CH3-1

The use of equivalent circuits is a physical

and intuitive approach which allows well-
known techniques of circuit analysis to be
employed
Ignore small but complicated switching
ripple, only model the dc components of the
waveforms
DC transformer used to model a dc-dc
converter ideal functions (correctly represent
the relations between converter dc v and i)
The model can be refined by including losses
CH3-2

1
 V Ig
M ( D)
Vg I

M is a function of D, and independent of load in CCM

operated ideal converter

CH3-3

+
M(D)I M(D)Vg
-

Using dependent source Coincide with Eq. of ideal Tr.

CH3-4

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Advantage: for constant D, it is time invariant: there is no switching or
ripple to deal with, only dc components are modeled
CH3-5

The dc transformer/equivalent circuit

approach is a powerful tool for
understanding networks containing
converters
CH3-6

3
 Inductor exhibit power losses: 1) copper loss [winding
resistor]; 2) core loss [hysteresis & eddy current]
CH3-7

In steady sate, CCM

0 < t < DTs DTs < t < Ts

CH3-8

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 0 < t < DTs

Find inductor voltage

and capacitor current

CH3-9

DTs < t < Ts

CH3-10

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 V
I
D' R
CH3-11

Describe the effect of

inductor winding
resistance
RL=0, M(D)=1/D, ideal boost conversion ratio
As RL increased in relation to D2R, the second term is reduced, and
V/Vg is reduced as well CH3-12

6
 ideal

RL limits maximum voltage that converter can produce

To increase the output voltage, the RL must be reduced as
far as possible, but decreasing RL requires building a larger,
heavier, more expensive inductor CH3-13

Switch in
position 1

At D=1, switch always in position 1 (on), no

energy transferred to output & output voltage
tends to zero
iL tends to a large valued, limited only by RL
A large amount of power is lost in RL, Vg2 / RL ,
while no power delivered to load
Hence, efficiency tends to zero at D=1 (V=0, Po=0)
CH3-14

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 Loop voltage Eq.

Node current Eq.

CH3-15

Dependent on the output voltage

CH3-16

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Dependent on the inductor current I CH3-17

CH3-18

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 CH3-19

Refer to Tr. primary

Vg Vg 1 V
I =
D '2 R RL D '2 R 1 RL D'R
2
D' R
CH3-20

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 DI

V 1 1

Vg D ' RL
1 2
D' R

CH3-21

D=1-D

To obtain high , RL should be much smaller than D2R

The efficiency is high at low D, but decreases rapidly to
zero near D=1 CH3-22

11
 iC

vL Vg I L RL VC , DTs iC I L VC / R, DTs

vL I L RL VC , D ' Ts iC I L VC / R, D ' Ts CH3-23

Where is the primary side ?

CH3-24

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ig I L , DTs

ig 0, D ' Ts

CH3-25

CH3-26

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 CH3-27

In the case of converters with pulsating input

currents (buck, ), the equivalent circuit contains a
dependent source which becomes the primary of a
dc transformer model
CH3-28

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 Another major source of power loss is the
conduction loss due to semiconductor device
forward voltage drops (FVD)
The FVD of a MOSFET or BJT can be modeled with
reasonable accuracy as an on-resistance Ron
In the case of a diode, IGBT, or thyristor, a voltage
source plus an on-resistance yields a model of good
accuracy
The on-resistance may be omitted if the converter is
being modeled at a single operating point CH3-29

CH3-30

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Copper loss of inductor RL is also included CH3-31

Boost Converter During Subinterval 1

0 < t < DTs

vL (t ) Vg iRL iRon Vg IRL IRon

v V
iC (t )
R R
CH3-32

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Boost converter during subinterval 2
DTs < t < Ts

vL (t ) Vg iRL VD iRD v Vg IRL VD IRD V

v V
iC (t ) i I
R R
CH3-33

Volt-Sec
Amp-Sec
CH3-34

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CH3-35

CH3-36

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 +
D2R DV
-

Refer to
primary side

CH3-37

DI

CH3-38

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 3.6 Inclusion of switching loss in the
averaged equivalent circuit model
Include switching transitions in the converter
waveforms
Model effects of diode reverse recovery, etc.
To obtain tractable results, the waveforms during
the switching transitions must usually be
approximated
Things that can substantially change the results:
Ringing caused by parasitic tank circuits
Snubber circuits
CH3-39

The modeling approach

Sketch the converter waveforms

Including the switching transitions (idealizing
assumptions are made to lead to tractable results)
In particular, sketch inductor voltage (vL),
capacitor current (iC), and input current (ig)
waveforms
The usual steady-state relationships:
vL Ts
0, iC Ts
0, ig Ig
Ts

Use the resulting equations to construct an equivalent

circuit model, as usual CH3-40

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 Buck converter example

Ideal MOSFET, pn diode with reverse recovery

Neglect semiconductor device capacitances,
MOSFET switching times, etc.
Neglect conduction losses
Neglect ripple in inductor current and capacitor
voltage CH3-41

Assumed waveforms
Diode recovered charge Qr,
reverse recovery time tr
These waveforms assume
that the diode voltage
changes at the end of the
reverse recovery transient
a snappy diode
Voltage of soft-recovery
diodes changes sooner
Leads to a pessimistic
estimate of induced
switching loss

CH3-42

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 CH3-43

Inductor volt-second balance and

capacitor charge balance

vL 0 DVg V
vL (t ) vd (t ) V

iC(t) V
IL
R V
iC 0 I L
R
CH3-44

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 Average input current

(area under curve )

ig I g
Ts
( DTs I L tr I L Qr )

Ts
tr I L Qr
DI L
Ts Ts CH3-45

Construction of equivalent circuit

model
From inductor V-S balance: vL 0 DVg V

V
From capacitor charge balance: iC 0 I L
R

CH3-46

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 Input port of model

tr I L Qr
ig I g DI L
Ts Ts

CH3-47

Combination of two ports

CH3-48

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 Combine for complete model

The two independent current sources consume power

t I Q
Vg r L r
Ts Ts
equal to the switching loss induced by diode reverse
recovery
CH3-49

Solution of model
tr I L Qr
ig I g DI L
Ts Ts
V
IL
R

Output : V DVg Efficiency : Pout / Pin

tI Q
Pout VI L Pin Vg I g Vg DI L r L r
Ts Ts
1
Combine and simplify :
t QR
1 fs r 2r
D D Vg
CH3-50

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 Predicted efficiency vs. duty cycle
fs = 100 kHz, Vg = 24 V, R = 15, Qr = 0.75 Coul, tr = 75 nsec

no attempt is made here

to model how the
reverse recovery process
varies with inductor
current 1

Substantial t QR
1 fs r 2r
degradation of D D Vg

efficiency
Poor efficiency at low
duty cycle Buck converter with diode reverse recovery
CH3-51

Boost converter example

Model same effects as in previous buck converter example:

Ideal MOSFET, pn diode with reverse recovery
Neglect semiconductor device capacitances, MOSFET
switching times, etc.
Neglect conduction losses
Neglect ripple in inductor current and capacitor voltage
CH3-52

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 Waveforms

Diode recovered charge Qr,

reverse recovery time tr
Transistor and diode
waveforms have same
shapes as in buck example,
but depend on different
quantities

CH3-53

Inductor volt-second balance and

average input current

As usual: vL 0 Vg D'V

Also as usual: ig I L
CH3-54

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 Capacitor charge balance

V
iC id 0
R
V I ( D' Ts tr ) Qr
L
R Ts Ts
V I L ( D' Ts tr ) Qr
Collect terms :
R Ts Ts
CH3-55

vL 0 Vg D'V
V
id D' I L ig I L
R

CH3-56

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 Construct model
The result is: V IL ( D' Ts tr ) Qr tI Q V
D' I L r L r
R Ts Ts Ts Ts R
vL 0 Vg D'V

The two independent current sources consume power

t I Q
V r L r
Ts Ts
equal to the switching loss induced by diode reverse recovery
CH3-57

Predicted V/Vg vs. duty cycle

fs = 100 kHz, Vg = 24 V, R = 60, Qr = 5 Coul, tr = 100 nsec,
RL = 0.3 . (inductor resistance also inserted into averaged
model here) Boost converter with diode reverse recovery

tr IL Qr V
D' I L
Ts Ts R

CH3-58

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 Summary

The averaged modeling approach can be extended to

include effects of switching loss
Transistor and diode waveforms are constructed,
including the switching transitions. The effects of the
switching transitions on the inductor, capacitor, and
input current waveforms can then be determined
Inductor volt-second balance and capacitor charge
balance are applied
Converter input current is averaged
Equivalent circuit corresponding to the averaged
equations is constructed
CH3-59

1 DTs
(a) I rms I dt I D
2

Ts 0

1 2 0.1I
2
1 DTs 2I 2
(b) I rms I DTs DTs (1.00167 )I D (c ) I rms dt (1.155 )I D
Ts 3 Ts 0 3 CH3-60

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CH3-61

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