STUDY OUTLINE

10-1 SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE AND THE and myosin heads are prevented by tropomyosin.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM p. 291 (Figure 10-7)
THE SLIDING-FILAMENT THEORY p. 298

1. The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal 7. The sliding-filament theory explains how the
muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. relationship between thick and thin filaments
2.Skeletal muscles attach to bones directly or changes as the muscle contracts. (Figure 10-
indirectly. Their functions are to (1) produce 8)
skeletal movement, (2) maintain posture and Gross anatomy of skeletal muscle: IP CD-ROM: Muscular
body position, (3) support soft tissues, (4) guard System/ Anatomy Review.
entrances and exits, and (5) maintain body
temperature. 10-3 THE CONTRACTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE p.
300 1. When muscle cells contract, they create
10-2 ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE p. 292
tension. (Figure 10-19)
ORGANIZATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES p. 292
1. Each muscle cell or fiber is surrounded by an
endomysium. Bundles of muscle fibers are
sheathed by a perimysium, and the entire
muscle is covered by an epimysium. At the
ends of the muscle are tendons or
aponeuroses that attach the muscle to bones.
(Figure 10-1)
BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES p. 292
2. The epimysium and perimysium contain the
blood vessels and nerves that supply the
muscle fibers.
SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS p. 292
3. A skeletal muscle fiber has a sarcolemma, or
cell membrane; sarcoplasm (cytoplasm); and
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), similar to the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum of other cells.
Transverse (T) tubules and myofibrils aid in
contraction. Filaments in a myofibril are
organized into repeating functional units called
sarcomeres. (Figures 10-3 to 10-6)
4.Myofilaments called thin filaments and
thick filaments form myofibrils. (Figures 10-
2 to 10-6)
5. Thin filaments consist of F actin, nebulin,
tropomyosin, and troponin. Tropomyosin
molecules cover active sites on the G actin
subunits that form the F actin strand. Troponin
binds to G actin and tropomyosin and holds the
tropomyosin in position. (Figure 10-7)
6. Thick filaments consist of a bundle of myosin
molecules around a titin core. Each myosin
molecule has an elongate tail and a globular
head, which forms cross-bridges during
contraction. In a resting muscle cell, the
interactions between the active sites on G actin
THE CONTROL OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITY p. 301
2. The activity of a muscle fiber is controlled by a
neuron at a neuromuscular (myoneural)
junction (NMJ). (Figure 10-10)
3. When an action potential arrives at the
synaptic terminal, acetylcholine (ACh) is
released into the synaptic cleft. The binding
of ACh to receptors on the opposing
junctional folds leads to the generation of an
action potential in the sarco-lemma. (Figure
10-10)
EXCITATIONCONTRACTION COUPLING p. 303
4.Excitationcontraction coupling occurs as
the passage of an action potential along a T
tubule triggers the release of Ca' from the
cisternae of the SR at triads. (Figure 10-11)
5. Release of Ca' initiates a contraction cycle of
attachment, pivoting, detachment, and return.
The calcium ions bind to troponin, which changes
position and moves tropomyosin away from the
active sites of actin. Cross-bridges of myosin
heads then bind to actin. Next, each myosin head
pivots at its base, pulling the actin filament
toward the center of the sarcomere. (Figure 10-
12)
REL AXATION p. 306
6. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down ACh
and limits the duration of muscle stimulation.
(Summary Table 10-1)
7. The number and size of a muscle's motor units
determine how precisely controlled its
movements are. (Figure 10-17)
8. Resting musde tone stabilizes bones and joints.
9. Normal activities generally include both isotonic
contractions (in which the tension in a muscle
rises and the length of the muscle changes) and
isometric contractions (in which tension
rises, but the length of the muscle remains
constant). (Figure 10-18)
10. Resistance and speed of contraction are
inversely related. (Figure 10-19)
11. The return to resting length after a
contraction may involve elastic elements, the
contraction of opposing muscle groups, and
gravity.
Skeletal muscle contraction: IP CD-ROM: Muscular System/
Contraction of Motor Units and Contraction of Whole Muscle.
10-5 ENERGY USE AND MUSCULAR ACTIVITY p.
316
Sliding filament theory: IP CD-ROM: Muscular
System/Sliding Filament Theory.
10 - 4 TENSION PRODUCTION p. 306
TENSION PRODUCTION BY MUSCLE FIBERS p. 308
1. Muscle fibers function via the all-or-none
principle. The amount of tension produced by
a muscle fiber depends on the number of cross-
bridges formed.
2. Skeletal muscle fibers can contract most
forcefully when stimulated over a narrow range
of resting lengths. (Figure 10-13)
3. A twitch is a cycle of contraction and
relaxation produced by a single stimulus.
(Figure 10-12)
4. Repeated stimulation after the relaxation
phase has been completed produces treppe.
(Figure 10-14)
5. Repeated stimulation before the relaxation phase
ends may produce summation of twitches
(wave summation), in which one twitch is
added to another; incomplete tetanus, in which
tension peaks because the muscle is never
allowed to relax completely; or complete
tetanus, in which the relaxation phase is
eliminated. (Figure 10-15)
TENSION PRODUCTION BY SKELETAL MUSCLES p. 310
6. Internal tension is generated inside
contracting skeletal muscle fibers; external
tension is generated in the extracellular
fibers. (Figure 10-16)
1. Muscle contractions require large amounts of
energy. (Table 10-2)
ATP AND CP RESERVES p. 316
2.Creatine phosphate (CP) can release stored
energy to convert ADP to ATP. (Table 10-2)
ATP GENERATION p. 316
3. At rest or at moderate levels of activity, aerobic
metabolism can provide most of the ATP
needed to support muscle contractions. (Figure
10-20)
4. At peak levels of activity, the cell relies heavily on
the anaerobic process of glycolysis to generate
ATP, because the mitochondria cannot obtain
enough oxygen to meet the existing ATP
demands. (Figure 10-20)
ENERGY USE AND THE LEVEL OF MUSCULAR ACTIVITY p. 317
5. As muscular activity changes, the pattern of
energy production and use changes.
MUSCLE FATIGUE p. 319
6. A fatigued muscle can no longer contract,
because of changes in pH due to the buildup of
lactic acid, the exhaustion of energy resources,
or other factors.
THE RECOVERY PERIOD p. 319
7. The recovery period begins immediately after a
period of muscle activity and continues until
conditions inside the muscle have returned to
preexertion levels. The oxygen debt, or excess
postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC),
created during exercise is the amount of oxygen
required during the recovery period to restore
the muscle to its normal condition.
HORMONES AND MUSCLE METABOLISM p. 320
8. Circulating hormones may alter metabolic
activities in skeletal muscle fibers.
10-6 MUSCLE PERFORMANCE p. 320
TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS p. 320
1. The three types of skeletal muscle fibers are
fast fibers, slow fibers, and intermediate
fibers. (Table 10-3; Figure 10-21)
2. Fast fibers, which are large in diameter, contain
densely packed myofibrils, large glycogen
reserves, and relatively few mitochondria.
They produce rapid and powerful contractions
of relatively brief duration. (Figure 10-21)
3. Slow fibers are about half the diameter of fast
fibers and take three times as long to contract
after stimulation. Specializations such as
abundant mitochondria, an extensive capillary
supply, and high concentrations of myoglobin
enable slow fibers to continue contracting for
extended periods. (Figure 10-21)
4. Intermediate fibers are very similar to fast
fibers, but have a greater resistance to
fatigue.
MUSCLE PERFORMANCE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF MUSCLE
FIBERS p. 321
5. Muscles dominated by fast fibers appear pale
and are called white muscles.
6. Muscles dominated by slow fibers are rich in
myoglobin and appear as red muscles.
MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY p. 322
7. Training to develop anaerobic endurance
can lead to hypertrophy (enlargement)
of the stimulated muscles.
PHYSICAL CONDITIONING p. 322
8.Anaerobic endurance is the time over which
muscular contractions can be sustained by
glycolysis and reserves of ATP and CP.
9.Aerobic endurance is the time over which a
muscle can continue to contract while supported
by mitochondrial activities.
el Muscle fatigue: IP CD-ROM: Muscular System/Muscle
Metabolism. 10-7 CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE p. 323
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE p.
324
1.Cardiac muscle tissue is located only in the
heart. Cardiac muscle cells are small, have
one centrally located nucleus, have short, broad
T-tubules, and are dependent on aerobic
metabolism. Intercalated discs are found
where cell membranes connect. (Figure 10-22;
Table 10-4)
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE p.
324
2.Cardiac muscle cells contract without neural
stimulation (automaticity), and their
contractions last longer than those of skeletal
muscle.
3.Because cardiac muscle twitches do not exhibit
wave summation, cardiac muscle tissue cannot
produce tetanic contractions.
10-8 SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE p. 325
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
p. 326
1.Smooth muscle tissue is nonstriated, involuntary
muscle tissue.
2.Smooth muscle cells lack sarcomeres and the
resulting striations. The thin filaments are
anchored to dense bodies. (Figure 10-23; Table
10-4)
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE p.
326
3.Smooth muscle contracts when calcium ions
interact with calmodulin, which activates
myosin light chain kinase.
4.Smooth muscle functions over a wide
range of lengths (plasticity).
5.Multiunit smooth muscle cells are innervated
by more than one motor neuron. Visceral
smooth muscle cells are not always in-
nervated by motor neurons. Neurons that
innervate smooth muscle cells are not under
voluntary control.
 MUSCLE TISSUE

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MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY 3
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in
Skeletal muscle develops from multinucleated cells called
Channels that open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge or voltage across the
plasma membrane are
Rigor mortis occurs after death because
What is the power stroke?
A muscle fiber will respond to a stimulus when that stimulus reaches the _____ level.
A fasciculus
Identify the statement concerning general functional characteristics of muscle that is true.
A sarcomere is the___________and A sarcomere extends from ____________
The time between application of the stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of contraction
is called the
Troponin
Depolarization of the cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of
When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal,
The sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to
the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called
Muscle tone
Muscle atrophy
Synaptic vesicles in the neuromuscular junction contain
Concentric contractions occur when
Sarcoplasm is the
Which type of muscle tissue causes contraction of the heart?
Which of the following is true about skeletal muscle?
Whole muscles can respond in a graded fashion to stimuli by varying
When the myosin head flexes into a bend, pulling the actin filament along with it, this is called
the
Arrange the EVENTS OF CONTRACTION in the correct sequence.
What type of muscle tissue has neuromuscular junctions?
A condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations
What is a cross-bridge?
Myosin is also known as the
T tubules
The length of the resting sarcomere is
Endomysium is a delicate network of loose connective tissue that
Which of the following is a function of skeletal muscle?
The type of muscle fatigue known as "psychological fatigue" is the result of
Which of the following would occur as a result of a single muscle contraction?
Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle
A myofilament is the
The capacity of a muscle cell to shorten forcefully is known as
What type of muscle tissue causes peristalsis?
Steps In excitation-contraction coupling,
The sarcolemma is the
Smoothmuscleandcardiacmusclearesimilarinthattheyboth
typesofmusclecontractions
Theelectricalpropertiesofcellsaretheresultof
Whichtypeofmuscletissueismultinucleated?
Whatwillrespondtoathresholdstimuluswithanallornonecontraction?
Whatwouldcontributetomuscularfatigueinthemusclefiber?
Whatconnectivetissuelayerisoutsidealltheothers?
Theactivesitestowhichcrossbridgesattacharefoundonthe
Inorderformusclerelaxationtooccur,?