U.S.

Defense Attorneys :
Document 1:

"Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any
foreign powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner
authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for military or
naval purposes, or otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said island. ...
"Article III: The Government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to
intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government
adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the
obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be
assumed and undertaken by the Government of Cuba...
"Article VII: To enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect
the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the Government of Cuba will sell or lease to
the Unites States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations, at certain specified points, to be
agreed upon with the President of the United States." - Document 3

First. Will no way interfere with any treaty port or any vested interest within any so called
sphere of interest or leased territory it may in China.
"Second. That the Chinese treaty tariff of the time being shall apply to all merchandise
landed or shipped to all such ports as are within said "sphere of interest" (unless they be "free
ports"), shall be levied on similar merchandise belonging to its own nationals transported over
equal
distances." ... - Document 4

no matter to what nationality it may belong, and that duties so leviable shall be
collected by the Chinese Government.
"Third. That it will levy no higher harbor dies on vessels of another nationality frequenting
any port in such "sphere" than shall be levied on vessels of its own nationality, and no higher
railroad charges over lines built, controlled, or operated within its "sphere" on merchandise
belonging to citizens or subjects of other nationalities transported through such "sphere" than

Document 2:
From: O.P. Austin, "Does Colonization Pay?" The Forum, 1900
Modern progressive nations lying in the temperate zone seek to control garden spots in the
tropics [mainly in Africa, Latin America, and Asia]. Under [the progressive nations] direction,
these places can yield tropical produce. In return, the progressive nations bring to the people
of those garden spots the foodstuffs and manufactures they need. [Progressive nations]
develop the territory by building roads, canals, railways, and telegraphs. They can establish
schools and newspapers for the colonies [and] give these people the benefit of other blessings
of civilization which they have not the means of creating themselves. - Document 2

Document 3:

I walked the floor of the White House night after night until midnight; and I am not ashamed to
tell you, gentlemen, that I went down on my knees and prayed Almighty God for light and
guidance. . . . And one night late it came to me this way. . .
1. that we could not give them back to Spain--that would be cowardly and
dishonorable;
2. that we could not turn them over to France or Germany--our commercial rivals in
the Orient--that would be bad business and discreditable;
3. that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and educate the
Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by Gods grace do the very
best we could by them, as our fellowmen for whom Christ also died. William McKinley -
Document 3

...we are in the Philippines as righteous [honorably] as we are there rightly and legally.
The taking of the Philippines does not violate the principles of the Declaration of
Independence, but will spread them among a people who have never known liberty, and who in a
few years will be as unwilling to leave the shelter if the American flag as those of any other
territory we ever bought beneath its folds. - Document 6

Document 4:

O.P. Austin, Does Colonization Pay The Forum, 1900

Modern progressive nations lying in the temperate zone seek to control garden spots in the
tropics. [mainly in Africa, Latin America, and Asia] Under [the progressive nations] direction,
these places can yield tropical produce. In return, the progressive nations bring to the people of
those garden spots the foodstuffs and manufactures they need. [Progressive nations] develop the
territory by building roads, canals, railways, and telegraphs. They can establish schools and
newspapers for the colonies [and] give these people the benefit of other blessings of civilization
which they have not the means of creating themselves.document 1
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904)
It is not true that the United States feels any land hunger or entertains any projects as regards the
other nations of the Western Hemisphere save such as are for their welfare. All that this country
desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly and prosperous....Chronic wrongdoing,
or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in
America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention...[and] force the United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an internal
police power.document 10

Document 6:

MR. PRESIDENT, the times call for candor. The Philippines are ours forever, "territory
belonging to the United States," as the Constitution calls them. And just beyond the Philippines
are China's illimitable markets. We will not retreat from either. We will not repudiate our duty in
the archipelago. We will not abandon our opportunity in the Orient. We will not renounce our
part in the mission of our race, trustee, under God, of the civilization of the world. And we will
move forward to our work, not howling out regrets like slaves whipped to their burdens but with
gratitude for a task worthy of our strength and thanksgiving to Almighty God that He has marked
us as His chosen people, henceforth to lead in the regeneration of the world.
- Senator ALBERT J. BEVERIDGE : In Support of an American Empire 1899
- Document 1

First we will in no interfere with any treaty port or any vested interest within any so-called
sphere of interest or leased territory it may have in China. Second. That the Chinese treaty
tariff of the time being shall apply to all merchandise landed or shipped to all such ports as are
within said sphere of interest (unless they be free ports), no matter to what nationality it may
belong, and that duties so leviable shall be collected by the Chinese Government.
Secretary of State John Hay, First Open Door Note 1899 - Document 6

First. In the cause of humanity and to put an end to the barbarities, bloodshed, starvation, and
horrible miseries now existing there [in Cuba], and which the parties to the conflict are either
unable or unwilling to stop or mitigate....
Second. We owe it to our citizens in Cuba to afford them that protection and indemnity for life
and property....
Third. The right to intervene may be justified by the very serious injury to the commerce, trade,
and business of our people and by the wanton destruction of property and devastation of the
island.

The course of Americanism has been in natural order, a little rough sometimes, it is true, but that,
too, is in the nature of things. What these people call imperialism is only mirage in the heated air
of politics --- and it will entirely disappear when the snow flies again. The trouble with the
Philippines has been occasioned by Aguinaldo and his associates. Americans are there of right,
and they ask nothing of the natives but to go ahead with their business; they will not only be
protected in every right, but will be aided by all powerful influences of an advanced and
aggressive civilization. - Document 3
- Peffer, W. A., "Imperialism: America's Historic Policy," The North American
Review, vol. 171, issue 525 (August 1900)

Information sites:
http://www.smplanet.com/teaching/imperialism/
http://unitedstatesimperialism.wordpress.com/the-philippines/

Panama Evidence;
1. At the White House, President Bush was aglow at the achievement of all the goals
for which 24,000 troops were sent into combat in Central America. Administration
officials assured the press that the United States was not going to use the Panama affair as
a precedent for other Latin American invasions. They insisted that Panama was a special
case.Panama is a special case, but not in the sense that U.S. officials probably mean; their
historical horizon extends back in time no further than yesterdays public opinion polls
and no further into the future than the next election.Panama is a special case because its
very existence as a nation is bound up with American foreign policy. Its birth occurred as
the result of U.S. imperialism at the turn of the century and as part of a gigantic American
public-works project.In 1903 America was basking in the glow of having entered the
arena of imperial world politics. The year 1898 had seen the Spanish-American War, out
of which Cuba became independent under U.S. protection and Puerto Rico was
annexed.http://fff.org/explore-freedom/article/panama-canal-children-american-
imperialism-socialism/
2. https://prezi.com/z9iqwywba3p9/panama-the-age-of-imperialism/
3. The "successful" part happened under Teddy Roosevelt: the United States used
military force and the threat of military force against Colombia (to detach Panama from
Colombia) and against the new Panamanian government (to get a better deal for the
Panama Canal).
4. The Colombians wanted to hold out until 1904 to make a deal with the United
States to build a canal. The reason was that the properties of the failed French canal
company (worth about $22 billion in 2010 terms, as a share of national income) were
scheduled to revert to Colombian ownership in that year. The money to buy them for the
new canal effort, than, would have gone to Bogot instead of the shareholders in the
moribund French company. Those shareholders, however, contributed large sums of
money to Senator Mark Hanna [R-OH] and the leaders of a Panamanian independence
 movement. Hanna, in turn, convinced President Roosevelt to support the
independentistas.
5. American warships prevented Colombia from responding to Panama's declaration
of independence. The new government then appointed the head counsel of the French
company as their foreign minister. (He was not Panamanian and in fact lived in New
York.) The lawyer drafted a treaty that gave Panama a far lower share of the canal
revenues than the United States could have received in a fair negotiation. When the new
government balked at the treaty, Secretary of State John Hay warned of "grave
consequences" and threatened to send the Marines. The Panamanians soon capitulated.
http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6402.html
6. Historically, the Monroe Doctrine had been directed against European powers
seeking to make colonies of the newly independent nation-states of the Americas. It
declared that the New World was to be off-limits for colonial powers, and that the U.S.
would aggressively defend the autonomy of this continent. At the time, the U.S. was
woefully incapable of backing up such a declaration, and Europeans did successfully
establish minor colonies throughout Latin America, some of which persist to this day.
More significant, perhaps, is how, even at an early date in its history, the United States
presumed the authority to speak and act on behalf of the entire continent, and to declare
itself its protector. http://www.arcaneknowledge.org/histpoli/roosevelt.htm

DOCUMENT 2:

SOURCE: What the United States has Fought For c. 1914

(http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/1084.html)

The people in the top row represent native people in their home countries before the

United States became involved with their country.

The bottom row represents the same native people after the United States entered their

countries.

Document B.
 WHEREAS, there has been submitted to the Senate of the United States of America a Treaty for
the Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the said United States of America, for consideration at
its regular session in December, A.D. 1897; therefore,WE, the undersigned, native Hawaiian
citizens and residents of the district of Honolulu, Kona, Island of Oahu, who are members of the
HAWAIIAN PATRIOTIC LEAGUE OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, and others who are in
sympathy with the said League, earnestly protest against the annexation of the said Hawaiian
Islands to the said United States of America in any form or shape.

Second Evidence- American missionaries came and attempted to convert Hawaiians to

Christianity. (United States History book) Sugar had become the leading export of the
Hawaiian economy. An 1875 treaty allowed Hawaiian sugar to be shipped duty-free to the
United States.

Cuba Evidence:
"Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any
foreign powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner
authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for military or
naval purposes, or otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said island. ...
"Article III: The Government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to
intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government
adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the
obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be
assumed and undertaken by the Government of Cuba...
"Article VII: To enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect
the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the Government of Cuba will sell or lease to
the Unites States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations, at certain specified points, to be
agreed upon with the President of the United States." - D 1.3

It is not true that the United States feels any land hunger or entertains any projects as regards the
other nations of the Western Hemisphere save such as are for their welfare. All that this country
desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly and prosperous....Chronic wrongdoing,
or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in
America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention...[and] force the United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an internal
police power.
- D 4.10

First. In the cause of humanity and to put an end to the barbarities, bloodshed, starvation,
and horrible miseries now existing there [in Cuba], and which the parties to the conflict are
either unable or unwilling to stop or mitigate....
Second. We owe it to our citizens in Cuba to afford them that protection and indemnity for
life and property....
Third. The right to intervene may be justified by the very serious injury to the commerce,
trade, and business of our people and by the wanton destruction of property and
devastation of the island.
-D 5.D

Roles for the Trail:

Witnesses:(????)
Positives Effects of the US: Bree
Hawaii: Sydney
Philippines: Matt and Alexis
Mikayla: Cuba

Philippines: Positives (Not official evidence yet!!!)

Deserving the right of education, stronger initial U.S. nation, Christianity enlightenment was
spread in more regions, Tanglong and English languages were more official in the years after the
U.S. influence, population increased in the Filipino nation because of more efficient technology,
the U.S continued to make profit and in turn the Philippines gained secured protection from the
government, the risk of being taken over by a different country was out of the way,

File 1, Document 1

"general loosening of the ties of civilized society may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately
require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of
the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in
flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police
power
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904

Overview is: The United States acquiring of Hawaii is a necessary reluctant step in order to
exercise the worlds impression that we, the United States, need to police the rest of the world.
Therefore, its necessary that we acquire the territory of Hawaii, even if the natives are reluctant
to this acquiring, in order for a naval station and a coaling station for trade.

Therefore, I would like to call my first witness, President Theodore Roosevelt.

1. Mr. Roosevelt, did you reluctantly acquire the Hawaiian Islands? Yes or no? Please
elaborate as to why you did acquire them?
2. Why would having a Naval Station in Hawaii be a benefit for the United States and the
colonies in Asia?
3. Why would having Hawaii as a coaling station be a benefit for trade between Asia and
North America.
4. Therefore, do you believe Hawaii should be free of U.S. control? Yes or No? What would
you like this jury to decide today?

DOCUMENT 8
I, Lilluokalani, do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and
the constitutional government of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Now, to avoid any collusion of
armed forces and perhaps the loss of life, i do under this protest... yield my authority until such
time as the Government of the United States shall...undo the action of its representatives and
reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the constitution sovereign of the Hawaiian islands

Queen Liliuokalani, Those Kings and Queens of Old Hawaii

Overview: The Queen, who has decreed herself the rightful sovereign ruler of Hawaii, has
consented to U.S. control over Hawaii until this jury, TODAY, decides on the rightful course of
action. Therefore, she has agreed that the right to rule over Hawaii be decided by the United
States Government.which only validates the sovereign right of the United States to rule over
Hawaii, which she has just consented to.

1.

EVIDENCE 11/19/2014:

Philippines Evidence(Attorney Velasquez):

Albert J. Beveridge (Senator) - Mikayla Canales
- The Philippines is rightfully the United States ownership.F6 D1
William A. Peffer (Senator) - Bree
 - Safety and Protection to the Filipino natives.
William Mckinley (President) - Sydney Williams
- Speech to the Methodist Church

Positive Effects of The US:

file 2: document 2
Witness: O.P. Austin

Question- In this document you state that the colonies provide you with tropical produce and in
return you give them Railways, foodstuffs, and other manufactured goods. In what ways do these
help them advance their society?

Answer-well the roads, canals, and railways help people get around a lot faster so they can get to
where they need to go in less time. people often didnt visit family that lived far away because it
would take to long to get there. but now, where the trip used to take months it now only takes a
matter of days to get there. you can go places you used to not be able to because of the long
distance. also the telegraph speeds up long distance messages. these advances have improved
life.

Question- do you think this trade of tropical produce for manufactured goods is fair?

Answer- i think that it is fair because we get tropical foods that we cant grow at home and we
give the natives the means of improving upon their society. we give them the stuff they need to
make their land more productive and ways to help make their children smarter and make their
community thrive. with the advances we have given them they can become a stronger, healthier,
and more productive nation.

file 3:document 3
Witness: President McKinley

Question- In this you say they cannot go back to the spanish and that if they were left to
themselves they would be worse off than with the spanish. Why?

Answer- well when the spanish arrived they were mostly welcomed by the tribes and the natives
gave them gifts and such and the spanish returned their kindness by slaughtering their chiefs and
soldiers. they forced them to build the buildings for the colonies and they treated the natives
harshly. that is why i said that it would be bad to give them back to the spanish. the reason i said
that they would be worse off on their own was because they wouldnt be able to self govern
themselves and they would not be able to make it on their own. so in order to help them we
stayed and helped them grow.

Question- do you think educating them and helping them as much as you could to become more
civilized was a good thing? and what did you mean by more civilized?

Answer-i think that it was a good thing and what i meant by more civilized was improving their
lives with the benefits we could give them. they were starving and didnt have modern benefits
we have so we gave them food, homes, railways, and all that we could give.

File 7: doc H
Witness: Theodore Roosevelt

Question-do you think this canal helped the panama natives? why?

Answer- i think it did help them because it increased their trade since people could easily get to it
and go to the other side of the world as well. it helped them increase trade because anyone who
was going through to trade with the other side was most likely to trade with them or at least stop
there.

Question- the panama people gave you this land to create a canal. but there were challenges.
what were these challenges and how did you deal with them?

Answer- well one example was that there were disease causing mosquitoes and other bugs so
first we cleared away the mud and places where the larvae grew so that the next generation
couldnt come along and we killed of the other bugs by killing them with sprays and such. we
dealt with many obstacles but in the end we finished the canal and now panama can benefit from
the increasing trade.

Cuba Evidence:
William McKinley - Matt Untal D1.3
- Unjust Cuban Government.
James Monroe - Alexis Velasquez D4.10
-
William McKinley - Sydney Williams 5.D