ICS27.

140
P59
File210-2002 DL
I n d us try Sta n dar d of T he Peo ple s Re pu bl ic of Chi na

P DL/T 5167-2002

Design specifications for gate hoist in

Hydropower and water resources projects

Issued on: 2002-09-16 Enforced on: 2002-12-01

Promulgated by: State Economic and Trade Committee of
The Peoples Republic of China
 CONTENTS

Preface ...................................................................................................................................1
1 Scope ...............................................................................................................................3
2 Cited Standards in This Specification................................................................................4
3 Basic Symbols ..................................................................................................................5
4 General Provisions ...........................................................................................................6
5 Design Principle and Requirements ..................................................................................8
6 Loads .............................................................................................................................18
7 Materials ........................................................................................................................24
8 Mechanisms ...................................................................................................................26
9 Structure.........................................................................................................................45
10 Electric System.............................................................................................................64

Appendix A (Attached data) Series data of hoisting force, lift head, span and speed as
well as operation grade of gate hoist ................................................................ 69
Appendix B (Attached data) Acceleration (deceleration) (a) of traveling mechanism and
recommended value of corresponding acceleration (deceleration) time (t) ...... 71
Appendix C (Attached data) Calculation method for of horizontal lateral force Ps for
hoists traveling athwart................................................................................... 72
Appendix D (Attached data) Information for calculation of wind load.................................. 73
Appendix E (Attached data) Normal permissible physical quantity of frictional surface
material.......................................................................................................... 77
Appendix F (Attached data) Friction coefficient and efficiency ............................................ 78
Appendix G (Attached data) Relevant information for calculation of element and rail .......... 80
Appendix H (Attached Data) Calculation information for hydraulic hoist ............................. 95
Appendix J (Attached Data) Calculation for stability of double-way or one-way bended
component.................................................................................................... 108
Appendix K (Attached Data) Checking of overload for motor ............................................ 124
Appendix L (Attached Data) Heat checking for wound-core asynchronous motor .............. 126
Appendix M (Attached Data) Allowable output capacity P for YZR series motor at
different load continuous ratio FC and different value CZ (average
starting current times K=1.7) ........................................................................ 128
Appendix N (standard appendix) Motor of gate hoist mechanism Value of FC, CZ
and G in calculation for capacity selection.................................................... 134
Appendix P (Attached Data) Carrying capacity of conducting wire .................................... 135
Appendix Q (Attached Data) Explanation for the Specification .......................................... 138
 DL/T5167-2002

Preface

This standard is the revised edition of the Hydraulic Hoist in the original Design Specifications for
Gate Hoist in Hydropower and Water Resources Projects (SL41-93) according to the Notice on Plan for
Formulation and Revision of Electric Power Industry Standards in 1997, and the revision format is in
conformity to the Basic Provisions for Preparation of Standards for Electric Power
Industry(DL/T600-1996).

This Specification, by extensively collection of the opinions and through research, summation of
experience and study, has reflected the new experience of the past some 10 years in design, manufacture,
installation and operation of the gate hoists in hydropower and water resources projects. The revision and
implementation of this specification will provided this trade of industry a new and uniform design
specification and the design quality will be further increased.

In October 1998, the revising version of this Specification was distributed to the related units for
soliciting opinions in writing. A meeting was held in Zhengzhou in November 1999 for revising of the
specification, and the revision principles, method and responsibility division were worked out. In April
2000,the draft of Design Specifications for Gate Hoist in Hydropower and Water Resources Projects was
worked out, which was discussed in Changzhou and modified, and in May 2000, second draft of the
Specification was distributed to over 50 units including design institutes, manufacturers, schools of high
learning and research institutes for collection of the further opinions. In April 2001, the preliminary draft
was submitted and discussed, supplemented at the Chengdu Meeting. The draft of the Specification was
submitted and discussed in Hangzhou in Dec. 2001 for review, and after that, the edition for approval was
then completed.

The revision covers 18 clauses of the Hydraulic Hoists part of the original specification, of which
two clauses are deleted, 4 clauses are added, and 14 clauses are revised with supplements and modification.
The revised hydraulic hoist part has 20 clauses with 36 sub-clauses, and over 90% of the clauses in original
part have been revised. Meanwhile, revision has also been made on 12 clauses which are relevant to the
hydraulic hoist or which are not within the scope of revision but are obviously out of date.

The revision of this specification is made with incorporation of the domestic experience accumulated
in the recent some 10 years in the hydraulic hoist technique development, which make the specification
more detailed. For example, the specification is written by referring to the cause of inducing quite a lot of
faults in operation of the hydraulic hoists, which was because of pollution to the hydraulic oil; therefore,
the specification points out the measures against pollution to hydraulic oil and clearly specifies a series of
requirement of oil cleanliness, filtration of oil, cleaning of oil pipe, oil pipe and oil tank materials; and the
measures are provided for double-cylinder hydraulic hoist for surface opening radial gates in different
conditions. In order to enhance the systematicness and integrality of the contents, the clauses of same
nature but scattered in the original specification are put together and adjusted, such as Clause 8.4.7 of the
Specification covers the contents relating oil pipes.

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The appendixes in this Specification are all of data.

This Specification is put forward and under management of Technical Committee for Metal Structure
and Hoist Standardization for Electric Power Industry.

This Specification is drafted by Northwest Investigation and Design Institute, Chengdu Investigation
and Design Institute, Mid-South Investigation and Design Institute of the State Power Corporation, and
Wujin Hydraulic Hoist Co. Ltd.

The chief revisers are Chen Wenhong, Zhao Fuxin, Liao Yongping, Gong Jianxin, Guo Xihong.

The first edition of this Specification was issued on October 1993.

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 DL/T5167-2002

1 Scope

This standard specifies the key elements in design principles, loads, materials and mechanism of the
gate hoist in hydropower and water resources projects.

This standard is applicable for the fixed or moveable hoists which are mainly electric power driven
and used for operation of gates and trash rack. The fixed hoists include windlass-type hoists, screwed-rod
type hoists and chain-type hoists, and the moveable hoists include gantry-type hoists, platform-type hoists
and bridge-type hoists, etc.

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2 Cited Standards in This Specification

The provisions set forth in following standards shall be taken as the components of this Specification
so far as they are cited herein. The revisions sheets (excluding the error corrections) and revised editions of
the cited standards which are marked with the date shall not be applicable for this Specification; however, it
is encouraged that the parties engaged in a contract are encouraged to discuss whether the latest editions of
those cited standards can be adopted. For the cited standards which are not dated, their latest editions are
applicable for this Specification.
GB/T 116 Technical Requirement for Rivets
GB/T 699 High-quality Carbon Structure Steel
GB/T 700 Carbon Structure Steel
GB/T 985 Basic Pattern and Dimension of Weld Seam Bevels for Acetylene Welding,
Manual Arc Welding and Gas Shielded Welding
GB/T 986 Basic Pattern and Dimension of Weld Seam Bevels for Submerged-arc Welding
GB/T 1176 Technical Requirement for Cast Copper Alloys
GB/T 1231 Technical Requirement for High-Strength Large Hex Bolts and Nuts and Gaskets
GB/T 1384 Spheroidal Graphite Iron Castings
GB/T 3077 Alloy Structure Steel
GB/T 3098.1 Mechanical Performance of Fasteners: Threaded Bolts, Screws, and Double-screw
Bolts
GB/T 3098.2 Mechanical Performance of Fasteners: Threaded Nuts and Coarse Threads
GB/T 3098.3 Mechanical Performance of Fasteners: Tacking Screws
GB/T 3098.4 Mechanical Performance of Fasteners: Threaded Nuts and Fine Threads
GB/T 3098.6 Mechanical Performance of Fasteners: Stainless Bolts, Screws, Double-screw
Bolts and Nuts
GB/T 3633 Technical Requirement of High-Strength Torsional-shearing Screwed Bolts
GB/T 5117 Welding Rods for Carbon Steel
GB/T 5118 Welding Rods for Low-alloy Steel
GB/T 9439 Gray Cast Iron Pieces
GB/T 11352 Cast Carbon Steel Pieces for Common Projects
GB/T 13098 Epoxy Ethene for Industries
GB/T 14039 Pollution Grading Symbols of Solid Particle in Working Media of Hydraulic
Systems
JB/ZQ 4297 Cast Alloy Steel
JB/ZQ 4295 Steel for Forged Stainless Steel Pieces, Forged Acid-Resistant and Heat- Resistant
Steel Pieces
ISO 4406 Pollution Grading of Solid Particle in Oils
NAS 1638 Pollution Grading of Solid Particle in Oils

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3 Basic Symbols

M Movement of flexion or movement of torque

N Axial force
P Action load
Q Shearing force
P Action pressure
q Discharge
E Elastic modulus of steel material
G Shearing variation modulus
Positive stress
Shearing stress
S Yielding strength
b Compressive strength
A Area
lL Span or length
hH Height
I Inertia moment
W Resistance moment
dD Diameter
R Radius
Ratio of slenderness
Thickness
i Ratio of transmission
Speed
n Coefficient or rotating speed

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 DL/T5167-2002

4 General Provisions

4.0.1 This Specification is the necessary norm and technical bases for type selection, design and calculation
and shall be observed in projects. This Specification shall prevail over in case other specifications of this
field are in confliction to this Specification.

4.0.2 Except for the hydraulic hoists, the operation classification of hoist mechanism shall be divided into
four classes (see Table 4.2) according to the designed operation life and load conditions. The operation
classification of main lifting mechanisms is that of the hoist mechanism. The examples of the operation
classification of hoist mechanism are shown in Appendix A.
Table 4.0.2 Operation classification of hoist mechanism

Total designed operation life

Classification Load Condition
(h)

Q1 - light 800
Not often used, or seldom used for lifting rated
loads
Q2 - light 1600

Lifting rated load sometimes, usually lifting

Q3 - moderate 320O
moderate load

Q4 - heavy 630O Often used for lifting rated loads

4.0.3 Design data

Design of hoists shall be provided with the following data and information.
(1) The requirement of the gates operation of hydropower and water conservancy projects in operation
method, filling method, water release, partial opening, full opening and traveling speed, etc.;
(2) Dimensions of gate leaves and gate slots, allowable dimensions for layout, dimensions relating the
connection of the gates and hoists, and their requirement as well
(3) Requirement of electric control method and interface;
(4) Data relating hydrology, meteorology, sedimentation and water quality, etc.;
(5) Load data;
(6) Requirement relating manufacturing, transportation and installation, etc.;
(7) Requirement regarding earthquake resistance and other special requirement;
(8) Requirement of driving power and control power sources.

4.0.4 Selection of hoisting forces, lift, span and speed shall be referred to Appendix A.

4.0.5 The hoists shall be installed with corresponding safety devices, such as braking device, hoist load
limiter, moment limiter, upper and lower position limiting devices, stroke limiters, buffer, wind-proof rail
clamping device, anchoring device, hydraulic system protection and electric protection devices, etc.

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4.0.6 The hoist shall be provided with protection measures for ventilation and against damp, corrosion,
wind and sand.

4.0.7 The fatigue strength calculation of structural pieces is generally not required for the hoisting
equipment.

4.0.8 The dismantled piece and component of hoists shall have their dimensions and weights in conformity
to the requirement of transportation and the elements to be transported shall possess necessary rigidity.

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5 Design Principle and Requirements

5.1 General Provisions

5.1.1 Design of hoists shall meet the requirement of technical advancement, operation reliability,
convenience in maintenance, coordination with landscape, safety of operators and environmental
protection.

5.1.2 The type of the hoist shall be selected based on the factors such as hydraulic structures, shape of gate
openings, number of gates, operation condition and operation time and after demonstration of technical and
economic indicators. The following principles may be observed for different types of gates.

(1) For the working gates of water release systems, the arrangement with one hoist for one gate is
generally adopted, and in case that the gate operation and hoisting time are permissible, the moveable hoist
may be selected.

(2) For the emergency and maintenance gates in multi-openings water release systems, moveable
hoists are usually adopted.

(3) The hoist for bulkhead gate for construction diversion shall have its hoisting force to meet the
requirement of lifting the gate underwater and shall be equipped with accurate lift-head indicating device.

(4) For working gate for tide barrier and dam, the arrangement with one hoist for one gate is
generally adopted.

(5) For the quick-acting gates at intake of power plant units and at the pump station outlet, the
hydraulic or windlass type for quick-acting gates shall be selected according to the project layout, hoisting
loads and lift head of the gate, and through extensive technical and economic comparison, and the power
source of the quick-closing control circuit shall be arranged according to the AC power loss condition of
the power plant.

(6) In case that the intake of the multi-units power plant is set with maintenance gates, moveable
hoist is usually selected, and in case the general project layout permits, efforts should be made to have the
hoists commonly shared for the maintenance gates of spillways and water release systems in a coordinated
way.

(7) For the multi-intake trash rack, the gantry type hoist can be used, having its subordinate lifting
mechanism on the upstream side or using in-span auxiliary hook or main lifting hook. If the hydraulic
structures are arranged apart from each other and there is no way to use the previously arranged hoists, the
separate moveable hoist can be arranged.

(8) Moveable hoists are generally6 adopted for multi-draft tube power plant.

(9) For the gates which need to be installed and dismantled in segments and the stoplogs which need

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to be operated in sections, the moveable hoist is generally adopted and operated with automatic hooking
and hoisting beam.

5.1.3 The fixed hoists can be installed indoor or outdoor based on the climate and wind-blown sand
conditions and the conditions for the maintenance staff. In case the machine chamber is arranged, the
chamber should be separated from the vent hole of the gates, the plane dimensions should be reserved with,
in addition to necessary space on the chamber side for maintenance and installation, walkways should be
arranged around the hoist, with a width not less than 0.8m. The outdoor hoist should be provided with
removable casing. The electric equipment shall be provided with measures against dust, damp and rain.

The hoists in the severe cold areas and also required to operate in winter shall have their machine
chambers equipped with heating devices; those in hot areas and also required to operated in summer shall
have their machine chamber equipped with deheating devices; and those areas where the wind-blown sand
condition is severe, the gears of hoists should not be in open air and completely-enclosed machine chamber
is needed. The selection of brand of operation oil or lubricating grease should consider the temperature
conditions at the site.

5.1.4 In addition to meeting the max. working lift head, the hoist should be reserved with proper margin in
lift head. For the hoist for operation of submerged radial gates, the max. lift headof hoist should meet the
requirement for side changing and top water seals.

5.1.5 According to the operation modes and techno-economic indicators, high-lift hoists may be adopted
where possible.

5.1.6 If high-lift hoist is adopted, the cautions should be made to prevent the interference from the
moveable pulley blocks, steel ropes and gate slots.

5.1.7 The moveable pulley blocks shall be provided with measures against off-tracing of the steel ropes.
For the submerged moveable pulley blocks, the sliding bearing is preferably adopted and the bearing
surface should be provided with measures against corrosion, and if roller bearing is adopted, it should be
provided with sealing device.

5.1.8 The lifting centerline of the hoist when hoisting plane gates shall be identical to the lifting centerline
of the gate.

5.1.9 For moveable hoists with large hoisting force, automatic hooking and hoisting beam or
manual-operated coupling device should be adopted for connecting the hangers of the joist and gate (or
suspender) lugs. For fixed hoists, manual-operated coupling device is also preferably equipped in case the
connection shaft is heavy and difficult for operation.

5.1.10 The installation elevation of hoists shall meet the requirement of safe operation and shall be such
that the power-driven components and electric devices of the hoists should not be submerged, the normal
repair should be conveniently carried out for the gate, gate slots and hoist; and the corrosion to parts and

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components of the hoists should be considered.

5.1.11 The hoists for operating flood release and other emergency gates should be provided with reliable
standby power supply source.

5.1.12 In selection of series products of hoists, the hoisting force of the hoists should larger or equal to the
calculated hoisting loads.

5.1.13 The lowering down speed of hoists for quick-acting gates of hydropower plant should be determined
by the requirement for quick closing the gate opening, and should be provided witih speed-reducing device
so as to maintain the lowering speed approaching the gate sill not quicker than 5m/min.

5.1.14 The lowering down speed of hoists for quick-acting gates at the pump station outlets should be
determined by the requirement for quick closing the gate opening, and measures should be provided to
control the speed when the gate approaches the full close.

5.1.15 The hoists for the gates with double-hoisting points should be provided with synchronizing measures;
and in hoisting process, the gate operation should not be affected due to the errors of the two hoisting
points.

5.1.16 For the hoists with two hoisting points lifting gates with sediments in front of it, the unevenness
coefficient of hoisting load at the two points should be considered in determination of the hoist force.

5.1.17 For the gates which are also required to open at small opening for water filling, the hoists should be
provided with stroke switch or other measures so as to meet the accuracy of small openings.

5.2 Windlass Hoists

5.2.1 The windlass hoist is mainly used for closing the gates by the self-weight, water column or other
weight-adding methods, and the usual arrangement scheme adopted is one hoist for one gate.

5.2.2 The windlass hoist is generally operated by operator on site, and in case that there are several hoists,
they can be operated through remote control room.

5.2.3 In addition to meeting the strength and stability requirement of the hoist frame, the hoists should be
also provided with sufficient rigidity.

5.2.4 In case the direction of the load of the hoist is inclined, the consideration should be made on the
horizontal force to the relevant hoist components and the influence thereof should be checked.

5.2.5 Requirement on High-Lift Hoists

(1) The high-lift hoists with rope-tracing device, a flange should be provided at the rope groove
where the steel rope turns back, and for the guiding screw of the rope-tracing device, consideration should
be given to selection of helix angle, arc radius of return point at end and shape of nuts at dental lamina

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wrap angle.

(2) For the high-lift hoists with free double winding, it is preferably to provided flange for returning
of steel ropes at the returning point and control should be applied for the plane included angle when the
second layer of steel rope is deviated.

(3) For the high-lift hoist with the multiple factor of double twofold pulley blocks larger than 2, the
blocks thereof should be articulated to the frame and should be prevented from the interference between the
steel rope and fixed pulley block supporting beams.

(4) The high-lift hoist with drum having return rope grooves, attention should be given to the length
of return rope and inclining angle of rope groove. The return points of drum rope groove should be
provided with flange for returning.

5.2.6 Requirement of windlass type hoist for hoisting radial gates

(1) For the hoists of windlass type and pancake-coil type for top-exposed radial gates having lifting
points on the water-facing side of the gate, the steel rope and hangers thereof are generally closely
contacting the surface plate of the gate, and moveable pulley blocks are not suitable to arrange therefor. In
arranging, the steel rope, cautions should be made in connecting the ropes, hangers and lifting lugs.

(2) The hoists of windlass type for top-exposed radial gates having lifting points on the backside of
the gate may be substituted with the hoists of windlass type for plain gates or may be modified. In
arranging, the steel rope, cautions should be given to the method of winding and winding direction and the
synchronous moving of the tow lifting points on the gates.

(3) For the hoists of pancake-coil type for top-exposed radial gates, the steel rope adjustment device
should be provided.

(4) For the hoists of windlass type for top-exposed radial gates, determination should be made on
whether standby power source or manual-operated hoisting device based on the magnitude of the hoisting
force, importance of the gate and dynamic reliability of the hoist.

(5) In case the hoists of windlass type for plain gate is used for operating the submerged radial gate,
the interference between the steel rope and fixed pulley blocks support beam should be prevented. In case
the fixed pulley blocks or the guide pulley blocks are set at the lower part of the support beam, the
maintenance and lubricating conditions should be considered for the pulley blocks. The coupling axle
between moveable pulley blocks (or suspender) and the lifting lugs of submerged radial gates should be
chromeplated and provided with lubricating device, and the axle hole should be provided with axle bush.

5.2.7 Requirement of windlass type hoist for lifting rising-lying type gates

(1) The moveable pulley blocks should be arranged above the sediment elevation.

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(2) The bridge bottom of the hoist framework shall be 0.1m ~ 0.2m above the operation trace of the
gate top.

(3) The steel rope should not be rubbing against the gate leaf during gate operation, and the included
angle between the line linking the lug center and hoisting centerline of hoist and the perpendicular line
should not over 15 when the gate is in full open.

5.3 Screw-Rod Type Hoist

5.3.1 The electric-driven screw-rod type hoist should have reliable and safe electric and mechanic
over-load protection device.

5.3.2 The manual/electric-driven or manual-driven crew-rod type hoist should be provided with safety
handle.

5.3.3 In case the manual/electric-driven crew-rod type hoist is connected with the machine by
manual-driven mechanism, the safety measures should be provided for completely tripping off the electric
circuits.

5.4 Hydraulic hoist

5.4.1 According to the different requirement of operation modes, the hydraulic cylinders of the hydraulic
hoists can be designed for double-direction or single-direction operation. For the hydraulic hoist for
single-direction operation and in meeting the needs of closing filling valve, maintenance and installation,
the design of the system may consider to properly pressurize the upper chamber of the cylinder, with the
pressure controlled at 0.5MPa1MPa in general.

5.4.2 The synchronizing measures should be adopted for the double-lifting-point hydraulic hoists according
to the type and dimensions of the gates, structural rigidity and lateral support, etc. When operating the
top-exposed radial gates, and if the radial gates have reliable lateral support and strong torsion-resistant
rigidity, the hydraulic system can adopt the throttle regulation without rectifying circuit, but the capacity of
the hoist should be reserved appropriately. If the hoist adopts rectifying circuit, is should be controlled with
closed loop and adopt reliable stroke measuring system with consideration of synchronity accuracy.

5.4.3 The arrangement of the hydraulic hoist for radial gates should consider the coefficients of operation
capacity, stroke, dip angle and tilt angle and should be rational.

5.4.4 Layout of pump station for hydraulic hoist

(1) According to the gate operation requirement, the number of pump station for hydraulic hoist can
be such that one motor (two lifting points is with one motor for two cylinders) is arranged in one station, or,
several motors in one station. The oil pump motor in pump station should be provided with standby motor.

(2) The layout of oil pump motors should be such that the requirement of anti-vibration and

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noise-proof and convenience in maintenance is considered.

5.4.5 The hydraulic elements should be of standardized hydraulic pieces and replaceable. For the system
with oil flow over 100L/min, the two-port plug-in valve element should be considered with priority.

5.4.6 The reliable and safe monitoring and control devices should be selected according to the monitoring
and control accuracy of hoist stroke. The opening gage should select the multi-rotation absolute type
transducer; the position limiters for upper and lower position protection should be preferably a separate
position limiting device of different theories, and the overflow valve should not be used instead.

5.4.7 The working pressure of the hydraulic system should be less than 25 MPa, the test pressure of
hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic valve groups should be 1.5p when the working pressure is P16 MPa and
1.25P when P16 MPa.

The test pressure of the piping system should be 1.5P when the working pressure is P16 MPa, 1.25P
when the working pressure P1625 MPa and 1.15P when the working pressure P25MPa. The return
oil pipe and oil drain pipe is at the value of 1.5 times of the internal pressure of the pipes.

The pressure test of pipes should last more than 10 minutes at constant pressure.

5.4.8 The piston rod of the hydraulic cylinder for hydraulic hoist should be provided with measures against
corrosion.

5.4.9 The supports of at the two ends of the hydraulic cylinder of hydraulic hoist for top-exposed radial
gates should be of articulated pattern, and the upper support may be arranged at the middle of the cylinder
id the condition permits. In case the end supports are adopted and the vertical obliquity of the cylinder is
large when the gate is in full close position, it is preferably to adopt anti-flex measure. The supports at the
two ends of the cylinder of the hydraulic hoist usually adopt spherical bearings.

5.4.10 Except the hydraulic hoist for quick-acting gate, the oil inlet of lower cavity of the cylinder should
be equipped with hydraulic safety locking device.

5.5 Chain-type hoist

5.5.1 The chain-type hoists are mainly used for top-exposed working gates.

5.5.2 The chain-type hoists have their lifting-up speed for gate generally not quicker than lm/min.

5.5.3 The two-lifting-point chain-type hoists should have reliable synchronizing device to ensure the
synchronization of the two points during lifting and lowering down.

5.5.4 In order to prevent the chains from contacting water during lifting the gate, a chain collecting device
should be equipped at the one end of the chain.

5.5.5 The chains of the chain-type hoists should be provided with measures against corrosion.

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5.6 Moveable hoists

5.6.1 The lift head above the service platform (dam crest, tailwater, etc.) and span of the moveable hoists
should meet the requirement for operation and installation of gates and trash rack, etc.

5.6.2 The hoisting load and traveling load of the moveable hoists should be separately selected.

5.6.3 The moveable hoist is generally operated and controlled on the hoist.

5.6.4 According to the requirement of layout, and in case the moveable hoist moves in curved track,
reliable measures should be adopted to prevent overload and blocking condition.

5.6.5 The moveable hoist with small capacity can use electric pulleys with single-rail trolley.

5.6.6 Stability of moveable hoist against overturn

(1) Computation mode

The stability of moveable hoist against overturn should be computed as per Table 5.6.6-1.

(2) Check of stability of moveable hoist against overturn

Check of stability of moveable hoist against overturn should be checked based on the worst load
combinations as stated in Table 5.6.6-2. If the total moment of various loads (including the self-weight of
the hoist) to the overturn side is larger then or equal to zero (M0), the hoist is considered stable.

In check of stability of moveable hoist against overturn, the dangerous overturn side of the hoist
should be selected for computation.

Considering the actual effect of various loads on stability, the moment of various loads should be
multiplied with a load factor in checking, and the factor values are shown in Table 5.6.6-2.

Table 5.6.6-1 Checking of stability

Check mode Characteristic of mode

1 Static load without wind

2 Dynamic load with wind

3 Non-working mode with storm wind

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Table 5.6.6-2 Load factors

Horiz. Inertia
Check Self- Wind
Load force Remarks
mode weight force
(incl. load)

1 0.95 1.4 0 0 Check should be made for hoist with cantilever:

2 0.95 1.2 1 1 (1)Longitudinal (cantilever plan) stability (Mode 12

3)

(2)Transverse (traveling direction) stability (Mode 2

3 0.95 0 0 1.15 and 3). Only longitudinal and transverse stability
(Mode 2 and 3) needs checking for hoist without
cantilever.

5.6.7 Stability of hoist against wind and sliding

The stability of hoist against wind and sliding should be checked based on the following two modes.
(1) Normal operation mode
PZ1 1.1PW1 + Pa Pf (5.6.7-1)
In whichPZ1 the braking force of brake for traveling mechanism exerted on the tread
of wheels, N
Pw1 Max. wind force, N, in the direction of traveling in operation mode
Pa the sliding force caused by slope, N
Pf the frictional resistance, N, which should be selected as per Table 5.6.7.
In case the braking force Pz1 is larger than the adhesion force, Pz1 can be replaced by the adhesion
force of wheel to the rail, and the adhesion coefficient is 0.12.
Table 5.6.7 Traveling friction resistance coefficient

Sliding bearing Roller bearing

0.015 0.006

Note= Pf / P, in which P is the total wheel pressure.

(2) Non-working mode

Pz2 1.1Pw2 + Pa - Pf (5.6.7-2)

In whichPz2 The clamping force in the direction of rail caused by the rail clamper of the traveling
mechanism, N

Pw2 The max. wind force in the direction of traveling in non-working mode, N.

The friction coefficient between the rail and the rail clamper (with notch on surface and quenched) is

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0.25, and the max. operation force for the manually-operated rail clamper should not larger than 200N

5.7 Safety Protection Devices of Hoist

In order to ensure the reliable operation, the hoists of different types should be equipped with
corresponding safety protection devices.

5.7.1 Braking devices

Except the hydraulic hoists, the various mechanisms of the hoists should be provided with braking
devices, and for the screw-rod type hoists, it should be decided according to the structural patter.

5.7.2 Load limiter

The rising mechanism of hoists should be provided with load limiter (if there is no exceptional
conditions), and the synthetic error of the limiter should not be over 5%, and the limiters can be of
mechanical or electrical type. The hydraulic system should be provided with overflow valve.

5.7.3 Stroke limiter

The corresponding stroke limiter should be equipped at the traveling terminal of various mechanisms.

5.7.4 Buffer

All electric-driven moveable hoists should have their traveling mechanisms equipped with buffers.
The buffering measures can also be such that an up-tilting rail at the end of the rail connects a circular rail.

5.7.5 Wind velocity indicator

The outdoor moveable hoists should be provided with wind velocity indicator, positioned in the open
air at the top of the hoists. In case the wind velocity is larger than the limited wind for operation, the
indicator should send out alarm and automatically trip off the power source for traveling mechanism.

5.7.6 Rail clamper, anchoring device

Rail clampers should be equipped for the outdoor moveable hoists. In case the wind pressure for
non-operation mode is over 700N/m2 or the hoists could be submerged by floods, additional drawing cables
or other types of anchoring measures should be provided.

5.7.7 Electric protection devices

The electric protection devices should be provided as per Claus 10.4 herein.

5.8 Automatic Hooking and Hoisting Beam

5.8.1 Hydraulic inserted automatic hooking and hoisting beams

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Hydraulic inserted automatic hooking and hoisting beams are mainly used for operating large-sized or
medium-sized gates. In design, precautions should be made to prevent water entering the electric motors,
oil pump and wiring terminals, and to ensure the correctness and reliability of signal transmitter and
strength of the cables. The rising and lowering speed of the cable drum should be in consistent with the
speed of the hangers of the rising mechanism.

5.8.2 Mechanical-type automatic hooking and hoisting beams

(1) Counterweight type automatic hooking and hoisting beams

Counterweight type automatic hooking and hoisting beams are in two types, i.e., counterweighted
rotary, counterweighted hoisting and its modified type, which are mainly used for medium-sized or
small-sized gates. Precautions should be made in design of the relatively rotating and sliding parts to
prevent them from rusting and prevent the condition in which the beam can not be hooked because of being
blocked with sediments and foreign materials.

(2) Hooking type automatic hooking and hoisting beams

For this type of beams, precautions should be made in design of locking devices controlling the
hooking and tripping of the beams and the moving components of the beams to prevent them from rusting
and blockage by sediment and foreign materials.

(3) Hooking-freely type automatic hooking and hoisting beams

This is mainly used for large- and medium-sized gates, the shape of the hooking parts and clipping
parts should be coordinated.

5.8.3 The automatic hooking and hoisting beams should be designed to meet the following requirements.

(1) The gate should adopt its water seals on the upstream side. In case that the gate is with water
seals on downstream side, cares should be made to the safety and reliability for underwater operation.

(2) In case operating several gates and trash racks, the manufacturing and installation accuracy
should be enhanced for gate (trash rack) segments and gate (trash rack) slots so as to suit the operation of
the beam for several gates and trash rack.

(3) The automatic hooking and hoisting beams should be subject to adjustment of gravity center
position using counterweights. According to the difference in types, the beams should be equipped with
guided positioning and safety devices, and the flexibility and reliability of the beams should be ensured in
operation and the tilting and blockage conditions should be prevented.

(4) Lubrication and anti-corrosion measures should be provided to the relatively rotating and sliding
parts of the beams.

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6 Loads

Hoists of different types have different loads. The following different combinations of various loads
can be applicable in design of different type hoists.

6.0.1 Self-weight load

The self-weight load is the gravity force of the structural components, mechanical and electrical
equipment and counterweight of the hoist.

6.0.2 Hoisting load

The hoisting load is the max. lifting force, max. holding force or max. downward pressure exerted on
the lugs linking the hoist and gates (or suspender or automatic hooking and hoisting beams) during
hoisting.

6.0.3 Traveling load

The traveling load is the vertical load carried by the hoist (except the self-weight load) during
traveling, such as the self weight of the gate or other materials carried by the hoist.

6.0.4 Horizontal load

(1) Traveling inertia force

The traveling inertia force is the inertia force produced in start of moving or braking of the traveling
mechanism by the mass of the hoist or trolley mass or the masses carried (traveling load) by the traveling
mechanism. In consideration of sudden increase of driving force from the hoist or trolley and the structural
dynamic effect in sudden change, the traveling inertia should be 1.5 times the product of the masses and
traveling acceleration, but not larger than the tack strength between the main driven wheel and the steel
rails. Refer to Appendix B for acceleration (speed reducing).

(2) Horizontal force in swing operation of rotary crane

In swing operation of rotary crane, the horizontal force produced by the lifted masses (including wind
force, inertia produced in braking, and centrifugal force in rotating operation) should be computed by the
horizontal component force produced by deflection angle of lifting rope to the plumb line.

In normal operation condition, the deflection angle of lifting rope is 1=(0.250.3) in computation
of the power of electric motor, 1=(0.30.4) when computation of the fatigue and abrasion of
mechanical components, and the max. deflection angle of lifting rope is in computation of the strength
and overturn resistance of the mechanism. When n 0.33r/min, =4; and when n 0.33r/min, =2.
The centrifugal force of the mass of the rotary crane can usually be neglected.

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In computation of the metal structures, the horizontal force produced by the self mass of the rotary
crane and lifted mass (the suspended mass in rotating) during start of lifting or braking should be equal to
1.5 times the product of the mass and the acceleration of the center of the mass. (The centrifugal force of
the mass of the rotary crane can usually be neglected.) In this case, the wind force sustained by the lifted
mass should be separately computed and superimposed in the worst direction, and computed horizontal
force of the lifted mass is larger, in computation of horizontal force based on deflection angle of lifting rope
the acceleration value should be reduced.

(3) Horizontal lateral force when hoist traveling athwart

When hoists of gantry-type, bridge-type and platform-type are traveling athwart, the horizontal lateral
forces are shown in Appendix C.

6.0.5 Collision load

(1) The collision load exerted on the buffer of the moveable hoists should be computed according to
the actual dynamic energy at the actual colliding speed after deceleration by the collision position switch,
but the colliding speed should not less than 50% the rated traveling speed.

For the fixed linkage of the buffer and stopping piece of the buffer, the computation should be based
on the colliding at rated traveling speed.

(2) In computation of the collision load for the hoists whose lifted weight can be freely swinging, the
dynamic energy possessed by the lifted weight is not considered, but for the hoists having guide frame for
limiting the swing of the lifted weight, the lifted weight should be considered in computation.

6.0.6 Wind load

(1) Wind load should be considered for the outdoor moveable hoists, which can be categorized by
operation mode and non-operation mode. The wind load in operation mode is the max. computed wind load
sustainable by hoist in normal operation and that in non-operation mode is the max. computed wind load
sustainable by hoist.
(2) The wind load is computed as per Formula (6.0.6-1).
Pw = C Kh q A (6.0.6-1)
In whichPw wind load exerted on hoist or lifted weight, N;
C wind load factor;
Kh elevation difference factor of wind pressure;
q computed wind pressure, N/m2;
A wind-facing area in which the wind direction is perpendicular to hoist
or lifted weight, m2.

The above computation should be in the condition that the wind on the hoist is in the worst direction.
(3) The wind pressure is computed as per Formula (6.0.6-2).

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q = 0.613v2 (6.0.6-2)
In whichv computed wind velocity, m/s.

The wind pressure should be based on the computed wind velocity 10m above the datum plane, and
that for non-operation mode of the moveable hoists should be computed by taking the lowest water level as
datum plane.

The wind pressure is divided into three types, i.e., q, q and q. q is the computed wind pressure
for hoist in normal operation mode, which is used for computing the resistance in selecting the electric
power of motors and for heat check of the components/parts of the mechanism; q in the max. computed
wind pressure in operation mode, which is used to compute the strength, rigidity and stability of the
components/parts of the mechanism and metal structures, and to check the overload capacity of the driving
devices and stability against overturn of the entire machine in operation mode; and q is the computed
wind pressure in non-operation mode, which is used to check the strength of the components/parts of the
mechanism of the hoist and to design and compute the safety devices for the hoist against overturn and
sliding and wind and the anchoring device.

The computed wind pressure of hoists is shown in Table 6.0.6-1. In case the local weather data are
available, the wind pressure should be computed based on the annual max. wind velocity in the local
weather data.

(4) Elevation change factor of wind pressure Kh

The computed wind pressure to hoist in operation mode does not consider the elevation variation
(Kh=1). The elevation variation factor Kh is considered for non-operation mode, and computed as per
(6.0.6-3) and (6.0.6-4).
On inland: Kh=(h/10)0.3 (6.0.6-3)
0.2
On island and sea: Kh=(h/10) (6.0.6-4)
In whichh the distance from computation point to datum plane, m.
In computation, the equal wind pressure zones can be divided along the elevation at 20m intervals and
computation is by the factor (Kh) of the middle elevation of each elevation multiplying the computed wind
pressure.
Table 6.0.6-1 Computed wind pressure N/m2
Computed wind pressure in operation Computed wind pressure in
Location mode non-operation mode
q q q
Inland 150 500600
Coast 0.6 q 250 6001000
Taiwan and Hainan
250 1500
province

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Notes1) Coastal areas means the land or island areas within 100km range away from the coastline .
2) q value: Small values are preferable for Northeast, Mid and South China, large values are
preferable for Northwest, southwest, and northeast China; for the coastal areas, taking Shanghai as the
boundary, 800N/m2 for Shanghai, small value for areas north of Shanghai, large value for areas south
of Shanghai. For the hoists in the area where exceptional storms hit often (such as Zhanjiang) or the
area where there is only light wind, the computed wind pressure for hoist of non-operation mode
should be based on the max. annual wind velocity in the local weather data and according to the
Formula (6.0.6-2).
3) When wind pressure q=150N/m2, the corresponding wind velocity is 15.6m/s, and when
q=250N/m2, the corresponding wind velocity is 20.19m/s.

(5) Wind force factor C

a) The wind factor for single-sheet structure and single-piece material of the hoists C is as shown in
Table 6.0.6-2.

b) The wind factor for space structure formed by two structural sheets can be as that for single-sheet
structure, the wind-facing area computation can be referred to Appendix D.

c) The wind load for space truss in triangle section can be 1.25 times the wind load of projected area
of the truss perpendicular to wind direction.

d) When the wind direction is in angle to the structure, the wind force sustained by the structure can
be computed by two components decomposed by two directions according to the included angle.

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Table 6.0.6-2 Wind factor C for single-sheet structure

No. Structural type C
1 Plane truss formed by shaped steel (fill-up rate =0.30.6) 1.6
5 1.3
10 1.4

Profiled steel, steel plate, profiled steel beam, and 20 1.6

2 L/h
box-type member 30 1.7
40 1.8
50 1.9
1 1.3
3 1.2
3 Round pipe and pipe structure qd2 7 1.0
10 0.9
13 0.7
Enclosed operator chamber, machine chamber, balance weights, steel
4 1.11.2
rope and articles.
Notes: 1) L is the length of the structure or structural piece, h is the height in meter at the wind-facing
side, q (in N/m2) is the computed wind pressure (refer to Table 6.0.6-1) and d is external diameter of
pipe (in meter).
2) C=1.1 when the operator chamber is on the ground, and C=1.2 when the chamber is above the
ground.

6.0.7 Temperature load

The temperature load is generally not considered.

6.0.8 Installation load

In design of hoists, the load produced in the course of installation. For the outdoor hoists, the wind
pressure value for installation is 100N/m2.

6.0.9 Snow load

This load is considered at the snowy area, and the value should be taken according to the local data.

6.0.10 Slope load

For the hoist with its rails running upward, if the slope induced from the installation is not over 0.3%,
the slope load may not be calculated, or otherwise, the slope load should be computed according to the
actual gradient.

6.0.11 Seismic load

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If the area where the hoist is located has the basic earthquake intensity over or equal to 7 degree, the
horizontal earthquake load should be considered.

6.0.12 Test load

Before the hoist is put into operation, it should be subject to dynamic and static load test. The test site
should be sound and compact and flat, and the wind velocity should not be over 8.3m/s in general. The
dynamic load test should be with 110% the rated load and static load test with 125% the rated load, and the
load should be exerted at the worst position of the hoist. In case there is special requirement, special
consideration should be made.

For the large-capacity moveable hoists, they should be subject to test with hydraulic ergometer. The
test should be prepared with test rules, and should follow the loading sequence and method as specified in
the test rules.

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7 Materials

7.1 Cast Pieces

7.1.1 The cast carbon steel pieces should be of ZG230-450, ZG270-500, ZG310-570 and ZG340-640 as
specified in Cast Carbon Steel Pieces for Common Projects (GB11352).

7.1.2 The cast alloy steel pieces should be of ZG35CrMo, ZG42CrMo, ZG4OCr, ZG65Mn, ZG4OMn2 and
ZG5OMn2, etc., as specified in Cast Alloy Steel (JB/ZQ4297).

7.1.3 The cast gray iron pieces should be of HT150, HT200 and HT250 specified in Cast Gray Iron
Pieces (GB9439).

7.1.4 Cast spheroidal graphite iron pieces should be of QT450-10 and QT500-7 specified in Cast
Spheroidal Graphite Iron (GB1348)

7.1.5 Cast copper alloy pieces should be of ZCuSn5Pb5Zn5, ZCuSn10Pb1, ZCuAl10Fe3, ZCuAl10Fe,
3Mn2, ZCuZn38Mn2Pb2 and ZCuZn25A16Fe3Mn3, etc. specified in Technical Requirement for Cast
Copper Alloy (GB1176).

7.2 Forged Pieces

7.2.1 The cast carbon steel pieces should be of 20, 25, 35, 45, 50Mn and 65Mn, etc. specified in Technical
Requirement for High-quality Cast Carbon Structural Steel (GB699)

7.2.2 The cast steel alloy pieces should be of the materials specified in Technical Requirement for Cast
Structural Steel Alloy (GB3077).

7.2.3 The cast stainless steel should be of the materials specified in Steels for Stainless, Acid Resistant and
Heat-Resisting Cast Steel (Jb/ZQ4295).

7.3 Materials for Metal Structure

7.3.1 Materials for metal structures is preferable Q235 and specified in Carbon Structural Steel (GB700)
and Q345 in Low Alloy and High Strength Structural Steel (GB/T1591).

7.3.2 The materials mainly for bearing loads should be of Q235C or Q345C.

7.3.3 In case the hoist is located at the area where the temperature equal to or lower than -20, Q235D or
Q345D should be adopted.

7.4 Connecting Materials

7.4.1 Welding materials

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(1) The welding rods for manual welding should be those of the types specified in Carbon Steel
Welding Rods (GB5ll7) and in Low Alloy Steel Welding Rods (GB5ll8). The type of the welding rods
should be adaptable to the strength of the principal metal of the structures.

(2) The automatic welding and semi-automatic welding should adopt the soldering wires and
relevant fluxes which are adaptable to the strength of weld seams and the principal metal of the structures.

7.4.2 Riveting materials

The rivet materials for riveting should be of ML2, ML3, Q235 and Q215 specified in Riveting
Technical Requirement (GB116).

7.4.3 Bolting connection

(1) General bolts

Screws and double-screwed bolts should be made of the materials specified in Bolts, Screws and
Double-Screwed Bolts for Fasteners with Mechanical Performance (GB3098.1), Holding Screws for
Fasteners with Mechanical Performance (GB3098.3); the material of nuts should be that in compliance to
Nuts for Fasteners with Mechanical Performance (GB3098.2) and Fine-Pitch Nuts for Fasteners with
Mechanical Performance (GB3098.4).

(2) Stainless steel bolts

The materials of stainless steel bolts, screws, double-screwed bolts and nuts should be in compliance
to Stainless Steel Bolts, screws, Double-screwed Bolts and Nuts for Fasteners with Mechanical
Performance (GB3098.6).

(3) High Strength bolts

The materials of high strength bolts, nuts and gaskets should be in compliance to the Technical
Requirement of High-Strength Large Hex Bolts, Large Hex Nuts and Gaskets for Steel Structures
(GB1231) and Technical Requirement of Torsional Shearing Type High-Strength Bolts for Linking Steel
Structures (GB3633).

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8 Mechanisms

8.1 Lifting Mechanisms

8.1.1 Motors

(1) The static power of the mechanism should be calculated by the hoisting loads, hanger weight,
rated hoisting speed and mechanism efficiency, and the motor should be selected according to the static
power of the mechanism, working method of motor, load continuity rate and load lasting time. The motor
may not be subject to check on overload and heat performance in general.

The static power of the mechanism may also be computed by the equivalent hoisting load, hanger
weight, rated hoisting speed and mechanism efficiency, and the motor should be selected according to the
static power of the mechanism, working method of motor, load continuity rate and load lasting time.. In
this case, the overload and heat performance of the motor should be verified by the method specified in
Appendix J and K.

(2) Except for the hydraulic hoist, the lifting mechanism is preferably to select the motor based on
shot-time (or intermittent) operation as in metallurgical and crane industry. The pumps for hydraulic hoists
can start in no-load mode, and therefore, the asynchronous motor can be selected without requirement of
speed regulation.

(3) Except the hoists for quick-acting gates, the mechanism should have average acceleration less
than 0.3m/s2.

8.1.2 Braking device

Each set of independent driving devices should be at least provided with a supportive brake. And the
braking safety coefficient is as follows.

(1) For driving by one driving device equipped with one braking device, the braking safety
coefficient should be not less than 1.75.

(2) For driving by one driving device equipped with two braking devices, the braking safety
coefficient of each braking device should be computed with total braking moment and not less than 1.25.

(3) In case of driving with two driving devices which are rigidly connected to each other, each
driving devices should be equipped with one braking device, and the braking safety coefficient of each
braking device should be computed with total braking moment and not less than 1.25.

(4) In case of driving with two driving devices which are rigidly connected to each other, each
driving devices should be equipped with two braking devices, and the braking safety coefficient of each
braking device should be computed with total braking moment and not less than 1.1.

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In general case, the speed reduction of the gate caused by brake should be less than 0.3m/s2.

8.1.3 Deceleration device

The deceleration device should be selected based on the ratio of computed load of the lifting
mechanism versus the total transmission ratio. The deceleration device for windlass- type, chain-type and
moveable-type hoists is generally composed of standard reducer and open gearing. The open gearing
should have the single-stage transmission ratio not larger than 6.3.

8.2 Traveling mechanism

8.2.1 Determination of static resistance in traveling

The static resistance in traveling includes frictional resistance, slope resistance and wind resistance.

The frictional resistance includes the resistance induced from the rolling of the wheels on rails, the
internal friction resistance of the bearings of the wheel axles and the additional resistance between the
wheel rims and lateral side of the rails, when the hoist runs with load (self-weight of the gate). The last
resistance is generally considered by the sum of the former two resistances multiplying an additional
coefficient.

The slope resistance is the resistance induced from the traveling of the wheels along a slope in case the
hoist is in full load.

The wind resistance is the resistance evocable by computed wind pressure when the outdoor hoist is in
normal operation mode.

8.2.2 Motor

The static power of the mechanism should be computed by the static resistance in traveling, traveling
speed and mechanism efficiency, and the motor should be selected by the static power, motor operation
method and on-load continuance rate. In case the inertia force is big, the influence of inertia should be
considered.

The overload and heating of motor should be checked and the acceleration value should be controlled.
The check method can be referred to Appendix L for selecting the parameter.

The average acceleration value caused by the starting of the mechanism can be generally selected by
referring to the values stated in Appendix B.

8.2.3 Braking device

The sum of braking moment of the traveling mechanism and that of the braking axle transformed from
the min. traveling friction resistance (not including the frictional resistance between the wheel rims and
lateral side of the rail) should be such that the hoist or the trolley can be stopped within required time

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duration in case the hoist is traveling with traveling load, in following wind-direction and on downward
slope. However, the selected braking device should be such that trackslip should no occur between the
driving wheels and the rails during braking.

8.2.4 Checking computation for trackslip

In case of starting or braking of the traveling mechanism, the main driving wheel should not be
tracksliping. In checking computation, the adhesion coefficient of the steel wheel to the rail should be 0.12
for the outdoor operation, 0.15 for the indoor operation and 0.2-0.25 for the steel rail with sand spread on
rail.

8.3 Rotating mechanism

8.3.1 Equivalent static resistance moment

The equivalent static resistance moment of the rotating mechanism includes the frictional resistance
moment, equivalent wind resistance moment and equivalent slope resistance moment in normal operation
mode.

8.3.2 Motor

The required equivalent power of the mechanism should be computed by the equivalent static
resistance moment, rotating speed and mechanism efficiency, and according to the equivalent power,
operation method and on-load continuance rate of the motor, the motor is selected.

The preliminarily selected motor for rotating mechanism should be subject to check on the overload
performance, and also subject to checking computation for starting acceleration, which should be within the
range of 0.1m/s20.3m/s2 .

8.3.3 Braking device

The braking device of the rotating mechanism should be such that its braking moment can be able to
stop rotation when the rotating mechanism is in worst operation conditions and at max. rotating radius, and
the deceleration by braking is usually within 0.1 m/s20.3m/s2.

8.3.4 Limit moment coupling device

The limit moment coupling device should be equipped for the transmission mechanisms which may be
automatic locking; if no limit moment coupling device is provided for the non-automatic locking
mechanism, the transmission mechanism should be subject to checking computation for the static strength
in emergency condition.

8.4 Hydraulic system

8.4.1 Layout of hydraulic system

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(1) Except for few elements, the hydraulic system should be arranged in machine chamber, where
measures should be provided for fire control, ventilation, damp-free, heat prevention, submergence
prevention and drainage.

(2) The arrangement of the hydraulic elements and valves should be neat and clean and easy for
operation and maintenance. The indicators and gages and the hydraulic elements (overflow valve,
barometer switch, oil filter) which need adjustment or monitoring should be arranged at the position easy
for observation and operation.

(3) Preferable to provide with filter press, etc.

8.4.2 The hydraulic system should be subject to checking computation for pressure loss. If the system is for
frequent operation, the heat prevention computation should also be made and the oil temperature should be
generally controlled not over 50.

8.4.3 If needed, the hydraulic system should be subject to computation for leakage and hydraulic
impulsion.

8.4.4 Oil tank

(1) The capacity of the oil tank should meet the requirement of storing hydraulic oil for operation
and maintenance of the hoist.

(2) In case the motor of oil pump is arranged on the top of the oil tank, the top plate of the tank
should be in sufficient rigidity.

(3) The structural design of the tank should consider the convenience for filling, draining oil and
cleaning of the tank. The tank wall should be equipped with oil-level indicator which indicates the highest
and lowest oil levels. The bottom of the tank should be in slope inclining to the drain hole.

(4) The oil suction pipe and oil-return pipe should be far away from each other and separated by
partition, and the height of partition should not be lower than 3/4 the height between the tank bottom and
the surface of oil. If the partition is mounted with strainer, the partition should be higher than the highest oil
surface.

(5) The oil suction pipe and oil-return pipe should be inserted below the lowest oil surface, and the
oil suction pipe should be away from the tank bottom by not less than 2 times of the pipe diameter, and
away from the tank wall by 3 times of the pipe diameter. The lowest soil surface should be above the oil
suction pipe mouth by 100mm or over 3 times of the oil suction pipe diameter. The oil-return pipe should
be away from the tank bottom by not less than 2 times of the pipe diameter, and pipe end should be beveled
at 450 and the oil drain pipe mouth should be facing the tank wall.

(6) The oil tank should be made of stainless steel.

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(7) If oil replenishing tank is adopted, the tank should be designed such that the tank volume,
installation elevation, piping connection and pipe diameter should ensure sufficient oil replenishment when
the cylinder piston is moving down.

(8) For the hydraulic hoists installed at severe cold areas and required to operate in winter, the
heating devices and thermometers should be provided. If the heating device is adopted for heating, the
local overheat of hydraulic oil should be prevented.

(9) The oil tank should be equipped with vents having air strainer, oil filling orifice with strainer and
magnetic device.

8.4.5 Hydraulic oil

(1) Requirement of hydraulic oil

a) The hydraulic service oil should have appropriated viscosity and good viscosity-temperature
performance, and the petroleum-produced hydraulic oil is generally selected.

b) The hydraulic service oil should have good performance of lubrication, oxidation resistance,
corrosion resistance, combustion resistance, non-emulsification, and should not be damaging the watertight
material, free of nocuity and with defoaming ability.

c) The hydraulic service oil should be pure and free of mechanical impurities and water. The
cleanness of the hydraulic oil should reach the standard of Class 7~9 in NAS 1638 or the requirement of
Class 16/1318/15 in GB/T14039. The servo system should be selected according to the requirement of
valve groups.

(2) The kinematical viscosity of the service oil should be selected according to the pump type,
operational temperature and system pressure, by referring to the values stated in Table 8.4.5.

(3) The hydraulic hoists installed in low temperature areas and required to operate in all seasons
should select the hydraulic oil with its solidifying point at least 15 - 20 lower than the ambient lowest
temperature, if the hydraulic cylinder is arranged outdoor without oil heating device.

Table 8.4.5 Selection of Oil Types and Viscosity Classification

Kinematical viscosity
(40)/(mm2/s) Applicable type of oil and viscosity
Oil pump type Pressure
class
5~40 40~80
Below 7MPa 30~50 40~75 HM oil, 324668
Bladed pump
Over 7MPa 50~70 55~90 HM oil, 4668100
Too geared HL oil,(HM for medium and high
30~70 95~165
pump pressure)324668100150

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Radial
HL oil, (HM for medium and high
plunger-type 30~50 65~240
pressure) 32, 46, 68, 100, 150
pump
Axial
HL oil, (HM for medium and high
plunger-type 40 70~150
pressure) 32, 46, 68, 100, 150
pump
Notes1) 5~40 and 40~80 are both the working temperature of the hydraulic system.
2) HV is used at cold areas and HS is used at the severely cold areas.
3) Cares should be made to using HM oil if there is bronze or silver-plated part, in this case,
the ashless HM oil or low-zinc HM oil.

8.4.6 Strainer

(1) The filtration accuracy of the strainers of the hydraulic system should be selected according to
those specified in the product brochures of the selected pumps and valves.

(2) The strainers are preferably arranged at the oil returning mouths, and the filtration capability
thereof should be 3 times of the required returning oil. The strainer arranged at the oil suction mouth should
have the capability of 5 times of the required oil sucking discharge, and the pressurized strainer should
have the capability of 2 times of the required discharge. The strainer is preferably to have pressure
differential signal transmitter and by-pass safety valve.

(3) The air strainer should be with dehumidifying function.

8.4.7 Hydraulic pipe

(1) The hydraulic pipes should be as short, straight as possible, they should be arranged neatly. The
bend angle of the pipe should not be with angle less than 90, and the min. radius of angularity is usually
larger than the 3 times of the external diameter of the pipe. The high and low pressure pipes should be
identified by different colors.

(2) If flexible tubes are adopted, they should not be in tensile or torsion, and should not be rubbing
with other objects during moving. The linear length of the tube from the connection to the bending point
should not be less than 6 times of the external diameter of the tube and the bend radius of the tube should
not be less than 10 times of the external diameter of the tube.

(3) The oil pipe should be made of stainless seamless steel pipe, and the diameter and the pipe wall
thickness should be as indicated in Appendix H.

(4) The hydraulic pipe system should be washed with circulating oil by washing device before
testing after installation. After washing, the final cleanness of the pipe system should reach the requirement
set forth in 3)of item 1 of Clause 8.4.5

(5) The spacing of pipes in arrangement should meet the requirement of installation, operation and

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maintenance of the pipes, valves and flanges, etc.

(6) The connections of the pipes to the pump station and hydraulic cylinders should be equipped
with manual check valves.

8.5 Computation Principle for Parts

8.5.1 Computation method

The strength computation includes static strength computation and fatigue strength computation.

The strength computation method should be the allowable stress method and safety factor method.

For some of the parts, the computation of rigidity and stability (such as for screwed rods) should be
conducted.

The critical rotating speed should be computed for checking for the rocs which are long and with high
rotating speed.

8.5.2 Loads

(1) Basic load in fatigue computation

a) The basic load in fatigue computation sustained by the hoisting mechanism should be based on
0.6 ~ 1 times the moment (or force) sustained by the parts in computation transmitted from the hoisting
force according to the type of gate and service condition. For the part on the high-speed axles, the
computation should be based on 1.3 ~ 1.4 times the rated moment of the motor.

b) The basic load in fatigue computation for the parts of traveling and rotating mechanisms should
be the sum of the inertia moment sustained by the parts when the mechanism starts moving and static
resistance moment, and the computation can be by the Formula (8.5.2-1).

MImax=(1.22.0)Mn (8.5.2-1)

In whichMImax the basic load moment in fatigue computation for the parts, Nm;

Mn the moment to the parts in computation transmitted from the rated

moment of the motor, Nm.

The coefficient 1.22.0 is the kinematical-load rigidity coefficient, which is related to the driving
characteristics of the motor and computation of the ratio of inertia moment on the two sides of the part

(2) Max. operation load used to compute static strength of parts

a) The max. operation load of the hoisting mechanism is 1 ~1.2 times the moment to the parts
transmitted from the hoisting force, for the parts on the high-speed axles, the computation should be based

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on 1.3 ~ 1.4 times the rated moment of the motor. In special case, the allowable stress of the parts can be
0.9s of the material.

b) The max. operation load of the traveling and rotating mechanisms is the max. vibrating moment
value sustained by the parts in computation in the condition the mechanism starts moving or braking, the
computation can be by Formula (8.5.2-2).

Mmax=(1.11.5)Mnmax (8.5.2-2)

In whichMmax max. vibrating moment of the parts in computation, Nm.

The coefficient 1.11.5 is the enlargement coefficient for elastic vibration moment, and the smaller
value is taken when the elasticity and damp of the system is large.

(3) The max. non-operation load should be determined by the max. wind load in non-operation mode
and self-weight of the equipment, should be non-frequent load, which is used for checking the static
strength of some of the parts.

(4) Special load

a) Collision load of buffer: It is the dynamic load produced by the colliding on buffer of the traveling
mechanism of the moveable hoist, which can be computed by the Formula (8.5.2-3).
M max=0.25(R/i)PImax (8.5.2-3)
In whichM max the moment exerted on the driving axle of the traveling mechanism when the buffer
is hit, Nm
R the radius of the wheel, m;
i the total transmission ratio of the traveling mechanism.
PI max the sum of max. wheel pressures of the driving wheels of the transmission
mechanism in case of the traveling, N.
b) Installation load: It should be in conformity to Clause 6.0.8.
c) Test load: It should be in conformity to Clause 6.0.12.

8.5.3 Times of stress circulation

In computation of the fatigue strength of the transmission parts, the times of stress circulation should
be computed based on the required design operation life of the parts. In case the stress variation value is
smaller than the absolute value of max. stress by 10%, the times of stress circulation of the transmission
parts may not be calculated.
Times of stress circulation, N, can be computed by Formula 8.5.3.
N = FZ (8.5.3)
In whichF times of stress circulation per hour of the parts;
Z the total designed operation life of the parts, h.

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The designed operation life of the parts should be computed according to the mechanisms. In some
cases in which it is limited by the economic or technical conditions, the designed operation life of some
parts can be different from that of the mechanism.

8.5.4 Intensity limitation

In computation of static strength, the yield limitation of the material can be taken as the yield point of
the parts if the materials are of good elasticity.

In case the ratio of yield limitation s against the tensile strength b of the material is larger than 0.7,
in order to reduce the risk of bristle breaking because the yield limitation is occasionally surpassed, the
assumed yield point is computed by Formula (8.5.4-1) and (8.5.4-2).

s + 0 .7 b
s = 2 (8.5.4-1)

s F
s F =
3 (8.5.4-2)

8.5.5 Fatigue strength limitation

The fatigue strength limitation is usually obtained by test of computation, and the magnitude of fatigue
strength limitation of parts is depended on:
(1) Characteristics of stress circulation (min /max);
(2) Quality of the materials;
(3) Shape and size variation of the parts:
(4) Size of the partsand
(5) Surface condition of the parts.

8.5.6 Checking computation for strength

The mechanic transmission parts should be subject to checking computation for strength; however, for
the parts that may not be over-worn or in fatigue damage because they sustain load in short time and in less
frequency, the checking computation for fatigue and wearability may not be necessary. The checking
computation for strength should satisfy the Formula (8.5.6).

yield point or fatigue strength limitation

Computed stress strength safety factor (8.5.6)

The strength safety coefficient can be selected according to Table 8.5.6.

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Table 8.5.6 Strength safety coefficient

Checking computation of static strength
Checking
Items computed computation Max.
Max. non-operational load, special
of fatigue nI operational
load n
load n
Forged and,
1.6 1.6 1.4
rolled piece
Hoisting mechanism
Cast steel
1.8 1.8 1.6
piece
Forged and,
1.4 1.4 1.2
Rotating and rolled piece
traveling mechanism Cast steel
1.6 1.6 1.4
piece
Notes: For the hoists of special importance, the safety coefficient can be appropriately increased.

8.5.7 Abrasion

For the parts frequently subject to abrasion during operation, the wear extent at the wearing face
thereof should be ensured within an allowable range within their operation period. For the brake, clutch and
sliding bearings, etc., the pressure intensity (p) on the covered surface per unit area and characteristic factor
(pv) (the product of p multiplying the kinematical speed, v, relative to the abrasive surface should be
checked by computation, and the values should be exceed the allowable values. The allowable physical
values for materials often used as abrasive surfaces are shown in Appendix E.

8.6 Design of Parts

8.6.1 Lifting hook and hanger shaft

The material of lifting hook and hanger shaft is usually high-quality low-carbon solid steel or
low-carbon alloy steel.

The material of hanger shaft is usually high-quality low-carbon steel or low- carbon structural alloy
steel.

In design of the hook or hanging fork, the computation should be made with the planar elastic curved
bar method and the common hook or hanging fork can also be selected by the hoisting forces and operation
grades.

The hanging shaft should be designed with consideration of the worst conditions, and the computed
load should be the max. operational load, and the static load can be adopted for operation mode.

8.6.2 Steel rope, pulley block and drum

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(1) The steel ropes of hoists usually adopt galvanized steel ropes, (for those used in water should be
galvanized steel ropes), and the priority should be given to the linear line contact lay wire ropes. For
multi-wrap ropes, the metal-core steel ropes should be adopted, and for the single-wrap ropes which are
often soaked in water, the asbestos-core steel ropes are preferably adopted.

The strength of the steel ropes should meet the requirement of Formula (8.6.2-1).
F0 Sn (8.6.2-1)
In whichF0 the failing pull force of the steel rope, N;
n the min. safety coefficient of steel rope, refer to Table 8.6.2-1;
s the max. operational static pull force of steel rope ,N; when the lift head is over 50m, the
weight of the rope should be considered. The max. outset angle of the rope when
winding in and out of the rope slots of the blocks should not be over 5.

When the rope winds in and out of the drum, the deviated angles of the rope should be usually not
over 3.5 on both sides of the volution.

For the bare drum or multi-wrap drum, the deviated angle in plane perpendicular to the drum is
recommended not over 2.

(2) The min. diameter of the drum and pulley block for winding calculated by the diameter the steel
rope should be based on Formula (8.6.2-2)
D0 min=ed (8.6.2-2)
In whiche the factor relating the operation grade of the mechanism, refer to Table 8.6.2-2;
d the diameter of the steel rope, mm.
The diameter of the balance pulley block is usually 0.8 times of D0 min.

Table 8.6.2-1 Min. safety coefficient of steel rope

Operation grade Safety coefficient n

Q1 4.5

Q2 5.0

Q3Q4 5.5

Table 8.6.2-2 Factor of drum and pulley block e

Operation grade of mechanism Drum and block e

Q1 18

Q2 20

Q3Q4 25

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(3) The drum and block are usually made of cast iron, of which the quality should not be lower than
HT200 specified in GB9439. For the large-capacity hoists, the cast steel or welded blocks should be
adopted, and the drums should be of welded drum or cast steel weld in segments.

(4) Strength computation and checking computation of stability for drum

When L 3D, the max compressive stress on the surface of the drum can be computed only.
When L3D, in addition to the compressive stress, the combined stress produced by flexural moment
and torque moment should be computed for checking.
When D1200mm and L2D (in which D is the drum diameter at the bottom of the rope slot, in mm,
and L is the length of the drum, in mm), in addition to strength computation, the stability of the drum walls
should be computed for checking.
The method for strength computation and checking computation of stability for drum is referred to
Appendix G.

8.6.3 Gear wheels, worm wheel and worm

(1) Common materials used for gear wheels

The small gear wheels should be made of high-quality carbon steel or structural alloy steel, and the
large gear wheels should be made of cast carbon steel or cast alloy steel. The selection of materials and heat
treatment should consider the compatibility of the gears.

The commonly-used materials for worm wheel and worm: The worm wheel selects the copper-base
alloy or zinc-base alloy, and the small-sized and not-often used and small load-transmission worm wheels
may select cast iron. The worm selects high-quality carbon steel or structural steel alloy.

(2) When the gear wheel have soft tooth face or moderately hard tooth face, the smaller gear wheel
should have its tooth face with a hardness not lower than the tooth face of larger gear wheel by 30HB; if the
gear wheel have hard tooth face, the tooth face hardness of both large and small wheels should be generally
the same.

(3) The tooth face contact strength and tooth flexural strength should be computed for gear
transmission. For the closed-type gear driving, the tooth face with moderate hardness is proposed.

The driving with worm wheel and worm is mainly used for the mechanism of large transmission ratio
to be compactly arranged (such as rotating and traveling mechanisms). The strength computation for worm
wheel and worm is based on the computation of contact strength of the tooth faces of the gears, and the
flexural strength of the gears is computed for checking. In case the worm is simultaneously acting as
transmitting shaft, it should be subject to strength and rigidity computation as shaft.

8.6.4 Shaft

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(1) Shaft material: The commonly-used material for shaft is the high-quality medium carbon steel,
and the most commonly-used material is the 45 in GB699; and the alloy steel of 35SiMn, 42SiMn, 40MnB,
40Cr and 40CrNi specified in GB3077 can also be used.

(2) The original dimensions of the shaft can be determined by the preliminary strength by allowable
stress method. Based on the preliminary dimensions, the shaft structure is determined by considering all
other necessary coefficients, then, the actual safety coefficient of the dangerous section is determined and
the rigidity computation is carried out.

(3) The critical rotating speed: When the long transmission shaft has its rotating speed exceeding
400r/min, in addition to strength and rigidity computation, the critical rotating speed should be checked and
meet the requirement of Formula (8.6.4-1).

n cr
n max (8.6.4-1)
1 .2
d 22 + d 12
n cr = 121 L2 (8.6.4-2)

In which nmax the actual max. rotating speed of the shaft, r/min;

ncr the critical rotating speed, r/min;

d1 the inner diameter of the shaft, mm; in case of solid shaft, d1=0;
d2 external diameter of shaft, mm;
L the interval between support points, m.
(4) The following values can be adopted for rigidity computation for shafts.
a) The max. deflection is usually not exceeding 0.0003 of the interval between support points.
b) The shaft with gears has its max. deflection not exceeding 0.010.03 times of the gear modulus.
c) The max. deflection angle at support point caused by deflection is usually not exceeding 0.001
rad.
d) The allowable torsional angle can usually select 0.5/m.

8.6.5 Reducer

(1) In selection of reducers of standard type, the total design operation life thereof should generally
be suitable to the operation grade of the mechanism for which they work. The reducer should be selected
based on the rated load or the rated power of the motor and the required operation modes, and if necessary,
the max. radial load at the outlet side of the reducer should be checked.

(2) In design of reducers, the load bearing capacity (the tooth face contact strengths) of the driving
mechanisms at different steps should be generally identical. The support bearings of the reducer gears
should have sufficient strength and rigidity, and the type and dimensions of the bearings should be selected
according to the magnitude and direction of the loads and operation requirement. The reducer casing should

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have sufficient strength and rigidity.

(3) The lubrication for reducer should generally adopt lubrication in oil tank. If the special
lubrication for oil pumps is adopted, the high-speed meshing gears should be lubricated with jetted oil
before operation.

8.6.6 Shaft coupler

The type of shaft coupler for hoists can be in general determined by the operation conditions, and the
transmitting moment, the dimension and rotating speed of the journal of the coupled shaft can be the values
selected from the specification list of the shaft couplers so as to meet the requirement of Formula (8.6.6-1).
Mc Mt (8.6.6-1)
In whichMc the computed moment of coupler, computed by Formula (8.6.6-2), and in Nm;
Mc n Mmax (8.6.6-2)
N the safety coefficient of coupler, n =1.8 for hoisting mechanism and n =1.5 for other
mechanisms;
Mt the rated moment given by the specification list of the shaft couplers, in Nm
Mmax refer to item 2 of Clause 8.5.2.

8.6.7 Bearings

(1) The sliding bearing is usually used in low-speed heavy-load transmission of hoists, such as in the
moveable pulley blocks of often-submerged high-lift hoists, and used as the support of the drums. The
bearing should be generally determined by the axle journal dimension; and then, checking computation is
conducted for the product of its max. specific pressure, p, and its sliding linear speed, v, relative to the
transmitting friction surface (i.e., the pv value), and efforts is made to keep the product not exceeding the
values [p] and [pv]. The values [p] and [pv] are shown in Appendix E.

(2) In selecting roller bearing, the following should be given.

a) The total designed operation life, which is generally consistent to operation grade of the
mechanism, or one grade lower, if necessary.

b) The roller bearings installed in the rotating parts require rated static load computation only, if the
rotating speed is lower than 10r/min.

c) Radial loads.

d) Axial loads.

e) Operation conditions and requirement (characteristics of operational load, raceway, humidity,

type and filling method of lubricating oil).

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f) Structural dimension and outline dimension of bearings.

Based on the above conditions, the equivalent kinematical load or equivalent static load of the bearing,
and by which, the required rated kinematical load or rated equivalent static load is worked out, and then,
the roller bearing is selected.

8.6.8 Load limiter

The hoists should be equipped with reliable and easily-adjusted hoisting load limiter. In case the
hoisting load is 10% over the rated load set in the limiter, the limiter should send out the overload signal
and trip off the power source, and can be restore operation after the load is reduced. The under-load limiter
can be equipped if needed.

The calibrated value of lifting force and holding force (or under-draught force) should be adjusted to
satisfy the hoisting requirement of the gates. If necessary, separate requirements can be made respectively
for lifting force and holding force (or under-draught force).

The commonly-used load limiters are of lever-type and eccentricity type. Special care should be made
in maintenance of the electric protection device and special electronic instrument (such as electric scale)
used as the overload protection device.

8.6.9 Lift (stroke) indication and position control

(1) Lift (stroke) indication: It can be of mechanical or electronic type, and the measuring accuracy
and display accuracy should be determined by the magnitude of the lift(stroke) in operation.

(2) Position control: The hoists should be equipped with position limiter limiting the upmost and
lowest positions of the gates, for the other positions of the gates (such as the position of filling valve of the
gate), the position control is made based on the requirement. When the control position is reached, the
limiter should automatically trip off the power source and send out the signal.

The traveling mechanism should be equipped with stroke limiter; when the carriage and the trolley
move to the limit position, the power source should be automatically tripped off and the signal is sent out.

The rotating mechanism which has the requirement in rotating angles should be equipped with the
rotation limiter; when the rotating mechanism moves to the limit position, the power source should be
automatically tripped off and the signal is sent out.

8.6.10 Buffer

The buffer should be designed according to the dynamic energy of collision (refer to Clause 6.0.5. The
casing of the buffer should be designed with the max. percussive force at collision when the hoist is at rated
traveling speed, and at this time, the strength safety coefficient is taken as 1.15.

The buffer of hoists can be of spring, rubber or hydraulic type. For the small-capacity hoist, the

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wood-type bugger can be adopted. In general cases, the spring-type buffers are preferably adopted.

8.6.11 Wheel and rail

(1) The common materials for wheels are 45 and 65Mn specified in GB699ZG34O-640 in
GB11352ZG35CrMnSi and ZG34CrNiMo in JB/ZQ4297, etc.

(2) The diameter of wheels should generally not exceed 1.25m. When moving with rated traveling
load, the tread of the wheels should be computed by fatigue, and when moving with max. load, the tread of
the wheels should be computed by strength. Refer to Appendix G for the computation for tread of the
wheels.

(3) The medium- and small-capacity hoists are generally adopt the rails of P-shape for railroad, and
the large-capacity hoists may adopt the special rails for QU crane. The strength computation can be referred
to Appendix G. The rails for electric pulley blocks adopt rolling I-shape steel.

8.6.12 Lift-bolt and nut

The lift-bolt of the screwed-rod hoists usually adopt the steel materials of Q275 specified in GB700,
and 35 and 45 in B699.

The load-bearing nuts usually adopt the cast bronze. For the load-bearing nuts with relative sliding
speed being small, the cast iron or cast spheroidal graphite iron.

The thread profiles are usually in trapezoidal shape, and the lift angle, , of the thread centerline is
preferably to adopt 44.5 so as to ensure the self-locking.

(1) Lifting bolt: The slenderness ratio is200 for the lifting bolts in compression, and 250 for
those in tension, and the slenderness ratio of important lifting bolts should be appropriately reduced.

The reduction factor of lifting bolt length : In case one end of the bolt is articulated and the other end
is fixed, =0.7 is taken, and in case the both ends are articulated, =1.0 is taken.

In case the bolts in in-compression operation mode, the stability of the bolts should be checked
through computation.

In addition to tensile and compressive loads, the bolts should also sustain torsional moment. For the
swing-type lift-bolt hoist, the bolts should also sustain bend moment. Refer to Appendix G for
computation.

(2) Load-bearing nut: The working height of the nuts, H, should be determined by the allowable
bearing stress of the tread surface. Refer to Appendix G for computation.

8.6.13 Chain and chain wheel

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The commonly-used load-bearing chains are of plate-type hoist chain. The material of pin rolls and
chain plates for plate-type hoist chains is proposed to adopt No. 45 or No. 50 steel, which should be subject
heat treatment.

The max. allowable load of the chains (including the self-weight of the chain) should be:

p
S= nr (8.6.13)

In whichP the failing load of the chains, N;

nr the safety coefficient, nr=55.5 can be taken.

The single link of the chain should be subject to the failing load test, and the readily- fit chains should
be subject to load test, and the test load should be 50% the failing load.

The rag wheel of the plate-type hoist chains may generally be produced integrally with the shaft as one
piece, the 9 ~ 12 toothed rag wheel is proposed. The hoist chains frequently operating underwater should
adopt sliding bearing and should be provided with measures against corrosion.

8.6.14 Oil pump

The type of oil pumps should be selected according to the performance of the oil pumps required by
the system. The specifications of the oil pump should be determined by the max. required operational
pressure and max. operational flow of the pump.

The max. required operational pressure and max. operational flow of the pump should be computed as
per Appendix H.

8.6.15 Hydraulic elements

(1) Selection of the types of hydraulic elements should be determined by the operational requirement
of the hydraulic system, and the max. operational pressure and rated flow thereof should satisfy the
requirement for the system operation.

(2) The safety overflow valve installed for ensuring the safety of hydraulic cylinders should be of
direct-acting structure.

(3) In selection the throttle valve and compensated flow control valve, the consideration should be
given to characteristics relating the flow regulating range and min. stable flow.

(4) The electromagnet of the solenoidal directional valve or electro-hydraulic directional valve
should be of AC wet-type structure, and the operation modes thereof are preferably displayed by indicating
lamp.

(5) The number of barometers should be arranged according to the requirement of hydraulic systems.

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In case the monitoring and control are required, the pressure transducers should be provided according to
the monitoring and control requirement.

8.6.16 Hydraulic cylinder

(1) Strength computation for cylinder wall thickness should be conducted with the following two
conditions.

a) The cross section sufficiently far away from the flange and support flange. The stresses at this
place are the longitudinal and circumferential stresses produced by the operational pressure in the cylinder;

b) The section connecting the cylinder and flange. The stress produced by the internal operation
pressure should be superimposed with the longitudinal and circumferential stresses produced by the
evenly-distributed flexion moment on the cylinder wall at the flange.

The strength computation for the cylinder wall thickness can be referred to Appendix H.

(2) The main structural parameters should be worked out as per Appendix H. The computed length
of the piston rod should be determined by the fixed hydraulic cylinder, and the conversion coefficients of
computed length should be referred to Appendix H. In computation of the slenderness of the piston rod, the
inertia moment of the rod is preferably based on the discontinuity of member bars. The allowable
slenderness of the piston rod is preferably less than 200 for the case under compression and 250 for the case
under pulling.

(3) Longitudinal stability computation

a) The piston rod in compression should be subject to stability computation in case the computed
length of the rod (L) is 10 times the diameter (d), (L is the distance from the support center of the cylinder
body to connection point at the rod end when the rod is entirely extended out).

b) The longitudinal stability of the hydraulic cylinder should be computed with the condition in
which the rod is entirely extended out and sustains the max. downward pressure.

c) The stability computation of the hydraulic cylinder should be referred to Appendix H.

(4) The surface of the piston rods should be chromeplated for corrosion prevention, and the rods can
be made of medium carbon steel, alloy steel and stainless steel.

(5) Watertight: The hydraulic cylinders usually adopt V-shape, O-shape and Y-shape seal-packing
rings.

a) The combined V-shape seal-packing rings are used at the moveable seals between the piston rod
and inner wall of cylinder and between the piston rod and end cap.

b) O-shape rings are usually used at the fixed seals between the end cap and cylinder body and

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between the piston rod and piston.

c) The moveable seals between the piston rod and inner wall of cylinder body can also adopt the
Y-shape rings.

(6) The piston rod end protruding out of the cylinder should be provided with dust scraper ring. The
dirt or ice scraper rings can be provided if necessary.

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9 Structure
9.1 Principle of Computation

The allowable stress computation method should be adopted. The metal structure of hoists should be
subject to strength, stability and rigidity computation and should meet the requirement set forth herein. In
computation, the plastic effect of the materials may not be considered and the fatigue strength of the
materials nay nor be computed.

The structures should be computed with two kinds of loads. The first kind is to compute the strength,
stability and rigidity and rigidity with the max. load in operation mode; and the second kind is to check the
strength and stability of the materials with the max. load in non-operation mode or the special loads in
operation mode.

9.2 Load combination

The load combination herein as shown in Table 9.2 is only applicable to the structures of the moveable
hoist and their connection.
Table 9.2 Loads and Load Combinations
Load combination o first kind Load combination of second kind
Load
Ia Ib Ic Id Ie Ia Ib Ic Id
Self weight
Hoisting load of main lifting

mechanism
Traveling load
Inertia of hoist
Initial force of trolley
Wind load in operation mode
Wind load in non- operation

mode
Lateral force due to traveling

athwart
Collision load
Test load
Seismic load
Hoisting load of auxil. Lifting

mechanism
Notes: 1. Different load combinations are used for computing different structural components;
2. If the loads of temperature, snow/ice, installation and slope are to be considered, they can be
added to the load combinations in the table.

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9.3 Allowable stress

9.3.1 The allowable stresses of the structural materials should be divided according to the grouped
dimensions as shown in Table 9.3.1.

Table 9.3.1 Dimension Groups of Steel Materials

Thickness or diameter of materials(mm)

Group
Q235 Q345

First group 16 16

Second group 1640 1625

Third group 4060 2536

Fourth group 3650

9.3.2 In case of the first kind load condition, the allowable stress of the materials should be taken as shown
in Table 9.3.2.
Table 9.3.2 Allowable stress for first kind load condition N/mm2
Q235 Q345
Type of stress Symbol
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Tensile,
compression, [] 160 150 145 230 220 205 190
bending
Shearing [] 95 90 85 135 130 120 110
Locally bearing
load (ground flat
[cd] 240 240 220 350 330 310 290
and contacted
closely)
Local contacted
[cj] 120 115 110 175 165 155 145
with load
Notes1. Locally bearing load means the condition in which small part of the web plate surface of a
structural piece is pressed by local load or the end surface is under load.
2. Local contacted with load means the compressive strength on the projected plane of the
articulated surface with small movability.

9.3.3 In case of the first kind load condition, the allowable stress of weld seams should be taken as shown
in Table 9.3.3.

9.3.4 The allowable stress of rivets, bolts and hinge shafts should be taken as shown in Table 9.3.4.

9.3.5 The allowable stress values in Table 9.3.2 to Table 9.3.4 should be increased by 15% in case of

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the second kind load condition.

Table 9.3.3 Allowable stress for weld seams in first kind load condition N/mm2
Submerged-arc automatic
Type of weld seam

welding and semi- Submerged-arc automatic welding and

automatic welding and semi-automatic welding and manual

Symbol
manual welding with E43 welding with E50 type welding rods
Type of stress type welding rods
Q235 Q345
Group1 Group2 Group3 Group1 Group2 Group3 Group4
Compression [a] 160 150 145 230 220 205 190
In case of submerged-arc
[l] 160 150 145 230 220 205 190
automatic welding
Butt welding seam

In case of Precise
[l] 160 150 145 230 220 205 190
Tensile

submerged-arc method
semi-automatic
welding or
manual welding, Common
[l] 135 120 115 200 190 175 165
the quality check method
of weld seams is :
Shearing [] 95 90 85 135 130 120 110

Tensile, compression, shearing [t] 115 105 100 160 150 140 130
d
l

Notes1. The common method of the weld seams includes appearance inspection, measurement and check of drill holes;
the precise method includes, in addition to the common method, the supplementary check by means of radioexamination,
magnetic and ultrasonic methods.
2. The allowable stress in the table should be multiplied by 0.8 for upward weld seams.
3. The allowable stress in the table should be multiplied by 0.9 for installation weld seams.
In case of single-angle steel piece to be welded at one side for connection, any side of an equilateral angle steel can be
adopted, and the short side of the unequal-sided angle steel should be adopted, and the allowable stress in the table for weld
seam at connection should be multiplied by 0.85.

Table 9.3.4 Allowable stress of rivets, bolts and hinge shafts N/mm2

Steel codes for rivets, bolts Steel codes for components

Type of and hinge shafts
Stress type Symbol Q235
Connection
ML2ML3 Q23535 Group1 Group2 Group3
Shearing [] 135 - - - -
Riveting Load bearing [c] - 320 300 290
(Class I hole)
Pull at nail
[] 85 - - - -
head
Elongation [] 125 - -
Prcised
bolts (Class I Shearing [] 125 - -
hole)
Load bearing [c] 290 275
Elongation [] 125 - -
Common
Shearing [] 90 - -
bolts
Load bearing [c] 190 185

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Bending [] 150 - -
hinge shafts Shearing [] 90 - -
Load bearing [c] 190 185

Steel codes for rivets, bolts Steel codes for components

Type of and hinge shafts Q345
Stress type
Connection
Group Group Group
ML2ML3 Q23535 Group1
2 3 4
Shearing [] 135 - - - -
Riveting Load bearing [c] 460 440 410 380
(Class I hole)
Pull at nail
[] 85 - - - - -
head
Elongation [] 125
Prcised
bolts (Class I Shearing [] 125
hole)
Load bearing [c] 420 395 370 345
Elongation [] 125 - - - -
Common
Shearing [] 90 - - - -
bolts
Load bearing [c] 280 265 250 235
Bending [] 150 - - - -
hinge shafts Shearing [] 90 - - - -
Load bearing [c] 280 265 250 235
Notes: 1. The holes with wall quality as described below should be of Class I holes:
1) The holes in the installed structures and drilled according to the designed diameter;
2) The holes in the single pieces and parts drilled with drill models according to the designed
diameters.
3) On single pieces, small-diameter holes are drilled or punched in advance, then, the holes are
enlarged to the designed diameter after the pieces are installed onto the components.
2 In case of covered or semi-covered rivets, the value in the table should be multiplied with
0.8.
3. For the connecting rivets installed on site, the value in the table should be multiplied with 0.9.

9.4 Strength Computation of Structural Pieces and Connection

9.4.1 General structure computation

The structural members of hoists under tension, compression, bending and torsion can be subject to
strength computation with common strength equation, and the computed stress should be less than the
allowable stress.

In case there is concentrated load at the top flange of a beam, the local compressive stress of the web

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plate should be computed with Formula (9.4.1-1).

m =
p
(a + 2h y )
[] (9.4.1-1)
In whichm the local compressive stress, N/mm2 ;
p the concentrated load, N;
the thickness of web plate, mm;
the length of concentrated load effect; for the gliding blocks, the length
of the block is taken, and for the wheels,=50mm is taken;
hy the distance from the top face (for the case there is no rail) or rail top
(for the case there is rail) to the height of top flange in computation, mm.

When the structural member has a comparatively large positive stress , comparatively large shear
stress and local compressive stress , the reduced stress should be computed with Formula (9.4.1-2).

2 + m2 m + 3 2 1.1[ ]
(9.4.1-2)
In whichand m should have their individual positive or negative signs.

9.4.2 Strength computation for structural members connected by high-strength bolts

The structural members connected by high-strength bolts of which the axes are in tension and
compression should be subject to strength computation according to Formula (9.4.2-1).
N
[ ]
= A (9.4.2-1)
Z2
N= N(1-0.4 Z ) (9.4.2-2)
In whichN the axial force of members, N;
Z the number of high-strength bolts used for connecting the member and of gusset plate or
one side of splice place;
Z2 the number of high-strength bolts on the section in computation (outermost row of
bolts);
A the net sectional area in computation, mm2.

9.4.3 Strength computation for connections

(1) Welded connection: When the butt-weld seam is under positive stress and shearstress, the
strength of the connection should be computed with Formula (9.4.3-1).

h= + 3 1.1[ ]
2 2
(9.4.3-1)
In whichh the reduced stress of the weld seam, N/mm2;

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[] the allowable stress of the weld seam, N/mm2, refer to Table 9.3.3.

(2) Connection with high-strength bolts

a) In case of connection with shear, the allowable load bearing capacity of each bolt should be
computed with Formula (9.4.3-2).
[P]= 0.7Zmf Pg (9.4.3-2)
In which[P] the allowable load bearing capacity of each high-strength bolt, N;
Zm the number of friction surfaces which transfer load;
f the friction coefficient, the values in Table 9.4.3-1 are chosen;
Pg the pre-tensioned force of the high-strength bolts, N, the values in Table 9.4.3-2 are
chosen.

The factor (0.7) is the reduction effect of the compressive deformation of connection element on the
tensile force.

Table 9.4.3-1 Friction coefficient f

Treatment method applied on the contact surfaces of connection Steel of members

members
Q235 Q345

Sand blasted 0.45 0.55

Inorganic zinc-rich paint applied after sand blasted 0.35 0.40

Red rust on after sand blasted 0.45 0.55

Clean milled surface cleaned with its surface rust moved away by
0.30 0.35
steel-wire brush or without any treatment

Table 9.4.3-2 Pre-tensioned force of each high-strength bolt Pg kN

Nominal diameter of bolt(mm)

Performance grade of bolt
M16 M20 (M22) M24 (M27) M30

8.8S 70 110 135 155 205 250

10.9S 100 155 190 225 290 355

b) When the connection by high-strength bolts is simultaneously subject to the shearing force of the
friction surface and the external pulling force in the axial direction of the bolt, the allowable load bearing
capacity of each high-strength bolt should be computed with Formula (9.4.3-2), and Pg in the above
Formula should be substituted with (Pg 1.4Pt); and Pt is the external pulling force sustained by each
high-strength bolt in the axial direction of the bolt and this force should not be larger than 70% the
pre-tensioned force Pg.

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c) The required number of high-strength bolts, Z, should be computed with Formula (9.4.3-3).

N
Z= [P] (9.4.3-3)

In whichN the axial force exerting at the connection, N;

p the allowable load bearing force of on high-strength bolt, N.

9.5 Stability Computation

9.5.1 Members with axes under compression

(1) Members with axes under compression should be subject to checking computation for integral
and local stability in addition to meet the requirement of strength and rigidity.

(2) Slenderness ratio of members

a) The allowable slenderness ratio of members should not exceed the values listed in Table 9.5.1-1.
Table 9.5.1-1 Allowable slenderness ratio of members []
Name of member Under tension Under compression
Chord of truss 150 120
Main load bearing member
Whole structure 180 150
Secondary load bearing member (other levers and
200 150
bars of the main truss, chord of the auxiliary truss)
Other members 350 250

b) When the yield point of steel materials s is larger than 350N/mm2, the computation
can be approximately made by use of the assumed slenderness F of members, and the value
F can be computed with Formula (9.5.1).

s
F = 350 (9.5.1)

In whichs the yield point of material, N/mm2.

c) When the member is a combined structural member of lattice type, the converted
slenderness ratio of the whole structural member can be computed with the equations listed in
Table 9.5.1-2. For the single limb of member of lacing strip combination under compression,
the stability of the limb should be computed when its slenderness ratio is larger than the
converted slenderness ratio of the member.

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Table 9.5.1-2 Formula for converted slenderness ratio (h) of lattice type members
Lacing
Sectional shape
No. material Formula Meaning of symbols
of member
shape
y slenderness ratio of whole member vs
virtue axis
1 slenderness ratio of single limb vs 1-1
1 plate h y = 2y + 12 axis, the net distance between the lacing places
is taken as the computed length (the distance
between centers of rivets at the edge of lacing
plate is taken for the riveted members).
A the sum of gross sectional areas of
various chords taken from the transverse
section of the member.
2 strip h y = 2y + 27 AA1
A1 the sum of gross sectional areas of
various oblique lacing strips taken from the
transverse section of the member.
1 the slenderness ratio of the single limb vs
the axis with min. rigidity, the net distance
hx = 2x + 12 between the lacing plates is taken as the
3 plate
computed length (the distance between centers
h y = 2y + 12 of rivets at the edge of lacing plate is taken for
the riveted members).
A1xthe sum of gross sectional areas of
various oblique lacing strips taken from the
hx = 2x + 40 AA1 x transverse section of the member.
4 strip A1ythe sum of gross sectional areas of
hy = 2y + 40 AA1 y various lacing strips perpendicular to the plane
of y-y axis taken from the transverse section of
the member.

hx = 2x + A (1.542cos
A
2
)
the included angle of the plane with the
1
lacing plate and the x axis.
5 strip
h y = 2y + 42 A
A1 cos 2

Notes: 1 The single limb of member of lacing-plate combination compression should have
the slenderness ratio, 1, not exceeding 40, and the lacing plates should meet the following
requirement: the width of the plate longitudinally along the post should not less than 2/3 of the distance
between the axial lines of limbs, and the thickness should not less than 1/40 of that distance and not less
than 6mm.
2 The dip angle between the oblique lacing strip and the axial line of the member should be
kept at 4070.

9.5.2 Dual- or mono-direction bending members

In case that the structural member is subject to axial force and bending in dual-directions around the
strong axis (X) and weak axis (Y), in addition to checking the strength by using the common strength
formula, the stability should also be checked by computation with the methods as shown in Appendix J.

9.5.3 Computation of integral stability of bending structural member

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(1) In any of the following conditions, the computation of integral stability of bending structural
members may not be conducted.

a) For the structural members with box-type section, when the ratio of its sectional height versus the
width between two web plates is not more than 3, or, its section is sufficient to ensure the lateral rigidity of
the structure (such as for space truss);

b) There are rigid planks densely laid on the flange plate under compression of the structure, and the
torsional and horizontal displacement of the section can be resisted.

c) The ratio of the free length, l, of the compressed flange plate of I-shape simple-support beam and
its widthb, does not exceed the values stated in Table 9.5.3.
Table 9.5.3
h/b = 100 h/b = 50
There is lateral
There is lateral
support point in
Load on Load on Load on Load on support point in the
the span, no
h/b upper flange lower flange upper flange lower flange span, no matter
matter where the
plate plate plate plate where the load
load effect
effect locates
locates
2 16/13 25/21 19/16 17/14 26/22 20/17
4 15/12 23/19 17/14 16/13 24/20 18/15
6 13/11 21/17 16/13 15/12 22/18 17/14
Notes: a) The symbol h in the table means the total height of the structural members and l means
the free length of the compressive flange plate, for the members without lateral support
points, it is its span and for the members with lateral support points, it is the space between
the lateral support points of the compressive flange plate. The symbol b is the width of
the compressive flange plate, and b is the thickness of the plate.
b) Structural measures should be adopted at the end support point of the structural members
so as to prevent torsion at the end sections.
c) The numerators in the table are used for Q235 and the denominators are used for Q345.

(2) Any bending member that is not in conformity to one of the above conditions, the integral
stability thereof should be subject to check. Details are indicated in Appendix J.

9.5.4 Local stability of plate

(1) Local stability of web plate

a) When the ratio of web plate height ho and thickness (ho/) is 70 (60) (the value outside of the
bracket is for Q235 and that inside the bracket for Q345), whether the transverse rib stiffener should be
deployed or not is generally determined by its structure; if it requires to support the steel rails, the short rib
stiffeners or rail-bearing beams should be provided. In this case, the spacing of the short rib stiffeners
should be determined by the local bending stress conditions of the steel rails and the flange plate. The

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spacing of the short rib stiffeners is generally not more than 750mm and the height is about 0.3h.

b) When 70 (60) (ho /) 160 (135), the transverse rib stiffeners should be provided, and
checking computation should be carried out.

c) When 160 (35) (ho/) 240 (200), in addition to the transverse rib stiffeners, the longitudinal
rib stiffeners should also be provided at (1/51/4)h from the compressive edge, and checking computation
should be carried out.

d) When 240 (200) (ho/) 320 (270), in addition to the transverse rib stiffeners, two rows of rib
stiffeners should be provided at the compressive area, i.e., one row at (0.150.20)h from the compression
edge of web plate and the other at (0.350.40)h from the compression edge of web plate; and checking
computation should be carried out.

e) When (ho/) 320 (270), the computation should be carried out to meet the requirement of local
stability of the high web plate.

(2) Local stability of compressive flange plate

a) For the compressive flange plate in I-shape section, if the overhanging width on both sides is not
over15 times of its thickness for Q235 and not over 12 times for Q345, the computation of local stability
may not be conducted.

b) For the box-type section, if the ratio of center-to-center distance bo of the web plate against the
thickness of compressive flange plate y meets the following requirement, the computation of local stability
may not be conducted:
(bo/y)60 for Q235 (bo/y)50 for Q345

When the flange plate is rather wide, one or more rows of longitudinal rib stiffeners should be added
so as to meet the requirement of (bo/y) 60 (500). If the inertia moment Iz3 of the longitudinal rib stiffeners
meets the requirement of item 2 of Clause 9.5.6, the computation of local stability may not be conducted.

9.5.5 The computation of local stability of plates refers to Appendix J.

9.5.6 Requirement of structural dimensions of rib stiffeners

(1) With the precondition that the local stability of web plates is satisfied, the spacing of transverse
rib stiffeners, a, should not be less than 0.5h and not be more than ho nor 2m, whichever is bigger; and ho
here is the height of the web plate.

The dimension of the transverse rib stiffeners of the web plate should be determined by Formula
(9.5.6-1) and (9.5.6-2)

b1 h0
30 + 40 (9.5.6-1)

1 151 b1 (9.5.6-2)

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In which: b1 the extension width of transverse rib stiffeners, mm;

1 the thickness of transverse rib stiffeners, mm.

When the web plate has both longitudinal rib stiffeners and transverse rib stiffeners, mm, the
transverse rib stiffeners should, in addition to the requirement mentioned above, meet the requirement as
below:
Iz13ho3 (9.5.6-3)
In whichIz1 the inertia moment of the section of transverse rib stiffeners to the
centerline of web plate thickness, mm4
Web plate thickness, mm.

For the rib stiffener for box-type sections, if the transverse rib stiffeners are formed by four joggled
strip plates, the inertia moment Iz1 of vertical plate to the contact line should not be less than 1.5 ho3.
The longitudinal rib stiffeners should simultaneously meet the requirement of formula (9.5.6-4) and
(9.5.6-5):
a a2
Iz2(2.5-0.45 ho ) h 3 (9.5.6-4)
o

Iz21.5 ho3 (9.5.6-5)

In whichIz2 the inertia moment of longitudinal rib stiffener section of web plate to the centerline of
web plate thickness, mm4;
a refer to the spacing (in mm) between transverse rib stiffeners in Fig. 9.5.6.

Fig. 9.5.6

If the transverse and longitudinal rib stiffeners adopt profiled steel instead of trip plate, the part welded
with the profiled steel (20 in width) can be included in the section of the stiffener, the actual inertia
moment of the stiffener should be computed to the gravity line of the section, and the requirement of
Formula (9.5.6-4) and (9.5.6-5).

(2) The longitudinal rib stiffener of flange plate should meet the requirement of Formula (9.5.6-6).

2 3
a a
Iz3m(0.64+0.09 b0 ) b 0 y (9.5.6-6)

In whichIz3 the inertia moment of longitudinal rib stiffener section of web plate to the centerline of
web plate thickness, mm4;

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b0 refer to center-to-center distance of web plate in Fig. 9.5.6, mm;

y refer to the web plate thickness in Fig 9.5.6, mm;
m the number of longitudinal rib stiffeners.

9.6 Requirement of rigidity

The rigidity can be categorized into static and dynamic rigidity. If the static rigidity is exerted at a
designated position with a specified load, the rigidity is expressed by the static deformation value at the
position of the structure or structural part. The dynamic rigidity of the vibratory system is not checked for
hoists, and such check may only be conducted upon the request of the clients or the design.

The static rigidity requirement of bridge-type, platform-type and gantry-type hoists is as follows.

When the rated load is located at the middle of the span or the worst position (at lifting start point for
platform-type and mono-direction gantry type hoist) and the vertical static deflection yL in the span of main
beam (main truss) caused by the rated hoisting load and self weight of the trolley should satisfy the
following requirement.

Deflection in the span of the bridge-type, two-direction gantry-type hoists should be:
When the operation grade is Q1 and Q2, yLL/700 (9.6-1)
When the operation grade is Q3 and Q4, yLL/800 (9.6-2)
In whichL the span of the hoist.

For the gantry-type hoists with cantilever, when the full-loaded trolley is at the effective operational
position on the cantilever, the vertical static deflection at this point should be:
yLLc/350 (9.6-3)
In whichLc the effective operational length of cantilever.
The horizontal deflection value in the span of the bridge-type and platform-type hoists should be
controlled at:
ysL/2000 (9.6-4)

The frame of gantry-type hoist should have its values of horizontal deflection in two directions should
be less than 1.5H under the condition of worst load combinations. The H here is the height from the
carriage rail surface to the trolley rail surface (the top flange surface for mono-direction gantry type hoist).

If the trolley frame and mechanical equipment are directly mounted on the platform frame and
mono-direction gantry-type hoist frame, their rigidity should be appropriately increased, and their max.
vertical deflection should be controlled as indicated by Formula (9.6-5) when they are taken as member of
simplified support beams:
yeL/2000 (9.6-5)
In whichL the span of trolley, platform and mono-direction gantry hoist.

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In case of cantilever, it should be preferably controlled at:

yeLc/1000 (9.6-6)
In whichLc the effective operational length of cantilever.

9.7 Gantry structure

9.7.1 Type of gantry

Based on the operational requirement, the gantry can be in the structure without cantilever, with single
cantilever, two cantilevers and of semi-gantry. According to the structural section, the gantry can be
designed with box-type section, plate-beam section and lattice section (truss and joist).

The connection of the gantry landing leg with the main beam should be generally of rigid connection,
i.e., with rigid landing legs.

9.7.2 Internal force computation principle

(1) Within the plane of the gantry: For the gantry with two rigid legs, computation of the internal
force of the main beams adopts the simplified computation sketch of statically determinate structure, and in
computation of the internal force of the landing legs, the simplified computation sketch of linear
hyperstatically determinate structure is adopted.

(2) Within the plane of the landing leg: For the connection of the landing leg and the lower beam,
the computation is based on cubic hyperstatically determinate structure when the rigidity ratio of the leg
versus beam is over 0.6, and the computation is based on linear hyperstatically determinate structure when
the rigidity ratio is less than 0.6 or the other sections of the leg are larger than this section, the simplified
computation sketch as in Fig. 9.7.2.

(3) The various load combinations of the gantry in traveling are taken as the conditions for checking
computation of internal force of the gantry structure.

(4) For the large-sized gantry, computation should be conducted by computer with computer
programs for space system, where possible.

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I1
a) When I 2 0.6, computation by linear hyperstatically determinate structure

I1
b) When 0.6 I 2 1.0, computation by cubic hyperstatically determinate structure

Fig. 9.7.2 Simplified Computation Diagram within Plane of Leg

9.8 Structural Requirement

9.8.1 General principles

(1) The load-bearing structures should be simple in structure and with clearly identified forces
exerted on them. Efforts should be made to reduce the effect of concentrated stresses.

(2) The structural design must consider the possible convenience in manufacturing, inspection,
transportation, installation and maintenance, etc. the structures operating in open air and underwater (such
as hooking and hoisting beams) should be prevented from accumulated water.

(3) The thickness of steel plates and profiled steel legs for the main load-bearing structures should
not be less than 5mm.

(4) The main load-bearing structures are allowed to adopt different connection methods at different
connection points, however, different connection methods are not allowed at the same point.

(5) For the welded beams, except for the places close to the support points, the lower end of
transverse rib stiffeners should not be directly welded on the compressive flange plate and should be,
generally, disconnected 50mm away from the internal surface of the compressive flange plate. For the
box-type beam or single-web-plate beam with wide flange edges (such as those that persons can walk
inside), in order to prevent deformation of the compressive flange plate in construction and transportation,
the lower end of transverse rib stiffeners can be welded with added backing plates of 10mm16mm in
thickness, and then, the backing plates are welded with longitudinal weld seams onto the compressive
flange plates, as shown in Fig. 9.8.1-1.

(6) The butt-weld seams of the web plates and flange plates of the welded beams should not be
located at on one section, and should be not less than 200mm from each other. The transverse rib stiffeners
should be kept away from the butt-weld seams of web plate parallel to the stiffeners, with an interval not
less than 200mm.

(7) When the compressive flange plate of welded beams is arranged with rails on its top and sustains
the wheel pressure, and if the rail is in positive alignment to the web plate, the web plate and the
compressive flange plate usually adopt the continuous weld seams penetrating the plate, the transverse rib
stiffener the connection between at flange plat and web plate should be beveled, (refer to Fig. 9.8.1-2). In
case the transverse rib stiffeners are used to or participate into transmitting the wheel pressure, the

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stiffeners should also be closely welded to the compressive flange plate, the weld seams under the rail
support surface should not be less than 1.4 times of the width of the rail support and should be welded on
both sides. For the other positions, the two-side alternated welding or single-side discontinuous welding
can be adopted.

Fig. 9.8.1-1 Fig. 9.8.1-2

Welded transverse rib stiffener arrangement for box-type and single web plate beams

(8) The gusset plates of trusses should have their thickness based on the magnitude of inner force of
the web members, and should be selected as per Table 9.8.1.

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Table 9.8.1 Thickness of gusset plates

Inner force of web member(kN) Plate thickness(mm)
P200 8
200P300 1012
300P400 1214
P400 1420

(9) For the main beams of hoists of gantry, bridge and platform types, the camber of the span is
usually taken as 0.001L, and L is the span. The upwarp tilting at the cantilever end is usually Lc/350, and Lc
is the effective operation length of the cantilever.

9.8.2 Welded connections

(1) Weld metal: The weld metal should be compatible to the principal metal. When the steels of
different strength are welded, the welding materials compatible to the steel of lower strength should be
adopted.

(2) Butt weld seams: The type of bevels for butt welding should be in compliance to Basic Shape
and Dimensions of Bevels at Weld Seams for Gas Welding, Manual Arc-Welding and Gas Shielded
Welding (GB985) and Basic Shape and Dimensions of Bevels at Weld Seams for Submerged Arc
Welding (GB986).

The butt welding for plates in different thickness or width, a transitional inclination not more than 1.4
should be made on one or two sides, as shown in Fig. 9.8.2-1.

Fig. 9.8.2-1
(3) Fillet weld

1) The min. height, hw min, of the fillet weld refers to Table 9.8.2, (when the thickness of the weld
piece is less than 4mm, the min. height of the fillet weld is same as the weld piece). For the common fillet
weld, the max. height should not exceed 1.2 times the thinner weld piece.

2) For the main load-bearing structures sustaining dynamic load, the surface of the fillet weld should
be of cavetto or linear shape, for the scale of the right-angle side of the weld seam, the opposite side weld
should be 1:1 and opposite end weld should be 1:1.5, the overlapping length should be in length equal to or
over 5 times the thickness of the thinner weld piece, as shown in Fig. 9.8.2-2.

3) The fillet weld on the sides or ends should have the min. computation length of 8hw. The max.

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computation length of the side weld seam should be 40hw in case of sustaining dynamic loads and 60hw in
case of sustaining static loads, and the extra length is not considered in computation.

(4) For the weld at secondary connections, the discontinuous weld with smaller thickness can be
adopted, and the discontinuous welds should have net clearance not larger than 15min between each other
for compressive members and not larger than 30min between each other for tensile members.

Table 9.8.2 Min. Height, hw min, of Fillet Welds

hw min
Thickness of thicker piece of the welded
pieces Common carbon steel
Low alloy steel weld pieces
weld pieces
10 4 6
1020 6 8
2030 8 10

Fig. 9.8.2-2

9.8.3 Riveted connection and bolted connection

(1) For the main load-bearing structures, the semi-round head rivets should be adopted, with its
diameter d of 13 mm22mm in general. In special case, the sunk rivets are used, which, however, should
not be used for the connections where the rivet stem is under tension.

(2) The rivet-connected steel plate should have its total thickness not over 5d in general; in case it is
over 5d, it is proposed to adopt threaded bolts.

(3) When rivets or threaded bolts are used for connection, at least two rivets or bolts should be
applied at the nodal point or one connected side of each member arranged along the load bearing direction,
the number of rivets or bolts is better not over 5 in one row, but the number of the rivets or bolts
determined by strength computation should be satisfied.

(4) In case of connection by bolts through articulation holes, if the member is under impulsive load,
the hold diameter should be less than d(0.20.3)mm, and d is the nominal diameter at bolt mating point;
if the member is under repeated loads, the mating of the hole and bolt should be not less than H11/h9.

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 DL/T5167-2002

(5) In case of connection with high-strength bolts, in order to prevent the connected members from
damage at the nuts and bolt heads, the high-strength gaskets should be provided at these two places.

(6) The high-strength bolt holes should have their diameter 1mm2mm larger than the bolt
diameter.

(7) The common bolts should be only used for connecting the secondary members.

(8) The allowable spacing in arrangement of rivets and bolts should be in conformity to the set
values in Table 9.8.3.
Table 9.8.3 allowable spacing of rivets and bolts

Max. allowable spacing Min. allowable

Description Arrangement and direction
(the smaller value is taken) spacing
Outer row 8d or 12
Center-to
Middle Compressive member 12d or 18 3d
center distance
row Tensile member 16d or 24
Distance from In direction of inner force 2d
center to In direction vertical to Incised side 4d or 8 1.5d
member edge inner force Rolled side 1.2d
Notes: d is the hole diameter, is the thickness of the thinner plate, in mm.

9.8.4 Laying of rails

(1) If the trolley rails are fixed by pressure plates, the place where the plate is fixed should be direct
facing the transverses rib stiffener.

(2) The rails at joints should have their height difference and transverse displacement of the rail
surface not more than 1mm. The trolley rails at joints should not leave gaps over 2mm, and the gaps at the
rail joints for the carriage is generally 1mm3mm (excluding the temperature expansion joint).

9.8.5 Passage platform, ladder, guardrail and operator chamber

(1) The ladders leading to operator chamber, electric equipment chamber, passage platform, E&M
equipment installation platform should be convenient, safe and reliable. The min. width of the ladder
should not be less than 500mm. For the upright climb ladder, safety rings in camber shape should be
installed from 3m above the ground, and the rings should be arranged at each 800mm interval and should
be linked with link rods longitudinally, and the number of safety rings should be not less than 3. The
distance from the climb ladder top to top camber-shape ring should not less than 700mm but not over
800mm.

(2) In case the inclined service ladder is over 10m in height, the ladder should be made in segments

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 DL/T5167-2002

and a rest platform should be provided between every two segments.

(3) The passage platform and operation platform should be laid with planks which are usually made
of figured steel plates with deslicking performance. For the gantry-type and bridge-type hoists with trolleys,
the width from the projected part of the trolley to the passage platform guardrail should not be less than
500mm.

(4) The passage platform, operation platform and inclined ladder should all be equipped with firm
guardrails, the vertical height of the rails should not be less than 1m, and the middle hand railing should be
provided at about 450mm from the plank, and baffles should be provided at the bottom, which should not
be lower than 70mm. The guardrails on the trolley platform of the gantry-type and bridge-type hoists can
be in height less than 1m if the condition limits.

(5) The design of net spacial diameters of the operator chamber, operational instrument, display
indicators and chair, etc., should be in conformity to the relevant regulations regarding labor protection and
safe production.

(6) The operator chamber should be provided with good eyeshot, and the window glass of the
chamber should adopt the stalinite or other splinter-proof glass, where possible.

(7) If the suitable temperature for operation in operator chamber is much different from the ambient
temperature, the operator chamber should be provided with heating or cooling measures.

(8) For the special requirement (such as working at termites-active area), the operator chamber
should be provided with corresponding protection measures.

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 DL/T5167-2002

10 Electric System

10.1 Electromotor

Normally, the asynchronous YZ-type and YZR-type motor used in heavy metallurgy sector is adopted
for winding-type, screw rod-type, chain-type, gantry-type, bridge-type and platform-type hoister, and also
DC motor and other type motors can be used. Usually, the hydraulic hoist adopts asynchronous motor
without speed regulation.

The rated power of motor shall be selected based on static power of mechanisms, working mode of
motor, load continued rate or load continued time. Under the design limit requirement, the max. moment or
rotation-blocking moment of motor should guarantee the needs of start of mechanisms. Under the specified
operating mode of design, the temperature rise of each motor part does not exceed the temperature rise
specified.

See appendix K, L, M, N and P for the check formula.

10.2 Driving element of brake

The driving element of brake must be selected with voltage of power source, frequency,
environmental condition and its operating mode of corresponding mechanisms.

For AC transmission system, the traveling mechanism is normally used with hydraulic handspike, and
also with short stroke braking electro-magnet. For DC transmission system, the lifting mechanism shall
adopt series electro-magnet as far as possible. The traveling mechanism shall adopt parallel electro-magnet.

The DC series electro-magnet shall check initial pulling force and holding power of electro-magnet at
minimum load of the first magnet.

10.3 Resistor

10.3.1 For the motor with different load holding rate, the general resistor of different parameters shall be
used; when the load holding rate is not same but close to, the same size of resistor is allowed to use.

10.3.2 The starting resistor shall be selected based on the calculation, its deviation between the calculation
and selection is 5. In order to reduce number of resistance box, the permissible deviation of individual
size of resistance can be 10%, but total resistance deviation of each box shall not exceed 8%; the
permissible deviation of constant series resistance can relax properly, but its error value must not exceed
1.5% of rated resistance of motor.

10.3.3 The load holding rate of resistance for each resistor could be selected based on each case, its
permissible current value of resistance element shall be not less than rated current of motor, and allowed
less than 5% for individual case. The constant series resistance shall be selected according to long-term
operation mode, and the permissible current of element selected shall be not less than rated current of

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 DL/T5167-2002

motor. Normally, not use fast frequency-sensing resistor for lifting mechanism, if use it, consider carefully
the requirement of operation mode.

10.3.4 For four boxes and less than four boxed of resistor, it can be stacked for installation; if it is more
than four boxed of resistor, it shall be set on resistor rack, not less than 80mm space, where can insert
thermal insulation board.

10.3.5 For the resistor without terminal, its external linking line shall be naked with measures against short
circuit. When it is used outdoor, the heat radiation and rain-proof cover shall be set for resistor.

10.4 Protection device

Normally, the following electrical protective installation is used for hoister: Short circuit protection,
over-current protection, pressure loss protection, null position protect, phase loss protection, position limit
protection, overloading protection, main circuit breaker and urgent switch to break total power source. If
use DC transmission system, magnetic loss protection and over-speed protection shall be set.

The stroke protection and passageway switch shall be equipped for gantry-type, bridge-type and
platform-type hoister.

The measures for preventing electric shock shall be set for naked part of electrical equipment that the
operation people might be touched. Other electrical protective installation could be set according to
requirement of user.

10.5 Transmission system

10.5.1 Transmission scheme

The transmission system of hoister adopts normally the AC transmission system, and DC transmission
system also can be used if there is special requirement.

For asynchronous motor lifting structure with screen control, there is at least one low speed when it is
dropping, and have electrical brake when the speed is slow down, but be exceptional if there is special
condition (with bucket).

10.5.2 Control mode

The control way shall be decided based on the requirement of operating property and operating mode
by the transmission system, motor type and capacity, load holding rate, broken frequency, operation life
expected of controller, control device mode and position, etc.

Normally, the control way of asynchronous motor transmission can select the data listed in Table
10.5.2.

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 DL/T5167-2002

Table 10.5.2 Transmission control of wound-rotor type asynchronous motor

Transmission control method
Motor capacity(kW)
On/off times (150) On/off times (300) On/off times (600)
22 K K K(P)
22 P(K) P P
Note1. The motor capacity means rated power/kW at basic load holding rate of intermittent working
way (S3).
2. K is directly control for cam controller; P is main controller, and control screen control; it
is used normally for figure outside the bracket and possible way for figure inside the bracket.
The DC system is normally used with main controller and screen control. For multiple
hoisters, the centralized control and individual control can be used; The stationary hoister can be also
controlled by remote control and local control according to its operation need. If possible, the local
control of hoister shall use programming controller (PLC) control.

10.6 Wire and feeder equipment

10.6.1 Wire

The wire of hoister must be copper core with multiple strands. The wire type shall be chosen
according to wire laying mode, environmental temperature and voltage grade. Normally, the rubber
insulation wire, cable and plastic insulation cable can be used, for small section size wire can use plastic
insulation wire.

The wiring in hoister shall use not less than 1.5 mm2 multiple strand single core and l mm2 multiple
core wire. There is no special requirement for section of feeder for electronic installation, oil servo
organization and sensing element.

The wire shall lay normally in the wire groove or metal pipe. The flexible tube could be used for
where is inconvenience to lay wire groove or metal pipe or is moveable relatively. Cable can be lay down
directly. The protective measures shall have for the place with mechanical damage, chemical corrosion and
greasy dirt.

For wires with different AC and DC, different voltage grade for different element, it shall be separate
to pass though the tube as far as possible, and illumination line shall be lay individually. The single core
with AC capacity 25A above is not allowed to pass through metal pipe alone. The junction box shall be set
on wire joint and branch point, the outdoor junction box shall have rain-proof device and wire hole with
sheath.

The cable laying radius shall not be smaller than 10 times of external diameter of cable.

10.6.2 Feeder equipment

(1) Feeder equipment of dollyIt could be cable, copper wire, shaped steel or other conductive

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 DL/T5167-2002

material. The option of material quality and specifications shall meet the requirement of current-carrying
capacity and the internal voltage loss of hoister. The diameter of copper slip wire shall not be smaller than
6mm, the size of angle bar do not be smaller than 40mm 40mm 4mm. The feeder equipment of dolly
shall be put on the place where is easily for maintenance. If naked conductive material is used for feeder
equipment, the safety measures shall be taken nearby.

Rigid slip line shall be set on insulated fixer of slip line. The span of fixer support shall not be larger
than 3m, the length of slip line end suspended over the support not larger than 0.8m, adjacent slip line span
in vertical direction not be smaller than 130mm, in horizontal direction not be smaller than 270mm. The
collector of rigid slip line shall adopt dead weight or spring pressurized to guarantee good contact with slip
line, and collector not inclined and fallen during the operation.

The intermediate support shall be set for flexible slip line, and its insulation shall be set on rigid
support, and with fastening device at two ends of slip line. Selection of collector: single pulley-type for
small capacity and normal power link; with double pulley fork-type for large capacity or possible fault
when current is interrupted transiently

When use movable cable pushcart as the feeder device, a fixed contacting box is set between carriage
and trolley frame normally, and the cable is arranged tightly, when the trolley is moving no cable wearing
and excessive forcing of cable is allowed, and the movable bracket shall be flexible.

(2) Feeder equipment of carriageThe feeder equipment of carriage can be cable winding or slip
wire installation. When the moving distance is longer and the capacity is larger for cable reel roll, the HV
power source could be used for power supply after step down through transformer on hoister.

10.7 Voltage loss

For the AC power supply, the voltage loss from low voltage busbar of power supply transformer to
any motor terminal of hoister at peak current hour shall not be over 15 rated voltage. The internal
voltage loss of hoister is normally 4%, and 6% for the hoister that is not often operated.

When the cable reel is used for power supply, the voltage loss of cable reel is not belonged to the
internal voltage loss of hoister.

10.8 Illumination, signal and communication

10.8.1 Illumination

Proper illumination shall be set in machine room of hoister, electric equipment room, walkway, ladder
and cab, and the intensity of illumination should accord with relevant standard. The design of working
illumination and layout shall not affect the vision of operating people for normal operation. The voltage
of stationary illumination power source should not exceed 220V, and strictly forbidden to use metal
structure as the loop of illumination line.

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If use battery for power supply, the voltage shall not be more than 24Vand if use movable
illumination installation for power supply, the voltage not be more than 36V.

10.8.2 Signal and the communication

The switching state of total power source of hoister in operation room shall have obvious signal
indication. According to the needs, fault signal and alarm signal could be set. The signal installation can
adopt acoustic signal and lamp signal, and should install in the place where relevant people vision and
hearing can reach.

The communication tool of hoister can choose telephone, radio speaker, loud-speaker for operation
communication.

10.9 Earthing

All electrical equipment of hoister, none-electrified metal shell, metal pipe, external metal shell of
cable and low voltage side of illumination transformer shall be reliably earthed. Special earthing line shall
be set for movable type hoister due to unreliable contacting resulted by dust between wheel and track, and
set earthing trunk for metal structures with many occasions without welding.

The earthing of carriage and fixed hoister shall be the responsibility of user, which shall also accord
with relevant rules.

The earthing branch of single low voltage equipment shall use copper lead with permissible minimum
section by mechanical strength is: naked lead: 4mm2insulated lead1.5mm2

The section of grounding wire shall be reviewed by earthing short current for dynamic and static
stability analysis. Normally, not be smaller than following value: Steel: 800mm2copper50mm2

When the cab of hoister is coupled with structure by bolt, the earthing place shall be not less than two
locations. It is forbidden to use earthing line as current carrying zero line.

10.10 Others

For the hoister used in wet tropics, dry tropics and high elevation area with special environment
requirement, the design and selection shall meet corresponding requirement.

10.11 Working scope of electrical design

The working scope of electrical design shall include following parts: Manual and calculated
description, electrical principle diagram, panel layout, terminal wiring and installation diagram, field
installation diagram, electric equipment and material list, structure fabrication pattern of fixed device, etc.

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 Appendix A (Attached data)
Series data of hoisting force, lift head, span and speed as well
as operation grade of gate hoist

A1 Series of hoisting force

Table A1 Series of hoisting force kN

6.3 8.0 10 12.5 16 20 25 32 40 50

63 80 100 125 160 200 250 320 400 500

630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3200 4000 5000

6300 8000 10000

A2 Series of lift head

Table A2 Series of lift head m

1.0 1.25 1.6 2 2.5 3 3.5 3.8 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 12 13 14

15 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38

40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 100 120 140

A3 Series of span for moveable gate hoist

Table A3 Series of span for moveable gate hoist m

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9

9.5 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24

A4 Series of speed
Table A4 Series of speed m/min

0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 1 1.25 1.6 2

2.5 3.15 4 5 6.3 8 10 125

16 20 25

Generally, the hoisting speed of screwed-rod type hoists is 0.2 m/min 0.5 m/min;
The hoisting speed of windlass-type hoists is 1 m/min 2.5 m/min;

73
 The traveling speed of moveable type hoists is 5 m/min 10 m/min for trolley and 10 m/min 25
m/min for carrier.
The hoisting speed of hydraulic hoists is generally 0.2 m/min 1 m/min; for the hydraulic hoist for
quick-acting gates, the closing speed should not be 5 m/min when the gate is near the sill.

A5 Examples of operation grade

Table A5 Examples of operation grade

Gate hoist type Operation grade
Opening and closing the bulkhead gate Q1light

Opening and closing the Lift head40m Q1lightQ2light

Windlass-type hoist emergency gate Lift head40m Q2lightQ3middle

Opening and closing the Lift head40m Q2lightQ3middle

working gate Lift head40m Q3middleQ4heavy

Screwed-rod type Opening and closing the emergency gate Q1lightQ2light

hoist Opening and closing the working gate Q2light
Chain-type hoist Opening and closing the working gate Q2lightQ3middle
Lift head40m Q1lightQ3middle
Moveable hoist
Lift head 40m Q2lightQ4heavy

74
 Appendix B (Attached data)
Acceleration (deceleration) (a) of traveling mechanism
and recommended value of corresponding acceleration
(deceleration) time (t)

Table B1 Acceleration (deceleration) of Traveling Mechanism (a)

and Recommended Value of Corresponding Acceleration (deceleration) Time ( t)

Hoist with low- and moderate- speed for

Traveling Hoist for normal moderate-speed
long traveling distance
speed Accelerated
Accelerated Accelerated Accelerated
(m/s) (deceleration) time (deceleration) (deceleration) time t (deceleration) speed a
t (s) speed a (m/s2) (s) (m/s2)

1.00 6.6 0.15 4.0 0.25

0.63 5.2 0.12 3.2 0.19

0.40 4.1 0.098 2.5 0.16

0.25 3.2 0.078

0.16 2.5 0.064

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 Appendix C (Attached data)
Calculation method for of horizontal lateral force Ps for hoists
traveling athwart

C1 When hoists traveling athwart, the horizontal lateral force may be calculated as the following in
approximation:
Ps=P(/2) (C1)
WherePthe sum of most unfavorable wheel-pressures, which often occur at the side with
lateral force of the hoist (it is related to the location of trolley), see Fig. C 1;
the horizontal lateral force coefficient, determined according to Fig. C2;

Fig. C1 Sketch of trolley position and traveling wheel pressure

Fig. C2 Relation of and L/B

L the span length of gate hoist, m;

B the cardinal distance of gate hoist, m. When it has 4 wheels on one side of the rail, Value B
is the axis span between outside wheels. When it has 8 wheels on the one side of rail, Value
B is the span between the central lines of two outside wheels. If it is equipped with the
horizontal guide pulley, it is to take the horizontal wheel span.

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 Appendix D (Attached data)
Information for calculation of wind load

D1 Wind-facing area
The wind-facing area of hoist structure and goods should be calculated according to the most
disadvantageous upwind position and the projection area perpendicular to the wind plane.
D1.1 The wind-facing area, A, of the single sheet structure:
AAl (D1)
WhereAl the outline area of structure or goods, Al=hl, as Fig. D1;
the substantive rate of structure, i.e. =A/Al, shown as Table Dl.
Wind direction

Fig. Dl Sketch for Outline of Structure or Goods

D1.2 For the structures with two identical sheets parallel to each other and in same height, taking
consideration of the wind-shielding function of the front one on the rear one, its total wind-facing area A is
as follow:
A= A1 +A2 (D2)
WhereAl The wind-facing area of front structure, Al=lAl1
A2 The wind-facing area of rear structure, A2=2Al2
The reduction coefficient of wind-shielding for two adjacent trusses has the relevant with
the structure substantive ratel of the first plate ( front plate) and the interval ratio between two trusses a/h
( see Fig. D2), as shown in Table D2 below.
D1.3 For structures with N pieces parallel to each other and in same height and apart from each at
identical intervals, under the effect of longitudinal wind force, it shall take consideration of the reduction
effect of wind-shielding of multi-piece structures, the total wind-facing area of the structure is decided
according to the following Formula:

A=(1++2++n-1)1Al1
1 n
1 An ( 11 +
5
= 1
n 5
10 )1 Al1 (D3)

Where1 It is the substantive rate of the front piece of structure ( the first plate);

Al1 The outline area of the front plate (the first plate), m2.

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 It is to calculate the wind-facing area A according (D3), which is used to the total wind load according
Formula (6.6.2). As that the structural type for each is in identical, the wind force coefficient for one of
structures is used to time it.
Table D1 Substantive Rate of Structure

Solid structure and 1.0

goods

Mechanism 0.81.0
Structural type and goods
under wind Truss made of shaped
0.30.6
steel

Steel-pipe truss
0.20.4
structure

Table D2 Reduction Coefficient of Wind Stop for Truss Structure

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

1 0.84 0.70 0.57 0.40 0.25 0.15
2 0.87 0.75 0.62 0.49 0.33 0.20
3 0.90 0.78 0.64 0.53 0.40 0.28
Interval ratio a/h
4 0.92 0.81 0.65 0.56 0.44 0.34
5 0.94 0.83 0.67 0.58 0.50 0.41
6 0.96 0.85 0.68 0.60 0.54 0.46

NoteThe reduction coefficient of wind shielding for other structures can be selected by
referring to appendix D2.

D1.4 The wind-facing area of goods

The front face area for hoisted goods should be decided according to its actual outline size
perpendicular to the projection on the wind plane direction. When the outline of goods is not clear, it is
allowed to adopt approximate method for estimation.

Fig.D2.1.2

78
D2 The reduction coefficient of wind shielding
D2.1 The approximated reduction coefficient can be obtained from the table below for I-shaped section
component, box-type section and trapezoid-type enclosed section component.
D 2.1.1 I-shaped section component (beam) (see Fig. D 2.1.1 and Table D3)

Table D3 Wind

a/h 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.05 0.10 0.20 0.32 0.45 0.68 1.00

D2.1.2 The mixed structure of I-shaped section beam and Truss(See Fig. D2.1.2 and Table D4 and D5)
Table D4

a/h 4 4
0 1

Table D5 Substantive Rate of Truss at =0.30.4

a/h 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0

D2.1.3 Box-type and trapezoid section component (beam)(see Fig.D2.1.3 and Table D6)

Table D6

a/h 4 5 6
0 0.1 0.8
Fig. D2.1.3
D2.2 For the reduction coefficient of wind shielding for truss structure (a/h=0.5), (see Table D7), when
a/h is more than 6it can take to be equal to 1.

Table D7

0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60

0.75 0.40 0.32 0.21 0.15 0.10

D2.3 For truss-type tower with the square section or near-square section, when the diagonal web member
of front and rear parallel truss is in reverse arrangement, the reduction coefficient of the wind shielding for

79
the rear truss is about 2 times of web member in synthetic arrangement (the value for the web member in
synthetic arrangement, see Table D 2 in this appendix).
D2.4 The wind force coefficient C of the single ladder-shaped section component (beam) in the lateral
wind direction is equal to 1.2.

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 Appendix E (Attached data)
Normal permissible physical quantity of frictional surface
material

Table E1 Permissible physical quantity for surface covered by brake and clutch
Permissible value of P [ pV ]Nm/(mm2s)
Without lubrication
Physical (N/mm2) For supporting For controlling drop
quantity
Permissible
Friction surface For sup- For control- Strip- Strip Friction
Block Block temperature
porting ling drop type -type coefficient
()
material

Asbestos rubber rolling

0.8 0.4 5 2.5 2.5 1.5 0.420.48 220
strip to steel

Asbestos wire-steel
0.6 0.3 5 2.5 2.5 1.5 0.35 220
braking strip to steel

Table E2 Max. Permissible physical quantity of copper-alloy axle bushing material

Permissible value of
p v pv
physical quantity
(N/mm2) (m/s) Nm/(mm2s)
Friction surface material

ZCuSn10Pb1 15 10 15
Tin bronze
ZCuSn5Pb5Zn5 8 6 6

Cast ZCuA110Fe3 30 8 12
aluminum-bronze ZCuA110Fe3Mn2 20 5 15

Cast
ZCuPb30 15 8 60
aluminum-bronze

81
 Appendix F (Attached data)
Friction coefficient and efficiency

Table F1 Friction coefficient

Auxiliary mane of friction Friction coefficient

Rolling bearing:

Ball type or roller type 0.015

Cone roller type 1.02

Bush bearing 0.1

The rolling friction force arm of wheel and steel rail:

0.050.07
Steel wheel flat-headed rail (E400mmE1000mm)
0.060.12
arc-headed steel rail,
0.060.09
Cast iron wheel flat-headed rail (E400mmE1000mm)
0.070.14
arc-headed steel rail,

Rail clamping device and steel rail

Rail clamping device without insection 0.120.15

Rail clamping device with insection(HRC55) 0.25

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 Table F2 Approximate value of mechanical transmission efficiency
Driving component Efficiency
Cylindric gear drive: Bush bearing Rolling bearing
Open-type cylindric gear pair (grease lubrication) 0.920.94
0.900.92
Closed-type cylindric gear pair (oil lubrication) 0.960.98

Conic gear drive: Bush bearing Rolling bearing

Open-type conic gear pair (grease lubrication) 0.920.94
0.900.92
Closed-type conic gear pair (oil lubrication) 0.950.97

Rag wheel of chain-type hoist

Rolling bearing 0.900.93
sliding bearing 0.880.91
Middle axle
Rolling bearing 0.970.99
sliding bearing 0.950.97
Drum
Sliding bearing 0.940.96
Rolling bearing 0.960.98
Pulley wheel
Sliding bearing 0.95
Rolling bearing 0.98
Gear coupling 0.96
Speed reducer
Single-step cylindric gear reducer 0.97
Double-step cylindric gear reducer 0.95
Single-step conic gear reducer 0.95
Double-step conic-cylindric gear reducer 0.94
Pulley group Sliding bearing Rolling bearing
2 0.975 O.990
3 0.950 0.985
4 0.925 0.975
Times of pulley group 5 0.9O0 O.970
6 0.88O 0.960
7 0.840 0.945
8 0.800 0.915

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 Appendix G (Attached data)
Relevant information for calculation of element and rail

G1 Drum
G1.1 Calculation of drum wall
When L 3 D, it is to calculate the pressure stress of drum wall according to (G 1):

p = A S max
t (G1)

p p

WhereA the multi-wrap coefficient in relevant to wrap number of the wire rope, it is
taken according to Table Gl

S max the max. pulling force of wire ropeN

Drum wall thickness ( min 12mm for the cast ironand min 15mm for

the cast iron), mm

t the number of the thread rope chute on drummm
[ p ] allowable pressure stressN/mm2

Steel p = s /1.5( s is the yield point)

Cast iron p = b /4.25( b is the compressive strength).

Table G1
Wrap number 1 2 3 4
Value A 1.0 1.4 1.8 2

When L3Dit is to calculate the converted stress produced by the flexural torque and twist moment
according to Formula (G2)

F = M F /W (G2)

F []
Where M F the converted momentNmm

M F = M w2 + M n2

M w flexural torque to drumNmm;

Wn twist moment to drum, Nmm;

W moment resistant of drum sectionmm3

84
 [] permissible stressN/mm2

Steel[]= s /2.5

Cast iron[]= b /6( b is the tensile strength).

When D1.2m and L2Dthe stability is calculated according to Formula(G3)

K = pw / p (G3)

K1.31.5
WhereK stability coefficient

p w critical stress of stability, N/mm2

Steel p w =525003/R3

Cast iron: p w =(2500032500)3/R3

R=D/2, R is radius of drum slat bottom, mm

2 S max
p the unit pressure stress of drum wall, N/mm2 p tD

G1.2 Calculation of drum axle(Fig. Gl)

Fig. G1
Fig G1 is the calculation sketch for stressed by the duplex drum axle. For drum axle with main gear,
its major load includes: S max (the max. pulling force of wire rope), Pj ( the weight of drum and drum

axle), Pc ( the weight of main gear), Po (circumference force of main gear), and Pr (radial load of

main gear). In Fig.1, Pa1 and Pb1 is the reverse force under Pj function. According to the sketch of force

calculation for drum axle, it can calculate out the corresponding bending stress and the horizontal and
vertical flexural torque curved for each section respectively.
G 1.3 Calculation for linking of main gear and drum
The torque is transmitted through the bushing between drum and main gear, the linking bolt does not

85
bear shear, and only plays the connection function, as shown in Fig. G2. The shearing stress of bushing is
calculated according Formula (G4).

= 8M
n ( d12 d 22 ) D (G4)

[]
Where: Mtorque transmitted by bushing, Nmm
n number of bushing
d1 outside diameter of bushing, mm
d 2 inner diameter of bushing, mm
Dcentral circularity diameter between bushings, mm
Fig. G2
The drum and main gear is connected by bolt through articulation hole to directly transmit the torque,
at the same time, it also plays function of linking. The shear stress of bolts used in the articulation hole is
calculated according to Formula(G5).

= 8M
n d 12 D
(G5)

[]

Where d1 is diameter of bolt stem in articulation holes, mm; and other symbols are the same as that in

above.
According to the length L of bushing or bolt to transmit the torque used in articulation hole, it is to
calculate the extruding stress by Formula (G 6).

cm = 2M
nd1 LD (G6)

cm [ cm ]
Wherethe symbols are the same as that in above.

For No.45 steel bushing processed under the heat, it has []=85N/mm2[ cm ]=280N/mm2

G1.4 Calculation of bolt for pressure plate

It is to fix the steel wire rope on the drum by pressure plate, as shown in Fig. G3.
The tensile stress of the pressure plate includes two parts of the tensile stress caused by screwing and
the tensile stress caused by the bolt bending due to friction force between washer and pressure plate.

Fig. G3

86
 The calculation of tensile stress for bolt of pressure plate has relation with cornerite a of steel rope
on drum and slot type of the pressure plate.
At a = 3
When the slot of the pressure plate is in trapezoid type, the tensile stress of bolt is calculated according
to Formula (G7).

1 = S max
nd 2
(0.785 + 0.986 dL ) (G7)

1 [ 1 ]
Where S max the max. tensile force of steel rope

n the number of bolts for the pressure plate, not less than 2
L the tension arm with the friction force function(see Fig. G3)

[ 1 ] allowable tensile stressit is to take [ 1 ]= s /2.5

When the slot of the pressure plate is in circle typethe tensile stress of bolt for the pressure plate is
calculated according to Formula(G8).

1 = S max
nd 2
(0.869 + 1.91 Ld ) (G8)

1 [ 1 ]
Wherethe symbols are the same as herein in above.
At a = 4
When the slot of the pressure plate is in trapezoid type, the tensile stress of bolt is calculated according
to Formula(G9).

1 = S max
nd 2
(0.478 + 0.6 dL ) (G9)

1 [ 1 ]
Where: the symbols are the same as herein in above.
When the slot of pressure plate is in circle typethe tensile stress of bolt or the pressure plate is
calculated according to Formula(G10).

1 = S max
nd 2
(0.529 + 0.686 dL ) (G10) 1 [ 1 ]

Wherethe symbols are the same as herein in above.

G2 Hanger
G2.1 Single cast hook
The structure of single cast hook is shown in Fig. G4.

87
G2.1.1 Calculation of hook strength
The inner tensile stress of section A A should be
calculated according to Formula(G11).

1 = 2 Pe1
AKD (G11)

s
1 1 .3

Where P the calculation load of hookN Fig. G4

e1 the distance from sectional centroid to internal boundarymm;

K The type coefficient of section A--Anormal the Section AA is in

trapezoid cross section (Fig.G4) h D b1 0.67 h b2 0.4b1 , K 0.1;

A area of section A--Amm2

D diameter of hook holemm.
G2.1.2 Strength calculation of bolt and thread at the hook head
(1) The stress of bolt neck should be calculated according to Formula(G12).

1 = 4P
d 02
(G12)

s
1 4

Where d 0 the diameter of bolt neckmm

(2) The bending of thread root shall be calculated according to Formula(G13).

3 P ( d d1 )
w = 2 nd1h 2
(G13)

s
w 3.5
Where d outside diameter of thread mm

d1 inner diameter of thread mm

n working cycle number of thread
h height of thread rootmm
(3) The extrusion stress at thread interface should be calculated according to Formula(G14).

m = ( d 24ptd 2 ) H (G14)
1

88
 s
m 5

Where t thread spanmm

H interface height of threadmm.
G2.2 Hook
G2.2.1 Calculation of hook strength
The inner tensile stress of axle hole for section
A-A should be calculated according to Formula(G15)

1=
P (d + h1 ) a
h1 0.25 + 0.264 h (G15)
1
s
1 1.7

Fig. G5
Where P the calculated load of hook
d + h1
a the conversion coefficient of stress, it is taken by 2h1 value according to Fig. G6.

The inner lateral compression stress of axle hole at Section BB is calculated according to
Formula(G16).
P ( h22 + 0.25 d 2 )
p = 2 d ( h22 0.25 d 2 ) (G16)

s
p 3

WhereSee Fig. G5 for h2 , d and .

89
 The outside tensile stress of section C - C is calculated according to Formula(Gl7)

sin
1 P2bDK (G17)
s
1 2

D + h2
WhereK the type coefficient of section C-C. The rectangle section is K= 2 h3 ln(1 + 2Dh3 ) 1;
see Fig. G5 for b , D and h3 .

G2.3 Hanger plate

The dimension of hanger plate is Fig. G6 shown in Fig. G7.
(1) The bearing stress for the hole wall of hanger plate is calculated according to
Formula(G18).

m = P
d (G18)

Where P the bearing load of hanger plateN

the thickness of hanger platemm
d the diameter of axle hole of hanger platemm.
(2) The tensile stress of horizontal section for axle hole of hanger plate may be calculated according
to Formula (G19).

1 = P
( B d ) a (G19)

s
1 1.7
WhereB the width of hanger platemm
a the stress concentrated coefficientbased on d / B ratio, it is taken according
to Fig G8.
(3) The tensile stress of vertical section for axle hole of hanger plate may be calculated according to
Formula(G20).

p (R 2 + 0.25d 2 )
e =
d (R 2 0.25d 2 )
(G20)

s
e 3

Where R = B /2, mm.

90
 Fig. G7 Fig. G8

G3 Wheel
G3.1 Calculation of fatigue strength of wheel tread
The calculation load PC for the fatigue strength of wheel tread is according to Formula(G21).
2 Pmax + Pmin
Pc = 3 (G2l)

Where Pmax max. wheel-pressure for carrier or trolley traveling with loadN

Pmin min. wheel-pressure for carrier or trolley traveling with loadN.

The fatigue strength for linear contact of wheel tread is calculated according to Formula(G22).

Pc K 1 Dbc1c 2 (G22)

Where K 1 it is the allowable linear contact stress constant related with materialN/mm2the steel

wheel value K 1 is taken according to Table G2

D the diameter of wheel treadmm;

b the effective contact width between the wheel tread and railmm;
c1 coefficient of rotational speedsee Table G3

c 2 coefficient of operation gradesee Table G4

The fatigue strength for point contact of wheel tread is calculated according to Formula(G23).

Pc = K 2 R2
m3
c1c 2 (G23)

Where K 2 it is the allowable point contact stress constant related with materialN/mm2

the steel wheel value K 2 is taken according to Table G2

R larger value of curvature radii between the wheel tread and rail head, mm;
m the coefficient decided by curvature radius ratio ( r / R ) between the wheel
tread and rail head, and taken according to Table G5.

91
 Table G2 Coefficient K 1 and K 2

b K1 K2
500 3.8 0.053
600 5.6 0.1
650 6.0 0.132
700 6.6 0.171
800 7.2 0.245

Notes b is the tensile strength for material not under the heat processingN/nun2.
In general, the steel wheel should be under the heat processing. The tread hardness: it is
HB=300340 for the linear contact and HB340380 for the point contact, and 1520mm for the heat
processing depth. When it is to decide the allowable value K1 and K2, it still takes b
for the material
without the heat processing.
When it is to adopt the spheroidal graphite cast iron and the material of b 500N/mm2 ,
K1and K2 value should be taken according to b = 500N/mm2.

Table G3 Rational speed coefficient c1

Rational speed of wheel Rational speed of wheel

c1 c1
(r/min) (r/min)
22.4 1.04 11.2 1.12
20 1.06 10 1.13
18 1.07 8 1.14
16 1.09 6.3 1.15
14 1.1 5.6 1.16
12.5 1.11 5 1.17

Table G4 Coefficient of operation grade, c 2

Operation grade of
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
operating mechanism

c2 1.25 1.12 1.0 0.0

G3.2 Calculation of contact strength for wheel tread

The calculation load Pb for the contact strength of wheel tread is the max. wheel pressure of hoist with
the max. lifting load.
The linear contact strength of wheel tread is calculated according to Formula(G24).
Pb 2.2 K 1 Db (G24)

Wherethe meaning of symbols is the same as that in Formula (G22).

92
 The point contact strength of wheel tread is calculated according to Formula(G25).
Pb 3.3K 1 Db (G25)

Wherethe meaning of symbols is the same as that in Formula(G23)

Table G5

r/R 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.15 0.10 0.05
m 0.388 0.400 0.420 0.440 0.468 0.490 0.536 0.600 0.416 0.800 0.970 1.280

Notes When r/R is of other value, m can be calculated by interpolation

r is the small value of the curvature radius for two contact surfaces, mm.

G4 Rail
The calculation sketch for rail under the function of calculation load Pb of the wheel strength is shown
in Fig. G9.

Fig. G9 Strength computation sketch for wheels on rails

G4.1 The bearing stress for foundation of the rail slab may be calculated according to Formula(G26).
When the central distance between two adjacent trolley wheels is less than 3 hk it should be calculated

according to Formula(G27)in approximation.

p = Pb
3hk Bk (G26)

p [ o ]

p = Pb
Bk L (G27)

p [ o ]

Where b the calculation load of wheel strength, N;

hk the rail height , mm

Bk the width of rail slab, mm

L the central distance between two adjacent trolley wheels, mm.

93
 When the rail bed is made of concrete, the allowable bearing stress o [ ] should be adopted

according to Table G6.

Table G6 Allowable bearing stress [ 0 ] of concrete N/mm2

Concrete label
Symbol
150 200 250 300

[ 0 ] 5 7 9 11

G4.2 The bend stress of rail transverse section can be calculated according to Formula(G28).

w = 38PWb hkk (G28)

w =[ w ]

WhereWk the moment resistance of rail transverse sectionmm3the meaning of Pb , hk is the same

as that in above.
G4.3 The local bearing stress of the rail neck can be calculated according to Formula (G29).

=
Pb
cd 3 t (G29)

cd [ cd ]
Where the distance from the neck to rail surface, mm
t the thickness of neck, mm
G4.4 The bending stress of rail slab should be calculated according to Formula(G30).
Pb c 2
w = hk B k 2 (G30)

w [ w ]
Where c the length of cantilever at the slabmm
the slab thicknessmm
G5 Calculation of lift-bolt and load-bearing nut
G5.1 Calculation for strength of lift-bolt

As the lifting force is often more than the gate closing forceso that the lifting force P1 is as the

calculation load for strength.

The torsion moment M k subjected by the lift-bolt is calculated according to Formula (G31).

M k = P1tg ( a + )
d2
2 (G31)

Where P1 lifting force for gateN

a the lift angle of thread

94
 the equivalent friction angle of thread =tg -1 ( cos(f / 2 );

f the sliding friction coefficient of bolt-rod and nutrelated with material used, machining
precision and lubrication conditionsit is to take 0.070.15 in normal and 0.12 for the
average value
sectional angle of thread, =0for the rectangle thread, and =30for
the trapezoid thread

d 2 middle diameter of threadmm

The torsion shearing stress of the lift-bolt k is calculated according to Formula(G32).

M k
k = 0 .2 d 3 (G32)
1

Where M k torsion momentNmm;

d1 inner diameter of threadmm

The bending torsion M subjected by the lift-bolt is calculated according to Formula G33).
P1 d o
M = 2 (G33)

Where the friction coefficient of gantry pillars

d o the diameter of articulation axle for gantry pillarsmm

The bend stress w of the lift-bolt should be calculated according to Formula (G34).

M
w = 0 . 1 d 13 (G34)

Where M bend momentNmm

d1 inner diameter of threadmm.

The axle stress p of lift-bolt should be calculated according to Formula(G35).

P1
p= 4 d 1
2 (G35)

Where P 1 lifting force for gateN

d1 inner diameter of threadmm

The combined stress F of the lift-bolt should be calculated according to Formula(G36).

F = ( W + P ) + 3 k2
2
(G36)

95
 s
p 2.5

Where w bend stressN/mm2

p axle stressN/mm2

k shearing stressN/mm2
G5.2 The checking calculation for stability of lift-bolt
When the slenderness ratio of the lift-bolt is100it should be under the checking calculation
according to Formula(G37).

3 Ed 14
P2 64 n ( L ) 2 (G37)

Where P2 the lifting force for gateN

E the elastic modular of materialN/mm2

n the stable safety factorit is to take 1.83 in normal
the conversion coefficient of length
L the actual length for calculation of compression for lift-boltmm;

d1 inner diameter of bolt threadmm

When the slenderness ratio of the lift-bolt is100with flexural torque functionit should be under
the checking calculation according to Formula(G38).
s
P2 A( 2 .3
p ) (G38)

Where P2 closing force for gate, N

s the yield point of materialN/mm2

p the stable coefficient of eccentric compressionit should be used according

to Table G7
A section area of bolt inner diametermm2

96
 Table G7 Stable coefficient of eccentric compression p

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

0 1.000 0.930 0.875 0.819 0.766 0.720 0.675 0.630
10 0.995 0.920 0.855 0.795 0.742 0.695 0.648 0.610
20 0.981 0.900 0.826 0.766 0.710 0.662 0.620 0.583
30 0.958 0.875 0.795 0.730 0.680 0.630 0.591 0.555
40 0.927 0.830 0.753 0.688 0.635 0.597 0.560 0.526
50 0.888 0.788 0.712 0.647 0.598 0.558 0.524 0.492
60 0.842 0.736 0.668 0.606 0.560 0.523 0.491 0.459
70 0.789 0.676 0.618 0.559 0.518 0.482 0.453 0.428
80 0.731 0.630 0.572 0.521 0.480 0.446 0.417 0.393
90 0.669 0.571 0.521 0.477 0.440 0.411 0.388 0.364
100 0.604 0.530 0.478 0.441 0.408 0.379 0.357 0.336

1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

0 0.596 0.562 0.534 0.468 0.414 0.370 0.333 0.303

10 0.575 0.546 0.518 0.455 0.404 0.362 0.325 0.289
20 0.550 0.520 0.495 0.439 0.390 0.349 0.315 0.288
30 0.525 0.496 0.473 0.420 0.373 0.335 0.303 0.277
40 0.494 0.469 0.449 0.390 0.355 0.320 0.290 0.265
50 0.462 0.436 0.420 0.377 0.338 0.304 0.277 0.253
60 0.433 0.412 0.395 0.355 0.319 0.289 0.263 0.241
70 0.403 0.381 0.370 0.334 0.301 0.273 0.249 0.230
80 0.370 0.358 0.344 0.314 0.283 0.258 0.236 0.218
90 0.347 0.333 0.322 0.294 0.266 0.243 0.224 0.207
100 0.317 0.303 0.292 0.275 0.250 0.229 0.211 0.197

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 8.0 9.0 10

0 0.277 0.256 0.235 0.220 0.205 0.182 0.162 0.147
10 0.271 0.251 0.231 0.217 0.201 0.179 0.160 0.145
20 0.263 0.243 0.225 0.210 0.196 0.174 0.157 0.141
30 0.254 0.234 0.218 0.203 0.191 0.169 0.152 0.138
40 0.243 0.226 0.210 0.196 0.184 0.164 0.148 0.135
50 0.234 0.216 0.201 0.189 0.177 0.159 0.143 0.130
60 0.224 0.207 0.193 0.182 0.171 0.153 0.138 0.126
70 0.213 0.198 0.185 0.174 0.164 0.147 0.134 0.122
80 0.203 0.189 0.177 0.167 0.157 0.142 0.129 0.118
90 0.192 0.180 0.169 0.160 0.151 0.136 0.124 0.114
100 0.183 0.172 0.161 0.153 0.144 0.131 0.120 0.110

12 14 16 18 20 25 30

0 0.123 0.106 0.094 0.084 0.075 0.060 0.050
10 0.122 0.105 0.093 0.083 0.074 0.060 0.050
20 0.120 0.102 0.090 0.080 0.072 0.059 0.049
30 0.117 0.100 0.087 0.078 0.071 0.058 0.048
40 0.114 0.098 0.086 0.077 0.070 0.057 0.047
50 0.111 0.096 0.085 0.075 0.069 0.056 0.046
60 0.107 0.094 0.084 0.074 0.068 0.055 0.045
70 0.104 0.091 0.082 0.073 0.066 0.054 0.044
80 0.101 0.089 0.080 0.072 0.065 0.053 0.043
90 0.098 0.087 0.078 0.070 0.063 0.052 0.042
100 0.095 0.084 0.075 0.068 0.063 0.051 0.042
Noteseccentricity ratio = PM2 WA , W is the section moment resistance of bolt inner diameter d1
4 I j
the slenderness ratio = d1 .

97
G5.3 Calculation of strength for load-bearing nut
The working height H of load-bearing nut should meet the bearing stress requirement of thread
contact surface, and be calculated according to Formula (G39).

q=
4 P1t
( d 2 d12 ) H
(G39)

q [ q ]
Where P1 lifting force for gate, N

t thread pitchmm
d outer diameter of threadmm
d1 inner diameter of threadmm
H nut heightmmH/ t is number of threadit is accounted as 10 if it is more than 10
[ q ] allowable bearing stressN/mm 2it is selected according to Table G8.

The bending strength of thread root is calculated according to Formula(G40).

W = 3 hP1
dZb 2 (G40)

w [ w ]
Where Z the number of threadit is accounted as 10 if it is more than 10

h thread heightit is to take h = 0.5t , mm

b the thickness at thread root b = 0.61t for the trapeze thread, mm
[ w ] allowable bend stressN/mm2; it is selected according to Table G7.

The shearing strength at the thread root is calculated according to Formula(G41).

= P1
dbZ (G4l)

[ ]
Where[ ] allowable shearing stressN/mm2it is selected according to Table G8and other symbols
are the same as above.

Table G8 Allowable stress for material often used for load-bearing nut N/mm2

Material Bearing stress [ q ] Bend stress [ w ] Shearing stress [ ]

ZCuSn5Pb5Zn5 68 5040 2530

ZCuSn10Pb1 1013 4055 3041
ZCuA110Fe3 1520 6678 5058
HT250 46 4648 3038
NoteIt is to take the lower value at the sand casting and high value at the die cast.

98
 Appendix H
(Attached Data)
Calculation information for hydraulic hoist

H1 Calculation of oil-pump generator

H1.1 Calculation of max. working pressure and working flow of oil pump
The max. working pressure Pi of the oil pump should be calculated according to Formula(H1).

Pi p + P (Hl)

Where P the rated working pressure of oil cylinder

P the total pressure loss in the systemit is usually to take 510 of the
rated working pressure P; the max. working flow Q of oil pump is calculated according
to Formula(H2).
Q K Qi (H2)
WhereQi the total max. working flow for the oil cylinders acting at the same time
K leakage coefficient of the system, 1.11.3.
The rated pressure of hydraulic pump should be 1.25 Pi , if it has the test, it should meet the

requirements of test pressure.

H1.2 Calculation of motor power
The driving power P of the hydraulic pump should be calculated according to Formula (H3).
(H3)
Pi Q
P=
WhereP the driving power of 60 p hydraulic pumpkW
Pi max. working pressure of oil pumpMPa
Q max. working flow of oil pumpl/min
p the total efficiency of the hydraulic pump, taken by Table H1.

Table H1 Total efficiency of hydraulic pump

Types of hydraulic pump Gear-type pump Vane pump Plunger pump
Total efficiency 0.6~0.70 0.6~0.75 0.8~0.9

H2 Calculation of diameter and wall thickness of oil pump

H2.1 Calculation of diameter of oil pump
The inner diameter d in the oil pump should meet the requirements of flow and velocityand should
be calculated according to Formula(H4).

99
 Q
d 4.63 v (H4)

Where d the inner diameter of oil pipemm;

Q working flow1/min
v allowable velocitym/s( v =0.6m/s1.2m/s for the oil suction pipe, v =2.5m/s
5m/s for the pressure oil pipe, v 1.5 m/s2.5m/s for the oil return pipe, and v =5
m/s 7m/s for the short pipe and the local shrinkage section).
H2.2 Calculation of diameter and wall thickness of oil pump
The wall thickness of oil pump should be calculated according to Formula(H5).
Pgd
2[ ] (H5)

[]= n b
(H6)

Where the wall thickness of oil pumpmm

Pg the max. working pressure of oil pumpMPa

d the inner diameter of oil pumpmm

[] the allowable stress of oil pipe, it should be calculated according to Formula (H6), and

should be [ ] 25N/mm2 for the copper pipe;

b tensile strengthN/mm2

n safety coefficient Pg 7.0 MPan =8; Pg 7.5MPan =6; Pg 17.5MPan =4.

H3 Calculation of frictional resistance of sealing

The frictional resistance Pv of gasket is the sum of sealing frictional resistance for plunger and

piston rod, and is calculated according to Formula(H7)

Pv = f (PD D hD k D + Pd d hd k d ) (H7)

Where Pv frictional resistanceN

PD the pressure difference at two sides of plunger gasketMPa

Pd the pressure difference at two sides of piston rodMPa
D inner diameter of oil cylindermm
d outer diameter of piston rodmm
hD the effective height of the plunger gasketmm
hD the effective height of the piston rodmm
f frictional coefficient of gasketit is to take 0.05~0.2
kD the frictional correction coefficient of plunger gasket
kd the frictional correction coefficient of piston rod gasketk0.15 for O- type gasket; k0.2

100
 for packing-type gasket; k0.25 for Lip-type gasket.
H4 The main structure sizes for oil cylinder are recommended as follows
H4.1 The length l for the guide sleeve of the piston rod is 0.81.5 times of the diameter of the piston rod,
and is possible to take the max. value for ones in the incline and horizontal position. The guide span L of
the oil cylinder in the incline and horizontal position (the distance form the guide sleeve center of plunger
to that of the piston rod when the piston rod is in extension completely)is possible more than(D/2+H/20)
but not be less 3 time of the diameter of the piston rod. D is the diameter of plungerand H is route of the
hydraulic cylinder.
H4.2 It is to take 0.61.0 times of the inner diameter of the oil cylinder for the plunger width b.
H4.3 It is to take 0.40.6 times of the inner diameter of the oil cylinder during primary selection of the
piston rod diameter d, then the strength and stable calculation is carried out.
H5 Calculation of strength for cylinder thickness
D
H5.1 Based on medium wall thickness, 3.2 16 0 , it is to carry out the calculation for primary

selection of cylinder wall thickness .

P D
= +c (H8)
(2.3[ ] + P )

Where the wall thickness of cylindermm

P the working pressure of the oil cylinder
D inner diameter of the hydraulic cylindermm
the strength coefficientfor seamless steel pipe, it is =1
c the additive thickness, including the tolerance for the wall thickness and the
erosionusually it circles to the standard thickness value;

[ ] the allowable stress of the cylinder body materialMPa

[ ] = n b

Where b the tensile strength of the cylinder body materialMPa

n safety coefficientn=5

H5.2 It is the section enough far from the flange and support lung( D /10)and the reduced stress

zh1 for wall thickness of the cylinder should be calculated according to Formula(H9).

zh1 = z21 + h21 z1 h1 (H9)

Where z1 longitudinal stress,

q P(D 2 - d 2 )
= =
z1 4D1

101
 PD 1
h1 the circumferential stress, h1 =
2
P the rated pressure in cylinder
Other symbols are shown in Fig. H1.

Fig. H1 Strength computation sketch for flange of cylinder body

At the connection section of cylinder body and flangethe calculation of the strength for the cylinder
wall shall be superposed with longitudinal stress and circumferential stress produced by the average
distribution flexural moment M 0 . The reduced stress zh is calculated according to Formula (H10).

zh = z2 + h2 z h (H10)

P (D 2 - d 2 ) 6 M 0
Where z the main longitudinal stress z = z1 +z2 = + 2
4 D 1

In which, M 0 is the average distribution flexural moment

qe
= 1.824
1n (D 3 / D )
M 0 =
1 + h + 2 h D
2 D
PD 1 6M
h the main circumferential stress, h = h1 + h 2 = + 20
2
Poisson ratio of steel = 0.3;
The other symbols are as shown in Fig. Hl.
H6 Calculation of piston rod
H6.1 Calculation of piston rod for single-function oil cylinder installed on the rigid support
H6.1.1 When the gate has no lateral displacement, the tensile subjected by the piston rod may be
calculated according to Formula (H11).

= 4 P1
d 2 (H11)
0

Where P1 the tensile force of the piston rod, N

102
 d 0 the min. diameter for section of the piston rod, mm.
H6.1.2 When the gate may have the lateral displacement(Fig.
H2), and the piston rod bears the tensile and flexural torque, the
stress of the piston rod is calculated according to
Formula(Hl2).
M
=
4 P1
+ 0.1d 30 (H12)
d 02

Where P1 the tensile force of the piston rod, N Fig. H2

d 0 the min. diameter for section of the piston rodmm

M the calculated flexural torque for the piston rod, Nmm;

M = M2 M1 ;
M 2 the flexural torque acted on the piston rodNmm

M 2 = P0 a

P0 the corresponding horizontal force when the end of the piston rod has the
lateral displacement D(piston rod at the upper limited position)N

6 EI + M 1 a ( 3 a + 2 b )
P0 = 2a 2
(a + b )

Where E the elastic modulus of the piston rod materialN/mm2

I the inertia moment at the piston rod sectionmm4
a and b see Fig. H2mm
M 1 the flexural torque produced by frictional force in the lifting lug of the
gateNmmit is calculated according to Formula(H13)

M 1 = Pfd1 / 2 (H13)

Where d1 the axle diameter of gate lifting lugmm

f the friction coefficient at the lifting lug of the piston rod, the value is selected according to
Table H2.
H6.2 Calculation of piston rod for single-function oil cylinder installed on the rotary support
The piston rod for single-function oil cylinder installed on the rotary support bears the tensile force
and the flexural torque produced by friction force from the lifting lug and rotary support(Fig.H3), the stress
of the piston rod is calculated according to Formula (Hl4).
4 P1 M
= d 20
+ 0. 1d 30 (H14)

103
Where P1 the tensile force of the piston rodN

d 0 the min. diameter of the piston rod section, mm

M the calculated flexural torque for danger section of the piston rodNmm
M = (M 1 x1 M 2 x 2 ) / L
Where M 1 the flexural torque produced by frictional force of the gate lifting lug

Nmmit is calculated according to Formula (H13)

M 2 the flexural torque produced by frictional force in the rotary support of

cylinder bodyNmm

M 2 = P1 fd 2 / 2
Where f the frictional coefficient in the rotary support of cylinder body is taken according to Table

H2

d 2 the supporting axle diameter of the rotary support,

mm

See Fig. H3 for x1 , x 2 and L , mm

Table H2 Frictional coefficient in the rotary support f

Frictional coefficient
Bearing type Without
Grease lubrication
lubrication
Steel to steel 0.090.11
-
Sliding Steel to foundry
0.110.13 0.070.09
bearing iron
Steel to bronze 0.1 0.060.08 Fig H3 Computation sketch for
Rolling Ball-bearing 0.010.015
single-action cylinder turning
bearing Roller bearing 0.0150.02 the piston

H6.3 Calculation of piston rod for double-function oil cylinder installed on the rigid support
H6.3.1 When the gate has no lateral displacement and the piston rod bears the tensile or pressure, the
tensile (pressure) stress is calculated according to Formula(Hl1), and the checking calculation for the
stability is carried according to Formula (H15).
4 P2
= d 2 (Hl5)

Where P2 the pressure of the piston rodN

d the diameter of the piston rodmm

the longitudinal bend coefficientaccording to flexibility of the piston
rod, it is taken as that in Table H3.
= 4 L0 / d

104
WhereL0 is the reduced length of the piston rod, mm, related with the fixing method of the cylinder body,

see Fig. H4.

Table H3 Longitudinal bend coefficient of piston rod with center pressured
Flexibility
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Material
Q 235, 20 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.75 0.69 0.60
Q 275, 35 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.93 0.90 0.84 0.80 0.74 0.66 0.59
Flexibility
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Material
Q 235, 20 0.52 0.45 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.29 0.26 0.23 0.21 0.19
Q 275, 35 0.43 0.38 0.32 0.28 0.27 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.15

Fig H4 Computation sketch for reduced Fig H5 Computation sketch for reduced length of
piston rod piston rod stability

H6.3.2 When the gate may have the lateral displacement, the piston rod bears the tensile(pressure)force
and flexural torquetaking account of the working condition of extension of the piston rod to the oil
cylinder (Fig. H5), the stress of the piston rod is calculated according to Formula (Hl6)at the same time,
the checking calculation of stability is carried out according to Formula(H17).
4 P1 M
= d 02
+ 0 . 1d 30 (H15)

Where P1 the tensile force of the piston rodN

M the calculated flexural torque of the piston rodNmmM=M2M1

M2 the flexural torque acted on the piston rodNmm M2= P0 L

P0 the horizontal force when the end of the piston rod has the lateral
displacementN

E the elastic modulo of the piston rod materialMPa

I the inertia moment at section of the piston rodmm4
M 1 the flexural torque produced by the frictional force in the gate lifting lug
Nmmit is calculated according to Formula (H13)

105
 L see Fig. H5mm.
4 P2
= 'd 3 (H17)

Where the reduced coefficient of the allowable stress at the piston rod under the

longitudinal bendbased on the condition flexibility t and reduction

eccentricity ratio m 0 , it is selected according to Table H4

P2 the pressure of the piston rodN

The condition flexibility t is calculated according to Formula(H18).

t = s / nE (H18)

Where the flexibility of the piston rod=4 L 0 /d the value L 0 taken is shown in

Fig. H4

s the yield point of the piston rod materialN/mm2

n the safety coefficient of the piston rod material n =1.11.2
The reduction eccentricity ratio m0 is calculated according to Formula (H19).

m0 = m (H19)

Wheresection type effect coefficient, when it is t it is =1when it is t , it

is 0.1 m 5 and =1.3-0.06 t and 5 m 20, =1.2-0.04 t .

Table H4 Reduced coefficient of allowable stress at piston rod with eccentric

compression in longitudinal bend

Condition Value for different eccentric ratio m

flexibility
0.1 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

0.5 0.967 0.922 0.850 0.782 0.722 0.669 0.620 0.577 0.538 0.469 0.417 0.370 0.337 0.307 0.280

1.0 0.925 0.854 0.778 0.711 0.653 0.600 0.563 0.520 0.484 0.427 0.382 0.341 0.303 0.283 0.259

1.5 0.875 0.804 0.716 0.647 0.893 0.548 0.507 0.470 0.439 0.388 0.347 0.312 0.283 0.262 0.240

2.0 0.813 0.742 0.653 0.587 0.536 0.496 0.457 0.425 0.397 0.352 0.315 0.286 0.260 0.240 0.222

2.5 0.742 0.672 0.587 0.526 0.480 0.442 0.410 0.383 0.357 0.317 0.287 0.262 0.238 0.220 0.204

3.0 0.667 0.597 0.520 0.465 0.425 0.395 0.365 0.342 0.320 0.287 0.260 0.238 0.217 0.202 0.187

3.5 0.587 0.522 0.455 0.408 0.375 0.350 0.325 0.303 0.287 0.258 0.233 0.216 0.198 0.183 0.172

4.0 0.505 0.447 0.394 0.356 0.330 0.309 0.289 0.270 0.256 0.232 0.212 0.192 0.181 0.168 0.158

106
 4.5 0.418 0.382 0.342 0.310 0.288 0.272 0.257 0.242 0.229 0.208 0.192 0.178 0.165 0.155 0.146

5.0 0.354 0.326 0.295 0.273 0.253 0.239 0.225 0.215 0.202 0.188 0.175 0.162 0.150 0.143 0.135

mrelated eccentric ratiom = 8 M

P1 d 0

H6.4 Calculation of piston rod for double-function oil cylinder installed on

the rotary support
H6.4.1 Calculation of piston rod for vertical and oil cylinder When the
piston rod bears the tensile or pressure, the stress is calculated according to
Formula(Hl4), and the checking calculation is carried according to Formula
(H10). Fig. H6 Double-action
cylinder turning support
In the stable calculation the condition flexibility t is calculated according to Formula (H18). The

reduced length L0 is decided according to Fig. H6 and Formula(H20).

At Ob0.4m L0 = L + b
At b 0.4m
L0 = L (H20)

I1 + I 2
= 2I2

Where I 1 and I 2 the inertia moment of the piston rod and oil cylinder body

respectivelymm4.

The reduced eccentric ratio m0 is from Table H5, according to the characters of the flexural moment

of the piston rod (Fig. H3), the flexural moment ratio at two ends, the condition flexibility t and relative

eccentric ratio m . The relative eccentric ratio is calculated according to Formula(H21).

8Mmax
m= P2d (H21)

Where M max the max. value in the terminal flexural torque M 1 and M 2 N mm

the effect coefficient of the section type =1.3-0.06 t

P2 the pressure of the piston rodN

During calculation of K = Mmin/Mmax the min. value (absolute value) of the terminal flexural

torque M 1 and M 2 is Mmin, and max. one is M max .

H6.4.2 Calculation of piston rod for horizontal type double-function oil cylinder
The piston rod bears the tensile (pressure )force and the flexural torqueso that the stress of the piston

107
rod is calculated according to Formula(Hl4)at the same time, the checking calculation for stability should
be carried out according to Formula (H10). The load and flexural torque of piston rod is shown in Fig. H7.
The flexural torque M 1 produced by the frictional force in lifting lug is calculated according to
Formula(Hl3).
The flexural torque M 2 produced by the frictional force in the oil cylinder support is calculated
according to Formula(H22).
Table H5 Reduced eccentric ratio m0
Condition Reduced eccentric ratio m for different relative eccentric ratio m
k=
M min
M max
flexibility
0.1 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
t
1 0.1 0.3 0.68 1.12 1.6 2.62 3.55 4.55
2 0.1 0.17 0.39 0.68 1.03 1.8 2.75 3.72
3 0.1 0.1 0.22 0.36 0.55 1.17 1.95 2.77
4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.18 0.3 0.57 1.03 1.78
5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.15 0.23 0.48 0.95
1 0.1 0.21 0.68 1.12 1.6 2.62 3.55 4.55
2 0.1 0.22 0.48 0.73 1.5 1.88 2.75 3.72
3 0.1 0.17 0.38 0.58 0.8 1.33 2.0 2.77
4 0.1 0.14 0.32 0.49 0.66 1.05 1.52 2.22
5 0.1 0.1 0.26 0.41 0.57 0.95 1.38 1.8

1 0.1 0.32 0.7 1.12 1.6 2.62 3.55 4.55

2 0.1 0.28 0.6 0.9 1.28 1.96 2.75 3.72
3 0.1 0.27 0.55 0.84 1.15 1.75 2.43 3.17
4 0.1 0.26 0.52 0.78 1.1 1.6 2.2 2.83
5 0.1 0.25 0.52 0.78 1.1 1.55 2.1 2.78
1 0.1 0.4 0.8 1.23 1.68 2.62 3.55 4.55
2 0.1 0.4 0.78 1.2 1.6 2.3 2.15 4.1
3 0.1 0.4 0.77 1.17 1.55 2.3 3.1 3.9
4 0.1 0.4 0.75 1.13 1.55 2.3 3.05 3.8
5 0.1 0.4 0.75 1.1 1.55 2.3 3.0 3.8

M 2 = M 2 + M 2 (H22)

M 2 = G2 ( fd +D2 0 ) R
Where: M 2 the flexural torque produced by frictional force at the bearing location of beam on the

rotary supportNmm

M 2 the frictional force of the end bracket to the moment of rotary center of the oil cylinder
Nmm

d 2 the diameter of bearing location for the

support beammm

P2 the pressure of the piston rodN

G the total weight of the oil cylinder(including hydraulic oil)

108
 D the diameter of the support wheel at end partmm
d the diameter of the support wheel axle at the end partmm
0 the rolling friction armit is to take 0.50.6mm

f the friction coefficient at the rotary axle bearing locationit is selected according to
Table Hl
Rthe radius from the support wheel at the end part to the rotary center of the oil cylinder,
mm.
In the stable calculation the condition flexibility t is calculated according to Formula (H18).

The reduced length L0 is calculated according to Fig. H6 and Formula(H20). The relative eccentric ratio

m0 is calculated according to Formula(H21).

The reduced eccentric ratio m0 it is selected from Table H5, according to the characters of the

flexural moment of the piston rod (Fig. H7), the flexural moment ratio at two ends, the condition flexibility
t and relative eccentric ratio m .

Fig. H7
(a) Layout of oil cylinder
(b) Load and flexural torque at the leaf ration angle a
(c) Load and flexural torque at the leaf ration angle a2.

H7 Pollution class of hydraulic oil

International standard ISO4406, Pollution classification by solid particles in oil is shown in Table
H6
U.S standard NAS1638, Pollution classification by solid particles in oil is shown in Table H7
State standard GB/T14039, Pollution Classification by solid particles of operational media hydraulic
system is shown in H8

109
 Table H6 International standard ISO4406
Pollution class of oil solid particles
Particle quantity in 1 mL Particle quantity in 1 mL
More than Upper limit Class code More than Upper limit Class code
80000 160000 24 10 20 11
40000 80000 23 5 10 10
20000 40000 22 2.5 5 9
10000 20000 21 1.3 2.5 8
5000 10000 20 0.64 1.3 7
2500 5000 19 0.32 0.64 6
1300 2500 18 0.16 0.32 5
640 1300 17 0.08 0.16 4
320 640 16 0.04 0.08 3
160 320 15 0.02 0.04 2
80 160 14 0.01 0.02 1
40 80 13 0.005 0.01 0
20 40 12 0.0025 0.005 0.9

Table H7 U.S standard NAS1638

Pollution class of oil solid particles(particles quantity in 100mL)
Scope of particle size(m)
Class
5~15 15~25 25~50 50~100 >100
00 125 22 4 1 0
0 250 44 8 2 0
1 500 89 16 3 1
2 1000 178 32 6 1
3 2000 356 63 11 2
4 4000 712 126 22 4
5 8000 1425 253 45 8
6 16000 2850 506 90 16
7 32000 5700 1012 180 32
8 64000 11400 2025 360 64
9 128000 22800 4050 720 128
10 256000 45600 8100 1440 258
11 512000 91200 16200 2880 512
12 1024000 182400 32400 5760 1024

110
 Table H8 State standard GB/T14039
Pollution class of medium solid particles in hydraulic system
Particles quantity in 1mL
Label
80000 160000 24
40000 80000 23
20000 40000 22
10000 20000 21
5000 10000 20
2500 5000 19
1300 2500 18
640 1300 17
320 640 16
160 320 15
80 160 14
40 80 13
20 40 12
10 20 11
5 10 10
2.5 5 9
1.3 2.5 8
0.64 1.3 7
0.32 0.64 6
0.16 0.32 5
0.08 0.16 4
0.04 0.08 3
0.02 0.04 2
0.01 0.02 1
0.005 0.01 0
0.0025 0.005 0.9

111
 Appendix J
(Attached Data)
Calculation for stability of double-way or one-way bended
component

J1 Calculation for stability of double-way or one-way bended component

The stability of double-way or one-way bended component is under the checking calculation
according to Formula(J1),(J2)and(J3)and meets followings

N
A + (1 1N ) CoxMoxW+xChxMhx - (1 1 )Cmy C M
N
oy oy +Chy +Mhy
Wy [] (J1)
0.9Ney 0.9 Ney

N
A
+(1 1N ) CoxMoxw+WCxhxMhx [] (J2)
0.9Nex

N
A [] (J3)

= 0.9Ne0.[9NseA(1N)+N] (J4)

C ox = 0.6 + 0.4 MM oxox 0.4 (J5)

M
C oy = 0.6 + 0.4 M oyoy 0.4 (J6)

Cmy = 1 + a( WMxoxs ) (J7)

Where N the calculated axial pressureN

the stable coefficient of the axle pressured component is taken according to the max.
slenderness ratio or the assumed max. slenderness ratio of the structure, and the value
is shown in Table J1 and J2
the correction coefficient for stability of the axial pressureand the value can be obtained
by Formula(J4)or from Table J3 and Table J4

N e the minor value in Euler critical load N ex and N ey , N ex and N ey is calculated

according to the following FormulaN

Cex = EANey = EA
x y

A gross section area of structuremm2

M ox , M oy the flexural torque at structure terminalN mm

112
M hx , M hy the max. flexural torque in structure caused by transverse loadwhen M h is in

opposite to M 0 and | M h |2 M 0 it is to take M h as zeroNmm

W x W y the moment resistant of structure sectionmm3

w the integer stable coefficient of bended componentit is to take w as 1 for those

meeting conditions listed in the first item in Clause 9.5.3and those not meeting is
selected according to Table J7 or calculated according to Formula(J8)and(J9)

M ox , M oy the reduction coefficient for different flexural torque at the endit is obtained

according to Formula(J5)and(J6)

M ox M
M ox , M oyoy the terminal flexural torque ratio at two ends of componentwith its positive and

negative signand the absolute value not more than 1

C hx , C hy the flexural torque coefficient of transverse load. When the transverse load is a

concentrated force, it is C h = 1 0.2 N / N e , and to take 1 for others

C my the effect coefficient of the terminal flexural torque winding the strong axis to the
terminal flexural torque winding the week axis. When the section is a sealing one,
the section with strong torsion performance or the structure to slenderness ratio of
two axles is the same( x = y ), it is to take 1 for C my general C my is more

than 1it can be calculated according to Formula(I7)

coefficientsee Table J5 and Table J6
constantfor open section(e.g. I- steel or channel steel), it is to take 0.15.

113
Table J1 Stable coefficient of pressured component for axle center of Q235 steel,

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.998 0.997 0.996

10 0.995 0.994 0.993 0.992 0.991 0.989 0.988 0.987 0.985 0.983

20 0.981 0.979 0.977 0.975 0.973 0.971 0.969 0.966 0.963 0.961

30 0.958 0.956 0.953 0.950 0.947 0.944 0.941 0.937 0.934 0.931

40 0.927 0.923 0.920 0.916 0.912 0.908 0.904 0.900 0.896 0.892

50 0.888 0.884 0.879 0.875 0.870 0.866 0.861 0.856 0.851 0.847

60 0.842 0.837 0.832 0.826 0.821 0.816 0.811 0.805 0.800 0.795

70 0.789 0.784 0.778 0.772 0.767 0.761 0.755 0.749 0.743 0.737

80 0.731 0.725 0.719 0.713 0.707 0.701 0.695 0.688 0.682 0.676

90 0.669 0.663 0.657 0.650 0.644 0.637 0.631 0.624 0.617 0.611

100 0.604 0.597 0.591 0.584 0.577 0.570 0.563 0.557 0.550 0.543

110 0.536 0.529 0.522 0.515 0.509 0.501 0.494 0.487 0.480 0.473

120 0.466 0.459 0.452 0.445 0.439 0.432 0.426 0.420 0.413 0.407

130 0.401 0.396 0.390 0.384 0.379 0.374 0.369 0.364 0.359 0.354

140 0.349 0.344 0.340 0.335 0.331 0.327 0.322 0.318 0.314 0.310

150 0.306 0.303 0.299 0.295 0.292 0.288 0.285 0.281 0.278 0.275

160 0.272 0.268 0.265 0.262 0.259 0.256 0.254 0.251 0.248 0.245

170 0.243 0.240 0.237 0.235 0.232 0.230 0.227 0.225 0.223 0.220

180 0.218 0.216 0.214 0.212 0.210 0.207 0.205 0.203 0.200 0.199

190 0.197 0.1960 0.194 0.192 0.190 0.188 0.187 0.185 0.183 0.181

200 0.180 0.178 0.176 0.175 0.173 0.172 0.170 0.169 0.167 0.166

210 0.164 0.163 0.162 0.160 0.159 0.158 0.156 0.155 0.154 0.152

220 0.151 0.150 0.149 0.147 0.146 0.145 0.144 0.143 0.142 0.141

230 0.139 0.138 0.137 0.136 0.135 0.134 0.133 0.132 0.131 0.130

240 0.129 0.128 0.127 0.126 0.125 0.125 0.124 0.123 0.122 0.121

250 0.120 - - - - - - - - -

114
Table J2 Stable coefficient of pressured component for axle center of Q345 steel,

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.994

10 0.993 0.992 0.990 0.989 0.987 0.985 0.983 0.980 0.978 0.976

20 0.973 0.972 0.967 0.964 0.961 0.958 0.955 0.951 0.948 0.944

30 0.940 0.936 0.932 0.928 0.923 0.919 0.915 0.910 0.905 0.900

40 0.895 0.890 0.885 0.880 0.874 0.869 0.863 0.858 0.852 0.846

50 0.840 0.834 0.828 0.822 0.815 0.809 0.803 0.796 0.789 0.783

60 0.776 0.769 0.762 0.755 0.748 0.741 0.734 0.727 0.719 0.712

70 0.705 0.697 0.690 0.682 0.674 0.667 0.659 0.651 0.643 0.635

80 0.627 0.619 0.611 0.603 0.595 0.587 0.579 0.571 0.563 0.554

90 0.546 0.538 0.530 0.521 0.513 0.504 0.496 0.488 0.479 0.471

100 0.462 0.454 0.445 0.436 0.428 0.420 0.413 0.405 0.398 0.391

110 0.384 0.378 0.371 0.365 0.359 0.353 0.347 0.341 0.336 0.331

120 0.325 0.320 0.315 0.310 0.305 0.301 0.296 0.292 0.288 0.283

130 0.279 0.275 0.271 0.267 0.263 0.260 0.256 0.253 0.249 0.246

140 0.242 0.239 0.236 0.233 0.230 0.227 0.224 0.221 0.218 0.215

150 0.213 0.210 0.207 0.205 0.202 0.200 0.197 0.195 0.193 0.190

160 0.188 0.186 0.184 0.182 0.180 0.178 0.176 0.174 0.172 0.170

170 0.168 0.166 0.164 0.162 0.161 0.159 0.157 0.156 0.154 0.152

180 0.151 0.149 0.148 0.146 0.145 0.143 0.142 0.140 0.139 0.138

190 0.136 0.135 0.134 0.132 0.131 0.130 0.129 0.128 0.126 0.125

200 0.124 0.123 0.122 0.121 0.120 0.118 0.117 0.116 0.115 0.114

210 0.113 0.112 0.111 0.110 0.109 0.108 0.108 0.107 0.106 0.105

220 0.104 0.103 0.102 0.101 0.101 0.100 0.099 0.098 0.097 0.097

230 0.096 0.095 0.094 0.094 0.093 0.092 0.091 0.091 0.090 0.089

240 0.089 0.088 0.087 0.087 0.086 0.085 0.085 0.084 0.084 0.089

250 0.082

115
 Table J3 Correction coefficient for stable axial pressure of Q235
steel( s = 240N/mm2)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

10 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

20 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

30 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

40 0.007 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

50 0.022 1.009 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

60 1.052 1.035 1.014 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

70 1.101 1.081 1.055 1.021 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

80 1.174 1.151 1.122 1.083 1.029 1.000 1.000 1.000

90 1.279 0.253 1.220 1.177 1.118 1.031 1.000 1.000

100 1.422 1.394 1.358 1.311 1.246 1.151 1.000 1.000

110 1.607 1.575 1.536 1.483 1.411 1.305 1.134 1.000

120 1.825 1.786 1.738 1.674 1.587 1.460 1.259 1.000

130 2.052 2.001 1.938 1.855 1.743 1.584 1.340 1.000

140 2.289 2.225 2.146 2.043 1.906 1.715 1.428 1.000

150 2.531 2.452 2.354 2.229 2.065 1.839 1.509 1.000

160 2.799 2.707 2.593 2.448 2.260 2.003 1.631 1.048

170 3.076 2.969 2.837 2.671 2.455 2.164 1.750 1.111

180 3.353 3.229 3.077 2.887 2.642 2.315 1.855 1.163

190 3.365 3.512 3.340 3.126 2.853 2.489 1.984 1.233

200 4.033 3.382 3.696 3.464 3.166 2.769 2.214 1.382

210 4.360 4.190 3.982 3.724 3.394 2.957 2.351 1.456

220 4.807 4.626 4.405 4.129 3.773 3.300 2.638 1.647

230 5.229 5.039 4.793 4.493 4.107 3.593 2.874 1.795

240 5.810 5.610 5.363 5.051 4.647 4.099 3.318 2.110

250 6.465 6.264 6.015 5.698 5.281 4.706 3.865 2.516

Note = / 2E
2
N
A

116
 Table J4 Correction coefficient for stable axial pressure of Q345 steel
( s =360N/mm2)

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

10 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

20 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

30 1.004 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

40 1.020 1.007 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

50 1.056 1.203 1.074 1.039 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

60 1.121 1.100 1.074 1.039 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

70 1.226 1.203 1.173 1.134 1.080 1.000 1.000 1.000

80 1.386 1.360 1.328 1.285 1.225 1.137 1.000 1.000

90 1.611 1.584 1.549 1.502 1.438 1.341 1.183 1.000

100 1.895 1.862 1.820 1.764 1.686 1.570 1.381 1.013

110 2.195 2.147 2.086 2.006 1.897 1.739 1.492 1.045

120 2.509 2.445 2.364 2.259 2.119 1.919 1.615 1.095

130 2.841 2.759 2.647 2.526 2.353 2.111 1.751 1.159

140 3.183 3.082 2.957 2.798 2.589 2.303 1.885 1.221

150 3.578 3.461 3.315 3.131 2.891 2.562 2.088 1.343

160 3.952 3.812 3.641 3.424 3.144 2.767 2.232 1.412

170 4.406 4.249 4.055 3.812 3.498 3.075 2.476 1.563

180 4.895 4.719 4.503 4.232 3.882 3.411 2.746 1.732

190 5.347 5.147 4.902 4.595 4.201 3.676 2.941 1.838

200 6.019 5.809 5.550 5.224 4.801 4.231 3.418 2.169

210 6.615 6.384 6.101 5.744 5.281 4.655 3.763 2.390

220 7.531 7.305 7.024 6.665 6.190 5.532 4.564 2.992

230 8.603 8.394 8.131 7.789 7.327 6.667 5.650 3.877

240 10.009 9.856 9.658 9.394 9.024 8.468 7.540 5.674

250 10.722 10.539 10.306 9.997 9.566 8.924 7.869 5.809

Note = / 2E
2
N
A

117
 Table J5 I-type section value

y
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
x / y

0.100 0.097 0.242 0.833 1.333 2.250 3.000 4.667 5.667

0.125 0.093 0.233 0.750 1.200 2.010 2.800 4.333 5.333

0.150 0.092 0.225 0.660 1.083 1.833 2.580 4.000 5.000

0.175 0.090 0.217 0.560 1.000 1.700 2.417 3.667 4.500

0.200 0.088 0.208 0.500 0.917 1.500 2.250 3.333 4.166

0.225 0.086 0.200 0.483 0.883 1.433 2.160 3.166 4.033

0.250 0.085 0.195 0.450 0.850 1.367 2.080 2.917 3.750

0.275 0.0 0.190 0.433 0.833 1.300 1.966 2.667 3.533

0.300 0.080 0.183 0.417 0.800 1.250 1.833 2.417 3.333

0.325 0.078 0.178 0.400 0.767 1.217 1.800 2.333 3.200

0.350 0.076 0.175 0.383 0.733 1.200 1.750 2.283 3.083

0.400 0.075 0.167 0.366 0.670 1.667 2.166 2.033 2.633

0.500 0.067 0.150 0.300 0.583 1.020 1.483 1.917 2.417

0.550 0.063 0.142 0.280 0.533 0.906 1.333 1.750 2.250

0.600 0.058 0.133 0.250 0.500 0.820 1.167 1.583 2.083

0.650 0.050 0.125 0.233 0.467 0.670 1.050 1.467 1.867

0.700 0.042 0.117 0.200 0.400 0.583 0.917 1.333 1.667

0.750 0.037 0.100 0.183 0.332 0.500 0.700 1.083 1.467

0.800 0.033 0.075 0.167 0.250 0.416 0.580 0.830 1.250

0.850 0.025 0.053 0.133 0.200 0.333 0.500 0.700 1.133

0.900 0.017 0.030 0.083 0.167 0.250 0.416 0.583 0.833

118
 Table J6 Channel-type section value

y
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
x / y

0.10 0.100 0.117 0.230 0.567 1.182 4.167 5.167 7.600 10.170

0.15 0.092 0.108 0.216 0.500 1.116 2.350 4.500 6.670 9.180

0.20 0.083 0.100 0.200 0.467 1.067 2.240 3.830 6.020 8.316

0.25 0.075 0.091 0.167 0.400 0.917 1.867 3.540 5.417 7.520

0.30 0.067 0.083 0.150 0.350 0.800 1.533 3.083 4.500 6.663

0.35 0.058 0.075 0.133 0.267 0.533 1.100 1.966 3.490 5.330

0.40 0.050 0.067 0.116 0.200 0.400 0.850 1.416 2.667 4.583

0.45 0.042 0.058 0.100 0.150 0.300 0.577 0.967 1.810 2.983

0.50 0.033 0.050 0.083 0.117 0.217 0.410 0.683 1.183 1.833

0.55 0.030 0.042 0.067 0.100 0.150 0.283 0.533 0.755 1.240

0.60 - 0.033 0.058 0.083 0.116 0.210 0.350 0.535 0.850

0.70 - - 0.033 0.053 0.085 0.115 0.183 0.252 0.416

0.80 - - - 0.042 0.068 0.085 0.110 0.133 0.200

0.90 - - - - 0.052 0.075 0.092 0.118 0.152

For the space-trussed structure, it may have =1 during calculation, at the same time, the attached
flexural torque N f 0 formed by the initial displacement f 0 of the structure due to manufacturing error is
plus to the flexural torque M ox in Item 2 of Formula (J1)and the flexural torque M oy in Item 3.
J2 Integer stable calculation for bended structure
When the bended structure is not to meet the one of conditions in Item 1 of Clause 9.5.3, the integer
stable calculation of structure should be under the checking calculation according to Formula(Jl)and(J2), in
which, value w may be selected from Table J7 or calculated according to Formula(J8)and(J9).

119
 Table J7 Value w of normal rolled I-type steel and simple component at two ends

I- Free length l (m)

Load condition steel
type 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1020 2.0 1.30 0.99 0.80 0.68 0.58 0.53 0.48 0.43
Top
2232 2.4 1.48 1.09 0.86 0.72 0.62 0.54 0.49 0.45
flange
Component
Concentra 3663 2.8 1.60 1.07 0.83 0.68 0.56 0.50 0.45 0.40
without lateral
ted load
bearing point in 1020 3.1
position 1.95 1.34 1.01 0.82 0.69 0.63 0.57 0.52
span
Lower
2240 - 2.80 1.84 1.37 1.07 0.86 0.73 0.64 0.56
flange
4563 - - 2.30 1.62 1.20 0.96 0.80 0.69 0.60

1020 1.7 1.12 0.84 0.68 0.57 0.50 0.45 0.41 0.37
Top
2240 2.1 1.30 0.93 0.73 0.60 0.51 0.45 0.40 0.36
flange
Component
Uniform 4563 2.6 1.45 0.97 0.73 0.59 0.50 0.44 0.38 0.35
without lateral
load
bearing point in 1020 2.5
position 1.55 1.08 0.83 0.68 0.56 0.52 0.47 0.42
span
Lower
2240 - 2.20 1.45 1.10 0.85 0.70 0.60 0.52 0.46
flange
4563 - - 1.80 1.25 0.95 0.78 0.65 0.55 0.49

Component with lateral bearing 1020 3.2 1.39 1.01 0.79 0.66 0.57 0.52 0.47 0.42
point in span
2240 3.0 1.80 1.24 0.96 0.76 0.65 0.56 0.49 0.43
(no matter load acts on what
position) 4563 - 2.20 1.38 1.01 0.80 0.66 0.56 0.49 0.43

Notes:
The concentrated load means that a few of concentrated loads locates in scope of 1 / 3 span, the
load of other conditions is taken as the uniform load.
The value w of rolling I-steel is taken according to the above table. When w is more than 0.8 ,
w is taken according to Table J 8 instead of the original value.

The above table is only suitable for Q235 steel, when it is used for other grade of steels, w in the
Table should time 240/ s ( s is in N/mm2).

When w is less than 2.5, no checking calculation needs for the integer stability. w more than
2.5 in the table is used for the conversions of other steel grade, and those w not listed herein are
all more than 3.60.

J.2.1 The bended component of I-shaped combination section w :
If the component section is of I-type compound sectionthe integer stable coefficient w of the

bended component may be calculated according to Formula(J8)

lb I y h 2 240
w = k1 (k2 + k3 ) ()
bh I x l s (J8)

Where w integer stable coefficient. When the calculated value is more than 0.8 w in Table I8 is

120
 instead of it

k1 coefficient, it is obtained according followings

For the simple component at two ends of the compound section with two axles in symmetry
b
When it is h 3it is k1 = 1

b
When it is h 3it is k1 = 0.9

For the simple component at two ends of the compound section with the strongly pressured flange
plate and the axle line of the web plate in symmetry
l b
When it is bh
1, it is k1 = 2 m +1
h y (J9)
l b 0.8( m +1)
When it is bh
1, it is k1 = h
y (J10)

m = I1 I+1I2 (J11)

For the cantilever component of the compound section with two axles in symmetry, k1 = 1

Where h the thickness of the web platemm

b the thickness of the pressured flangemm

y the distance from the centroidal axle to the max. pressured fibermm
I 1 , I 2 the inertia moment of the pressured flange and tensioned flange to y axle,
mm4

k 2 , k 3 coefficientit is to take according to Table J9 and Table J10

l the free length for the pressured flange of component, mm
b the width of the pressured flange, mm
h the total height of componentmm
I x , I y the section inertia moment to I axle and y axle, mm4

s the yield point of steel material, N/mm2 for Q235 steel, it is to take 240N/mm2.

121
 Table J8 Stable coefficient w

w 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15

w 0.800 0.818 0.835 0.850 0.862 0.874 0.883 0.892

w 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50

w 0.901 0.908 0.913 0.919 0.925 0.930 0.934

w 1.55 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.50

w 0.938 0.941 0.953 0.961 0.968 0.973 1.00

Table J9 Coefficients of simple component at two ends of I- type section, k 2 and k 3

Component without lateral bearing point in span Component with lateral bearing
point in span
Concentrated load Uniform load (no matter load acts on what
Coefficient position)
Section with Section with
Along top Along lower Along top Along lower
two axle in single axle in
flange flange flange flange
symmetry symmetry

k2 1480 4750 1350 36O0 2360 1970

l b
bh
0.85
k3 1200 1200 1040 1040 1180 980

k2 460 3730 460 2710 1450 1210

l b
bh
0.85
k3 2400 2400 2080 2080 2240 1870

Note: The concentrated load means that a few of concentrated loads locate in scope of 1 / 3 span. The load
of other conditions is taken as the uniform load.

Table J10 Coefficients for cantilever component of I-type constant section, k 2 and k 3
Position acted by concentrated load k2 k3

(l b ) /(bh) 0.5 480 1330

Top
flange
(l b ) /(bh) 0.5 -300 2890

Section centroid 2650 2500

Lower flange 5690 1350
NoteThe Table is suitable for the component free terminal under the concentrated load and support in the
fixed end.

For the rolling channel steel, the value of simply support at two end, w

If the component section is of the rolling channel steel with the simply support at two ends, no matter
what kind of the load type and load acting positionthe integer stable coefficient should be calculated

122
according to Formula(J12), but not to be more than 1.0.

w = 570lhb b 240
s (J12)

In Formulathe symbols are the same as above.

J3 Calculation of local stability of plate
J3.1 When the compression stress 1 , shearing stress and local compression stress m acts

individual, the critical stress should be calculated according to Formula(J13),(J14)and(J15).

1k = xK e (J13)

k = xK e (J14)

mk = xK m e (J15)

Where 1k critical compression stressN/mm2

k critical shearing stressN/mm2

mk critical local extrusion stressN/mm2

x The elastic build-in coefficient at the plate side, it is to take 11.26 in normal, and to
take the max. value when one side of flange plate is in built-in by strong flange plate or
longitudinal rib stiffener

K , K and K m the flexion coefficient for simply support at four sides, it, decided by the
side length ratio of plate a / b and the side load of plateis obtained
according to Table J11. For the plate with rib stiffener, including the
ribbed plate, it should be obtained according to Table J12

e Euler stressN/mm2it is calculated according to Formula(J16).

e = 19( 100b ) 2 (J16)

Where the plate thickness, mm

b frame width or height, mm
When the ribbed stiffener meets the requirement of structure size in Clause 9.5.6, it may only calculate
the stability of the local frame, otherwise, it should calculate the stability for two conditions of the local
frame and plate with rid stiffeners.
J3.2 When the compression stress 1 and 2 , shearing stress and local compression stress m

act at the same time, the critical compound stress ik should be calculated according to Formula(J17).

12 +m2 1m+3 2
ik = 1+( 1 )+ [3( 1 )+ m ]2 +( )2 (J17)
4 1k 4 1k mk k

123
In Formula: the meaning of is shown in Table J1l

Special condition = 0 m = 0 ik = 1k

1 = 0 m = 0 ik = 3 k

= 0 11 = 0 ik = mk

124
 Table J11 Flexion coefficient for local frame plate
No. Loading condition a = a/ b K

Uniform or 1 K = 8.4
+1.1

non-uniform
1
compression 1 K = (a + 1a ) 2 2.1
+1.1

01

Pure bending or 2/3 K = 23.9

2 bending mainly

with tension-1 2/3 K = 15.87 + 1.872 + 8.6 2

3 K = (1 + ) K K
+ 10 (1 + )
K the flexion coefficient
Bending mainly
at =0
with compression
(No.1)
-10
K the flexion coefficient
at=-1
(No.2)
4 1
Kr = 5.34+ 42
Pure shear
K r = 4 + 5.342
1

K m = 2.186.5 + 2.65
2
1

+
5 K m = (2 + 0 .7
2
)( 1 )
Single-side local
compression Note: when it is , the
13
value of , and K m is
calculated according to =3b.

K m = 0.8 K m
Double-side local K m K m is calculated
6 compression according to No. 5.

Note: 1 is the max. compression stress for the plate side, and = 2 / 1 is the stress ratio of
two sides of plate: in 1 and 2 , it has own positive and negative sign for each.
For web plate with one longitudinal ribbed stiffener and local stress function, the flexion coefficient
may be calculated according to No. 6 for the upper frame and No.5 for the lower frame after the
diffusion width for the local compression stress determined. For those with two or more longitudinal
ribbed stiffeners, it may be calculated according to above-mentioned principles.

125
 Table J12 Flexion coefficient for plate with rib
N
Loading condition K
o.

(1 + a )
Com
2 2
1 pressi + r va 2
k =
on a (1 + r a ) 1 +
2

2 Table
m 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
6.98 7.7 8.68 9.36 9.6 10.4 10.8 11.1 11.4 11.7 12
Pure r 1
yi the rid shear the plate width in equal span
shear m = 2 sin 2
v a
i =1 b
r 1
yi
2 sin 2 = r
i =1 b

a k m = k m' (1 + )
k m' k m is calculated according to No.5 in Table J11.
Local
y i 1 2y i
r 1 2
3 extrusio
n sin
i =1 b
sin
4 b

= va
5 2 17
a + a +
4

4 32
Note: symbols in the Table
E Iz Az
va = a =
bD b
I z the inertia moment of the ribbed stiffener section to the middle plane axle of platemm4
Az the section area of the ribbed stiffenermm2
r division number of the ribbed stiffener
E 3
D= ( is Poisson ratio of material).
(
12 1 2 )

When the local pressure acts on the plate, 1 is not related to m , it may take m =0 or 1 =0 for

calculation. When the critical compound stress (including the above mentioned special conditions)is more
that 0.75 5 the reduction critical compound stress k should be obtained according to Formula (J18).

5
k = 5 (1- 5 .3 1 k ) (J18)

Where 5 the yield point of material, N/mm2

J3.3 Allowable stress for local stability and calculation of local stability

Allowable stress [ k ] for local stability should be calculated according to Formula (J19)or (J20)
ik
When it is ik p , it is [ k ] = n
(J19)

126
 k
When it is ik p , it is [ k ] = n
(J20)

Where n the safety coefficient it is to take 1.5 for the load in Class I and 1.3 for the load in Class
II

p assumed ratio limit, it is to take 0.75 5

The local stability is under the checking calculation according to Formula (J21).

12 + m2 1 m + 3 2 [ k ] (J21)

127
 Appendix K
(Attached Data)
Checking of overload for motor

K1 Motor for hoisting mechanism

H PV
Pn m m 1000 (K1)

Where Pn the continuous ratio of the base load, the rated power for motor, kW

P lifting load, N
V lifting speed for goods, m/s
the total efficiency of mechanism

m at the continuous ratio of the base load, the allowable overload time of the motor
torque(the value specified in technical conditions or actual value)
H coefficient. It is decided according to conditions of that the voltage has loss (15% for the
AC motor and no for DC motor), the max. torque or locked torque has the permissible
difference (10% for the wire-type asynchronous motor and 15% for the cage-type
asynchronous motor, and no for DC motor ) , and the rated load is 1.25 times of the
hoisting load etc.. It is to take H = 2.1 for the wire-type asynchronous motor, H = 2.2
for the cage-type asynchronous motor, and H = 1.4 for DC motor.
m quantity of motors.
K2 Motor for traveling mechanism

Pn
1
ma
{[P
g ( + m0 ) + Pw ] + 1000
V
+
0 GD 2 n 2
365000 t a } (K2)

Where Pg All mass weight for moving part, N

friction resistance coefficientsee Table 5.6.7

m0 slope resistance coefficientit is to take 0.001 for the rail on the reinforced concrete beam
or the steel beam

w wind resistance, N. It is calculated according to the max. wind pressure q under

working conditions as in Section 6.6, and it is to take w =0 for indoor

GD 2 the total flyer torque, i.e. the sum of the flyer torque conversed on the motor axle
kgm2

V0 the traveling speed of the gate hoist (or trolley), m/s

n the rated speed of motor, r/min

128
 t a starting time of mechanism, s

a the standard value of average starting torque(related to the rated torque of the continuous
ratio at the base load), it is to take 1.7 for the wire-type asynchronous motor, 1 for the
frequency resistor, 0.9 m for the cage-type asynchronous motor, 1.9 for the series DC

motor, 1.8 for compound DC motor, and 1.7 for separately excited DC motor. With the
automatic current adjusting system adopted, it is allowed to increase a value

properly.
The rest symbols are the same as that in Formula(K1).
K3 Motor for rotary mechanism

H (M f +M i +M w +M a
Pn mm 9550 i (K3)

WhereH coefficient, it is to take H=1.55 for the wire-type asynchronous motor, H=1.6 for the
cage-type asynchronous motor, and H=1 for DC motor

M f the return friction resistance momentNm

M i the max. return slope resistance momentNm

M w the max. wind resistance moment caused by the calculated wind pressure, Nm

M a the horizontal resistance moment caused by the return angle 1 of hoisting rope(see
Clause 6.4.2), Nm
i the total drive ratio of mechanism.
The rest symbols are the same as that in Formula(K1)and (K2).

129
 Appendix L
(Attached Data)
Heat checking for wound-core asynchronous motor

L1 Calculation of each parameter

L1.1 Mean power at steady state
L1.1.1 Motor of hoisting mechanism

P5 = G 1000PVm (L1)

Where Ps Mean power at steady statekW

G Mean power of load at steady stateG1 = 0.7G2 = 0.8G3 = 0.9, the classes of G is

shown in Table N1 of Appendix N

The other symbols are the same as that in Formula (K1)of Appendix K.
L1.1.2 Motor of traveling mechanism

[
Ps = G Pg ( + m 0 ) + Pw ] V0
1000 m (L2)

WhereG Mean power of load at steady stateG1 = 0.75G2 = 0.80the classes of G is shown in

Table N1 of Appendix N

Pw the wind resistance, N, it is calculated according to the calculated wind pressure q I for
the gate hoist at the normal working state
The other symbols are the same as that in Formula(K2)of Appendix.
L1.1.3 Motor of slewing gear

Ps = G 365000
GDn 2

m t a (L3)

Where: G Mean power of load at steady state, G1 = 0.60G2 = 0.60the classes of G is shown in

Table N1 of Appendix N

M i the equivalent slope resistant torque caused by inclination, Nm

M w the equivalent wind resistant torque calculated according to the wind pressure q I (see
Clause 6.6.3), Nm
The other symbols are the same as that in Formula(K3)of Appendix K.
L1.2 Dynamic power

Pd = GDn 2
365000 m t a (L4)

Where Pd dynamic powerkW

130
 t a the starting time of mechanism at the normal working state, s
The other symbols are the same as that in Formula(N2)of Appendix N.
L1.3 Value CZ
L1.3.1 Convertible full starting times
Z = d 0 + gd i + rf (L5)

WhereZ the convertible full starting times at each hour

d 0 the full starting times at each hour

d i the crawl or incomplete starting times

f the electrical braking time at each hour
g and r reduction coefficientgeneral it is to take value listed in Table Ll.
Table L1 g and r
Coefficient
g r
Motor type
Wire-type asynchronous motor 0.25 0.5

L1.3.2 Increasing ratio of inertia

2
+ GD e2
C = GD d1
2 (L6)
GD d

WhereC increasing ratio of inertia

GDd2 the flyer torque of motor, kgm2

GDe2 the flyer torque on the motor axle converted from the rotary mass and moving mass
beyond motor, kgm2
L1.3.3 Value CZ
The arithmetic produce CZ of inertia increasing ratio C and starting times at each hour is the important
parameter to influence the motor heating at the starting and braking state.
L2 Heat checking
For the convenience in usage, it is listed the allowable output capacity for YZR series motor at
different load continuous ratio FC and different value CZ in Appendix. If it is P Ps (mean power at

steady state), the heat checking of motor is qualified.

131
 Appendix M
(Attached Data)
Allowable output capacity P for YZR series motor at different
load continuous ratio FC and different value CZ
(average starting current times K=1.7)

YZR 112 M-6

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 2.20 2.19 2.17 2.14 2.09 1.99 1.89 1.78 1.05 1.51
FC25% 1.80 1.79 1.78 1.76 1.73 1.65 1.58 1.51 1.41 1.32
FC40% 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.47 1.45 1.40 1.35 1.29 1.23 1.16
FC60% 1.20 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.12 1.08 1.05 0.99 0.95
FC100% 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.59 0.55

YZR 132 MA-6

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 3.50 3.47 3.43 3.37 3.26 3.01 2.77 2.53 2.21 1.88
FC25% 2.80 2.78 2.76 2.71 2.63 2.46 2.30 2.14 1.92 1.69
FC40% 2.20 2.18 1.17 2.14 2.08 1.96 1.85 1.74 1.58 1.43
FC60% 1.70 1.69 1.68 1.65 1.61 1.52 1.44 1.35 1.24 1.13
FC100% 1.10 1.09 1.08 1.06 1.03 0.97 0.91 0.84 0.76 0.68

YZG 132 MB-6

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 5.50 5.47 5.43 5.36 5.24 4.98 4.72 4.47 4.13 3.78
FC25% 4.50 4.48 4.46 4.41 4.33 4.16 3.99 3.82 3.60 3.37
FC40% 3.70 3.69 3.67 3.64 3.58 3.47 3.35 3.24 3.09 2.94
FC60% 3.00 2.99 2.98 2.96 2.92 2.84 2.75 2.67 2.56 2.45
FC100% 2.20 2.19 2.18 2.17 2.15 2.09 2.04 1.98 1.91 1.84

132
 YZR 160 MA-6
P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 7.50 7.4 7.31 7.10 6.77 6.06 5.36 4.67 3.71 2.70
FC25% 6.30 6.24 6.17 6.05 5.83 5.39 4.95 4.52 3.93 3.34
FC40% 5.50 5.46 5.42 5.34 5.20 4.91 4.61 4.33 3.96 3.58
FC60% 5.00 4.97 4.95 4.89 4.79 4.59 4.39 4.19 3.94 3.68
FC100% 4.00 3.98 3.96 3.93 3.86 3.73 3.60 3.48 3.31 3.14

YZR 160 MB-6

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 11 10.9 10.7 10.5 10 9.08 8.16 7.24 6.0 4.71
FC25% 8.5 8.41 8.32 8.14 7.84 7.21 6.59 5.98 5.16 4.33
FC40% 7.5 7.44 7.38 7.27 7.07 6.65 6.23 5.84 5.30 4.77
FC60% 6.3 6.26 6.22 6.13 5.99 5.68 5.39 5.10 4.71 4.33
FC100% 5.5 5.47 5.45 5.39 5.30 5.1 4.91 4.72 4.48 4.24

YZR 160 L-6

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 16 15.8 15.7 15.4 14.8 13.6 12.5 11.4 9.89 8.35
FC25% 13 12.9 12.8 12.6 12.2 11.4 10.7 9.93 8.94 7.94
FC40% 11 10.9 10.9 10.7 10.5 9.96 9.45 8.94 8.28 7.62
FC60% 9 8.95 8.9 8.8 8.62 8.25 7.88 7.54 7.06 6.59
FC100% 7.5 7.47 7.43 7.37 7.25 7.01 6.77 6.54 6.24 5.93

YZR 180 L-6

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 20 19.7 19.3 18.7 17.5 15.1 12.7 10.2 6.70 2.54
FC25% 17 16.8 16.6 16.1 15.4 13.9 12.4 10.8 8.79 6.61
FC40% 15 14.9 14.7 14.4 14.0 12.9 12.0 11.0 9.68 8.36
FC60% 13 12.9 12.8 12.6 12.3 11.6 10.9 10.2 9.27 8.36
FC100% 11 10.9 40.9 10.7 10.5 10.1 9.63 9.17 8.60 8.02

133
 YZR 225 M-6
P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 40 39.3 38.6 37.2 34.7 29.6 24.5 19.2 11.6 2.0
FC25% 34 33.6 33.1 32.2 30.7 27.5 24.3 21.2 16.9 12.3
FC40% 30 29.7 29.4 28.9 27.9 25.8 23.7 21.7 19.0 16.3
FC60% 26 25.8 25.6 25.2 24.5 23.1 21.6 20.3 18.4 16.5
FC100% 22 21.9 21.8 21.5 21.1 20.1 19.2 18.3 18.2 16.0

YZR 250 MA-6

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 50 48.6 47.1 44.3 39.5 29.3 18.6 5.6 0 0
FC25% 42 41.1 40.2 38.4 35.4 29.1 22.7 16.0 5.42 0
FC40% 37 36.4 35.8 34.7 32.7 28.6 24.6 20.5 14.8 8.4
FC60% 32 31.6 31.2 30.4 29.0 26.1 23.4 20.6 16.8 12.9
FC100% 28 27.7 27.5 27.0 26.1 24.3 22.5 20.8 18.5 16.2
YZR 250 MB-6
P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 63 61.4 59.9 56.8 51.5 40.4 29.0 16.2 0 0
FC25% 52 51.0 50.0 48.0 44.7 37.7 30.7 23.5 12.7 0
FC40% 45 44.4 43.7 42.4 40.3 35.7 31.3 26.8 20.6 13.9
FC60% 39 38.6 38.1 37.2 35.7 32.6 29.5 26.5 22.3 18.1
FC100% 33 32.7 32.4 31.9 31.0 29.0 27.0 25.1 22.6 20.0

YZR 280 S-6

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 75 73.0 71.0 67.1 60.5 46.3 31.3 14.1 0 0
FC25% 65 63.8 62.5 60.1 56.0 47.3 38.5 29.4 15.9 0
FC40% 55 54.2 63.4 51.9 49.2 43.5 38.0 32.3 24.5 16.1
FC60% 48 47.5 46.9 48.5 44.0 40.1 36.3 32.5 27.4 22.0
FC100% 40 39.7 39.3 38.6 37.5 35.0 32.6 30.2 27.1 23.9

134
 YZR 160 L-8
P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 11 10.9 10.8 10.7 10.4 9.72 9.11 8.50 7.69 6.88
FC25% 9 8.95 0.88 8.78 8.58 8.16 7.76 7.35 6.82 6.29
FC40% 7.5 7.46 7.43 7.35 7.22 6.94 6.66 6.39 6.04 5.69
FC60% 6 5.97 5.95 5.89 5.80 5.59 5.39 5.20 4.94 4.68
FC100% 5 4.98 4.97 4.93 4.87 4.73 4.61 4.48 4.31 4.14

YZR 180 L-8

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 16 15.8 15.6 15.3 14.7 13.5 12.2 11.00 9.38 7.68
FC25% 13 12.9 12.8 12.6 12.2 11.4 10.6 9.73 8.75 7.70
FC40% 11 10.9 10.9 10.7 10.5 9.91 9.33 8.87 8.17 7.46
FC60% 9 8.95 8.89 8.78 8.6 8.22 7.84 7.46 6.98 6.48
FC100% 7.5 7.46 7.43 7.37 7.25 6.99 6.74 6.50 6.17 5.86

YZR 200 L-8

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 22 21.7 21.4 20.8 19.8 17.6 15.5 13.3 10.3 7.15
FC25% 18.5 18.3 18.1 17.7 17.1 15.7 14.4 13.0 11.2 9.36
FC40% 15 14.9 14.7 14.5 14.1 13.1 12.3 11.4 10.2 9.00
FC60% 13 12.9 12.8 12.6 12.4 11.7 11.1 10.5 9.66 8.85
FC100% 11 10.9 10.9 10.8 10.6 10.2 9.79 9.41 8.89 8.38

YZR 225 M-8

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 33 32.6 32.2 31.4 30.0 27.1 24.2 21.4 17.5 13.5
FC25% 26 25.7 25.5 25.0 24.1 22.2 20.4 18.6 16.1 13.7
FC40% 22 21.8 21.7 21.3 20.7 19.5 18.3 17.1 15.6 14.0
FC60% 19 18.9 18.9 18.5 18.1 17.3 16.4 15.6 14.5 13.4
FC100% 17 16.9 16.8 16.7 16.5 15.9 15.4 14.9 14.2 13.5

135
 YZR 250 MB-6
P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 52 51.1 50.3 48.6 45.6 39.5 33.3 27.0 18.1 7.7
FC25% 42 41.1 40.9 39.8 38.0 34.1 30.2 26.3 21.0 15.5
FC40% 37 36.6 36.3 35.6 34.4 31.9 29.4 26.9 23.6 20.3
FC60% 32 31.7 31.5 31.0 30.2 28.4 26.7 25.0 22.8 20.5
FC100% 27 26.8 26.7 26.4 25.9 24.7 23.7 22.5 21.1 19.7

YZR 280 M-8

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 75 73.6 72.2 69.5 64.8 55.0 45.1 34.9 19.8 0.23
FC25% 65 64.2 63.3 61.6 58.7 52.6 46.5 40.5 32.2 23.3
FC40% 55 54.5 53.9 52.8 50.9 46.9 43.0 39.1 3.38 28.4
FC60% 48 47.6 47.2 46.5 45.1 42.3 39.6 36.9 33.4 29.8
FC100% 40 39.8 39.5 39.0 38.2 36.4 34.6 33.0 30.7 28.4

YZR 315 M-8

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 125 121 116.9 109 95.6 66.5 34.1 0 0 0
FC25% 100 97.4 94.9 89.9 81.3 63.3 44.5 23.4 0 0
FC40% 90 88.4 86.8 83.5 78.0 66.4 54.9 42.9 25.6 3.69
FC60% 75 73.9 72.8 70.5 66.7 58.7 50.7 42.7 31.5 19.1
FC100% 63 62.3 61.6 60.2 57.8 52.7 47.8 42.8 36.2 29.4

YZR 315 S-10

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 75 72.6 70.1 65.4 57.4 40.2 21.2 0 0 0
FC25% 65 63.5 61.9 59.0 54.0 43.4 32.6 21 12.6 0.4
FC40% 55 54.0 53.0 51.0 47.7 40.9 34.0 26.9 16.8 4.46
FC60% 48 47.3 46.6 45.3 43.0 38.1 33.4 28.6 22.1 15.0
FC100% 40 39.6 39.1 38.2 36.7 33.5 30.6 27.6 23.5 19.4

136
 YZR 315 M-10
P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 105 102.1 99.2 93.7 84.1 64.1 43.2 18.9 0 0
FC25% 88 86.2 84.4 80.9 74.8 62.3 49.6 36.4 16.4 0
FC40% 75 73.8 72.7 70.4 66.4 58.1 50.0 41.8 30.3 17.5
FC60% 63 62.2 61.4 59.7 56.9 51.1 45.4 39.8 32.0 23.9
FC100% 50 49.5 48.9 47.9 46.0 42.2 38.5 34.9 30.0 25.0

YZR 355 M-10

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 132 127.5 123 114.2 99.3 66.4 29.6 0 0 0
FC25% 110 107.1 104.4 98.8 89.3 69.3 48.5 25.0 0 0
FC40% 90 88.2 86.3 82.7 76.5 63.5 50.4 36.5 15.5 0
FC60% 75 73.2 72.5 69.9 65.6 56.5 47.6 38.4 25.4 9.9
FC100% 63 62.2 61.4 59.8 57.0 51.3 45.7 40.1 32.4 24.4

YZR 315 LA-10

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 160 154.9 149.8 139.8 122.7 85.8 45.0 0 0 0
FC25% 132 128.8 125.5 119.5 108.8 86.2 63.0 37.2 0 0
FC40% 110 107.9 105.9 101.9 94.9 80.4 65.7 50.5 28.3 0
FC60% 90 88.6 87.1 84.3 79.5 69.3 59.2 49.1 34.6 18.3
FC100% 75 74.1 73.2 71.4 68.3 61.9 55.7 49.4 40.8 32.0

YZR 355 LB-10

P(kW)
CZ 6 20 40 80 150 300 450 600 800 1000
FC15% 185 178.9 172.8 161.1 141.2 97.3 48.7 0 0 0
FC25% 150 146.3 142.5 135.0 122.6 95.9 68.1 37.2 0 0
FC40% 132 129.5 127.1 122.4 114.2 97.0 79.9 62.2 36.4 3.3
FC60% 110 108.4 106.6 103.3 97.6 85.6 73.7 61.8 45.0 26.5
FC100% 90 88.9 87.8 85.7 82.0 74.3 66.7 59.2 49.1 38.4

137
 Appendix N (standard appendix)
Motor of gate hoist mechanism
Value of FC, CZ and G in calculation for capacity selection

N1 The different load continuous ratio FC, CZ , and mean load coefficient G at steady state
for each mechanism of various gate hoist should be calculated according to the actual load
conditions. If it is hard to obtain the detailed load condition, it can be taken according to
Table N1.
Table N1 Value of FC, CZ and G

Type Chain-type, fixed winding type Moveable type

FC() CZ G FC() CZ G
Mechanism

15 150 G1 15 150 G1

25 150 G2 25 150 G2
Hoisting mechanism
40 300 G2 40 300 G2

60 450 G3 60 450 G3

15 150 G1 15 150 G1
Rotary hoisting
25 150 G2
mechanism
40 300 G2

Raveling mechanism 15 150 G1

for trolley
25 150 G2

Traveling mechanism 15 300 G1

for carrier
25 450 G1

Rotary mechanism 15 150 G2

Note the load continuous ratio FC for the mechanism is used for the area with operating cycle time not less
than 10mm, it should be calculated according to the following Formula

FC = the operation time of mechanism at one operation cycle of gate hoist

the total time for one operation cycle of gate hoist 100 %

138
 Appendix P
(Attached Data)
Carrying capacity of conducting wire

P1 Formula for calculation of carrying capacity of conducting wire

I z = Ka Kt K j I g (P1)

K t = (T1 T0 ) /(T1 T2 ) (P2)

1 e ( 600 / T )
Kj = 1 e ( FC 600 / T ) (P3)

Where I z carrying capacity of conducting wireA

K a the correction coefficient for cable or multiple-parallel lines in a pipe, generally it is to

take 0.9 for the pipe wire and 0.8 for the cable

K t the correction coefficient for environmental temperature, the normal values shown in

Table P1. The value K t may be calculated according to Formula(P2)

T1 the max. working temperature of wire core,

T0 the working environmental temperature,

T2 the rated working environmental temperature25(or 45)

K j the correction coefficient for the load continuous ratio with the repetition short-time
working form, it is to take 10min for a working circle time. The normal values are
shown in Table P2. The value K j may be calculated according to Formula(P3)

FC the load continuous ratio

T the time constant at wire in heating. The normal values are shown in Table P3s
I g the base value of carrying capacity of cable and wire . The normal values are shown in
Table P3A.

139
Table P1 Correction coefficient for temperature of conducting wire with current, K t

Rated Working environmental temperature ()

Max.
working
working
environme
temperatu
ntal
re of wire
temperatu core +25 +30 +35 +40 +45 +50 +55 +60 +65 +70 +75
re
()
()
+60 1.000 0.926 0.845 0.756 0.655 0.535 - - - - -
+25 +65 1.000 0.935 0.865 0.791 0.707 0.612 0.500 - - - -
+70 1.000 0.943 0.882 0.816 0.745 0.667 0.577 0.471 - - -
+65 - 1.323 1.225 1.118 1.000 0.866 0.707 - - - -
+70 - 1.265 1.183 1.095 1.000 0.894 0.775 0.632 - - -
+45
+80 - 1.195 1.134 1.069 1.000 0.926 0.845 0.756 0.655 0.535 -
+85 - 1.173 1.118 1.061 1.000 0.835 0.866 0.791 0.707 0.612 0.500

Table P2 Correction coefficient for load continuous ratio of conducting wire, K j

Load Line core section (mm2)
Type of contin
conducting uous
wire ratio 1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150
()
BX and 25 1.313 1.417 1.477 1.550 1.614 1.678 1.754 1.790 1.834 1.849 1.876 1.880 1.898
BXR
copper-cor
e and 40 1.149 1.212 1.249 1.296 1.336 1.377 1.425 1.448 1.476 1.486 1.503 1.505 1.517
rubber
shield line
YCYCW, 25 1.250 1.304 1.324 1.398 1.461 1.520 1.604 1.645 1.701 1.742 1.784 1.807 1.830
CF and
CFR
40 1.111 1.143 1.155 1.200 1.240 1.277 1.330 1.356 1.391 1.417 1.444 1.459 1.473
single-core
cable
YC, YCW, 25 1.490 1.531 1.590 1.640 1.696 1.750 1.808 1.803 1.838 1.865 1.877 1.902 1.912
CF and
CFR
40 1.258 1.284 1.321 1.353 1.388 1.422 1.460 1.456 1.479 1.495 1.510 1.519 1.526
three-core
cable

140

Table P3 Base value for conducting wire with current

Copper-core wire Heavy-type rubble-shield cable Marine cable

BX and BXR BV and BVR

YC and YCW YC and YCW CF and CFR CF and CFR
Wire core copper-core and copper-core plastic Heating time constant
single-core cable three-core cable single-core cable three-core cable
section rubber shield line line
(S)
(mm2) Carrying capacity at 25 0C(A) Heating Heating Heating Heating
Carrying Carrying Carrying Carrying
250 time 25 0 time 45 0 time time
constant constant constant capacity at constant
Open through Open through Open through capacity at capacity at capacity at
laying pipe laying pipe laying pipe C(A) (S) C(A) (S) C(A) (S) 45 0C(A) (S)

1.5 27 18 24 17 86 184 - - - - 20 152 14 307

2.5 35 25 32 24 116 248 37 179 26 347 26 179 19 347
4 45 33 42 31 138 295 47 190 34 419 35 190 25 419
6 58 43 55 41 172 368 52 235 43 497 44 235 32 497
10 185 60 75 57 212 453 75 282 63 613 61 282 44 613
16 110 77 105 73 267 571 112 336 84 774 81 336 58 774
25 145 100 138 95 370 791 148 438 115 1050 105 438 77 1050
35 180 122 170 115 442 945 183 506 142 1020 135 506 94 1020
50 230 154 215 146 573 1230 226 626 176 1270 165 626 120 1270
70 285 193 265 183 641 1370 289 746 224 1540 205 746 145 1540
95 345 235 325 225 797 1700 353 917 273 1870 250 917 180 1870
120 400 270 375 260 820 1750 415 1040 316 2180 290 1040 205 2180
150 470 310 430 300 980 2090 - - - - 335 1200 240 2450

Notes: 1. The value of this paper is taken from Chapter 26 Wire and Cable in "Handbook of Generator Project" (tentative in 1979). Based on the long-term duty (FC 100%), the carrying
capacity at the environmental temperature 25 (or45) is taken as the base value.
2. For the carrying capacity for pipe wire in the table, it is taken three single-core wire through the steel pipe and laid in the air as the base condition. For simplifying, the section of the wire used
for the gate hoist (no matter what the laying way and position it is) is selected as conditions of three single-core wires through the steel pipe and laid in the air. The carrying capacity for the
selected section is reduced properly when the wires going through pipe are more than three.

141
 Appendix Q
(Attached Data)
Explanation for the Specification

Q1 Explanation for words used

Explanation for Words Used in the Specification

Extent Positive Negative

Very strict, it must be done in this way. must prohibit

Strict, and it should be done in this way under should notormay

should
normal conditions. not

It is allowed to make choice, but it should be

done in this way firstly under allowable be preferableorgenerally be unsuitable
conditions.

It means that it should be done in this way in

general conditions but due to the limit of
should do as far as possible
technical and economic level, there is a
difficulty to rigidly stipulate to do so.

It is allowed to do so in some condition may

Q2 For the Clauses that should be executed according to the designated standards, specifications or other
relevant provisions, it is written as implement according to or in conformity with the requirements
of. For the Clauses that are not compulsorily to be implemented according to the appointed standards,
specifications or other relevant provisions, it is written as with reference to .

142