History Project Main Draft - Docx - 1458281133068

A STUDY ON MODI SCRIPT 03/19/2016
PROJECT ON
A BRIEF STUDY ON MODI SCRIPT
SUBMITTED TO
M. BRITTO STALIN P.hD.,
(Assistant professor in History)
By
R.Vigneshwaran
I year B.A.LL.B (Hons)
Registration number: BA0150050
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend my gratitude to the many people who helped to bring this research
project to fruition. First, I would like to thank Professor M. Britto Stalin, for providing me
the opportunity of expressing my talent and opinion of particular case. I am so deeply
grateful for his help, professionalism, valuable guidance and support throughout this project
and through my entire study that I do not have enough words to express my deep and sincere
appreciation. I would also like to thank the experts who were involved in the validation
survey for this research project. Without their passionate participation and input, the
validation survey could not have been successfully conducted. I would also like to
acknowledge Professor HEMALATHA BHAT as the second reader of this project, and I am
gratefully indebted to him for his very valuable comments on this project work.
My thanks also go to the all my friends for their numerous conversations, questions and
help. Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents for providing me with
unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my research of study and
through the process of researching and writing this project. This accomplishment would not
have been possible without them.
R.Vigneshwaran.
2
DECLARATION
I, R.VIGNESHWARAN student of law B.A.LL.B.., (HONS) hereby undersigned that the

project work presented in this report is my own work and has been carried out under the
supervision of M. Britto Stalin, Assistant professor in History of TAMILNADU NATIONAL
LAW SCHOOL.
This work has not been previously submitted to any other university for any examination.
THANKING YOU
DATE:19.03.2016
PLACE: TRICHY
R. Vigneshwaran
STUDENT ID: BA0150050
3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This project has required consultation to an assorted range of books and websites that are a
part of the primary sources. This project was my solid aim to study and research on the
scripts and languages that prevailed in the olden India to state that the Indian do have the
Historical sense.
The source for the Modi script is not too much but the researcher tried his level best to get
out the output that have finally achieved, this script mainly focuses on the language i.e., by
keeping aside this language as an foundation the other languages emerged as an key role.
The Modi script was used in Chattrapathi Shivajis court and it claimed to be dissented from
the Marathi language and laid foundation for many scripts and languages.
4
ABSTRACT
Modi script are a concrete examples of the humanistic and artistic activity of the past. This
cultural treasures is supported to serve as a source of inspiration and information to the
present generation. Modi-Manuscript speaks of the past, reveals history, unfolds perspective
and reflects the social, political and cultural senses of its time. Modi script is one of the
script used to write Marathi language way back 700 years. Modi script was refined by
Hemadpant during the time of the Mahadeva and Ramadev Yadav (1260-1309). It was used
as a writing until 1950, but difficulty in printing its use was stopped and Devanagari was
used for writing Marathi.
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S.No TABLE OF CONTENT Page
1 MEANING OF LANGAUGE 7
2 MEANING OF SCRIPT 9
3 INTRODUCTION 11
4 HISTORY OF MODI SCRIPT 12
5 DESCRIPTION OF THE MODI SCRIPT 13
6 COLLECTION OF MODI SCRIPT 15
7 THEORIES CONTRIBUTED TO THE GROWTH OF MODI SCRIPT 16
8 CHARACTER SET OF MODI SCRIPT 17
9 CURSIVE FEATURES 18
10 FEATURES OF MODI SCRIPT 19
11 CHARACTERISTIC OF MODI SCRIPT 21
12 EARLY MODI PRINTING STYLE 22
13 TODAY SITUATION OF MODI SCRIPT 26
14 DECLINE IN THE USUAGE OF THE MODI SCRIPT 27
15 CRITICAL ANALYSIS 28
6
16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 29
A STUDY ON MODI SCRIPT
The Modi script as the name itself suggest that it is a script document in Marathi language,
since 12th century. Before going into the topic let us look out, briefly about the history of
Modi script and Evolution; decline and fall in the Modi script.
Let me first clear the confusion that commonly arouse that is the difference between what is
called a language and a script or document.
MEANING OF LANGUAGE
The correct dictionary meaning of the word language is that
A body of words and set of methods of combining them; understood by a community
and used as a form of communication.
The ability to communicate using words.
The vocabulary and usage of a particular specialist field.
Language is the ability to acquire and use common system of communication, particularly
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the human ability to do so and a language is any specific example of such system. The
scientific study of language is called linguistics. Famous Historian like Jean Jaque Rousseau
have argued that the language originated from emotions while other historian thinkers like
kant proposed that it language rooted or geniuses from rational and logical thoughts. So
natural languages are spoken or singed but any language can be developed and written in
form and encoded into secondary sources such secondary sources are scripts; documents;
drafts and nowadays visual stimuli is also considered as secondary sources1.
So history language can be defined accurately to the point as language may refer to the
cogitative ability to learn and use system of complex communication or to describe the set
of rules that make up these systems or the set of utterances that can be produced from those
rules of the language2.
Another definition sees language as a formal system of sings governed by grammatical rules
of communicate meaning. This definition stresses that human language can be described as
closed structural systems consisting of rules that relate particular sings to particular
meanings. Further languages play an important role in prescribing words and then by
presenting a formal account of the rules according to which the elements combine3 in order
to form words and sentences these words and sentences when put into writing form thesis.,
the naming of these thesis is differently mentioned as years passed some of the names it
obtained older days are specifically referred to as scripts but now recently it is called as
documents and presently it is said to be or called as visual stimuli. The study of language
started way back 2000 years ago and namely in the Brahmi script was a mythology that the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language accessed on7.3.2016 accessed on:7.3.2016 me3:00pm

http://blog.world-mysteries.com/ancient-writings/minds-inventions-language-and-writing/ accessed
on:7.3.2016 me3:00pm
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research for the origin of language gave birth.
Historical linguistic also called as diachronic linguistic, is the study of language change over
time. But to study the history of words that is said to be etymology. By which the origin of
language is still under question.
In linguistics, a synchronic analysis is one that views linguistic phenomena only at a given
time, usually the present though a synchronic analysis of a historical language form is
possible. This may be distinguished from diachronic which regards a phenomena in terms of
developments through time. Diachronic analysis is the main concern of historical linguistic45
So, languages play a very important role in framing and drafting the written structure or
form into thesis form only by playing with the words, the person can develop his proposal
and thesis. The second element which is the most important and essential element while
studying and knowing history is that the SCRIPT.
MEANING OF SCRIPT
The correct dictionary meaning of the word script is that
A handwriting as distinct from print; written characters.
The written text of a play; thesis; broad cast.
Styles of writing can be categorised into named scripts, which can be identified as to their
time and place of their origin because of their natural variation and fluid relationships
between these products of individual human creativity, the classification and nomenclature
of scripts periods of diversification and periods of consolidation of styles. As centuries and
centuries had passed the way of the scripts differ from each century to century and the study

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics accessed on:7.3.2016 me:3:00pm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics accessed on:7.3.2016 me: 3:01pm
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of those scripts is said to be palaeography. Since many scripters are undergoing
archaeological process to determine the age and the way of those scripts which were written
at what age and what period and the complete analysis of that history6.
The history of script is pretty easy to say that the scripts used by the romans were used
throughout the empire and formed the basis for all other later developments. After the fall of
the empire, surviving and revving centres of literacy developed a diversity of scripts. From
this point of turning the scripts came into well-being and many scripts gave birth in India.
There appears to be a good deal of confusion in the public mind about the relation between
language and script. This is because the matters concerning languages are mostly charged
with emotions and the emotional fervour is transferred to the discussion of alphabets and
scripts. The main question is answered in simply way that the alphabets and scripts are
completely different things.
Scripts is the only the outer clothing of languages this was famously propounded by the
historian Pattanayak in the year 1959. On the other hand language is intrinsic to the human
beings but not so the alphabets. Script is independent of any specific languages meaning
there by different languages may use the same script.
For Example: Sanskrit; Marathi and Hindi use the Devanagari scripts. The same languages
may use the same script. For example: Sindhi is written in Devanagari script as well as
Perso-Arabic Script.
An alphabet is a set of basic distinct visual symbols. An alphabet is drawn from the
alphabetic scripts which has relatively a smaller inventory than the one drawn from the
syllabic scripts which is basically drawn from the logographic script. There were many
scripts used for very many different languages7.

http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/scripts/history1.htm accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:01pm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AWriting_system accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:01pm
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So the clear cut idea of difference between script and languages are dealt in the above 4
pages. Finally; the conclusion is clear that the Scripts is the only the outer clothing of
languages. So there we can say that many scripts prevailed and enrolled during centuries
one of such kind of script is MODI script which was written and followed during 1200 B.C
or 1600 B.C.
A BRIEF STUDY ON MODI SCRIPT
INTRODUCTION
India is known for its rich cultural heritage. India is a country where we find large diversities
in cultural, religious and languages. There was a recent survey stating that the India speaks
780 languages out of which 220 languages have been disappeared in last 50 years and
another 150 in the recent half of this century. The language is the medium of communication
between two individuals and it has two forms that is oral and written. The written language
is known as LIPI. Today it is said to be called as a script. Every language has its own
character set, representative structure and rules but the main aim is the communication. So
this will set the bases for the intention to read further more about the MODI script.
Modi is a type of script used for writing the royal and administrative documents in Marathi
Language since 12th century. The word MODI in Marathi means to break. The standard of
Devanagari script was broken and modified for speedy writing hence the name MODI was
given8.
During the 12th century, Hemadpant, the record officer of the Yadavas of the Devanagari

Journal-Sadanand A. Kulkarni,prashant L.Borde-recogni on of handwri en MODI numerals using
HU&Zernike features-interna onal journal of computer applica on.
11
developed this script and used only for writing the present day-to-day events, diaries,
accounts, correspondence, orders etc. in the royal court. This was also used as a secret for
sending messages since it is used for the speedy and short writings.
This Modi Script has undergone various changes in the writing style throughout the ages. So,
it is now classified into four chronological categories,
A. Pre-Shivaji period Modi
B. Shivaji period Modi
C. Post-Shivaji period Modi
D. English period Modi
HISTORY OF MODI SCRIPT
Modi is a script used to write the Marathi languages, which is the primary language spoken
in the states of Maharashtra in Western India. There are atleast two different theories
concerning its origin. Modi was an official Script used to Write Marathi until the twenty
centuries (20th century), when Balbodh style of the Devanagari script was promoted as the
standard writing system for Marathi language.
Although Modi was primarily used to write Marathi and other languages such as Urdu,
Kannada, Gujarathi, Hindi and even Tamil language, was first started say rooted and genesis
gave birth by the Modi script, these are known to be written in Modi language or say script.
Etymologically the name MODI perhaps derived from the Marathi word MODANE,
which means to bend or break.
Modi script is believed to be derived from the broken Devanagiri Characters, which lends
12
support to that particular etymology.
Modi script is a Brahmi based script used primarily for writing Marathi and in some other
languages. It is believed that the Modi script was developed by Hemadpant, during the reign
of Yadava dynasty.
There are some other views about the origin of the script but most of the researchers agree
that Modi script derives from Nagari family of script too9.
The main importance of Modi script still it is given importance because it was an official
script for all administrative purposes in the 16th century. When the Maratha dynasties came
into power they adopted and also continued it as official script throughout the 17th century
and it reminded until 20th century10.
Changing of socio-political conditions and gradually pushed Modi out of its official use and
was replaced by the Devanagari script, known as Balbodh11.
A small description of the Modi script
Primary sources of the Modi Script is Marathi but occasionally Konkani, Gujarathi,
Hindi, Telugu, Sanskirt, Tamil, Urudu and Sanskirt.
The time period of the Modi script is not correctly mentioned and it is Vague but
commonly it is believed that the century is 12th century and the year is 1200B.C or
1600B.C the two years state the origin of the Modi script is commonly believed
among the people, but the Modi Script has existed in 12th century can be predicted by
comparing it with the Devanagiri script since Modi Lipi was introduced to break the

http://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Grantha%20alphabet accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:18pm

http://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Kadamba%20alphabet accessed on:7.3.2016 me
3:18pm

http://controversialhistory.blogspot.in/2007/08/origin-of-marathi.html accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:18pm
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language of the Devanagiri script and for the speedy writing to message. Since
Devanagiri script was existed in the twelfth century we can justify that the existence
of the Modi script to be the same.
The Hierarchy of the Modi script is found in the one of the Modi document books
which is very rare to find so the hierarchy of the Modi script is:
PROTO-SINAITIC SCRIPT
PHONECIAN SCRIPT
ARAMAIC SCRIPTS
BRAHMI SCRIPT
GUPTA AND NAGARI SCRIPT
DEVANAGARI SCRIPT
Finally this Devanagari script gave birth to Modi script.
Modi is an ancient script as compare to other Indian ancient scripts. Modi script was used for
writing purpose only, which was a cursive type of writing in Marathi there are several
theories about the origin of this script. One of them claims that in 12th century, MODI was
developed by Hemadpant or Hemadri a known administrator in the kingdom of
Mahadev Yadav and Ramadev Yadav. Last king of Yadava empire.
The historical evidences says that the MODI alphabets was invented during the 17th century
14
to write the MARATHI language of Maharashtra and it was frequently and popularly used
for only writing purpose all over the Maharashtra and it was frequently and popularly used
for only writing purpose all over the Maharashtra in the era of PESHWA AND
CHATRAPATI SHIVAJI MAHARAJ.
Another recent historian has Anshuman Pandey earliest in the 12th century MODI script was
known as proto-MODI or Adyakalin in the 13th century Yadavakalin,Bahamanikalin of
the 14th -16th century, Shivakalin of the 17th century and Chistnisi during 18th century called
as Peshvekalin between 1818 to 195212.
The distinct style of MODI styles used during this period are also known as Chitnisi,
Bilavalkari, Mahadevapanti and Ranadi. Thee final stage of MODI is associated with
English rule and is called Anglakalin. This form of writing was used from 1818 until
195213.
COLLECTION OF MODI SCRIPT
Many Modi scripts are preserved in south Asia, Europe, Denmark and other countries. The
majority of these are the collection in various archives in Maharashtra, Modi script was also
used in Education, journalism and other routine activities before the 1950s.
All of these documents provides authentic historical information and published original
material to study political, social and economic history of Maharashtra.
Now many precious records are sufferings in some private institutions like palaces, temples
and libraries and especially today also many Modi scripts are found in the saraswathi Mahal
in Tanjore and it has a collection of 1342 bundles related to Maratha emperor written in

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_language accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:35pm

Jornal- Rajendra Bhimraji thaker, pune- Reviving Modi script-journal 64, volume 81- 2002.
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MODI script.
Another best example of collection of Modi script is Tamil university has taken steps to
digitize translate and publish MODI documents about 820 bundles.
Every bundle has 500 to 1000 Modi documents.
The government of Maharashtra has allocated funds for this project. These documents
contain certain unknown aspects of the history14.
The state archive department pune has very valuable collection of oldest and rare
manuscripts dating back to the peshwas dynasty and the times of Chhatrapati Shivaji.
They normally have 39,000 bundles of Modi script15.
THEORIES CONTRIBUTED TO THE GROWTH OF THE MODI
SCRIPT
There are various styles of the Modi script associated with a particular era and
many changes occurred in each era.
PROTO-MODI
The proto Modi style appears in the 12th century and it laid down as an
foundation for the Modi script.
YADAVA ERA
The Yadava era emerged as a distinct style in the 13th century during the
http://www.sagepub.in/repository/binaries/covers/web85/Catalogues/2014%20Books/pdfs/SAGE%20Social%
20Science%202014.pdf accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:35pm

http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/India.aspx accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:35pm
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Yadava dynasty.
SHIVA ERA
In Shiva Era, which was during the 17th century, thee chitnisi style of the Modi script
developed.
PESHWA ERA
In the peshwa era various Modi styles proliferated during the Maratha empire and
lasted until 1818. The distinct style of Modi used during this period are chitnis,
Mahadevapanti and ranadi.
BRITISH COLONIAL ERA
The British colonial area is the final stage of the Modi script associated with the
British rule and used from 1818 to 1952. On 25 July 1917, the Bombay Presidency decided
to replace the Modi script with the Balbodh style of Devanagari script ass thee primary
script of the administration for the sake of convenience and uniformity with the other areas
of the Presidency.
The Modi script continued to be taught in school until several decades later and continued to
be used as an alternative script to the Balbodh style of Devanagari script16.
POST-INDEPENDENCE ERA
The use of Modi has diminished since the Independence of India. Now
the Balbodh style of Devanagari is the primary script used to write Marathi17.

http://www.universityofcalicut.info/SDE/BA_his_medieval_india_society.pdf accessed on:7.3.2016 me
3:35pm

http://persmin.gov.in/ais1/Docs/Gazzette_CSE2012.pdf accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:35pm
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CHARACTER SET OF MODI SCRIPT
The Modi script was written by Boru, lekhan. The Modi script
includes 46 distinctive letters of which 36 are consonants and 10 vowels. These character are
known as basic characters. As compare to Devanagari there are 48 distinctive letters, where
36 consonants and 12 vowels. One of the drawback of the Modi script is that it does not have
long i and long u. Before writing the Modi script, horizontal line was drawn across the
page. Characters were written with respect to the horizontal line. The letters themselves are
full of moulds or curves. This is due to the influences of devanagiri writing and need not to
lift Boru too often. No punctuation marks or conjunctions are used i this script. It does not
have any marks to indicate the termination of a sentence and the perpendicular stroke is not
used. The basic characters of MODI are:
VOWELS OF MODI SCRIPT
CONSONENTS OF THE MODI SCRIPT
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CURSIVE FEATURES
The Modi script has several characteristics facilitates writing so that moving
from one character to next character minimises the lifting of the pen. Some characters are
broken versions of their Devanagari Counterparts. Many characters are more circular this
is the main key features associated with the Modi script that is easy to write legibly and
perfectly. Thus the cursive nature of the Modi script also allowed scribes to easily make
multiple copies of the documents. Thus, Modi was sort of cursive style of Marathi. This
cursive writing of the Modi was an unique feature from all other scripts, because the Modi
doesnot require an punctuation mark or any other gaps between the letters and even
sentences., since it doesnot have any punctuation marks or gaps between the letters as a
consequence it was very much used in short writing, sending messages, and even to intimate
someone though a single word., the Modi language was very powerful in that time1819.
No space line is given to each word and the cursive style can be looked down:

Study for theore cal analysis of handwri en modi script-A Recogni on perspec ve-interna onal journal of
computer applica on, volume 64- no.3, February 2013.

Jornal- Rajendra Bhimraji thaker. Op.cit.p.13
19
FEATURES OF THE MODI SCRIPT
There are numerous modifications that are made to Modi script in
writing shortcuts and making short messages, reflecting its history as a quasi-shorthand form
of Devanagari script.
The basic letters are derived from thee Devanagari script which was widely in use from the
Aryan period, Devanagari script on the other hand made it simple by breaking down the
words and simplifying it for the readers purpose as time progresses and centuries crossed.
The conventional handwritten characters recognition system is based on the features
extraction from the character shapes such as a line inclination, relative position of such line,
the wide of the different parts of the line, the circular loops if the vowels are to it the
circular loops get changed and many other features too.
These character features can be used for non-cursive written characters or for any printed
form or any typing form it will lead to a very difficult situation and it is very vague and
pathetic situation.
The structural features of the Modi script or any script basically depends on the geometrical
and topological properties of a character. A character is composed of number of components
in the form of strokes.
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The strokes that appears in the Modi script are basically a straight line, an arc, and the other
important is the circular loops which is the unique character of the Modi script.
The various in the script of handwritten versions various from the different writers to
different writers.
The consonants fall into three broad categories:
Those that always retain their isolated form and attach their dependent vowel forms in
a Way common to most Indic script. The meaning of the Indic script it is a branch of
the Indo-European family of languages comprising Sanskrit and its modern
descendants such as Marathi, Bengali, Hindi, Urudu, Punjabi.
Those that take on a contextual form and change their form only in the presence of a
dependent vowel forms are attached to the contextual form of the consonants in a
uniform way as done with the consonants and with most other Indic alphabets.
For example: It is same as adding the vowels in the English text it was existed before in
the Marathi language itself and the form of the words changes from a to an or the
likewise it existed in the Marathi language.
Those that form ligatures or binding in the presence of vowels following the
consonants. The ligatures are generally determined by the shape of the consonants and
the presence of a loop on the right creating an unique style of the Modi script2021.
The continuous form or the sequence of the Modi letters.

http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11212r2-n4034-modi.pdf accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:37pm

Op.cit.p.19
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CHARACTERISTICS OF MODI SCRIPT
1. STRUCTURE: The Modi script has single eekar and ookar which minimizes
grammatical mistakes.
2. ee , na , zha , nha , ta , da , dha . are the Modi characters are similar to
GHASITI style of Gujarathi.
From the above stated words of the Modi letter, there will be a clear understanding
that the letter are being used preferably in the recent days in Hindi, Kannada, Telugu
and Sanskrit. So for all the languages Modi stands as a footnote for their
developments.
3. The Modi letters are syllables as they cannot be drawn without the inherent vowel sign
kana.
4. The default which Modi found in this is the Drawback of not using much words or some
of the recent Sanskrit words or Hindi words are not found in Modi while they are
preferably used in the Devanagari script. Such as aya , ye , kru , jru .
The above symbols are not mentioned in the Modi script is because of the structural
signs they cannot be easily written with the normal way the Modi script was written
since Modi script requires the writing style of not taking the hands out and the
22
conjoinment of the words through circular loops and arcs., these are not possible
with the help of such and such words mentioned in the Modi script.
It may be present but there was not a correct etymologist to research and find it out
the words really exist in the script or not, popcorn work is still under construction.
5. The method of joining the vowels signs with that of the consonants is mostly common in
all the scripts that prevailed over the centuries.
6. Vowels was written as independent letters or also by using diacritical marks at above,
below, before or after to thee consonants to which they belongs. Pattern of writing the
vowels was known as conjuncts. Sometime two or more consonants were combined to
produce new shape called as compound character.
As mentioned earlier printing cannot be done but in early period Modi script was also being
printed in form:
EARLY MODI PRINTING STYLE
The earliest extant Modi document is dated to the early 17th century.
While the majority of the Modi documents are official letters, land records, and other
administrative purposes the script was also used in the education till 1950. Printing in Modi
script began in the early 19th century after Charles Wilkins cut the first metal font in 1807
for the script in Modi and is still available in the Calcutta Museum.
23
Some of the comparison were being made in order to state Modi script and other scripts are
mostly and relevantly possess same type of characters and scripts, but differ only in the
writing context.
24
1. COMPARISON OF MODI SCRIPT WITH GUJARATHI SCRIPT
There are 12 characters in Gujarati which is similar to that of the Modi script that is
used in Shivajis court. Gujarati script which like Nagari writing system was adopted
from the Devanagari script. It was a variant of Devanagari script differentiated by the
loss of characteristic horizontal line running from left to right.
This comparison is the most important and in the recent historians are also working on
the same idea of the comparison of the Devanagari script with that of the Modi script in
the recent world. Many historians and researchers propounded that the Modi script and
Devanagari scripts are one and the same, some say that they differ by the centuries and
the history and the writing and texting22.
2. COMPARISON BETWEEN MODI SCRIPT AND DEVANAGARI
SCRIPT
Although Modi is based upon the same model and looks similar to that of the
Devanagari, it differs of letterforms. Rendering behaviours. The shapes of some
consonants, vowels, and vowels sings are similar but the actual difference are visible
in the behaviour of these characters in certain environments such as
consonants-vowels combination and in consonants conjuncts that are standard
features of Modi script23.
The comparison of the Modi script with that of the Devanagari script is listed below:


http://apnaorg.com/books/english/culture-of-india/culture-of-india.pdf accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:37pm
25
When comparison of the Modi script is done with the Devanagari script the letters mostly
correlates with one another but the only difference is that Devanagari script is legible and
looks clean and clear which is used in the present days., compared with the Devanagari
script Modi script laid a foundation for the growth of the Devanagari script that is commonly
used nowadays24.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/50267588/Culture-of-India#scribd accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:38pm
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TODAY SITUATION OF MODI SCRIPT (AFTER 20TH CENTURY)
The existing Modi fonts are designed as a calligraphic script.
27
Calligraphic style high on the aesthetic and formal quotations has limitations of readability
and especially in becomes smaller point size. For the font to be effective this balance
between the readability and aesthetics has to be achieved25.
RECENT PHOTO OF THE MODI SCRIPT FOUND IN SARASWATHI

MAHAL:
DECLINE IN THE USAGE OF THE MODI SCRIPT

http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/355433/1.hasCoversheetVersion/Final%20PhD%20thesis_Andreu%20Balius.pdf
accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:38pm
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In the British rule in the late India that is middle of the 20th century, when the printing
technology was brought in India publishers found Modi script little cumbersome to
print. So they decided to switch over back to the Devanagari script which is also known
as the Balbodh, since the Devanagari script was very useful for printing and legible to
read and write easily. They shifted to Devanagari script.
Post British rule, then the first chief minister of Maharashtra after the Indian
Independence decided to bring back the Modi Script, as we had a treasure of huge 400
years of history which had been written in Modi. So he called for it but was not
successful after the influence.
Finally I would like to propound to say that many documents are in Modi script. There
are tons of document in Modi which needs to be translated to thee Devanagari script.
Recently there was an article in the newspaper stating that DEAD MODI SCRIPT
COMES ALIVE IN COURTS AND COACHING CENTRES , the recent coaching of
the Modi script was being taught in the school and Institutions.
There was an another newspaper article stating that MODI SCRIPT COURSE TO
START ON JUNE 3 this was the news in the pune stating that: A ten day training
course basics of the modi script will be conducted by the state department od culture
and art in pune
CRITICAL ANALYSIS
29
As a clean and clear cut analysis was done on the Modi script this script takes about
most of the history that prevailed in the old India. It is also gives the idea that the Modi
script or the Modi language was the bases of the most of the script in the recent India that is
existing now. This laid down an idea of how to write speedy notes and writing task which no
other script has laid down this idea.
The default with the script is the printing and some of the missing words such as U and I
capital u and I which is a must in the recent days, the way the Modi script is written is in
some form of circular loops which is difficult to read and write only the experts in this script
can do so.
So the historian call this Modi script as GHOST SCRIPT.
Many people think that the Indian Historian does not have the Historical sense, this absurd
statement can be easily broken down only by the way of reading and writing and
understanding the unknown text such as Modi script, Indic script and many more. There are
many scripts and documents which could be easily found libraries, palaces, famous places so
the archaeological department and the etymological department has to concern to the time
and take efforts to research and bring out the history to prove
We have to change We want to see and We can
30
BIBLIOGRAPHY
JOURNALS
Review on recent advances in automatic handwritten MODI script recognition

PUBLISHER: International Journal of computer Application
Volume-115-No. 19, April 2015.
AUTHORS: Kulkarni Sadanand. A, Borde Prashant. L, Manza Ramesh. R
Study for the theoretical Analysis of handwritten Modi script A Recognition
perspective.
PUBLISHER: International Journal of computer Application
Volume 64- No 3, February 2013
AUTHOR: D.N. Besekar, R.J. Ramteke
Offline Handwritten MODI character Recognition using HU, Zernik moments and
zoning.
Reviving Modi Script
AUTHORS: Rajendra Bhimraji Thakre
Journal 64, Volume 81.
BOOK REFERRED
MODI Document ( T.M.S.S.M. Library)

Thanjavur Maharajah Serfojis Sarasvathi Mahal Library.
NEWSPAPER LINKS
http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/modi-documents-of-maratta-era-to-be-digitised/arti
cle 4742215.ece
http://timesofindia.Indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Dead-Modi-Script-comes-alive-in-courts-and-coach
ing-centre/article-show/36574115.cms
31
WEBSITES REFERRED
http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/355433/1.hasCoversheetVersion/Final%20PhD%20thesis_Andreu%
20Balius.pdf accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:38pm
http://www.scribd.com/doc/50267588/Culture-of-India#scribd accessed on:7.3.2016 me
3:38pm
http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/The%20IndoAryan%20Languages_Masica.pdf
accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:37pm
http://www.scribd.com/doc/50267588/Culture-of-India#scribd accessed on:7.3.2016 me
3:35pm
http://apnaorg.com/books/english/culture-of-india/culture-of-india.pdf accessed on:7.3.2016
me 3:35pm
http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11212r2-n4034-modi.pdf accessed on:7.3.2016 me

3:18pm

http://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Grantha%20alphabet accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:01pm
http://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Kadamba%20alphabet accessed on:7.3.2016 me
3:01pm
http://controversialhistory.blogspot.in/2007/08/origin-of-marathi.html accessed on:7.3.2016 me

3:01pm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3AWriting_system accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:00pm
http://www.psych.upenn.edu/~gleitman/papers/Rozin%20&%20Gleitman%201977_The%20structure
%20and%20acquisition%20of%20reading%20II.pdf accessed on:7.3.2016 time 3:00pm
http://blog.world-mysteries.com/ancient-writings/minds-inventions-language-and-writing/ accessed
on:7.3.2016 me 3:00pm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language accessed on:7.3.2016 me 3:00pm
32
COLLECTION OF MODI SCRIPT IMAGES
1. CONSONANT OF MODI SCRIPT WITH ENGLISH

PRONOUNCIATION
2. ORIGINAL SCRIPT IN MODI LANGUAGE
33
3. HISTORICAL FORM OF MODI SCRIPT
34
4. THIS TEXT INDICATES THAT THE IS WRITTEN UPON RULED
LINES, BUT NUMBERS ARE WRITTEN FREELY
5. In the recent world there are so many archaeologist are working out to improve the script
of the Modi by researching and providing the code to each word, this method is also
followed in the Modi script analysis too.
35
6. COMPARISON OF THE ORIGINAL TEXT OF MODI SCRIPT
WITH DEVAGARI SCRIPT IN 1931
36
7. (1) ORIGINAL MODI TABLE THAT EXISTED IN THE COURT OF
37
SHIVAJI
38
7 (2):
39
8. A LETTER WRITTEN BY SHAHAJI RAJE BHONSLE IN THE
BAHAMANI STYLE OF MODI
40
9. THE MODI SCRIPT WAS MAINLY USED FOR THE DOCUMENT
REGISTRATION, LAND REGISTRATION AND OTHER PAPERS
41
10. EXPERTS OF THE 20TH CENTURY IMPLEMENTED MODI IN THE
SCHOOL
42
43

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A STUDY ON MODI SCRIPT 03/19/2016

A BRIEF STUDY ON MODI SCRIPT

M. BRITTO STALIN P.hD.,

(Assistant professor in History)

I year B.A.LL.B (Hons)

Registration number: BA0150050

I, R.VIGNESHWARAN student of law B.A.LL.B.., (HONS) hereby undersigned that the

STUDENT ID: BA0150050

cultural treasures is supported to serve as a source of inspiration and information to the

used for writing Marathi.

S.No TABLE OF CONTENT Page

4 HISTORY OF MODI SCRIPT 12

5 DESCRIPTION OF THE MODI SCRIPT 13

6 COLLECTION OF MODI SCRIPT 15

7 THEORIES CONTRIBUTED TO THE GROWTH OF MODI SCRIPT 16

8 CHARACTER SET OF MODI SCRIPT 17

10 FEATURES OF MODI SCRIPT 19

11 CHARACTERISTIC OF MODI SCRIPT 21

12 EARLY MODI PRINTING STYLE 22

13 TODAY SITUATION OF MODI SCRIPT 26

14 DECLINE IN THE USUAGE OF THE MODI SCRIPT 27

A STUDY ON MODI SCRIPT

called a language and a script or document.

The correct dictionary meaning of the word language is that

A body of words and set of methods of combining them; understood by a community

and used as a form of communication.

The ability to communicate using words.

The vocabulary and usage of a particular specialist field.

drafts and nowadays visual stimuli is also considered as secondary sources1.

rules of the language2.

research for the origin of language gave birth.

language is still under question.

studying and knowing history is that the SCRIPT.

The correct dictionary meaning of the word script is that

A handwriting as distinct from print; written characters.

The written text of a play; thesis; broad cast.

of scripts periods of diversification and periods of consolidation of styles. As centuries and

of those scripts is said to be palaeography. Since many scripters are undergoing

completely different things.

scripts used for very many different languages7.

A BRIEF STUDY ON MODI SCRIPT

it is now classified into four chronological categories,

A. Pre-Shivaji period Modi

B. Shivaji period Modi

C. Post-Shivaji period Modi

D. English period Modi

HISTORY OF MODI SCRIPT

standard writing system for Marathi language.

which means to bend or break.

support to that particular etymology.

that Modi script derives from Nagari family of script too9.

and it reminded until 20th century10.

was replaced by the Devanagari script, known as Balbodh11.

A small description of the Modi script

Hindi, Telugu, Sanskirt, Tamil, Urudu and Sanskirt.

of the Modi script to be the same.

GUPTA AND NAGARI SCRIPT

Finally this Devanagari script gave birth to Modi script.

developed by Hemadpant or Hemadri a known administrator in the kingdom of

Mahadev Yadav and Ramadev Yadav. Last king of Yadava empire.

CHATRAPATI SHIVAJI MAHARAJ.

known as proto-MODI or Adyakalin in the 13th century Yadavakalin,Bahamanikalin of

as Peshvekalin between 1818 to 195212.