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ISSN 2278-7763
ABSTRACT
IJOART
Alum in Crude oil purification we can do this. In general Potassium Alum is
used as a purifying factor for irrelevant objects that are found in drinking water,
as it melts with water thus producing Tri-Aluminum Ion which forms a
hydroxide with water having a foam like quality that causes the irrelevant
objects in water to go down the water container, like this by putting Potassium
Alum in Crude Oil Refinery (may be by cracking) we can get LPG, Petrol,
Diesel etc. This will reduce the steps in oil refinery and by that the cost of
refinery.
INTRODUCTION
the expenses in the Crude Oil Refinery, in this experiment we are Cracking
Crude Oil by Potassium Alum to get LPG, Petrol, Diesel.
MATERIALS
1. CRUDE OIL
2. POTASSIUM ALUM
3. CRACKING
4. CRUDE OIL REFINERY
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S.NO. ITEM PERCENTAGE
1 CARBON 83.0% to 87.0%
2 HYDROGEN 10.0% to 14.0%
SULFUR
(Thiols, Sulphides, Cyclic
Sulphides, Disulphides,
3 Thiophenes, 0.05% TO 6.0%
Benzothiophenes,
Dibenzothiophenes,
Naphthobenzothiophenes)
NITROGEN
(Pyrrole, Indole,
4 Carbozole, 0.1% to 2.0%
Benzocarbozole,
Pyridine, Quinoline,
Indoline, Benzoquinoline)
OXYGEN
(Alcohols/Ether/Cyclic
5 Ether/Furan, Carboxylic 0.05% to 1.5%
acids, Naphthenic acids)
METALS
6 (Inorganic salts, Organic 0.00% to 0.14%
Porphyrins (Ni, V, Mg
etc) in ppm
The main constituents of crude oils can be grouped into several broad
classes of compounds: saturates (including waxes), aromatics, resins, and
asphaltenes. Saturates are alkanes with structures of CnH2n+2 (aliphatics) or
CnH2n in the case of cyclic saturates (alicyclics). Small saturates (<C18) are the
most dispersible components of oils. Large saturates (waxes) can produce
anomalous evaporation, dispersion, emulsification, and flow behaviours.
Aromatics are compounds that have at least one benzene ring as part of their
chemical structure. The small aromatics (one and two rings) are fairly soluble in
water, but also evaporate rapidly from spilled crude oil. Larger aromatics show
neither of these behaviours to any extent. Resins and asphaltenes are similar in
many ways. Asphaltenes can be thought of as large resins. Both groups are
thought to be composed of condensed aromatic nuclei which may carry alkyl
and alicyclic systems containing heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulphur, and
oxygen. Metals such as nickel, vanadium, and iron are also associated with
asphaltenes. Both groups do not appreciably evaporate, disperse, or degrade,
and both groups stabilize water-in-oil emulsions when they are present in
quantities greater than 3%. Waxes are predominantly straight-chain saturates
with melting points above 20C. Asphaltenes are precipitated from n-pentane.
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To separate saturates, aromatics, and resins, deasphaltened oil (maltenes) is
placed on an open silica column, and eluted sequentially with solvents of
increasing polarity. Waxes can be precipitated from the maltenes with a mixture
of methyl ethyl ketone and dichloromethane at -32C.
CHARACTERISTICS
preparation of many fire proof clothing. Molar Mass is 258.21 g/mol. Boiling
Point is 200 C. Melting Point is 92-93 C. Density is 1.76 g/cm. Odorless.
Solubility in Water is 14.00 g/100 Ml (20 C), 36.80 g/100 mL (50 C).
Refractive Index (nD): 1.4564.
USES
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Potassium alum is an astringent/styptic and antiseptic. For this reason, it can be
used as a natural deodorant by inhibiting the growth of the bacteria responsible
for body odor. Use of mineral salts in such a fashion does not prevent
perspiration. Its astringent/styptic properties are often employed after shaving
and to reduce bleeding in minor cuts and abrasions, nosebleeds, and
hemorrhoids. It is frequently used topically and internally in traditional systems
of medicine including Ayurveda, where it is called phitkari or saurashtri, patika
in Telugu language and Traditional Chinese Medicine, where it is called Ming
fan. It is also used as a hardener for photographic emulsions (films and papers),
usually as part of the fixer, although modern materials are adequately hardened
and this practice has fallen out of favor. It is also used in tanning of leather.
Aftershave: In rock form, alum is used as an aftershave, due to its astringent
property. It can be rubbed on freshly shaved face, and its astringent property
helps in preventing and reducing bleeding caused due to minor cuts.
IJOART
Cracking is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more
useful alkanes and alkenes. Hydrocarbon cracking is the process of breaking a
long-chain of hydrocarbons into short ones. Cracking is used to describe any
type of splitting of molecules under the influence of heat, catalysts and solvents,
such as in processes of destructive distillation or pyrolysis. Fluid catalytic
cracking produces a high yield of gasoline and LPG, while hydrocracking is a
major source of jet fuel, diesel, naphtha, and LPG. The same principle is
adopted in this experiment with Potassium Alum without any heat.
A large number of chemical reactions take place during the cracking process,
most of them based on free radicals. The main reactions that take place include:
Initiation
In these reactions a single molecule breaks apart into two free radicals.
CH3 CH3 2 CH3
Hydrogen abstraction
In these reactions a free radical removes a hydrogen atom from another
molecule, turning the second molecule into a free radical.
CH3 + CH 3 CH3 CH 4 + CH3 CH2
Radical decomposition
In these reactions a free radical breaks apart into two molecules, one an alkene,
the other a free radical. This is the process that results in alkene products.
CH3 CH2 CH 2 =CH2 + H
Radical addition
In these reactions, the reverse of radical decomposition reactions, a radical
reacts with an alkene to form a single, larger free radical. These processes are
involved in forming the aromatic products that result when heavier feedstocks
are used.
CH3 CH2 + CH2 =CH2 CH3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2
Termination
In these reactions two free radicals react with each other to produce products
that are not free radicals. Two common forms of termination are recombination,
where the two radicals combine to form one larger molecule,
and disproportionation, where one radical transfers a hydrogen atom to the
other, giving an alkene and an alkane.
CH3 + CH 3 CH2 CH3 CH 2 CH3
CH3 CH2 + CH3 CH2 CH 2 =CH2 + CH3 CH3
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1. Desalter unit washes out salt from the crude oil before it enters the
atmospheric distillation unit.
2. Atmospheric distillation unit distills crude oil into fractions.
3. Vacuum distillation unit further distills residual bottoms after atmospheric
distillation.
4. Naphtha hydrotreater unit uses hydrogen to desulfurize naphtha from
atmospheric distillation.
5. Catalytic reformer unit is used to convert the naphtha-boiling range
molecules into higher octane reformate (reformer product). The reformate has
higher content of aromatics and cyclic hydrocarbons). An important byproduct
of a reformer is hydrogen released during the catalyst reaction. The hydrogen is
used either in the hydrotreaters or the hydrocracker.
6. Distillate hydrotreater unit desulfurizes distillates (such as diesel) after
atmospheric distillation.
7. Fluid catalytic cracker (FCC) unit upgrades heavier fractions into lighter,
more valuable products.
8. Hydrocracker unit uses hydrogen to upgrade heavier fractions into lighter,
more valuable products.
9. Visbreaking unit upgrades heavy residual oils by thermally cracking them
into lighter, more valuable reduced viscosity products.
10. Merox unit treats LPG, kerosene or jet fuel by oxidizing mercaptans to
organic disulfides.
11. Alternative processes for removing mercaptans are known, e.g. doctor
sweetening process and caustic washing.
12. Coking units (delayed coking, fluid coker, and flexicoker) process very
heavy residual oils into gasoline and diesel fuel, leaving petroleum coke as a
residual product.
13. Alkylation unit produces high-octane component for gasoline blending.
14. Dimerization unit converts olefins into higher-octane gasoline blending
components. For example, butenes can be dimerized into isooctene which may
subsequently be hydrogenated to form isooctane. There are also other uses for
dimerization.
15. Isomerization unit converts linear molecules to higher-octane branched
molecules for blending into gasoline or feed to alkylation units.
16. Steam reforming unit produces hydrogen for the hydrotreaters or
hydrocracker.
17. Liquified gas storage vessels store propane and similar gaseous fuels at
pressure sufficient to maintain them in liquid form.
18. Storage tanks store crude oil and finished products, usually cylindrical, with
some sort of vapor emission control and surrounded by an earthen berm to
contain spills.
19. Amine gas treater, Claus unit, and tail gas treatment convert hydrogen
sulfide from hydrodesulfurization into elemental sulfur.
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20. Utility units such as cooling towers circulate cooling water, boiler plants
generates steam, and instrument air systems include pneumatically operated
control valves and an electrical substation.
21. Wastewater collection and treating systems consist of API separators,
dissolved air flotation (DAF) units and further treatment units such as an
activated sludge biotreater to make water suitable for reuse or for disposal.
22. Solvent refining units use solvent such as cresol or furfural to remove
unwanted, mainly aromatics from lubricating oil stock or diesel stock.
23. Solvent dewaxing units remove the heavy waxy constituents petrolatum
from vacuum distillation products.
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PROJECT EXPERIMENT
If we kept 50 grams of Potassium Alum in One liter Crude Oil for One hour,
If we kept 50 grams of Potassium Alum in One liter Crude Oil for Two hours,
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C 20 H 25 + Kal (So 4 ) 2 . 12H2 O CH+CH + C 18 H 23 + Kal (So 4 ) 2 .12H2 O
Like this by Cracking Crude Oil with Potassium Alum without any heat we can
get all the LPG, Petrol, Diesel etc., by time delay.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
1. Wikipedia by Internet.
2. Samasta Vastu Guna Deepika, Ayurvedam.
4. Petrol & Diesel Pollution Control by Potassium Alum, research article by
Ammineni Shyam Sundhar. Paper Published in IJoART
Volume 2, Issue3, March, 2013 Edition (ISSN 2278-7763). (www.ijoart.org)
5. Green diesel by potassium alum, research article by Ammineni shyam sundar,
Paper Published in IJoART Volume 2, Issue4, April, 2013 Edition (ISSN
2278-7763). (www.ijoart.org)
6. Potassium Alum Effect on Performance and Emissions of Diesel in an I.C
Engine, research article by Ammineni Shyam Sundhar, Paper Published in
IJoART Volume 2, Issue 5, May,2013 Edition (ISSN 2278-7763).
(www.ijoart.org)