Gunter Dist Maths SM 272-332

MATHEMATICS
PAPER II
8. SIMILAR TRIANGLES
KEY CONCEPTS
` Similar figures : The figures which have same shape are called similar figures.
` Similar polygons : Two polygons with same number of sides are said to be similar iff.
i) all the corresponding angles are equal, and
ii) all the corresponding sides are in the same ratio (in proportion).
Note : All regular polygons with same number of sides are always similar.
` Similar triangles : Two triangles are said to be similar iff their
i) corresponding angles are equal, or
ii) corresponding sides are in the same ratio (in proportion).
` Basic proportionality theorem [Thale's theorem] : "If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a
triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, then the other two sides are divided
in the same ratio".
` Converse of Basic proportionality theorem : "If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the
same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side".
` A.A.A. similarity criterion : "In two triangles, if the angles are equal then the sides opposite to
the equal angles are in the same ratio (or proportion) and hence the two triangles are similar".
` A.A.similarity criterion : "If two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to the two angles
of another triangle, then the two triangles are similar".
` S.S.S. similarity criterion : "If in two triangles, the sides of one triangle are proportional to the
sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the triangles
are similar".
` S.A.S similarity criterion : "If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle
and the sides including these angles are proportional, then the two triangles are similar".
` The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the squares of the ratio of their corre-
sponding sides.
Notes : i) In two similar triangles,
ratio of corresponding sides = ratio of corresponding altitudes.
= ratio of corresponding medians.
= ratio of perimeters
= a : b, then
2 2
ratio of their areas = a : b
ii) If the ratio of areas of two similar triangles is A : A , then the ratio of their corre-
1 2
sponding sides (or) altitudes (or) medians (or) perimeters = " " .
X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER II 272

` If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle to the hypot-
enuse, then the triangles on both sides of the perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle
and to each other.
` Pythagoras Theorem : "In a right triangle, the square of hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides".
` Converse of Pythagoras Theorem : "In a triangle, if square of one side is equal to the sum of the
squares of other two sides, then the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle and the
triangle is a right angled triangle".
` If DABC ~ DDEF
%& &' %'

"# #$ "$
i) Scale factor =
ii) Scale factor < 1 [reduced or diminished figure]
= 1 [congruent figure]
> 1 [enlarged figure]
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Write 'Basic Proportionality Theorem'.
Sol. See Key Concepts.
2. Write 'the converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem'.

3. Write the conditions for the similarity of two polygons.

4. Write the conditions for the similarity of two triangles.

5. Define A.A. similarity criterion for two triangles.

6. State S.S.S. similarity criterion for two triangles.

7. Give any two examples for similar figures.

Sol. i) all equilateral triangles ii) all squares iii) all circles.
8. 'All squares are similar'. why ?

Sol. All squares are similar because they are regular polygons.
9. Can you give any two examples from daily life where scale factor used ?
Sol. i) Blue prints of constructions ii) to print different size photographs. iii) to make geographical
maps.
10. Write 'Pythagoras Theorem'.


11. State 'Converse of Pythagoras Theorem'.
12. In DPQR, E, F are points on 12 and 13 respectively. Is &' & 23 ? If PE = 4cm, QE = 4.5 cm,
PF = 8 cm, RF = 9 cm.
Sol. Given, in DPQR, E, F are points on 12 13 respectively.
1
and PE = 4 cm, QE = 4.5 cm, PF = 8 cm, RF = 9 cm.
DN DN

1& 1' & '
2& 3' DN DN
2 3
So &' & 23 [by converse of basic proportionality theorem].
13. Prove that a line joining the mid-points of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to third side.
Sol. Let D, E are the mid points of "# "$ respectively in DABC.
"% "

%#
Then, AD = DB = 1
&
"& %
and AE = EC = 1
&$
# $
So,
"% "&
%# &$
%& & #$ [ by converse of basic proportionality theorem]
Hence proved.
14. DABC ~ DDEF, BC = 3 cm, EF = 4 cm and ar[DABC] = 54 cm2. Find ar[DDEF].

Sol. Given, DABC ~ DDEF
BC = 3 cm, EF = 4 cm, ar[ DABC] = 54 cm2.
BS <'%&'> &'
We know, [by theorem]
BS <'"#$> #$
BS <'%&'>

\ ar[DDEF] = u = 96 cm
2.

15. D ABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at C. Prove that AB2 = 2AC2.
Sol. Given DABC is a right angled isosceles triangle and C = 90
"
So, AC = BC
2 2 2
and AB = AC + BC
2
= AC + AC
2
[Q AC = BC]
2
= 2 AC
$ #
\ AB2 = 2AC2
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. In D ABC, %& & #$ and

"% , AC = 5.6 cm. Find AE.
%#
Sol. Given, in D ABC, %& & #$ , AC = 5.6 cm
"% "%
%# "#
and
"
"& "%
Q %& & #$ "$ "# , [by basic proportionality theorem]
% &
"&
# $

\ AE = 3 0.7 = 2.1 cm.

2. Prove that a line drawn through the mid-points of one side of a triangle parallel to another
side bisects the third side.
"%
Sol. D ABC, 'D' is the mid-point of "# AD = DB and
Let, in
%# = 1
And %& drawn parallel to #$ "

Then,
"& "% % &

&$ %# [by basic proportionality theorem]
# $

"&
&$ = 1

' "%
%#

AE = EC
E is mid-point of "$ .
%& bisects the third side "$ .
Hence proved.
3. A flag pole 4m tall casts 6 m shadow. At the same time, a nearby building casts a shadow of
24m. How tall is the building ?
Sol. Given, Height of the flag pole, h = 4 m
Length of shadow of flag pole, l = 6 m
Length of shadow of building = L = 24 m
Height of the building, H = ?
We know
) - [by theorem]
I M
)

H = 4 4 = 16 m

4. Diagonals "$ and #% of a trapezium ABCD with "# & %$ intersect each other at the point
'O'. Using the criterion of similarity for two triangles, show that
0" 0# .
0$ 0%
Sol. Given, in trapezium ABCD, "# & %$
and "$ #% intersecting at 'O'.
$
%
From D AOB and D COD,
0
"0# $0% [ Q vertically opposite angles]
0"# 0$% [ Q alternate interior angles]

\ D AOB ~ D COD [Q A.A. similarity criterion] " #
0" 0#
Q C.P.S.T.]
So,
0$ 0% [
5. Show that the ratio of the medians of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of their
corresponding sides.
Sol. Let D ABC ~ D DEF then
i) " % # & $ '
"# #$ "$ " %
%& &' %'
ii)
and P, Q are the mid-points of #$ and &' respectively,
# 1
$ & '
then BP = PC = BC, 2

EQ = QF = EF

From D ABP and D DEQ,
# & [ \ from (i)]

#$
#1 #$
&2
=
&' [Q P, Q are mid-points of #$ &' ]
&'

#1 "#
\ Q from (ii)]
&2 %& [
So, D ABP ~ D DEQ [by S.A.S. similarity criterion]

"1 "# #$ "$
\ \ from (ii)]
%2 %& &' %' [
Hence proved.
6. Diagonals of a trapezium ABCD with "# & %$ intersect each other at the point 'O'. If AB = 2
CD then find the ratio of areas of D AOB and D COD.
Sol. Given, in trapezium ABCD, "# & %$
"$ #% intersecting at 'O'.
and AB = 2 CD
% $
From D AOB and D COD,
0
"0# $0% Q vertically opposite angles]
[
0"# 0$% Q alternate interior angles]

[
\ D AOB ~ D COD [Q A.A. similarity criterion] " #
BS <'"0#> "#
Then, [by theorem]
BS <'$0%> $%

$%
=
\ AB = 2 CD]
[
$%
$%
= = 4 : 1
$%
7. A ladder 25 m long reaches a window of building 20 m. above the ground. Determine the
distance of the foot of the ladder from the building.
Sol. Let, in D ABC,
AB = length of the ladder = 25 m
AC = height of the window from the ground = 20 m
\ C = 90, BC = "# "$ [by Pythagoras Theorem]
"

=

N
N
=
= = 15 m # $
\ Distance of the foot of the ladder from the building = 15 m
8. In the given figure, if "% A #$ then prove that AB2 + CD2 = AC2 + BD2.
$
Sol. From the figure, in DABC, "% A #$
From D ABD, "%# = 90 AB
2
= AD
2
+ BD
2
%
2 2 2
\ AD = AB BD (1)
From D ACD, "%$ = 90 AC

2
= AD
2
+ CD
2
2 2 2 # "
\ AD = AC CD (2)
2 2 2 2
From (1) and (2), AB BD = AC CD
2 2 2 2
AB + CD = AC + BD

9. PQR is a triangle, right angled at 'P' and 'M' is a point on 23 such that 1. A 23 . Show that
PM2 = QM. MR. 3
Sol. Given, in D PQR, 1 = 90 and 1. A 23
D PMQ ~ D RMP [\ Theorem]
So,
.
1.
2.

.3 1. [C.P.S.T.]
\ PM
2
= QM. MR
1 2
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. State and prove 'Basic Proportionality Theorem'.
2. State and prove 'converse of basic proportionality theorem'.
3. State and prove 'Pythagoras Theorem'.
4. State and prove 'Converse of Pythagoras Theorem'.
5. $. and 3/ are respectively the medians of two similar triangles D ABC and D PQR. Prove
$. "#
that i) D AMC ~ D PNR ii)
3/ 12 .
6. Prove that if the areas of two similar triangles are equal, then they are congruent.
7. D, E, F are the mid-points of sides #$ $" "# of DABC. Find the ratio of areas of D DEF and
D ABC.
8. Equilateral triangles are drawn on the three sides of a right angled triangle. Show that the
area of the triangle on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of triangles on the
other two sides.
9. Prove that the area of the equilateral triangle described on the side of a square is half the
area of the equilateral triangle described on its diagonal.
10. Prove that the sum of the squares of the sides of a rhombus is equal to the sum of the
squares of its diagonals.
11. If 'O' is any point inside a rectangle ABCD, then prove that OB2 + OD2 = OA2 + OC2.
12. ABC is a right triangle right angled at C. Let BC = a, CA = b, AB = c and 'P' be the length of

perpendicular from 'C' on 'AB'. Prove that i) PC = ab ii)
.
1 B C
13. Two poles of heights 6 m and 11 m stand on a plane ground. If the distance between the feet
of the poles is 12 m. Find the distance between their tops.

14. In an equilateral triangle ABC, 'D' is a point on side #$ such that BD = BC Prove that

9 AD2 = 7 AB2.
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Construct a triangle of sides 4 cm, 5 cm and 6 cm. Then, construct a triangle similar to it

whose sides are of the corresponding sides of the first triangle.

2. Construct an isosceles triangle whose base is 8 cm and altitude is 4 cm. Then, draw another

triangle whose sides are time the corresponding sides of the isosceles triangle.

3. Construct a triangle shadow similar to the given D ABC with its sides equal to of the

corresponding sides of the triangle ABC.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. If a line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, then it divides other two sides in .......................
2. If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is ............. to the third side.
3. In D ABC, if 'D' and 'E' are the mid-points of "# and "$ respectively, then AD : DB = ................
4. In D PQR, if 9: & 23 , then PX : PQ = ..........................................

5. In D ABC, if AD : DB = AE : EC, then ..............................................
6. If in D XYZ, 12 & :; and XP : XY = 3 : 5 and XQ = 6 cm, then QZ = .......................................
7. Symbol for similarity is .......................................
8. The relation 'similarity' is ....................................... relation.
9. The polygons in which all sides and angles are equal then they are .......................................
10. The regular polygons with same number of sides are always .......................................
11. All equilateral triangles are always similar because .......................................
12. All isosceles triangles are .......................................
13. Reduced or enlarged photographs of an object are .......................................
14. Two polygons with the same number of sides are ......................................., if their corresponding
angles are equal and corresponding sides are equal.
15. The ratio of the corresponding sides of similar triangles is called .......................................
16. If the scale factor is equal to one, then the similar figure is .............................. to the given figure.
17. In D ABC, if %& & #$ then D ADE and D ABC are .......................................
18. If D ABC ~ D DEF, " = 50, ' = 70, then # = .......................................

19. If D ABC ~ D DEF, scale factor and DE = 9 cm then AB = .......................................

20. If the scale factor is greater than one, then similar figure is ....................................... comparing
with the given figure.
"0 $0
21. In a quadrilateral ABCD, if the diagonals are intersecting at 'O' such that
#0 %0 , then ABCD
is a .......................................
22. A person 1.65 m tall casts 1.8 m shadow, at the same instance, a lamp-post casts a shadow of
5.4m then height of lamp-post is .......................................

23. If D ABC ~ D PQR and $. and 3/ are medians respectively then CM : AB = .......................................
24. "9 and %: are altitudes of two similar triangles D ABC and D DEF then AX : AB = ..............................
25. If the ratio of the corresponding sides of two similar triangles is 3 : 2 then the ratio of their
perimeters is .......................................
26. If the ratio of the corresponding sides of two similar triangles is 1 : 2 then the ratio of their
corresponding altitudes is .......................................
27. If the areas of two similar triangles are equal then they are .......................................
28. If the areas of two similar triangles is 1 : 2 then the ratio of their corresponding sides is ...............
29. If the ratio of the corresponding altitudes of two similar triangles is 2 : 3 then the ratio of their
areas is .......................................
30. In D ABC, if %& & #$ and AD : DB = 2 : 3 then Ar[ D ADE] : Ar[D ABC] = .......................................
31. In D ABC, if %& & #$ then D ADE ~ D ABC'. Here the criterion is .......................................
32. If the perimeters of two similar triangles D ABC, D PQR are in the ratio 3 : 4 and Ar[D ABC] =
36 cm
2
then Ar[ D PQR] = .......................................
33. If the areas of two similar triangles are equal then their corresponding sides are in the ratio
.......................................
34. If the corresponding sides of two similar triangles are equal, and the area of one triangle is
2
64 cm , then the area of other triangle is .......................................
35. If D, E, F are the mid-points of #$ $" "# of D ABC respectively then the ar[D DEF] : ar[D ABC]
= .......................................
36. The ratio of the areas of equilateral triangles described on a side and diagonal of a square is
.......................................
37. Diagonals of trapezium ABCD with "# & %$ intersecting at 'O'. If AB = 3 CD then ar[ D COD] :
ar[ D AOB] = .......................................
38. In a right triangle ABC, # = 90 and #% A "$ then D ADB ~ .......................................
39. In D ABC, # = 90 then AB

2 2 2
+ BC = AC . This is .......................................
40. In D PQR, PQ2 + QR2 = PR2 then

i) D PQR is .......................................
ii) hypotenuse is .......................................
iii) right angled vertex is .......................................
iv) 2 = .......................................
41. Pythagoras theorem was earlier stated by the Indian mathematecian is .......................................
42. For a right triangle with integer sides, at least one of its measurements must be ............ number.
2 2
43. In a square ABCD, AB : AC = .......................................
2 2
44. In a rhombus ABCD, AC + BD = .......................................

45. In D ABC, # = 90 and #% A "$ then BD2 = .......................................
46. In D PQR, 1 = 90 and 1. A 23 then PQ
2
= .......................................
47. In D XYZ, : = 90 and :1 A 9; then YZ

2
= .......................................
48. D ABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at 'C' then AC : AB = .......................................

2 2
49. If 'O' is any point in the interior of rectangle ABCD then OA + OC = .......................................
50. In an obtuse angled triangle ABC, obtuse angle at A and "% A #$ then
2 2
i) AB AC = .......................................
2 2
ii) AB BD = .......................................
2 2
iii) AB + CD = .......................................
51. In D ABC, # = 90, #% A "$ , AD = 4 cm and AC = 13 cm then BD = .......................................
ANSWERS
I. 1) same ratio 2) parallel 3) 1 : 1 4) PY : PR 5) %& & #$

6) 4 cm 7) ~ 8) equivalent 9) regular polygons
10) similar to each other 11) they are regular polygons
12) not similar to each other 13) similar 14) congruent 15) scale factor
16) congruent 17) similar to each other 18) 60 19) 13.5 cm
20) enlarged 21) trapezium 22) 4.95 m 23) RN : PQ 24) DY : DE
25) 3 : 2 26) 1 : 2 27) congruent 28) 29) 4 : 9
30) 4 : 25
31) A.A.A. similarity criterion (or) S.A.S. similarity criterion (or) S.S.S. similarity criterion)
2 2
32) 48 cm 33) 1 : 1 34) 64 cm 35) 1 : 4 36) 1 : 2
37) 1 : 9 38) D ABC or D BDC 39) Pythagoras theorem
40) i) right triangle ii) 13 iii) Q iv) 90
41) Boudhayan 42) even 43) 1 : 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
44) AB + BC + CD + DA (or) 4AB (or) 4BC (or) 4CD (or) 4 DA 45) AD. DC
46) QM. QR 47) XZ . ZP 48) 49) OB

2
+ OD
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
50) i) BD CD ii) AC CD iii) AC + BD 51) 6 cm
h h h h h

9. TANGENTS AND SECANTS TO A CIRCLE
KEY CONCEPTS
` The locus of points in a plane equidistant from a fixed point is called circle. The fixed point is
called centre of the circle and fixed distance is called radius of the circle.
` According to Salman, who is a Bengali-American mathematician, there can be 3 possible ways
of presenting a circle and a line given on a plane.
i) If the line and circle have no-common point, then the line is called non-intersecting line.
ii) If the line intersects the circle at two points then the line is called secant of the circle.
iii) If the line intersects the circle at only one point then the line is called tangent to the circle.
1 2 2
1
1 2
12 JT4FDBOU
12 OPOJOUFSTFDUJOHMJOF 12 JT5BOHFOU
` The word tangent is taken from the Latin word 'tangree' which means ' to touch'. It was
introduced by Danish Mathematician Thomas Fineke in 1583.

` The common point of the tangent and circle is called point of contact.
` The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
` The line containing the radius through the point of contact is also called normal to the centre
at the point.
1 " 2
` O is the centre of circle of radius OA. AP is a tangent drawn from an external point P. The length
of tangent AP = 01 0"

2
0 1

` The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
"
0 1
#
1"1#
` The centre of the circle lies on the bisector of the angle between two tangents drawn from a
point outside it.
` The line segment joining any two points on a circle is called chord. The largest chord passing
through the centre of circle is called diameter.
` In two concentric circles, the chord of bigger circle, that touches the smaller circle is bisected
at the point of contact with the smaller circle.
" 1 #
` If two tangents AP and BP are drawn to a circle with centre O from an external point P then
"1# 0"# 0#"

"
0 1
#
` If the circle touches all the sides of a quadrilateral internally the sum of two pairs of opposite
sides are equal AB + CD = BC + DA.
1 $
%
+ 4
" , #
` A chord divides the circle into two parts.
i) Major segment ii) Minor segment.
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4FHNFOU
" #
.JOPS
4FHNFOU
2
` Diameter of circle divides it into two semicircles.
Yq
` The area of sector which makes an angle x at the centre of circle is pr2, where r is radius

of circle.
0
S Y S
" #
` Area of segment of circle = The area of sector formed with the segment
The area of triangular part of sector.
" #
1
` Area of segment APB = Area of sector OAPB Area of D OAB.
` The radius of circumscribing circle of a regular hexagon is equal to the length of its side.
` The radius of a circle is r. The length of the tangent drawn from an external point at a distance
'd' is l. Then d2 = l2 + r2 (or) l2 = d2 r2 (or) r2 = d2 l2

` Area of Major segment = Area of circle Area of Minor segment.
` To find the quantities r, l and d, when any two of them are given, the following pythagoras
triplets are useful to say the answer directly.
a) 3, 4, 5 b) 5, 12, 13 c) 6, 8, 10 d) 7, 24, 25 e) 8, 15, 17
f) 9, 12, 15 g) 12, 35, 37 h) 15, 20, 25 i) 16, 30, 34 j) 20, 21, 29 etc.
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. PA, PB are two tangents drawn from an external point of a circle with centre O. What is the
value of 1"0 1#0 ?
Sol. 180
2. Radius of a circle is 5 cm. The angle between the tangents drawn from an external point is
60. Find the distance between the centre of circle and intersection point of tangents ?
"0 "
Sol. From D AOP, sin 30 =
10

0 1

PO = 10 cm
10 #
3. The length of tangent from a point to a circle of radius 3 cm is 4 cm. What is the distance
between centre of that point ?
Sol. r = 3 cm, l = 4 cm
"

0 1

d = M S = 5cm
4. From a point Q, the length of tangent is 24 cm, and the distance of Q from the centre is
25 cm. What is the radius of circle ?
Sol. l = 24 cm, d = 25 cm, r = E S = 7 cm
5. If AP, AQ are two tangents to a circle with centre O such that 102 = 110. Find 1"2 ?
1
Sol. 0 1 " 2 = 360
" = 360 0 1 2
0 "
= 360 290 = 70
2
6. PA, PB are two tangents and angle between them is 80. Find 10" 10# ?

Sol. "10 = 40, 0"1 = 90

"
0 1
#
\ 10" 10# = 180 (90 + 40) = 50
7. PA, PB are two tangents with angle at their point of intersection is 70. What is the value of
"10 and #10 ?
Sol. 35
8. Two concentric circles of radii 5 cm and 3 cm are drawn. Find the length of the chord of
larger circle which touches the smaller circle ?
Sol. a = 5 cm, b = 3 cm
Length of chord = B C = 8 cm
9. What is the angle in major segment ?

Sol. acute angle

10. What is the angle in minor segment ?
Sol. obtuse angle
11. The perimeter of a circle is 440 cm. Find the side of square inscribed in the circle ?
Sol. pd = 440

d = 440 = 140 cm

Diagonal of square = 140

Side = u = cm

2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Draw a circle and two lines parallel to a given line such that one is a tangent and the other
is a secant to the circle ?
2. Prove that the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal ?
3. The length of minute hand of a clock is 14 cm. Find the area swept by the minute hand in 10
minutes ?
4. A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm, subtends a right angle at the centre. Find the area of
minor segment and major segment ?
5. If a chord subtends an angle 120 at the centre of circle of radius 12 cm. Find the area of
corresponding minor arc ?
6. Find the area of shaded region in the fig, if ABCD is a square of side 7 cm, and APD, BPC are
semicircles.
% DN $
" #
7. AB, CD are respectively area of two concentric circles of radii 21 cm, and 7 cm with centre
O. If "0# = 30. Find the area of shaded region.
0
$ %
" #
8. Construct a tangent to a circle at a given point when the centre of the circle is known.
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. In the adjacent figure radius of circle is 21 cm and "0# = 120. Find the area of segment AYB ?
"
: 0
#
2. Draw a circle of radius 6 cm. From a point 10 cm away from its centre, construct pair of
tangents and measure their lengths. Verify by using pythagoras theorem.
3. Prove that parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.
4. Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point on the concentric circle of radius
6 cm and measure its length. Verify by actual calculation.
5. Draw a circle with the help of a bangle. Take a point outside the circle and construct a pair
of tangents from this point to the circle. Measure them and conclude it.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. The no.of tangents drawn through any point of a circle is ..................................................
2. A tangent to a circle intersects it in .................................................. point.
3. A line intersecting a circle in two points is called a ...................................................
4. The no.of tangents can be drawn to a circle is ..................................................
5. The common point of a tangent to a circle and the circle is called ..................................................
6. If the line drawn through the end point of radius of circle is perpendicular to the radius then it
is called .................................................. to the circle.
7. The tangents drawn on either sides of diameter of circle are .................................................. to
each other.
8. The maximum no.of parallel tangents drawn to a circle ..................................................
9. The no.of tangents can be drawn from an interior point to a circle is ..................................................
10. The no.of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is ..................................................
11. It a circle touches all sides of a quadrilateral ABCD, internally then AB + CD = ......................................
12. The parallelogram circumscribing a circle is ..................................................

13. The angle between the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is always ............................
14. The angle between the tangent to a circle and radius at the point of contact is ...........................
15. Radius of circle is 6 cm. The length of tangent drawn to the circle through a point 10 cm from
the centre is ..................................................
16. The radius of circle is 7 cm. The area of sector making an angle 60 with centre of circle is
..................................................
17. The length of tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm is 3 cm. The distance from the centre of circle to
the intersection point of tangent and external point is ..................................................
18. Two concentric circles of radii a and b (a > b) are given. The chord AB of larger circle touches
the smaller circle at C. The length of AB is ..................................................
Y 0
19. In the adjacent figure value of x = ..................................................
20. The length of tangent drawn from an external point of a circle at a distance of 6 cm to a circle of
radius 3 cm is ..................................................
21. The no.of tangents can be drawn parallel to a secant of circle is ..................................................
ANSWERS
I. 1) 1 2) 1 3) secant of circle 4) infinite
5) point of contact 6) tangent 7) parallel 8) 2
9) 0 10) 2 11) BC + AD 12) Rhombus 13) acute angle
14) 90 15) 8 cm 16) 25.66 cm

2
17) 5 cm 18) B C
19) 120 20) DN 21) 2
h h h h h

10. MENSURATION
KEY CONCEPTS
` Cube : a) Lateral surface area = 4a
2
(a = side)
2
b) Total surface area = 6a
3
c) Volume = a
d) Diagonal = B
` Cuboid : l = length, b = breadth, h = height

a) Lateral surface area = 2h(l + b)
b) Total surface area = 2(lb + bh + hl)
c) Volume = lbh

d) Diagonal = M C I
` Cylinder : r = Radius of the base, h = height

S

a) Area of base = pr2
b) Perimeter of base = 2 r p
c) Lateral surface area = 2 rh p
d) Total surface area = 2 pr(r + h)
e) Volume = pr2h
` Cone : r = Radius of the base, h = height, l = slant height

a) l= S I
b) Lateral surface area = prl
c) Total surface area = pr(l +r)
2
d) Volume = pr h

` Sphere : r = Radius of the sphere

a) Total surface area / curved surface area = 4 pr2
3
b) Volume = pr

` Hemisphere : a) Lateral surface area = 2 r p 2
b) Total surface area = 3 r p 2
3
c) Volume = pr

` Volume of Embankment of ring = p(R2 r2) h.

1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Find the volume of a sphere of radius 2.1 cm
2. Find the total surface area of a cuboid with measurements 5 cm 4 cm 3 cm.
3. A right circular cylinder has base radius 14 cm and height 21 cm. Find it's curved surface
area.
4. Find the volume of hemisphere of radius 3.5 cms.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Find the volume and the total surface area of a hemisphere of radius 3.5 cms.
Sol. Radius of hemisphere = r = 3.5 cms.
Total surface area of hemisphere = curved surface area + area of circle.
= 2 pr2 + pr2 = 3pr2

2
= 3 3.5 3.5 = 111.5 cm

3 3
Volume of hemisphere = pr = u 3.5 3.5 3.5 = 89.8 cm

2. An oil drum is in the shape of a cylinder having the following dimensions. Diameter is 2m.
and height is 7 m. If the painter charges ` 3 per m3, to paint the drum, find the charge to be
paid to the painter.
Sol. Radius of cylinder = r = 2m
Height of cylinder = h = 7 m.
Lateral surface area of cylinder = 2 prh

= 2 2 7
N
= 88 m
2
Charges per 1 m
2 for painting = `3
Charges for 88 m
2 for painting = 3 88 = ` 264. N
Amount to be paid to painter = ` 264

3. A jokers cap is in the form of right circular cone whose base radius is 7 cm and height is
24 cm. Find the area of the sheet required to make 10 such caps.
Sol. Radius of the cap r = 7 cm
Height of the cap h = 24 cm

V
\ Slant height of the cap (l) = S I
{

V
=
= = = 25 cm.

Lateral surface area of cone = prl = 7 25 = 550 sq.cm.

Sheet required to make 10 caps = 10 lateral surface area of cone
= 10 550
= 5500 sq.cms.
4. A sports company was ordered to prepare 100 paper cylinders for shuttle cocks. The
required dimensions of the cylinder are 35 cm length / height and its radius is 7 cm. Find
the required area of thin paper sheet needed to make 100 cylinders.
Sol. Radius of cylinder = r = 7 cm
Height of cylinder = h = 35 cm
Total surface area of cylinder = 2 pr(r + h)

DN

= 2 7 (7 + 35)

DN
= 44 42 = 1848 sq.cms
\ Area of thin paper sheet needed to make 100 cylinders = 100 1848 = 184800 sq.cms.
5. A self help group wants to manufacture jokers caps (conical caps) of 3 cm radius and 4 cm
height. If the available colour paper sheet is 1000 cm2, then how many caps can be manufac-
tured from that paper sheet ?
Sol. Radius of cone = r = 3 cm
Height of cone = h = 4 cm

Slant height of cone = l = S I
=
V
{
= = 5 cm
V

Lateral surface area of cone = prl = 3 5 = sq.cm.

Area of colour paper = 1000 sq.cms.
"SFB PG DPMPVS TIFFU

-BUFSBM TVSGBDF BSFB PG DPOF
Number of caps can be manufactured from the given colour sheet =

= = 21 caps

6. A solid iron rod has a cylindrical shape. Its height is 11 cm and base diameter is 7 cm. Then
find the total volume of 50 rods.
Sol. Diameter of cylinder = d = 7 cm
E

Radius of cylinder = r = cm

Height of cylinder = h = 11 cm
Volume of the cylinder = pr2h
V
= u u 11 = cm
3

3
Volume of 50 rods = 50 = 21,175 cm

7. A medicine capsule is in the shape of a cylinder with two hemispheres stuck to each of its
ends. The length of the capsule is 14 mm. and the width is 5 mm. Find its surface area.
{

Sol.
x
Diameter of both cylinder and hemispheres = d = 5mm
E
radius = r = mm

Length of the capsule = h = 14 mm.
Total surface area of capsule = Lateral surface area of cylinder + 2 curved surface area of
hemisphere
2
= 2 prh + 2 2pr

= 2 pr(h + 2r) = u u u

= u u u

= 298.57 sq.mm
8. Two cubes each of volume 64 cm3 are joined end to end together. Find the surface area of
the resulting cuboid.
Sol. Volume of cube = a
3 = 64 cm
3 = 4
3 cm
3

Side of cube = a = = 4 cm.
By joining two cubes end to end resulting cuboid measurements are l = 8 cm, b = 4 cm,
h = 4 cm
nV
V
{
V
{V {V {

Lateral surface area of cuboid = 2h (l + b)
= 2 4 (8 + 4) = 96 cm
2
Total surface area of cuboid = 2 (lb + bh + lh)
= 2(8 4 + 4 4 + 8 4)
= 2 80 = 160 cm
2
9. Find the volume of the largest right circular cone that can be cut out of a cube whose edge
is 7 cm.
Sol. Diameter of largest right circular cone that can be cut out of a cube having edge
7 cm = d = 7 cms

radius = r = cm

height = h = 7 cms
2 DN
Volume of the cone = pr h

DN
= u u u u

= 89.83 cm .
3
10. A metallic sphere of radius 4.2 cm. is melted and recast into the shape of a cylinder of radius
6 cm. Find the height of the cylinder.
Sol. Radius of metallic sphere = r
1 = 4.2 cms
Radius of cylinder = r = 6 cms

2
Volume of sphere = Volume of cylinder

pr 3 = pr22h
1

S S u u u
Height of cylinder = h = = 2.74 cm
S S uu
11. A 20 m deep well with diameter 7 m. is dug and the earth from digging is evenly spread out
to form a platform 22 m. by 14 m. Find the height of the platform.
Sol. Deep (height) of dug (cylinder) = h = 20 m
Diameter = d = 7m,
N
E

radius = r = m.
Volume of the sand from dug = pr2h N

= u u u = 770 m3

Cuboid length = l = 22m, cuboid breadth = b = 14m. I N
Volume of sand = volume of cuboid
770 m
3 = lbh
N
22 14 h = 770

Height of platform = h = = 2.5 m.
u
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. A toy is in the form of a cone mounted on a hemisphere the diameter of the base and the
height of the cone are 6 cm and 4 cm respectively. Determine the surface area of the toy ?
2. A storage tank consists of a circular cylinder with a hemisphere stuck on either end. If the
external diameter of the cylinder be 1.4 m. and its length be 8 m. Find the cost of painting it
on the outside at rate of ` 20 per m2.
3. A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere from each end of a solid cylinder,
as shown in the figure. If the height of the cylinder is 10 cm and its base radius is of 3.5 cm,
find the total surface area of the article.
4. An iron pillar consists of a cylindrical portion of 2.8 m height and 20 cm. in diameter and a
cone of 42 cm. height surmounting it. Find the weight of the pillar if 1 cm3 of iron weighs
7.5 g.
5. A toy is made in the form of hemisphere surmounted by a right cone whose circular base is
joined with the plane surface of the hemisphere. The radius of the base of the cone is 7 cm.

and its volume is of the hemisphere. Calculate the height of the cone and the surface area

of the toy correct to 2 places of decimal.
6. A cylindrical tub of radius 5 cm and length 9.8 cm is full of water. A solid in the form of right
circular cone mounted on a hemisphere is immersed into the tub. The radius of the hemi-
sphere is 3.5 cm and height of cone outside the hemisphere is 5 cm. Find the volume of
water left in the tub.
7. Spherical marbles of diameter 1.4 cm are dropped into a cylindrical beaker of diameter
7 cm., which contains some water. Find the number of marbles that should be dropped into
the beaker, so that water level rises by 5.6 cm.
8. Metallic spheres of radius 6 cm., 8 cm. and 10 cm. respectively are melted to form a single
solid sphere. Find the radius of the resulting sphere.
9. A well of diameter 14 m. is dug 15 m. deep. The earth taken out of it has been spread evenly
all around it in the shape of a circular ring of width 7 m to form an embankment. Find the
height of the embankment.
10. How many silver coins, 1.75 cm in diameter and thickness 2 mm., need to be melted to form
a cuboid of dimensions 5.5 cm 10 cm 3.5 cm ?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Ratio of volume of cone and cylinder with same radius and height is ............................................
2. The lateral surface area of cylinder is equal to the curved surface area of cone. If the radius be
same find the ratio of the height of the cylinder and slant height of cone.
A. Lateral surface area of cylinder = curved surface area of cone.
SS I SS M
I
M
\ h : l = 1 :2
3. Find the volume of right circular cone with radius 6 cm and height 7 cm.
A. r = 6 cm, h = 7 cm
2
Volume of right circular cone = pr h = u u uu = 264 sq.cm.

4. The radii of two cones are in the ratio 2 : 1 and their volumes are equal. Then the ratio of their
heights is ............................................
5. If d is the diameter of a sphere, then it's volume is ............................................
6. The horizontal cross section of a cylinder is ............................................
7. The vertical cross section of a cylinder is ............................................
8. The vertical cross section of right circular cone is ............................................
9. The diagonal of the cuboid with dimensions 9 cm 12 cm 20 cm is ............................................
10. The maximum volume of a cone that can be curved out of a solid hemisphere of radius 'r' is
............................................
11. The ratio of the volume of a cube to that of a sphere which will exactly fit inside the cube is
............................................
12. The volume of a ball of radius 1 cm is ............................................
13. If the volume of hemisphere is 18 p cm3, then the radius of the hemisphere is ......................................
14. The surface area of a sphere 4 cm in diameter is ............................................
15. The slant height of a conical vessel of radius 6 cm and height 8 cm is ............................................
2
16. If the total surface area of a hemisphere is 115.5 cm , then it's radius is ............................................
17. The volume of a cone with radius of the base 7 cm and height 24 cm is ...........................................
18. The curved surface area of a cone with radius 3 cm and height 4 cm is ............................................
19. The curved surface area of cylinder with radius 7 cm and height 10 cm is ..........................................
20. The volume of a cylinder with radius of the base 3.5 cm and height 12 cm is ........................................

21. The volume of earth dug from 10 m deep well with a diameter 7 m is ............................................
22. The volume of metallic sphere having diameter 6 cm is ............................................
23. If the slant height and height of a cone are 25 cm and 20 cm then radius is ............................................
24. If the radius and height of a cone are 9 cm and 40 cm respectively, then its slant height is
............................................
25. A sector of radius 7 cm and central angle 45 is folded into a cone along its radius. Then the
slant height of the cone so forms is ........... and its curved surface area is ............................................
ANSWERS

I. 1) 1 : 3 2) 1 : 2 3) 264 sq.cm 4) 1 : 4 5) SE

6) circle 7) rectangle 8) isosceles triangle 9) 25 cm

10) SS 11) 6 : p 12) cm
3 3
= 4.19 cm 13) 3 cm

14) 16 p cm2 15) 10 cm 16) cm = 3.5 cm 17) 1232 cm
3

2 2 2 3 3
18) cm = 47.14 cm 19) 440 cm 20) 132 cm 21) 1540 m

22) 288 p cm3 23) 15 cm 24) 41 cm 25) 7cm, cm
2
= 19.25 cm
2

h h h h h

11. TRIGONOMETRY
KEY CONCEPTS
` The word 'Trigonometry' is derived from the Greek roots 'tri' means three ; 'gonia' means 'an
angle' and 'metron' means 'measure'. Thus 'Trigonometry' means three angle measure.
` Hipparchus (140 B.C.), a Greek mathematician established the relationship between the sides
and angles of a triangle.
` Trigonometrical ratios : Let us consider D ABC in which # = 90, let #"$ = q, #$" = 90 q
oT
T
# "
q=
0QQPTJUF TJEF UP T #$
i) sin
)ZQPUFOVTF "$
"EKBDFOU TJEF UP T "#
q=
)ZQPUFOVTF "$
ii) cos
q=
iii) tan

q=
iv) cot
q=
)ZQPUFOVTF "$
v) cosec
q=
)ZQPUFOVTF "$
vi) sec
Relation between the trigonometrical ratios : cosec q, sec q and cot q are respectively recipro-
cals of sin q, cos q and tan q.
TJO T
i) tan q=
DPT T DPU T

ii) sec q=
DPT T

iii) cosec q=
TJO T
` Trigonometric ratios from 0 to 90
SD SD SD SD
q 0c

0 30 45 60 90

sin q 0 1

cos q 1 0

tan q 0 1

cosec q 2 1

sec q 1 2

cot q 1 0

` Trigonometric Identities :
a) sin
2
q + cos2 q = 1
i) sin
2
q = 1 cos2 q (or) sin q = DPT T
ii) cos
2
q = 1 sin2 q (or) cos q = TJO T .
b) sec
2
q tan2 q = 1 for 0 q < 90
i) sec
2
q = 1 + tan2 q (or) sec q = UBO T
ii) tan
2
q = sec2 q 1 (or) tan q = TFD T
c) cosec
2
q cot2 q = 1 for 0 < A 90
i) cosec
2
q = 1 + cot2 q (or) cosec q = DPU T
ii) cot
2
q = cosec2 q 1 (or) cot q = DPTFD T
` Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles :

Two angles are said to be complementary angles if their sum equals to 90
sin (90 q) = cos q

cos (90 q) = sin q
tan (90 q) = cot q
cosec (90 q) = sec q
sec (90 q) = cosec q
cot (90 q) = tan q
` The maximum and minimum values of sin q & cos q are 1 and 1
` The maximum and minimum values of tan q are + ,
1 MARK QUESTIONS

1. Is sin x = does exist for some value of angle x ?

Sol. The value of sin x always lies between 1, and 1.

Here sin x = which is greater than 1.

So it does not exist.
2. Is tan A is product of tan and A ? Think and write.

Sol. The symbol tan A is used as an abbreviation for 'the tangent of the angle a'.
tan A is not the product of 'Tan' and A.
'tan' seperated from 'A' has no meaning.

3. What can you say about cosec 0 = ? Is it defined ? Why ?
TJO q
Sol. Sin 0 = 0

cosec 0 = = not defined.
TJO q
Reason : Division by 0 is not allowed.

Hence is indeterminate.

4. sec 0 = 1, Why ?

Sol. sec 0 = = 1
DPT q
5. Is it right to say that sin (A + B) = sin A + sin B ? Justify your answer.

Sol. Let A = 30 and B = 60
LHS sin (A + B) = sin (30 + 60) = sin 90 = 1

RHS : sin 30 + sin 60 =

Hence LHS RHS.
So it is not right to say that sin(A + B) = sin A + sin B.

TFD
6. Evaluate .
DPTFD
Sol. cosec A = sec (90 A)
cosec 55 = sec (90 55) = sec 35
TFD TFD q

\ = 1
DPTFD TFD q
7. If sin A = cos B then prove that A + B = 90

Sol. Given that sin A = cos B (1)
We know cos B = sin (90 B)
we can write (1) as sin A = sin(90 B)
If A, B are acute angles, then A = 90 B
A + B = 90
8. Express sin 81 + tan 81 interms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0 and 45

Sol. We can write
sin 81 = cos (90 81) = cos 9
tan 81 = tan (90 9) = cot 9
Then sin 81 + tan 81 = cos 9 + cot 9
9. If sec q + tan q = p then what is the value of sec q tan q ?

Sol. Given that sec q + tan q = p
We know that sec
2
q tan2 q = 1
(sec q + tan q) (sec q tan q) = 1

sec q tan q = .
TFD T UBO T Q
10. Evaluate (sec2 q 1) (cosec2 q 1)
' TFD T UBO T
Sol. 2
q 1) (cosec q 1)
2 2
q cot q
2
DPTFD DPU T
(sec = tan

T

' DPU T

UBO Tu

=
UBO

T UBO T
= 1

11. If sin C = , then find cos A.
$
Sol. From the Adjacent figure
In D ABC, # = 90
"# 0QQPTJUF TJEF UP $

sin C =
"$ )ZQPUFOVTF
"# "EKBDFOU TJEF UP " # "
"$ )ZQPUFOVTF
Now cos A =

12. If tan x = , find sec x.

Sol. Given tan x =

Now sec x = UBO Y

=

=

2 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. If tan A = , then find the other trigonometric ratios of angle A.

Sol. Given tan A =

0QQPTJUFTJEF
Hence tan A =
"EKBDFOUTJEF

{
For angle A, opposite side = BC = 3k (where k is any positive integer)
Adjacent side = AB = 4k (where k is any positive integer)
\ In D ABC by Pythagoras theorem

AC
2 = AB
2 + BC
2 = (3k)
2 + (4k)
2 = 9k
2 + 16k
2 = 25 k
2
AC = L = 5k = Hypotenuse
#$ L
\ sin A =
"$ L
$# L
cos A =
"$ L

cosec A =
TJO "

sec A =
DPT "

cot A =
UBO "
2. If A and P are acute angles such that sin A = sin P, then prove that A = P.
Sol. Given sin A = sin P
#$ 23

"$ 12 (from the adjacent figure)
* ,
#$ 23
\ Let = k ......... (1)
"$ 12
By using Pythagoras theorem
AB
2 = AC
2 BC
2 ; PR
2 = PQ
2 QR
2
"# "$ #$ "$ L "$

12 L 12
= = (From (1))
13 12 23
"$ L
"$
=
12 L
12
Hence,
"$ "# #$
12 13 23
then D ABC ~ D PQR
\ A = P
3. In a right angle triangle ABC, right angle is at B, if tan A = , then find the value of
sin A cos C + cos A sin C
Sol.
0QQPTJUFTJEF UP " #$
Given, tan A =
"EKBDFOUTJEF UP " "#

BC = k (where k is any +ve integer)
AB = 1k (where k is any +ve integer)
Now in D ABC, By Pythagoras theorem

AC
2 = AB
2 + BC
2= (k)
2 + 3k
2 = 4k
2

AC = L = 2k, Hypotenuse.
0QQPTJUF TJEF UP " #$

)ZQPUFOVTF "$
sin A =
cos A =
"EKBDFOU TJEF UP " "#
)ZQPUFOVTF "$
0QQPTJUF TJEF UP $ "#
sin C =
)ZQPUFOVTF "$
"EKBDFOU TJEF UP $ #$
cos C =
)ZQPUFOVTF "$

\ sin A cos C + cos A sin C = u u = = 1

4. Evaluate :
i) 2 tan2 45 + cos2 30 sin2 60

TFD UBO
ii)
TJO DPT
Sol. i) 2 tan
2 45 + cos
2 30 sin
2 60

2

= 2(1) + = 2

TFD q UBO q

TJO q DPT q
ii)

=

= = 1

5. If sin (A B) = , cos (A + B) = , 0 < A + B 90, A > B, find A and B.

Sol. Since sin (A B) = sin = 30

A B = 30 (1)

cos (A + B) = = cos 60

A + B = 60 (2)

From (1) & (2) A + B = 60
A B = 30
2A = 90
q
q
A= = 45

Now A + B = 60
45 + B = 60 B = 60 45 = 15.
6. Evaluate : sin 60 cos 30 + sin 30 cos 60 What is the value of sin(60 + 30). What can you
conclude ?
Sol. Sin 60 cos 30 + sin 30 cos 60

= u u

= = = 1

and sin(60 + 30) = sin 90 = 1
From the above we have sin(60 + 30) = sin 60 cos 30 + sin 30 cos 60
If A = 60, B = 30 then sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B.
7. If cos 7A = sin(A 6) where 7A is an acute angle, find the value of A.

Sol. Given cos 7A = sin(A 6)
sin(90 7A) = sin (A 6) Q cos q = sin 90 q)

(
Since (90 7A) & (A 6) are both acute angles,
\ 90 7A = A 6
7A + A = 90 + 6
8A = 96

A = = 12

8. If A, B and C are interior angles of triangle ABC, then show that TJO
#$ "
DPT .

Sol. In a D ABC, A + B + C = 180
On dividing by 2 we get
" #$

= 90
#$ "

= 90

Taking sin ratio on both sides
# $
"

sin = sin

# $ DPT "
sin

=

9. Show that tan 48 tan 16 tan 42 tan 74 = 1.
Sol. tan 48 = tan(90 42) = cot 42 [Q tan (90 q) = cot q]
tan 16 = tan (90 74) = cot 74
LHS = tan 48 tan 16 tan 42 tan 74
= cot 42 . cot 74 . tan 42 . tan 74

= UBO q UBO q
UBO q UBO q
= 1
10. Show that cot q + tan q = sec q . cosec q.

Sol. LHS = cot q + tan q
DPT T TJO T
=
TJO T DPT T
DPT T TJO T
= Q sin2 q + cos2 q = 1]
[
TJO T DPT T

=
TJO T DPT T

=
TJO T DPT T
= cosec q. sec q
11. In D PQR with right angle at Q, the value of P is x. PQ = 7 cm and QR = 24 cm. Find sin x and
cos x.
Sol. In D PQR, Q =90 1
PR
2 = PQ
2 + QR
2 = 7
2 + 24
2 = 49 + 576 = 625
Y
PR = = 25 cm
DN
23
13
i) sin x =
2 3
12 DN
ii) cos x =
13
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
TJO T
TJO T
1. Given cot q = . then evaluate .

DPT T
DPT T
DPT T
2. Prove that = cosec q + cot q.
DPT T
TJO T
3. Prove that TJO T = sec q + tan q.
4. Evaluate (1 + tan q + sec q) (1 + cot q cosec q).
5. Evaluate (sin q + cos q)2 + (sin q cos q)2.
DPT T
6. Show that (cosec q cot q)2 = .
DPT T
7. Simplify sec A(1 sin A) (sec A + tan A).
8. Prove that (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A.
L
9. If cosec q + cot q = k. then prove that cos q = .
L
10. If sec q + tan q = p then find the value of sin q in terms of p.
DPT T DPT T
11. For which value of acute angle = 4 is true ? For which value of
TJO T TJO T
0 q 90 above equation is not defined ?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. The maximum value of sin q is ................................................
2. If A = 30 then sin 2A = ................................................
3. If cos 2 q = sin 4q, here 2q and 4q are acute angles then the value of q is ................................................
4. tan 135 = ................................................
5. TJO " TJO " = ................................................

$
T

6. In D ABC, B = 90, C = q from the figure tan q = .................................................
" #

2 2
7. 3 sin 45 + 2 cos 60 = ................................................

8. sin(A B) = , cos(A + B) = , then A = ................................................

9. sec A. TJO " = ................................................
TJO q
10. = ................................................
DPT q
11. cos 0 + sin 90 + cosec 60 = ................................................
B D
12. sin q= , cos q = , then cot q = ................................................
C E
13. The value of tan 1 . tan 2 . tan 3 , ............ tan 89 = ................................................

UBO
14. = ................................................
UBO
UBO q
15. = ................................................ "
UBO q
%

16. In the figure the value of cos f is ................................................

I T #
&

2 2
17. 9 sec A 9 tan A = ................................................
18. If sin q = cos q, then the value of q = ................................................

19. If tan q= , then the value of cos 2 q = ................................................

2 2
20. tan 60 + 2 sin 45 = ................................................
ANSWERS

I. 1) 1 2) 3) 15 4) 1 5) cos A

6) 7) 2 8) 45 9) 1 10) 1

D
11) 4 12) 13) 1 14) 15) 0
B

16) 17) 9 18) 45 19) 20) 4

h h h h h

12. APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY
KEY CONCEPTS
` Line of sight : It is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the object viewed.
` Angle of elevation : It is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal, when the
object viewed is above the horizontal level. In this case, we have to raise our head to look at the
object.
U
TJHI O
G JP
FP WBU
-J
O MF
PGF
F
HM
"O
PCTFSWFSTFZF
)PSJ[POUBMMFWFM
` Angle of depression : It is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal, when the
object viewed is below the horizontal level. In this case, we have to lower our head to look at
the object.
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2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. A ladder of length x metre is leaning against a wall making angle q with the ground. Which
trigonometric ratio would you like to consider to find the height of the point on the wall at
which the ladder is touching ?
2. Length of the shadow of a 15 metre high pole is metres at 7 Oclock in the morning.
Then, what is the angle of elevation of the Sun rays with the ground at the time ?
3. A boat has to cross a river. It crosses the river by making an angle of 60 with the bank of
the river due to the stream of the river and travels a distance of 600 m to reach the another
side of the river. What is the width of the river ?
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. A statue stands on the top of a 2 m tall pedestal. From a point on the ground, the angle of
elevation of the top of the statue is 60 and from the same point, the angle of elevation of the
top of the pedestal is 45. Find the height of the statue.
2. From the top of a building, the angle of elevation of the top of a cell tower is 60 and the
angle of depression to its foot is 45. If distance of the building from the tower is 7 m, then
find the height of the tower.
3. A wire of length 18 m had been tied with electric pole at an angle of elevation 30 with the
ground. Because it was covering a long distance, it was cut and tied at an angle of elevation
60 with the ground. How much length of the wire was cut ?
4. Two poles of equal heights are standing opposite to each other on either side of the road,
which is 120 feet wide. From a point between them on the road, the angle of elevation of the
top of the poles are 60 and 30 respectively. Find the height of the poles and the distances
of the point from the poles.
5. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from two points at a distance of 4 m and 9 m,
find the height of the tower from the base of the tower and in the same straight line with it
are complementary.
6. The angle of elevation of a jet plane from a point A on the ground is 60. After a flight of 15
seconds, the angle of elevation changes to 30. If the jet plane is flying at a constant height of
metre, find the speed of the jet plane.
7. A straight highway leads to the foot of a tower. Ramaiah standing at the top of the tower
observes a car at an angle of depression 30. The car is approaching the foot of the tower
with a uniform speed. Six seconds later, the angle of depression of the car is found to be
60. Find the time taken by the car to reach the foot of the tower from this point.
8. Two men on either side of a temple of 30 metre height observe its top at the angles of
elevation 30 and 60 respectively. Find the distance between the two men.
9. A tree breaks due to storm and the broken part bends so that the top of the tree touches the
ground by making 30 angle with the ground. The distance between the foot of the tree and
the top of the tree on the ground is 6 m. Find the height of the tree before falling down.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. The ratio of the length of a rod and its shadow is 1 : . Then the angle of elevation of sun is
..............................................

2. If the angle of elevation of a tower from a distance of 100 mts from its foot is 60, then the height
of the tower is ..............................................
"
3. In D ABC, B = 90, if AB = 12m, C = 30 then, BC = .................................. N

$ #
#
4. In D ABC, A = 90, if AB = m, AC = 100m then q = .........................
T
$ "

5. The length of the shadow of a tower is equal to its height. Then the angle of elevation of the sun
is ..............................................
ANSWERS

I. 1) 30 2) N 3) 4) 60 5) 45

h h h h h

13. PROBABILITY
KEY CONCEPTS
` Probability : The theoretical probability of an event E, written as P(E) is defined as
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P(E) =
Where we assume that the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely.
` Mutually Exclusive Events : Two or more events of an experiment, where occurance of an
event prevents all other events are called Mutually Exclusive Events.
` Sample space : The set of all possible outcomes in an experiment is called Sample space.
Ex : Sample space for the throw of a dice
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
` The probability of a sure event (certain event) is one.
` The probability of an impossible event is zero.
` The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that 0 P(E) 1.

` Elementary events : An event having only one outcome is called an Elementary event. The
sum of the probability of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.
` For any event E, P(E) + 1 &

= 1, where & stands for not E
E and & are called complementary events.
E and & are also disjoint sets.
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. If P(E) = 0.05 what is the probability of 'not E' ?
Sol. Given P(E) = 0.05
Probability of not E' denoted by &

\ 1 &
= 1 P(E) [ Q P(E) + 1 &
= 1]
= 1 0.05 = 0.95.
2. What is the probability of drawing out a red king from a deck of cards?
Sol. Total no.of deck of cards = 52
Let E be the event of drawing out a red king
n(E) = 2
\ P(E) =
/PPG PVUDPNFT GBWPVSBCMF UP &
5PUBM OPPG BMM QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT

=


3. Can be the probability of an event ? Explain.

Sol. can't be the probability of any event.

Since, the probability of any event (E) should lie between 0 and 1 i.e 0 P(E) 1
4. Define mutually exclusive events with example.

Sol. Two events are mutually exclusive if the occurrence of one event prevents the occurence of
another event.
Ex : When a coin is tossed getting a head and getting a tail are mutually exclusive.
5. Sangeeta and Reshma, play a tennis match. It is known that the probability of Sangeetha
winning the match is 0.62. What is the probability of Reshma winning the match ?
Sol. Let S and R are the events of winning the match of Sangeetha and Reshma.
Given P(S) = 0.62
The probability of Reshma's winning
P(R) = 1 P(S)
= 1 0.62
= 0.38
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Find the probability that number selected at random from the numbers 3, 4, 5, 6, ...... 25. is
prime.
Sol. Prime numbers between 3 and 25
are E = {3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23}
n(E) = 8
n(S) = 23
O &

P(E) =
O 4

2. A bag contains 40 balls out of which some are red, some are green and remaining are black.

If the probability of drawing a red ball is and that of green ball is then what is the

number of black balls ?
Sol. Let R, G, B are the events of drawing Red balls, Green balls, Black balls respectively.

Given P(R) =

P(G) =


P(B) = 1

= 1

= 1

=

O #
P(B) =
O 4

O #

= n(B) = u = 10

(OR)

P(R) = u

P(G) = u

No.of Red and Green balls = 22 + 8 = 30
No.of black balls = 40 30 = 10
3. The probability of getting bad egg in a lot of 400 is 0.035, then find the number of bad eggs
in the lot ?
Sol. Let E be the event of getting bad egg.
O &
P(E) =
O 4
O &

0.035 =
n(E) = 400 0.035
= 14
4. Two dice are thrown at the same time. Find the probability that the sum of two numbers
appearing on the top of the dice is more than 9 ?
Sol. Let E be the event of getting the sum of two numbers appearing on the top of the dice more
than 9.
\ E = {(6, 6), (6, 5), (6, 4), (5, 6), (5, 5), (4, 6)}
n(E) = 6
n(S) = 6 6 = 36
O &

P(E) =
O 4

5. What is the probability that a non-leap year selected at random will contain 53 Sundays ?
Sol. Non-leap year contains 365 days.
i.e. 52 weaks and one day left.
That day may be either Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday
\ n(S) = 7
\ n(E) = 1
O &

\ P(E) =
O 4

Let E be the event of getting 53
rd Sundays out of Seven days.
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken
out of the box at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be (i) red?
(ii) white ? (iii) not green?
2. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting (i) a
king of red colour (ii) a face card (iii) a red face card (iv) the jack of hearts.
3. A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that (i) 5 will not come up either time ?
(ii) 5 will come up at- least once?
4. A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot. What
is the probability that this bulb is defective? Suppose the bulb drawn in previous case is not
defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb is drawn at random from the rest. What is the
probability that this bulb is not defective?
5. Three unbiased coins are tossed together. Find the probability of getting i) all heads ii) two
heads iii) one head iv) at least two heads.
6. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of the
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and these are equally likely outcomes. What is the probability
that it will point at (i) 8 ? (ii) an odd number ? (iii) a number greater than 2 ?
(iv) a number less than 9?
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
I. Fill in the blanks
1. The definition of probability was given by ...................................................
2. The probability of an event that cannot happen is ...................... such an event is called ...................
3. The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is ...........................
4. A coin is tossed 1000 times. Head occurs 625 times. The probability of getting a tail is ...................

5. The probability of getting the letter M in the word "MATHEMATICS" ...................................................
6. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. The probability of getting exactly one head ............................
7. The probability that a non-leap year should have 52 Mondays is ...................................................

8. P(E) =

then 1 &
= ...................................................

9. A and B are mutually exclusive events with P(A) = P(B), then P(A) = ...............................................

10. A mathematical Textbook contains 250 pages. A page is selected at random. The probability of
selecting the page number is a perfect square is ...................................................
11. Estimating the probability of an event without conducting an experiment is called .......................
12. In a foot ball match Ronaldo makes 4 goals from 10 penalty kicks. Then the probability of
converting a penalty kick into goal is ...................................................
ANSWERS
I. 1) Pierre Simon Laplace in 1795 2) 0, impossible event 3) one

4) 5) 6) 7) 8)

9) 10) 11) Theoretical probability (or) Classical probability

12)

h h h h h

14. STATISTICS
KEY CONCEPTS
` Father of statistics was Sir Ronald.A.Fisher.
Arithematic mean (or) mean (or) Average : Mean is obtained, when sum of the values of all the
observations is divided by number of observations.
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Arithematic mean Y
/VNCFS PG PCTFSWBUJPOT
6Y
Y J
O
Mean of grouped data is calculated by :
6G Y J J
a) The direct method : Y
6G J
6G E
b) The assumed mean method : Y B J J
6G J
6GJ VJ
c) The step deviation method : Y B uI
6GJ
` Mode : The value among the observations which occurs most frequently is called Mode.
Modal Class : In a group of frequency distribution a class with maximum frequency is called
Modal Class.
G G
Mode (z) = M uI
G G G
l = lower boundary of modal class
h = size of the modal class interval
f = frequency of modal class

1
f = frequency of class preceding the modal class

0
f = frequency of class succeding the modal class

2
` Median : Mid value of given observations is called Median.

Calculation of Median of ungrouped data : First arrange the observations in ascending order.
If number of observations n is odd.
O
UI
Median = observation.

O O
UI UI
If n is even, median is average of and observations.

Formula of Median of grouped data :
O
DG
Median M = M uI
G
l = lower boundary of median class
n = number of observations
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class.
f = frequency of median class
h = size of median class
` Cumulative frequency curve (or) (ogive curve) : First prepare cumulative frequency table,
then draw a graph by taking cumulative frequency on Y-axis and upper (or) lower limits of
corresponding class intervals on X - axis. Join the points by a free hand smooth curve. Then
cumulative frequency curve or ogive curve is obtained.
Ogives are two types :

Less than ogive : A graph is drawn by taking upper limits of class interval on X-axis and less
than cumulative frequency on Y-axis and join the points by a free hand smooth curve than less
than ogive is obtained.
Upper than ogive : A graph is drawn by taking lower limits of class interval along the X-axis and
greater than cumulative frequency on Y-axis and join the points by free hand smooth curve,
then more than ogive is obtained.
O
Calculation of median from cumulative frequency curve : First locate value on the Y-axis.

From this point draw a line parallel to the X-axis cutting the curve at a point. From this point
draw a perpendicular to X-axis. Foot of this perpendicular determines median of the data.
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Calculation of median from less than ogive & more than ogive : Draw both less than ogive
and greater than ogive curves on the same axis. The two ogives will intersect each other at a
point. From this point, if we draw a perpendicular to the X-axis, the x-coordinate of the point at
which it cuts X-axis gives us the median.
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1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Find Mode of observations 5, 6, 9, 6, 12, 3, 6, 11, 6, 7.
Sol. By arranging given observation in ascending order
3, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12.
Most frequent term is 6
\ Mode = 6
2. A doctor observed that the pulse rate of 4 students is 72, 3 students is 78, 2 students is 80.
Find the mean of pulse rate of above students.
Sol. Total pulse rate of 9 students = 4 72 + 3 78 2 80
= 228 + 234 + 160
= 682

Mean of pulse rate of students = = 75.77

3. Sita secured 23, 24, 24, 22, 20 marks in a test. Find mean marks.
4VN PG PCTFSWBUJPOT
Sol. AM =
/PPG PCTFSWBUJPOT

= = 22.6

4. The wickets taken by a bowler in 10 cricket matches are as follows : 2, 6, 4, 5, 0, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3.
Find mode of data.
Sol. Let us arrange observations in order = 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2 is the number of wickets taken by the
bowler in maximum number of matches (3 times). So mode of data is 2.
5. Find the possible measures of central tendency from the following graph.
Sol. Less than ogive and more than ogive are intersect each other. X-coordinate of point of inter-
section is median.

\ Median = 12.5
6. If another observation is added to the data 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6 does the mode change (or)
not ?
Sol. Given observations are 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6
Mode = 2
If other than '3' is added, the mode remaining same.

7. Point of intersection of less than ogive and more than ogive curves is (15.5, 20). Find
median.
Sol. Point of intersection of less than ogive and greater than ogive curves is (15.5, 20).
X-coordinate of point of intersection = Median
\ Median = 15.5
8. The abscissa of point of intersection of less than ogive curve and more than ogive curve of
a grouped data gives...
Sol. Median
9. Mean of 9, 11, 13, P, 18, 19 is P. Find the value of P ?
4VN PG PCTFSWBUJPOT
Sol. Mean =
/PPG PCTFSWBUJPOT
1
P =

1
P =

6P = 70 + P
5P = 70

P = = 14.

Y Y Y Y
10. Median of Y is 8. Find x ?

Sol. By arranging given observations in ascending order.
Y Y Y Y
Y

Y
Median = 8

\x=38
x = 24
11. Find A.M of a d, a, a + d ?
4VN PG PCTFSWBUJPOT
Sol. Mean (A.M) =
/PPG PCTFSWBUJPOT
B E BB E
=

B
= = a.


12. Find lower limit of model class of the following data ?
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Sol. High frequency = 15
Modal class = 10 15
Lower limit = 10
13. Find the median from the following graph.
ve
M
or
i
og
e
th
an
an
th
og
ss
iv
Le
20 e
15
10
Sol.
5
5 10 15 20 25 30
Less than ogive more than ogive are intersecting at point P(20, 15)
X-coordinate of P = 20.
\ Median = 20
14. a, b, c are mid values of a data and corresponding frequencies are a, b, c respectively. Find
AM.
Sol. x = a, b, c
i
f = a, b, c
i
BuB CuC DuD

A.M =
BCD
B C D
=
B CD
15. Find the mean of first n odd natural numbers.

Sol. Sum of first n odd natural numbers = n
2
O
Median of first n odd numbers = = n.
O
O
16. Mean of first n odd natural numbers is , Find n.

Sol. Mean of first n odd numbers = n
O
\ O

\ n = 81.

17. 35 is removed from the data 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40. Find the increasing median.
Sol. By arranging given observations in ascending order.
30, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40

Median = = 36.5

If 35 is removed then the data is
30, 34, 36, , 38, 39, 40
\ Median = 37
Increase in median = 37 36.5 = 0.5
18. Median of 24, 25, 26, x + 2, x + 3, 30, 31, 34 is 27.5. Find x ?

Sol. Given observations are 24, 25, 26, Y Y 30 31, 34
YY
Median = = 27.5

Y
= 27.5

2x + 5 = 55
2x = 55 5
2x = 50
x = 25
19. Find the median of first 10 prime numbers.

Sol. First 10 prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, , 17, 19, 23, 29

Median = = 12

20. Mode of 64, 60, 48, x, 43, 48, 43, 34 is 43. Find the value of x + 3.
Sol. By arranging given observations in ascending order 34, 43, 43, 38, 38, 60, 64, x
If Mode = 43, then x must be 43.
Since 43 is most frequent observation in this data
\ x = 43
x + 3 = 43 + 3 = 46
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Find mean of the following frequency distribution.
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DMBTT JOUFSWBM
'SFRVFODZ O
Sol. x = 1, 2, 3, 4, .... n
i

f = 1, 2, 3, 4, .... n
i
Sxifi = 12 + 22 + 32 + ......... + n2
O O
O
= Sn2 =

Sfi = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n
O O
= Sn =

O O
O
6Y G
J J O
A.M =
6GJ
O O

2. Mean of 17, 4, 8, 6, 15 is m and median of 8, 14, 10, 5, 7, 20, 19, n is (m 1) find m, n.
4VN PG PCTFSWBUJPOT
Sol. Mean of 17, 4, 8, 6, 15 =
/PPG PCTFSWBUJPOT

=

= = 10

\ m = 10
Median of 8, 14, 10, 5, 7, 5, 20, 19, n = m 1
= 10 1 = 9
By arranging them in ascending order 5, 5, 7, 8, O , 10, 14, 19, 20

Median = n
median = 9
\n = 9
\ m = 10 ; n = 9

3. Mean of x, is m. Find mean of x3, .
Y Y

Y
Sol. Mean of x, =
Y = m
Y

\x+ = 2m (1)
Y

Y
3
Y Y
Y
Mean of x , is =
Y

= Y Y Y
Y Y Y

3
= [(2m) 3(2m)]

3
= [8m 6m]

2 2
= 2m(4m 3) = m (4m 3)

Y J

4. G , If mean is 3.55 find K.
J
6G Y u u u , u u u
Sol. Mean =
J J
=
6G J
,
,
=
,
,
=
,
,
= 3.55
,
183 + 3K = 50 3.55 + 3.55K
183 + 3K = 177.5 + 3.55K
183 177.5 = 3.55K 3K
5.5 = 0.55K

\K =

K = 10
5. Median of 4, 6, a, 9, 10, 19 is 7.5. Find 'a'.

Sol. By arranging given observations in ascending order 4, 6, B , 10, 19.
n = 6
UI
UI
Median is average of observation.

rd th
3 , 4
B
\ Median = = 7.5

a + 9 = 15
a = 15 9
a = 6.
6. Mode of 6, 3, 5, 6, 7, 5, 8, 7, 6, 2k + 1, 9, 7, 13 is y. Find k.
Sol. By arranging given observations in ascending order 3, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9, 13, (2k + 1)

As mode is 7, (2k + 1) must be equal to 7.
2k + 1 = 7
2k = 6
k = 3
7. Median of 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 is 14. Find median of 13, 15, 17, 19, 21.
Sol. Given observations are 10, 12, , 16, 18
\ Median = 14
By adding '3' to each given observations
= 10 + 3, 12 + 3, 14 + 3, 16 + 3, 18 + 3
= 13, 15, , 19, 21
\ Median = 17
Note : Median of a data is m. By adding 'n' to each observation new median = m + n.
8. In 100 numbers, fours are 20, fives are 40, sixes are 30, remaining are tens. Find mean.
Sol. Total numbers = 100
Fours = 20
Fives = 40
Sixes = 30
Ten = 100 (20 + 40 + 30)
= 100 90 = 10
u u u u
Mean =

= = 5.6

9. AM of 10 numbers is 7. AM of 15 numbers is 12. Find their common AM ?
Sol. AM of 10 numbers = 7
Sum of 10 numbers = 10 7 = 70
AM of 15 numbers = 12
Sum of 15 numbers = 15 12 = 180
Sum of 25 numbers = 70 + 180 = 250

Mean of 25 numbers = = 10

10. Find median of 20, 29, 38, 33, 42, 38, 43, 25.
Sol. By arranging them in ascending order 20, 25, 29, 33, 38, 38, 42, 43.
n = 8 (even)
O UI O UI
Median = average of terms

UI UI

= average of
terms

th th
= average of 4 , 5 terms

= = 35.5

11. Find mode of 2, 6, 4, 5, 0, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3. If another observations is added to data, does the mode
changes (or) not ?
Sol. Given observations are 2, 6, 4, 5, 0, 2, 1, 3, 2, 3
By arranging ascending order = 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 6
'2' is most frequent term
\ Mode = 2
By adding '3' to this data, mode is also equal to 3.
So except 3, another observation is added, mode does not change.
12. Mean of 30 students is 42. Marks of two students are zero. Find mean of remaining students.
Sol. No.of students = 30
Mean = 42
Total marks = 30 42 = 1260
Marks of two students = 0
Total marks of remaining students = 1260 0 = 1260
Remaining number of students = 30 2 = 28

Mean of remaining students = = 45.

13. Find median of the following data.
.BSLT
/PPG 4UVEFOUT
Sol. .BSLT /PPG 4UVEFOUT $'

Total number of observations = 17 (odd)
O
UI
Median = term

th
= = 9 term

\ Median class = 20 9 14
\ Median = 20

14. Find mean of the following data.
Y J

G J

6G Y u u u u u
Sol. Mean =
J J
=
6G J

=

=

= 7.42
15. Mode is 120.8, Mean 128 calculate median.

Sol. Mode = 3 median 2 mean
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Median =

u
=

= = 125.6

16. Write formulae for median. Write words for symbols.
O
DG
Sol. Median m = M uI
G
l = lower boundary of median class
n = number of observations
c = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class.

f
f = frequency of median class
h = size of median class
17. Find mean of a 2d, a d, a, a + d, a + 2d.

4VN PG PCTFSWBUJPOT
Sol. Mean =
/PPG PCTFSWBUJPOT
B E B E B B E B E
=

B
=

= a

18. For a given data l = 40, f1 = 7, f0 = 3, f2 = 6, n = 15, Find mode.
G G
Sol. Mode (z) = M uI
G G G

= 40 + 15
u

= 40 + 15

= 40 + 12 = 52
19. For a given data a = 200, Sfixi = 106, Sfi = 45, n = 20. Calculate mean by stepwise deviation
method.
6G Y
Sol. Y B J J uO
6GJ

= 200 + u

= 200 47.11 = 152.89
20. Find the value of x, if mode of following distribution is 25.
7BMVF Y
Y
J
'SFRVFODZ G

J
Sol. Mode of this data = 25 (given)
So, 25 must have high frequency (four times)
\ x = 25.
21. Write Algorithm of calculation median from less than ogive and more than ogive curves.
Sol. Step I : Draw less than ogive type and greater than type cumulative curves (ogive curves) on
the graph paper.
Step II : Mark the point of intersection of two curves drawn in step I. Let this point is P.
Step III : Draw a perpendicular PM, from this point P to X - axis.
X - coordinate of M gives median.
1
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22. Difference between mode and median of a data is 24. Find difference between median and mean.
Sol. Mode Median = 24
Mode = 3 Median 2 Mean
Mode Median = 2 Median 2 Mean
24 = 2(Median Mean)

Median Mean = = 12

4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Draw "OGIVE CURVE" of the following frequency distribution table.
$MBTTFT

'SFRVFODZ
2. The following distribution gives the daily incomes of 50 workers of a factory.
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*O SVQFFT
/PPG XPSLFST
Convert the distribution above to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution and
draw its ogive.
3. During the medical check up of 35 students of a class their weights were recorded as follows :
8FJHIU JO LH
/PPG 4UVEFOUT
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
Draw a less than type of ogive for the given data. Hence obtain the median weight from
the graph verify the result by using the formula.
4. The following tables give production yield per hectare of wheat of 100 farmers of a village.
1SPEVDUJPO :JFME

2VJ)FD
/PPG 'BSNFST
Change the distribution to a more than type distribution and draw its ogive.
5. The distribution below gives the weight of 30 students of a class. Find the median weight of
the students.
8FJHIU JO LH

/PPG 4UVEFOUT
6. The following frequency distribution gives the monthly consumption of electricity of 68
consumers of a locality. Find the median, mean and mode of the data and compare them.
.POUIMZ
DPOTVNQUJPO
/PPG
DPOTVNFST
7. If the median of 60 observations given below is 28.5 find the values of x and y.
$MBTT *OUFSWBM
'SFRVFODZ Y Z
8. The median of the following data is 525. Find the values of x and y, If the total frequency is
100.
$MBTT

*OUFSWBM
'SFRVFODZ Y Z
9. A survey regarding the heights (in cm) of 51 girls of class X of a school was conducted and
data was obtained as shown in table. Find their median.
)FJHIU JO DN
/PPG (JSMT
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
-FTT UIBO
10. The following table shows the ages of the patients admitted in a hospital during a year.
"HF JO ZFBST

/PPG 1BUJFOUT
Find the mode and the mean of the data give below. Compare and interpret the two measures
of centeral tendency.
11. The following data gives the information on the observed life times (in hours) 225 electrical
components.
-JGF 5JNF

JO IPVST
'SFRVFODZ
Determine the modal life times of the components.

12. The given distribution shows the number of runs scored by some top batsmen of the world
in one-day international cricket matches.

3VOT

/PPG

#BUhTNFO
Find the mode of the data.

13. The marks distribution of 30 students in a mathematics examination are given in the adja-
cent table. Find the mode of this data. Also compare and interpret the mode and the mean.
$MBTT *OUFSWBM

/PPG 4UVEFOUT
14. The following table gives the literacy rate (in percentage) of 35 cities. Find the mean literacy
rate.
-JUFSBDZ SBUF

JO
/PPG $JUJFT
15. The following distribution shows the daily pocket allowance of children of a locality. The
mean pocket allowance is Rs 18. Find the missing frequency 'F'.
%BJMZ 1PDLFU

"MMPXBODF JO 3T
/PPG $IJMESFO G
1FSDFOUBHF PG

16. 'FNBMF 5FBDIFST
/PPG 4UBUFT 65
Find mean by a) Direct method b) Assumed mean method c) Step deviation method and
verify the results.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. A.M. of first 'n' natural numbers is ..........................................................
6O O O
O
A.M. =
O O
2. Mean of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 is ..........................................................
3. The mode of 20, 30, 20, 30, 40, 10, 50 is ..........................................................
4. The mode of first 'n' natural numbers is ..........................................................
5. The median of first 'n' natural numbers is ..........................................................
6. If A.M. = 39, Mode = 34.5, the median is ..........................................................
7. The mean of 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 1, 0, ..........................................................
8. Median of 13, 23, 12, 18, 26, 19, 14 is ..........................................................
9. Class interval of 10-20, 20-30 is ..........................................................
10. The median of natural numbers from 1 to 9 is ..........................................................
11. The observation which occurs more frequently in a data is ..........................................................
12. Which central tendency is used on all observations ..........................................................
13. If the AM of 3, 5, 9, x, 11 is 7 then x = ..........................................................
14. Mode of 21, 16, 21, 18, 14, 21, 18 is ..........................................................
15. Formula to find A.M in deviation method ..........................................................
16. Formula of mode for a grouped data (z) = ..........................................................
17. Find mode of 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6 is ..........................................................
18. Find mode of 5, 6, 9, 10, 6, 12, 3, 6, 11, 10, 4, 6, 7 is ..........................................................
19. The mid value of the class 40-50 is ..........................................................
20. The class interval of 1-8, 9-16, 17-24 is ..........................................................
21. The median of first 10 prime numbers is ..........................................................
22. Mean of first odd natural numbers ..........................................................
23. Which measure of central tendency can be determined graphically .....................................................
24. Emperical relation between mean, median and mode is ..........................................................
25. The median of a given frequency distribution can be determined graphically ...............................
26. Construction of cumulative frequency table is useful in determining the ........................................
27. For a given data of 60 observations, the less than ogive and the more than ogive interest at
(66.5, 30) The median of data is ..........................................................................................

28. If each observation of a data is increased by 'a' then mean ..........................................................
Y Y Y Y
29. If the mean of x , x , x , ................. x is Y then the mean of O is
1 2 3 n
B B B B
...........................
30. The word ogive is derived from the French word ..........................................................
31. The mid value of the class is used in ..........................................................
32. Formula for median of frequency distribution ..........................................................
33. While drawing ogives ........................ are taken on X-axis and ....................... are taken on Y-axis.
34. The x-coordinate of point of intersection of two ogives indicates ..........................................................
ANSWERS
I. O O
1) 2) 5 3) 20 and 30 4) none 5)

6) 37.5 7) 2 8) 18 9) 10 10) 5
11) mode 12) A.M. 13) 7 14) 21
6G E G G
15) B J J
uI
6G
16) M 17) No mode 18)16
J G
G G
19) 45 20) 8 21) 12 22) n 23) median
24) mode = 3 median 2 mean 25) ogive 26) median 27) 66.5
Y
28) increases by a 29) 30) ogee

B
O
DG
M uI
31) Arithematic mean 32)

G
33) Boundaries, cumulative frequencies 34) median
h h h h h

Gunter Dist Maths SM 272-332

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MATHEMATICS

ii) corresponding sides are in the same ratio (in proportion).

in the same ratio".

same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third side".

Notes : i) In two similar triangles,

ratio of corresponding sides = ratio of corresponding altitudes.

= ratio of corresponding medians.

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER II 272

and to each other.

triangle is a right angled triangle".

%& &' %'

ii) Scale factor < 1 [reduced or diminished figure]

> 1 [enlarged figure]

2. Write 'the converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem'.

3. Write the conditions for the similarity of two polygons.

4. Write the conditions for the similarity of two triangles.

5. Define A.A. similarity criterion for two triangles.

6. State S.S.S. similarity criterion for two triangles.

7. Give any two examples for similar figures.

8. 'All squares are similar'. why ?

10. Write 'Pythagoras Theorem'.

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER II 273

2&     3' DN DN

14. DABC ~ DDEF, BC = 3 cm, EF = 4 cm and ar[DABC] = 54 cm2. Find ar[DDEF].

1. In D ABC, %& & #$ and

\ AE = 3 0.7 = 2.1 cm.

And %& drawn parallel to #$ "

"& "% % &

Length of shadow of flag pole, l = 6 m

Length of shadow of building = L = 24 m

Height of the building, H = ?

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER II 275

0"# 0$% [ Q alternate interior angles]

and P, Q are the mid-points of #$ and &' respectively,

So, D ABP ~ D DEQ [by S.A.S. similarity criterion]

0"# 0$% Q alternate interior angles]

\ D AOB ~ D COD [Q A.A. similarity criterion] " #

AC = height of the window from the ground = 20 m

\ C = 90, BC = "#  "$ [by Pythagoras Theorem]

\ Distance of the foot of the ladder from the building = 15 m

From D ACD, "%$ = 90 AC

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER II 277

4. In D PQR, if 9: & 23 , then PX : PQ = ..........................................

6. If in D XYZ, 12 & :; and XP : XY = 3 : 5 and XQ = 6 cm, then QZ = .......................................

7. Symbol for similarity is .......................................

8. The relation 'similarity' is ....................................... relation.

11. All equilateral triangles are always similar because .......................................

12. All isosceles triangles are .......................................

13. Reduced or enlarged photographs of an object are .......................................

angles are equal and corresponding sides are equal.

with the given figure.

5.4m then height of lamp-post is .......................................

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER II 279

corresponding altitudes is .......................................

ar[ D AOB] = .......................................

38. In a right triangle ABC, # = 90 and #% A "$ then D ADB ~ .......................................

39. In D ABC, # = 90 then AB

40. In D PQR, PQ2 + QR2 = PR2 then

iii) right angled vertex is .......................................

X Class MATHEMATICS PAPER II 280

47. In D XYZ, : = 90 and :1 A 9; then YZ

48. D ABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at 'C' then AC : AB = .......................................

51. In D ABC, # = 90, #% A "$ , AD = 4 cm and AC = 13 cm then BD = .......................................

2& 3' DN DN

\ C = 90, BC = "# "$ [by Pythagoras Theorem]

25) 3 : 2 26) 1 : 2 27) congruent 28) 29) 4 : 9

46) QM. QR 47) XZ . ZP 48) 49) OB

of tangent AP = 01 0"

"1# 0"# 0#"

Sol. l = 24 cm, d = 25 cm, r = E S = 7 cm

19) 120 20) DN 21) 2

= = = 25 cm.

Volume of the sand from dug = pr2h N