1.

INTRODUCTION
This document presents the project assignment for EPSCOM 2009 to be completed by each
participating team. For ESPCOM 2009, the approach of the project is Project Based Learning (PBL). The
main objective of this PBL is to enable each participating student to learn from the project assignment by
solving practical electrical distribution system problems. It is also considered as a long term problem
solving assignment since the duration for completing the project is 3 months.

In order to solve the given problems and document the approach, each participating team needs to
make references to appropriate books, papers, reports as well as available documents from the web. It is
also necessary for the team to use power system simulation software that can perform load flow, short-
circuit and possibly transient stability calculations. To complete this project, the ETAP and
PSCAD/ETMDC simulation software have been used. To verify the simulation result manual calculations
were also made. Several basic formulas related to load flow, short circuit and relay time setting and
coordination are also presented in this report.

2. TEST DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The DISCO-Net as shown in Figure 2.1 is used as the test distribution system. The system
comprises of distribution network operating at medium (MV) and low (LV) voltage levels that obtains
power from the transmission network or the grid. In some cases, the distribution network may also have
embedded generators connected to it. Most customers are connected to the distribution network at MV or
LV voltage levels. In this project, the distribution network is connected to the grid with some loads being
supplied by a remote mini-hydro generating unit. The following sections, describe the distribution
network and to complete the project task it is necessary to model the network which includes the
specification of all components namely, transformer, breaker, fuse, cable, static load, induction motor and
embedded generator.

2.1 System Configuration

The main step down substation (in Malaysia normally called main intake substation) is connected
to the grid at nominal voltage of 132kV, i.e. the source. The maximum 3-phase and 1-phase-to-ground
fault currents at the source are indicated in Figure 2.1 (Network of DISCO-Net) which means that on a 3-
phase solid fault on the 132kV bus, the fault current that is contributed by the source is 20kA and 15kA on
a single-phase to ground fault. The 132kV is stepped down to 11kV using 2 x 30MVA transformers whose
parameters are also indicated in Figure 2.1. A neutral earthing (grounding) resistor (NEW) is shared by
the two transformers. The value of the NER is such that for any single-line to ground fault on the
secondary side of the transformer, the fault current will not exceed the rated capacity of the transformer.

The main intake substation has another voltage transformation, i.e. 132/33kV. Parameters for the
two 45MVA transformers are stated in Figure 2.1. The NER for these two transformers is also sized in

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accordance to the same principle as for the 132/11kV power transformers. The 11kV and 33kV buses are
arranged in single-bus single-breaker scheme with two buses connected through a bus-coupler breaker.

Figure2.1. Test Distribution System DISCO-Net

2.2 Feeders and Substations

On the 11kV network, there are 2 incoming feeders (no. 31 and 32) from the grid through two
power transformers and 8 x 11kV outgoing feeders (no. 1 through 8). On the 33kV network, there are also
2 incoming feeders from the grid through two power transformers and 4 outgoing feeders supplying a
series of PPUs (Pencawang Pembahagian Utama or Main Distribution Substations). Typically, an
11/0.433kV substation (red box) comprises of switches for incoming and outgoing feeders as well as for
distribution transformer feeder. The switches may be RMU type (Ring Main Unit) with capability to
break only on load and the transformer feeder is provided with a fuse. For important or strategic
substation the switches are of circuit breaker type that has the capability to break fault current and this
breaker is also equipped with protective relays. RMU is a unit to make up a distribution substation
comprising at least a minimum of two load break switches and one switch fuse unit. It may be installed in
ring as well as radial circuits. Main distribution substations (usually known as PPU) are typically
arranged as shown in Figure 2.2. The switches there are all circuit breakers.

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 Figure 2.2. Typical Arrangement of PPU

Table 2.1 provides the list of substations in the DISCO-Net and the types of switches in the substation.

Table 2.1: Switch type at the substations in the DISCO-Net

Substation Switch Types Substation Switch Types
Paper Mill RMU IWK RMU
Jaya RMU CDRom RMU
Sun RMU PPUNew RMU
Puchong RMU Durian RMU
Hospital Circuit Breaker Kelapa RMU
Samua RMU Kgboh RMU
Aloe RMU Teh RMU
RTM Circuit Breaker PPUAE RMU
Disk RMU PPUD RMU
Jong RMU Kgtoh RMU
Shield RMU Mhidro Circuit Breaker
Cowan RMU PPUA RMU
Plastic RMU PPUB RMU
Chem RMU PPUC RMU
Fabric RMU

2.3 Network Circuits Data

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 Table 2.2 tabulates the details for cable and their connectivity in the DISCO-Net System. The
cable data is referred to the TCI cable data for the positive sequence impedance of the cables.

Table 2.2. Cable Data

From S/S To S/S Cable Type* Cable Size Cable Length, km
Main Intake Feeder1 Cowan XLPE (3-core) 185 sq.mm 3.5
Main Intake Feeder 2 Cowan XLPE (3-core) 185 sq.mm 3.5
Main Intake Feeder3 Durian XLPE (3-core) 185 sq.mm 2.5
Main Intake Feeder 4 Aloe XLPE (3-core) 120 sq.mm 1.5
Main Intake Feeder 6 Jaya XLPE (3-core) 120 sq.mm 1
Main Intake Feeder 7 Paper Mill XLPE (3-core) 240 sq.mm 10.5
Main Intake Feeder 8 Paper Mill XLPE (3-core) 240 sq.mm 10.5
Paper Mill Hospital XLPE (3-core) 240 sq.mm 3.4
Hospital Puchong XLPE (3-core) 120 sq.mm 0.95
Hospital Disk XLPE (3-core) 185 sq.mm 2
Hospital Jong XLPE (3-core) 120 sq.mm 7
Hospital Samua XLPE (3-core) 120 sq.mm 5
Puchong Sun XLPE (3-core) 120 sq.mm 2.5
Sun Jaya XLPE (3-core) 120 sq.mm 1.2
Aloe RTM XLPE (3-core) 300 sq.mm 4
RTM Cowan XLPE (3-core) 185 sq.mm 1.8
Cowan Disk XLPE (3-core) 185 sq.mm 1.5
Cowan Plastic XLPE (3-core) 185 sq.mm 0.5
Disk Chem XLPE (3-core) 185 sq.mm 0.9
Chem Fabric XLPE (3-core) 185 sq.mm 1.5
Samua Shield XLPE (3-core) 120 sq.mm 4.5
Plastic Fabric XLPE (3-core) 185 sq.mm 0.86
Fabric CDRom XLPE (3-core) 185 sq.mm 0.55
CDRom IWK XLPE (3-core) 120 sq.mm 11
CDRom The XLPE (3-core) 185 sq.mm 5
IWK PPUNEW XLPE (3-core) 300 sq.mm 2
PPUNEW The XLPE (3-core) 300 sq.mm 3
PPUNEW PPUD ABC (3-core) 150 sq.mm 12
PPUNEW PPUAE XLPE (1-core) 500 sq.mm 15
Durian Kelapa XLPE (3-core) 185 sq.mm 5
Kelapa Kgboh XLPE (3-core) 120 sq.mm 7.5
Kgboh The XLPE (3-core) 120 sq.mm 8
Kgboh Kgtoh XLPE (3-core) 120 sq.mm 10.5
Kgtoh Mhidro ABC (3-Core) 240 sq.mm 16.5
PPUD PPUC ABC (3-Core) 150 sq.mm 15
PPUC PPUB XLPE (1-Core) 500 sq.mm 5
PPUB PPUA XLPE (1-Core) 500 sq.mm 8
Main Intake Feeder F1 PPUA XLPE (1-Core) 630 sq.mm 10
Main Intake Feeder F2 PPUC ABC (3-Core) 150 sq.mm 25
Main Intake Feeder F3 PPUA XLPE (1-Core) 630 sq.mm 10
Main Intake Feeder F4 PPUAE XLPE (1-Core) 500 sq.mm 30
2.4 Substation Transformer and Load Data

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 Load at each substations are connected to the secondary side of either 11/0.433kV or 33/11kV
transformers. Table 2.3 lists the size of transformers at each substation based on the MTM data [1] and the
corresponding static loads connected to its secondary. The induction motor is as shown in Table 2.4.

Table 2.3. Substation Transformer and Static Load

Transformer 1 (T1) Transformer 2 (T2) Remarks

Load Load Size Load Load
Substation Size kVA kVA P.F. kVA kVA P.F.
Paper Mill 2500 400 0.88 2500 600 0.85 Refer to Table 4
Jaya 500 327.23 0.9 For motor loads
Sun 2500 595.45 0.82 On T1 and T2
Puchong 2500 480.44 0.91
Hospital 750 393.3 0.87
Samua 2500 284.44 0.86
Aloe 2000 2041.2 0.87
RTM 2500 313.47 0.95
Disk 750 451.1 0.86
Jong 300 175.88 0.83
Shield 300 300.55 0.81
Cowan 1000 751.06 0.82
Chem 1500 813.23 0.9 Refer to Table 4
For motor load
On T2

Table 2.4. Motor Specification

Rated Rated Lock-Rotor Reactance (p.u.)
Voltage Power Loading NEMA Subtransien
Substation (kV) (kW) (kW) Code R (p.u.) X (p.u.) t Transient
Paper Mill 3.3 2000 1200 Type B 0.0753 0.149 0.119 0.1958
Transformer 1
Paper Mill 0.433 2000 1500 Type D 0.161 0.104 0.0991 0.0991
Transformer 2
Chem 3.3 2000 1000 Type B 0.0753 0.149 0.119 0.1958

2.4.1 NER (Neutral Earth Resistance) calculation

i) 132/33kV transformer:-

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 Since 2 transformer shares the same NER, the current flowing through it is double the current
flowing at 1 transformer. Therefore, based on Ohms Law the NER will be reduced by half of its value.
The value of NER for 132/33kV transformer is 12.1.

ii) 132/11kv transformer:-

Same as the 33kV network, this NER is shared by 2 transformer. Therefore, the value of NER for
132/11kV transformer is 2.

2.5 Embedded Generator

Table 2.5 provides the basic data for a synchronous generator connected at the Mini Hydro (Mhydro).

Table 2.5. Embedded Generator.

Substatio Step-up Transformer Generator
n
Voltage Rating Imp (%) Type Rating Pmax PF PF Sub-
Level(kV (kVA) (kVA) (kW) Lead Lag Transient
) Reactance
(%)
Mhydro 6.6/11 2100 10.5 Hydro 2000 1200 0.95 0.85 16.2
Schedule Sched Zero Seq.
voltage kW reactance %
1.01 1200 13