRANSMITTED FREQUENCY
2.VELOCITY OF MOVING TARGET
3.ANGLE OF INTERCEPTION
4.VELOCITY SOUND IN BLOOD
 DOPPLER EQUATION
Doppler equation for determining the
velocity of a moving object
 PULSE REPETION FREQUENCY (PRF):
EMITTING FREQUENCY OF SHORT
BURSTS OF ULTRASOUND IN PULSE
DOPPLER
NYKVIST LIMIT: VELOCITY LIMIT OF PULSE
DOPPLER HALF OF PRF IF VELOCITY
EXCEEDS ALIASING OCCURS
ALIASING:DOPPLER SPECTRUM IS CUT
OFF IN CERTAIN FREQUENCIES AND
REMAINING FREQUENCY GOES TO
OPPOSITE SIDE
Doppler - Measurements
DOPPLER EXAMINATION
Sites to be examined for normal and
abnormal flow
MV
TV
Aortic & Pulmonary Valve
SVC & IVC
Pulmonary veins
Across IAS & IVS
Arch, ascending and descending aorta
NORMAL DOPPLER VELOCITIES

AV : 0.9 - 1.7 m/s

MV : 0.6 - 1.3 m/s
PV : 0.5 - 1.0 m/s
TV : 0.3 - 0.7 m/s
MR
COLOR DOPPLER
BASED ON PULSE DOPPLER
VELOCITY, DIRECTION,
TURBULENCE
RED, BLUE ,MOSAIC
MULTIPLE SITES ALONG MULTIPLE
ULTRASOUND BEAMS.. MULTIGATED
AT EACH SITE DOPPLER SHIFT IS
MEASURED,CONVERTED INTO
DIGITAL FORMAT WITH PRESET
COLOR AND SUPERIMPOSED ON 2D
IMAGE
Colour Doppler
COLOUR DOPPLER
RED FLOW COMING TOWARDS
TRANSDUCER
BLUE FLOW GOING AWAY FROM THE
TRANSDUCER
LIGHT SHADE- HIGHER VELOCITY RANGE
DARK SHADE- LOWER VELOCITY RANGE
MOSAIC OR MULTIPLE COLOURS-
HIGH,ABNORMAL VELOCITY OF FLOW
RED AND BLUE DOES NOT REPRESENT
OXYGENATED OR DEOXYGENATED
BLOOD
AORTIC VALVE FLOW
Systolic
Flow seen away
from the
transducer or
below the baseline
Color flow is
usually blue from
apical views
PULMONARY VALVE FLOW
Systolic
Flow seen away
from the
transducer or
below the baseline
Color flow is
normally blue
HEMODYNAMIC INFORMATION
PEAK TR RV,PA SYSTOLIC
PEAK PR PRE.
END DIASTOLIC MEAN PA
PR PRESSURE
PEAK MR PA EDP
END DIASTOLIC LA PRESSURE
AR LVEDP
DIASTOLIC LA
FILLING PRESSURE,LVEDP
PFO VELOCITY LA PRESSURE
chennidr@sify.com
ECHO CLASS TODAY