Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
BY
DENNIS HO MING YING
2016/2017
Construction Wastes Minimization in Malaysia
Construction Industry
By:
Dennis Ho Ming Ying
2016/2017
Copyright 2016 by Tunku Abdul Rahman University College.
All right reserved. No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of
Tunku Abdul Rahman College.
i
DECLARATION
that has been obtained from other sources had been fully acknowledged. I understand
the plagiarism constitutes a breach of college rules and regulations and would be
Signature
Date:
ii
Acknowledgement
supervisor, Mrs Idaura Fadhya Bt. Che Ibrahim, in guided me for my dissertation.
Besides that, I also want to thanks my classmate for giving me assist and advice in
Lastly, I also want to thank my parents for giving I all the financial support
and encouraging me during the process for complete my dissertation. Without them, I
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Abstract
in Malaysia Construction Industry. In the literature review, before enter the objectives
of the research, first we shall understand the type of construction wastes, which are
physical construction waste and non-physical construction waste, and the problems of
that, to enter this topic, wastes minimization is very importance and we shall
understand. For the objective of this research are the factors that contribute to the
wastes.
By collecting the data of objectives from the research, the questionnaires will be
provide and separate 50 copies and to 5 construction site and may conduct a short
interview to the respondents to guide and assist the respondents to understand the
procedure of the questionnaire. In the interview, we also can have some extra
knowledge and opinion which can assist in this research base on the respondents
experience.
For data analysis, we will use the 50 questionnaires which be collected to do the
analysis and comparison the result. By the result of the research, the bar char, pie chat
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Table of Contents
Chapter I: Introduction .................................................................................................. 4
1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Problem statement / Research Question .......................................................... 6
1.2 Research Aim .................................................................................................. 6
1.3 Research Objectives ........................................................................................ 7
1.4 Research Methodology.................................................................................... 7
1.5 Time Management......................................................................................... 10
Chapter II: Literature Review ...................................................................................... 11
2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Construction Wastes...................................................................................... 11
2.1.1 Physical Waste ....................................................................................... 12
2.1.2 Non-physical wastes .............................................................................. 14
2.2 Impact of construction materials ................................................................... 14
2.2.1 Environment ........................................................................................... 15
2.2.2 Productivity ............................................................................................ 15
2.3 Construction wastes issue in Malaysia .......................................................... 16
2.4 Waste minimization....................................................................................... 17
2.5 Factors that Contribute Construction Wastes ................................................ 19
2.6 Advantages of construction wastes minimization ......................................... 22
2.7 Methods to minimize the construction wastes .............................................. 24
2.7.1 Three (3) R Methods .............................................................................. 24
2.7.2 Site Waste Management Plan (SWMP) ................................................. 25
2.8 Conclusion..................................................................................................... 27
Chapter III: Research Methodology ............................................................................ 28
3.0 Introduction ................................................................................................... 28
3.1 Questionnaire ................................................................................................ 28
3.2 Design of questionnaires ............................................................................... 29
3.3 Development of questionnaires ..................................................................... 30
3.4 Procedure of data collection .......................................................................... 31
3.5 Instruments .................................................................................................... 32
3.6 Subjects/ Sample ........................................................................................... 32
1
3.7 Data Analysis ................................................................................................ 32
Chapter IV: Data Analysis and Result ......................................................................... 34
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 34
4.2 Respondents Background............................................................................. 35
4.3 General Knowledge of Construction Wastes ................................................ 37
4.3.1 Importance of Waste Minimization ....................................................... 37
4.3.2 Situation of Construction Waste to Construction Industry .................... 39
4.3.3 Governments Action in the Issue of Construction Wastes ................... 41
4.3.4 Most Effective Step Due to Minimize Construction Wastes ................. 43
4.3.5 Responsibility through construction waste ............................................ 45
4.4 Factors Cause Construction Wastes .............................................................. 48
4.5 Methods to Minimize Construction Wastes .................................................. 51
4.6 Advantages of Construction Wastes Minimization ....................................... 53
Chapter V: Conclusion and Recommendation ............................................................. 56
5.1 Conclusion..................................................................................................... 56
References .................................................................................................................... 58
Appendices ................................................................................................................... 60
2
List of Figure
Figure 1 : Construction Wastes Hierarchy (Designing Building, 2015) ................................... 5
Figure 2 : Methodology Stages.................................................................................................. 9
Figure 3 : Types of construction wastes (S.Nagapan, etal, 2011) ........................................... 12
Figure 4: Paint waste (Heidi Sanborn, 2011) .......................................................................... 13
Figure 5: Brick and brock wastes (Larry Marques) ................................................................. 13
Figure 6: Steel wastes (LSS Waste management Limited, 2013) .......................................... 14
Figure 7: Waste Hierarchy (Hierarchy.png, 2008) .................................................................. 17
Figure 8: Waste minimisation practices. (Lorton et al., 1988; EH and S, 1994; Sherman, 1996;
Maclaren, 2002)....................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 9: Causative factors of construction waste (Issue on construction waste, the need of
sustainable waste management 2012) ..................................................................................... 21
Figure 10: Summary of Respondents ...................................................................................... 36
Figure 11: Bar chat of importance of Waste Minimization ..................................................... 37
Figure 12: Pie chat of importance of waste minimization ....................................................... 37
Figure 13: Bar chat of situation of Construction waste to construction industry .................... 39
Figure 14: Pie chat of situation of Construction wastes to construction industry ................... 39
Figure 15: Bar chat of governments action in construction wastes........................................ 41
Figure 16 : Pie chat of governments action in construction waste ......................................... 41
Figure 17: Bar chat of most effective step due to minimize construction wastes ................... 43
Figure 18: Pie chat of most effective step due to minimize the construction wastes .............. 43
Figure 19: Bar chat of responsibility through construction wastes ......................................... 45
Figure 20: Pie chat of responsibility through construction wastes .......................................... 46
List of table
Table 1: Types and Common Sources of Solid Waste Generation (Hurley et al. 2001) ......... 13
Table 2: Proposed Outline of SWMP ...................................................................................... 26
Table 3: Rating scale ............................................................................................................... 30
Table 4: Development of Questionnaires ................................................................................ 31
Table 5: The number of the respondents ................................................................................ 35
Table 6: Factor cause construction wastes .............................................................................. 48
Table 7: Methods to minimize construction wastes ................................................................ 51
Table 8: Advantages of construction wastes minimization ..................................................... 53
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Chapter I: Introduction
1.0 Introduction
A large amount of construction wastes is being produced, because of many develop and
construction project. The construction industry shall responsible for producing a whole
variety of waste, the amounts and types of construction waste which depends on factors,
such as the stage of construction, type of construction work and practices on site. Thus,
consideration given to waste reduction during the planning and design stage to minimise
the generation of waste. The excessive wastage of raw materials, improper waste
management or storage of materials and low awareness of the need for waste reduction
are common in the local construction sites. Existing works have proposed various waste
management and suggested consensus building among the public in order to control
waste generation and mitigate the waste impacts on the environment (Petts 1995). The
construction solid waste management is generally seen as a low priority when financial
constraints are present and suggested that considerable waste reduction can be achieved
1999). The choice of the optimum waste handling methods should be determined by
considering the cost implications, any practices, which will induce waste reduction,
must be encouraged (Coffey 1999). The among various existing waste management
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methodologies, the typical methodology is to adopt a construction wastes hierarchy,
which classifies and prioritises in descending order the waste management options:
reduce, reuse, recycle and disposing waste, where the first three options are not possible
waste is using environmentally friendly construction methods with the aim of reduce
and minimize the generation of construction wastes during construction stage, such as
using large panel system, applying prefabrication components and reducing the
application of wet trade (Ho, 2001). Reduction of construction waste is one of the best
solutions; reduction is the best and most efficient method for minimising the generation
of waste and eliminating many of the waste disposal problems (Peng and Scorpio 1997).
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1.1 Problem statement / Research Question
construction activities will generate a large amount of construction wastes, and it will
become a serious issue which impact our environment. These issue must be successfully
reducing and minimize by the government continue with the parties in construction
industry.
problem cause this issue. Most of the Malaysia contractors unsuccessfully apply the
waste minimization and do not consider the sustainable environment and recycling the
construction material because of the limited support financial, time consuming and
location of project, so the faster and cheaper way for them is illegal dumping.
Furthermore, Malaysia contractor also lack of practices in Wastes Minimization and just
minimization program and contractors do not successfully to remove and reduce the
construction wastes that generated at construction site, due to illegal disposal. Provide a
train to the contractor due to more opportunity to participate in Waste Minimization and
Management (WMM).
The aim of this research study is to find out the importance of wastes
performances or quality. This research study will identify the information such as the
causes or factors of construction wastes occur at construction site continue provide the
6
research also searching the methods to minimize or reduce the waste which included 3R
In this research, there are six (6) stages to meet the objectives. It included,
identify the issues, objective and the aim of the study, literature review about the
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Stage 1: Literature Review
be obtain in articles, books, journal, electronic journal, magazines and e-book. The data
Stage 2: Questionnaire
Provide site visits to construction site and using questionnaires method to employees at
the construction sites. There will be minimum 15 respondents for each site.The location
of site will be at west (Kuala Lumpur/ Johor) and east (Sarawak) Malaysia.
1. Selected site will be captured and categorized for each case study.
2. Interview and Responses with engineer, contractor/ site supervisor and site workers
3. Questionnaires will have conducted to the engineer, contractor/ site supervisor and
site workers in each case studies base on their experience in construction industry.
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Stage 5: Culmination of Finding
construction wastes of each selected site in to meet the issue of wastes minimization.
Provide recommendation and conclusion of the research objectives and the problem
statements.
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1.5 Time Management
The below tables are showing the programme of work for the study.
SEMESTER 1
Planned progress:
Duration (week)
Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
First meeting to supervisor
Establish project title
Introduction of the project
Literature Review
Research Methodolog
Actual progress:
Duration (week)
Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
First meeting to supervisor
Establish project title
Introduction of the project
Literature Review
Research Methodolog
Description on activities
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Chapter II: Literature Review
2.0 Introduction
minimization become a serious issue in our country, Malaysia. For the research, it will
look through reviews, articles and some related topics from the internet.
Throughout this study, it will provide better understanding about the issue which
Wastes encountered constitute all the materials and products incorporated into the built
environment over a period of decades or in some areas over centuries. Include in that
demolition waste management plan at the project level. (Tom Napeir, 2012)
Construction wastes can be define into types which are Physical and Non-physical
wastes. (Sasitharan Nagapan, 2012). Following the type of the construction wastes.
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Figure 3 : Types of construction wastes (S.Nagapan, etal, 2011)
renovation.(D.F.Kofoworola and S.lt Gheewal, 2009) However, this can of waste can be
defined as solid wastes. Solid wastes normally are the material that completely lost,
because of the fact that the materials are irreparably damage and simply lost. Those
kinds of material which included sand, cement, steels, bricks, blocks, glass, rebar, tiles,
plastics, timber, and other materials that can find in the construction site. (A.Kafz and
t.Baum, 2011)
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Table 1 : Types and Common Sources of Solid Waste Generation (Hurley et al.
2001)
Figure 4: Paint waste (Heidi Figure 5: Brick and brock wastes (Larry
Sanborn, 2011) Marques)
13
Figure 6: Steel wastes (LSS Waste management Limited, 2013)
The non-physical wastes normally generated during the construction process and
it is time and cost overrun for a construction project. These wastes can be define as any
inefficiency that results in use of materials, equipment, and labour during the
handling, storage/ inventories and unnecessary work by workers also will generate this
The generation of construction wastes normally provide the impact or negative effect to
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2.2.1 Environment
pollution and hazards from the handling and use of materials or from the site itself; and
other demolish, construction and operationally related activities which contribute wastes.
Each of these activities poses a risk of introducing pollutants into the environment
which can affect the workers on site, the neighbourhood, or the local ground, water and
air quality. Similar impacts can occur during the operational phase of the development.
Such disturbances can also upset the equilibrium between the ground, water and air and
2.2.2 Productivity
Construction waste normally will slow down the productivity of the project.
Once the wastes are overdose in a site, it may waste the place to locate the new
materials which are delivering on site. To clean up those construction wastes, it may
also use extra time and cost to remove it and worse part is it may cause the project delay.
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2.3 Construction wastes issue in Malaysia
Illegal dumping, which is one of the problem now facing by our county. (N.
Yahaya and I.Larsen, 2008) Days by days, this issue turn more serious in Malaysia,
especially dumping on roadsides and tropical mangrove swamp which it was said that
Ade, 2012 & A.H.A Faridah, A.H.Hasmanie and M.I.Hassnain, 2004) All of these
happened due to the lack of practices on the task of waste minimization in Malaysia
construction industry. Although there are some policies in Malaysia which is set to
regulate on the wastes handling management. There are Perbadanan Pengurusan Sisa
Pepejal Dan Pembersihan Awam (PPSPPA), Pembinaan Malaysia Act 1994 (PMA),
1974(EQA) and Standard Specifications for Building Works (SBW). (S.Nagapan A.R
Ismailand A. Ade, 2012) However, those policies not perfect yet to take full regulation
on the wastes minimization. For example, PPSPPA is majorly on domestic waste, SBW
under SBW, contractors have to clear the construction waste one time in two week and
the waste had to dispose to selected landfill area or sites. Under PMA part, it mainly to
enhance environment which by reduce and controlling the pollution. PMA provides
power to an officer to make investigation in any site to confirm the contractors are
implied with the rule which interpreted the waste as normal waste or schedule waste.
Even so, most of the private companies take less attention in construction waste; they
most focus on domestic waste. This show that Malaysia government does not stake
serious in handling the construction waste and the problem still overcome.
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2.4 Waste minimization
production of wastes. The aim of waste minimization also is to redesign products and/or
The basic concept behind waste management is the waste hierarchy, where the
most effective approaches to managing waste are at the top. Waste management is in
than eliminating the creation of waste in the initial phases of production.(Davison, G.,
2011).
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Waste minimization includes endeavors to minimize the asset and vitality use amid
working advancement or produced period. For the same business yield, as a rule the less
materials are utilized, the less waste is created. Waste minimisation as a rule requires
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2.5 Factors that Contribute Construction Wastes
To minimize or reduce the construction wastes, first we must know the factors
that contribute this kind of waste. Best on the research; following are the factors of
Most the time, the issue rises from lack of communication between contractors, design
teams and the clients during design work. Moreover, it could be caused by clients
previous work and rebuild according to new drawing. It increases more waste produced
It is always caused by human error. Improper way of handling materials can cause
materials to be wasted. For instance, wrong handling or storing of bricks may cause
bricks to crack and made unusable. Other than that, cement should store in shade place
and far away from source of water, improper way of storing will spoil the cement.
C. Effect of weather
excavation process, it the construction field hits by heavy rain or storm, it may damage
the concrete which partially completed and causing contractor to demolish and re-
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concrete again. Site has to be rescheduled again and causing more wastage of materials.
Weather changing is one of the more disastrous factors cannot be control by human.
D. Poor planning
Planning skill on site is important that it has direct impact on more construction wasted
generate if the wrong planning method applied. Project manager are to come out with
good planning stages of conduction and to assign a dedication supervisor at the site.
Furthermore, pay more attention on workers during material handling. Some critical
error at different stages caused by poor workmanships and improper material handling
supervisor.
E. Workers' mistakes
Unskilled or poor attitude worker increase the wastage of materials on site. Mistakes
occur too often which generally on bricks, light weight concrete, plaster, ceilings and
Poor attitude of project management caused the residual at side. Leftover materials for
example, steel bar, framework and broken bricks are often the leftover scrap at the end
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Figure 9: Causative factors of construction waste (Issue on construction waste, the
need of sustainable waste management 2012)
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2.6 Advantages of construction wastes minimization
When the contribution of construction waste been reducing and getting less, it
may reduction of impact of the construction wastes to our environment, economic and
health. Following are the advantages of when the construction waste had been
minimizing:
When minimize the construction wastes by reduce, reuse and recycle, it will provide
the benefits in cost saving. Less materials will be re-purchased upon less waste generate.
Besides that, because of less generation of construction wastes, the disposal cost and
landfill charges will also reduce and it can maximize the profit because of reduced in
When the amount of the construction waste had been reduced or minimized, the
demand for landfill space will reduce. Reduce of landfill space will reduce the negative
country.
with standard practice which saves 4.2 tonnes of CO2 for each tonne of additionally
recovered plasterboard.
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D. Improve of productivity and quality of works
repurchasing of materials. The materials must be selected as good quality and durability,
performance as part of the development process, which mean that the project can finish
the work with less extra expended cost and reach the goal with specific period.
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2.7 Methods to minimize the construction wastes
not focus on only environmental issues but also on economic and social aspects is an
effective method and way to control construction waste. Hence, it is important to adopt
construction on overall sustainable criteria rather than cost alone. Follow are the
To minimize the construction wastes and with the consideration of benefit of the
environment, economic and social aspects, 3R methods (reduce, reuse and recycle) is a
good practise can be carry out by all parties involved in construction site.
A. Reduce
Reduce mean that is to reducing use of construction materials for reduce the
contribution of construction waste. So in reduce the construction waste, all parties can
try to involve early during design stage by specially designed to reduce waste
production. The methods included for instance, reduce cut off of materials, avoid over-
ordering, and avoid materials being stored on site for over a long period of time before
using them. Lastly, minimize of rework and error caused by poor workmanship.
B. Reuse
Reuse is the process that continues use of material had been used and avoids the use
of disposable goods only used in one time. For example, the leftover and cut off
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materials (Timer or Rebar) can be collected and reused on other section. For example,
cut off rebar can be welded back at some section to be reused again and dismantled
hoarding board can be reused for many times. Some materials which cannot be used at
the same project can be shifted to other project or sell. Pallets can be used or return to
C. Recycle
Recycle stage is the process to turning the waste into a new substance or product,
includes composting if it meets quality protocols. For example, rebar plastic, wood,
brick and etc. can be recycled again and again into functionally equivalent products. But
the condition of materials for recycling should be cleaned, dried and separated from
other materials. Sort different materials into containers with clear signs, so materials can
be recycled effectively.
predict the type and amount of the construction that generated in a project. SWMP also
to be landfill. The purpose of this plan is to minimize issue such as illegal dumping and
contractor, sub-contractor, labours and suppliers. SWMP normally initiated during pre-
planning stage until post-construction stage that in propose to measure the management
25
plan is efficiency and effectiveness. Figure 3 shows that the actions taken by SWMP
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2.8 Conclusion
the way to minimize this kind of problem, we shall understand and have knowledge
about why the waste will occur during construction period and benefit when we reduce
the waste. As we know common construction wastes occur usually are frequent design
changes, wrong material storage, poor planning, workers' mistakes and leftover
materials on site, and those are mankind. After understand the factors of wastes occur,
we can determine the methods to minimize the construction wastes. The possible
methods can option are 3R (reduce, recycle, and reuse) and the proper construction
wastes management also required. Construction wastes minimization not only brings
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Chapter III: Research Methodology
3.0 Introduction
The previous chapter (literature review) only an overview of the topic which is
authenticity of the research. By the way to meet the aim and objectives of this research,
data collection must be provided by the researcher to prove the authenticity of wastes
minimization in Malaysia and the design of the questionnaire shall be related to the
topic. The data and information must be collected that can only do the analysis of the
data.
3.1 Questionnaire
Questionnaire method is the most practical and widely method that researcher
can get information for the responses. All the data and information will be collected at
meet the objective of the research and the data collected will more reliable because the
responses will provide the real experience and knowledge about the construction wastes.
The method also provides advantages in save time and cost. Responses just only need to
involve in some paperwork and does not require of expensive equipment. So, this
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3.2 Design of questionnaires
responders for collect the data and information. The question of the questionnaire all
base on the aim and objectives of the research topic. The questionnaire was design to
advantages waste minimization, methods used to minimize and others general question
which regarding the topic. The design of the questionnaires was choosing the multiple
A. Multiple choices
asked to select the best possible answer. There are two types of multiple choice
the answer by personal opinion. It will make the respondents answer the questionnaire
easily.
B. Rating scale
Rating scale method is list of statements which used to ask the respondents to
define the agreement or disagreement of the statement on the questionnaires. There are
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POINT RAGE OF GRADE
1 Strongly Disagree
2 Disagree
3 Moderate
4 Agree
5 Strongly Agree
Table 3 : Rating scale
The development of the questionnaires was set into 5 parts, which are Part 1, Part 2,
Part 2 General knowledge and personal opinion of the issue which related
industry.
Part 3 The question will be set as base on the first objective of the research,
Part 4 The question will be set as base on the Second objective of the
30
minimization.
Part 5 The question will be set as base on the third objective of the research,
In the data collection, it will be start at 3 months during our industry training
period. The location of the sites will be 5 construction sites at west and 2 construction
sites at east Malaysia. The total number of the questionnaires will have disputed with 50
have industry training in same time. We will provide the site visit to each respective
construction site and the questionnaires and the interview question will be same.
During site visit, we provided a short interview and briefing to respondents. The
respondents we choose normally are the persons work in construction site, for example,
contractor, site supervisor, site staff, labours, foreign labours and trainee (if have). The
purpose of the interview is to get more authenticity answers and also to assist the
respondent in case they dont understand what questionnaires are asking, especially
foreign workers. The interview questions and questionnaires all base on the research
topic.
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3.5 Instruments
The instruments used for this research are research questionnaires which will be
questioned to site supervisor/ site staff and site workers base on their experiences, view
The subject of our study consists of site supervisor and site workers from
May), we will start to distribute the questionnaires. The location of the sites will be 5
construction sites at west and 2 construction sites at east Malaysia. The total number of
the questionnaires will have disputed with 50 copies of questionnaires and also have a
short interview or brief all parties in construction site. After that, we will start give the
research questionnaires to the supervisor/ site staff and site workers. The reason we
conduct the short interview or brief is to obtain the additional authenticity information
about the contribution and solution of construction waste. Besides that, we also must
have approval of the supervisor/ site staff to give the site workers opportunity to give
some opinion and suggestion best on their experience by given the same type of
After collected the data from the site by questionnaires, the comparison of the
answer will start. Since there are many independent variables due to individual
32
differences, the data from the questionnaires will be analyzed and comparison of the
into graphs which will be used to determine the responses, find out which is the best
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Chapter IV: Data Analysis and Result
4.1 Introduction
collected by the respondents which relate to our research objectives as well from the
literature review. So, this chapter is the dissertation part and the data analysis will be
present by using graphs, pie chat and tables to analyze the data or the result after
collection.
The data for this research study were collected though a short interview and
questionnaires with person who works at construction site. Therefore, there were 50
copies of questionnaires separated through 5 construction site which three (3) located at
west Malaysia and two (2) at east Malaysia. For the interview, it was a short brief and
the discussion to the workers which cannot understand the questionnaires questions.
Data analysis immediately began once all the data had been completely collected
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4.2 Respondents Background
For the background of the respondents, all are from construction industry in our
country, which three (3) sites and west and two (2) sites at east Malaysia. The idea of
choosing the location of the construction sites is from our industry training which
require assist of my classmate. The respondents which the researcher selected must be
involved in construction industry because they are all experience in this industry and
Respondent Number
Project Manager 1
Site Supervisor 7
QS 8
Engineer 5
Site manager 2
Foremen 4
Contractor/ Sub-contractor 4
Supplier 4
Worker 9
Storekeeper 2
Trainee 2
TOTAL 50
Table 5: The number of the respondents
For the amount of respondents, first is the Project manager which is 1 of the
total number. Next is the site supervisor with 7 and then continue is Quantity Surveyor
which is 8 persons. Third is engineer with 5 from the total number of respondents. Next
are foremen, contractor/sub-contractor and supplier with the same number which is 4
person. Furthermore, the number of the site manager, storekeeper, and trainee are 2
person which is lowest in our data collected. Lastly, the number of the workers is 9
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20% 18%
18% 16%
16% 14%
14%
12% 10%
10% 8% 8% 8%
8%
6% 4% 4% 4%
4% 2%
2%
0%
Percentage (%)
the respondents. Next is the site supervisor with occupy 14% and then continue is
Quantity Surveyor which is 16%. Third is engineer with 10% of the total number of
respondents. Next are foremen, contractor/sub-contractor and supplier with the same
percentage which are 8%. Furthermore, the percentage of the site manager, storekeeper,
and trainee are 4% which is lowest in our data collected. Lastly, the number of the
workers is 18% of the total number of the respondents and it is highest in the data we
collected.
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4.3 General Knowledge of Construction Wastes
Yes No
minimization. For the data collected, the major of the respondents think that wastes
6%
94%
37
Based on the data collected, there are 94% people agree that waste minimization
is importance industry but only 6% people think that it does no importance to our
industry and country now. The major parties involved in site had realize that now the
construction waste no only bring the problem to the environment, also provide problem
to their productivity. As we know for the literature review, construction waste no only
bring impact to environment, it now also will affect the productivity of the project. The
site wills a lot of waste require extra time and money to clean and may cause the delay
of the project.
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4.3.2 Situation of Construction Waste to Construction Industry
In this data collection, we will know the situation of construction waste to our
construction industry in our country. From this data, we know that there are 41 people
agree that the construction waste become a serious problem in our country, but only 9
18%
82%
39
Based on the data collected, 82% people agree and 18% disagree that the
construction wastes become a serious problem in our country now. The major of the
respondent think that the construction wastes already contribute a lot of impact to our
environment and health now. But only 18% people disagree because the feel that
construction waste dont affect them and continue their work and earn more money is
40
4.3.3 Governments Action in the Issue of Construction Wastes
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No
Series1 41 9
action about the issue which related to construction wastes only 9 people feel that our
No
18%
Yes
82%
41
For this pie chart we will realize that there are 82% people agree that our
government now have already taken action to solve, reduce and minimize this kind of
problem against impact to our environment and construction industry. But there are still
18% people disagree it, because they think our government still lacks the attention and
action in this kind of issue. Through interview, 18% of these people had mention that
our government still needs to improve their policy in to prevent, reduce and minimize
42
4.3.4 Most Effective Step Due to Minimize Construction Wastes
30
25
20
29
15 21
10
5
0
Preconstrcution/ planning Construction step
step
Figure 17: Bar chat of most effective step due to minimize construction wastes
Through the data collected, there are 29 people think that the most effective step
that can minimize construction wastes is in preconstruction/ planning step. But there are
21 people think that in construction step is the most effective step to minimize the
construction wastes.
Figure 18: Pie chat of most effective step due to minimize the construction wastes
43
Based on the data collected, we find out that the result of this question is very
close which are 58% people think that pre-construction/ planning step is most effective
step to minimize the construction wastes compare to 42% people think that construction
step can is the effective step to minimize it. There are 58% of the respondents think that
the planning step is most effective, because through the planning step, we can list down
what we need and how we do it. When it has successful planning, it is easier to analyse
the requirements, and base of these requirements, we can minimize some unwanted
works or extra expenses due to generated the construction wastes. Besides that, through
planning step, we can start to plan like allocation of materials. Which didnt plan
properly for location of the materials, it may cause the materials broken or damaged,
then it may become wastes and require extra time and money to remove it.
But compare to those respondents there are still 42% respondents think is
construction step. In their opinion through interview, they mention that it is much easier
to minimize the waste during construction period. In construction step they can direct
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4.3.5 Responsibility through construction waste
Others 2
Workers 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
The bar chat shows the responsibility for the contribution of the construction site.
Through data collected, there are 4 respondents think that the project manager must
have responsible to the generation of the construction waste, but there 13 of the
workers and 30 for all parties involved in construction site. There are 2 respondents
think that there shall have others party/parties need to have responsibility of
construction wastes.
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WHO SHALL RESPONSIBLE TO THE WASTES IN
CONSTRCUTION SITE?
Project/ site manager Contractor/ sub- contractor
Workers All parties involved in constrcution site
Others
4% 8%
26%
60% 2%
For this pie chat, we will know that there are 8% respondents think project
manager shall have the responsibility to the construction waste. In their opinion, they
had mention that the project manager shall responsible to all activities which can
happen in the site, because the project is under him and a successful project manager
Next, there are 26% think that contractor/ sub-contractor must responsible to
construction wastes. It is a second high in this question, the respondents tell that
construction / sub-contractor must take responsible to his own works, normally during
construction will contribute the wastes, but how to minimize it depend how preform of
Furthermore, the workers occupy 2% in this pie chat, the respondent just
mention that the workers shall responsible to the work which finish my them. Next is all
the parties involved in construction site, there are 60% of respondents think that all
parties involved in site shall have responsibility. Construction site is a working place, all
46
the contribution of waste in the site, all parties must manage and control the
contribution. All the parties must consider the waste didnt affect their productivity,
Lastly, 4% of the respondents provide that there still has other party/ parties
need to take responsible. One of the respondents have clearly stated that for client to
consultant against the contractor must take the responsibility to the wastes generation.
Which they have mention the client is that client is the person to pay and the financial
supporter for whole project. At preconstruction / planning step client already stated
what his/her want and consultant must base of his requirement to design and plan about
contribute wastes, advantages of minimize the wastes and method can be select to
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4.4 Factors Cause Construction Wastes
In this analysis, we will study about the factors cause contribution of construction
For the table, the highest index which is rank 1 is wrong material storage will
generate unwanted waste and slow down the construction speed. Thera are 15
respondents strongly agree in this factor continue 20 agree, and 15 moderate. Major of
the respondents strongly agree and agree about location of materials is the first factor,
because as we know construction waste most come from materials which is a type of
construction wastes, Physical wastes. When it just simply located the material without
planning, normally the materials will easy get damaged, and then will generated the
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wastes. Although there are major people agree this factor but still have 15 respondent
choose moderate.
In second rank which have 3.98 index is leftover materials make the site dirty
and require extra work to clean it. For this factor, there is 14 respondents strongly agree
and 26 respondents agree. They agree this factor because the realize that normally the
sub-contractor will have left the materials at site when they are finish their work, and
those materials will become the waste and need time to clean. But there still have 5
respondents no sure about this factor. Although there are many people agree this factor,
but there are 6 respondents disagree with it. Those respondent mention that this doesnt
is one of the factor because the leftover material normally can be control and would
In third rank which have 3.92 index is construction with mistake and wrong
information will generate more wastes. There are 17 of the respondents strongly agree
and 18 of the respondents agree it. Half of the respondents agree this factor because
when it was a mistake during the construction normally it require to demolish and
remove for the purpose to rectify it and it will generate a lot of construction wastes
Next is the forth rank with 3.76 index which is poor management and planning
will contribute more construction wastes during the construction period, there are more
than half of the respondents agree and strongly agree about this factor which are 12
strongly agree and 20 agree it. Next, there are 12 of the respondents choose moderate
and continue with 6 of the respondents disagree it. There are minor of the respondent
disagree it because in their opinion the construction waste normally generates during
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construction period and the effect of the planning does not provide much more effect to
Lastly which is rank 5 with index 3.34 which is the method of settle the wastes
are depend on site condition. There are 6 of the respondents strongly agree and 17 of the
respondents agree it. Sometime, the contribution of wastes cannot be avoid become of
site condition because complexity and surrounding environment and also soil condition.
Furthermore, there are 15 of the respondents choose moderate. Besides that, there are 15
of the respondents disagree it. In their opinion the site condition just an excuse to Shirk
responsibility.
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4.5 Methods to Minimize Construction Wastes
In this analysis, we will study about the methods to minimize the construction wastes,
For the table the rank number 1 which with 3.66 index of the methods to
minimize the construction wastes is provide the 3R method is the correct and efficacy
ways to solve the contribution of construction wastes. First there are 3 of the respondent
strongly agree and with the highest 33 of the respondents agree it. There are many of
them agree because they believe that 3R which are Reuse, Recycle and Reduce is a very
good method must be consider due to minimize the construction wastes due it is
environmental and systematic way to minimize the wastes. But it still has 6 of the
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respondents disagree it. In their opinion, the mention that although it is a good method
but sometime in considering the time factor, their normally will ignore this kind of
methods. Between the agree and disagree, there are still have 8 of the respondents
choose moderate.
Next is the rank number 2 which with 3.34 index of the methods to minimize the
construction wastes is Landfill of construction waste is faster and most efficacy way to
minimize the problem of construction wastes. There are 20 of the respondents agree
about this method because in their opinion the landfill which can be a faster way
compare to 3R because no all the materials can be recycle or reuse. But there still have
6 respondents disagree it, in their opinion landfill may cause the pollution to the land.
Continue is there are 27 of the respondents choose moderate which is the highest.
The third rank which with 2.78 index of the method to minimize the
construction wastes are the generation of waste by the weather can be minimizing by a
good management and planning. There are 25 of the respondents agree that the good
management is one of the good and effective method. But still have 6 of the respondents
Lastly, which is rank 4 with index 2.54 is Burning is the faster and economic
way the solve the problem of construction wastes. In this method there are 8 of the
respondent strongly agree and 4 of the respondents agree it. Continue with 3 strongly
disagree and 7 disagree it. For this methods it doesnt show the right or wrong, consider
in right way burning is the faster way to remove the waste and also saving the cost to
remove it, but consider about wrong way it will bring pollution to our environment.
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4.6 Advantages of Construction Wastes Minimization
No Advantages of
Frequency
construction wastes Total Index Rank
minimization 1 2 3 4 5
1 Wastes minimization will
reduce unwanted material
and disposal cost and 0 2 14 16 8 50 3 2
provide better work
efficacy.
2 Waste minimization will
reduce the landfill space in 0 3 17 18 2 50 2.78 4
our country.
3 Wastes minimization will
lower Co2 emission and 3 4 17 10 6 50 2.64 5
provide clean environment.
4 Better waste control can
improve the productivity 0 6 9 12 13 50 3.04 1
and quality of works.
5 Better waste control
normally easy to meet the 2 2 16 14 6 50 2.8 3
planning requirement.
Table 8: Advantages of construction wastes minimization
having better waste control can improve the productivity and quality of works which
have an index 3.4. 13 of the respondents strongly agree and 12 of the respondents agree
which mean that there is haft of the respondents this advantage can be acceptable. The
reason why it is acceptable because, when the wastes are being minimized or reduced
normally wouldnt require extra work, time and cost. Besides that, there are still 9 of the
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respondents agree it, but 6 of the respondents disagree this advantages, they mention
that to improve the productivity and quality is not only affect by the waste control is
disposal cost and provided better work efficacy which it is rank 2 and with 3 index.
There are 8 respondents strongly agree and 16 respondents agree to it, continue with 14
moderate and 2 disagree. For rank 1 and 2 we will realize that major of the respondents
consider their productivity and performance, major of them agree and strongly agree
For the 3 rank of advantages which is better wastes control normally easy meet
the planning requirement. There are 6 people strongly agree and 14 people agree to this
disagree it.
For the forth rank with 2.78 index of advantage which wastes minimization will
reduce the landfill in our country. There are only 2 respondents strongly agree about this
advantage and 18 of the respondents agree it. There have 17 of the respondents choose
moderate in this advantage and 3 of the respondents disagree it. When the wastes
reduced or being minimize, normally will reduce the disposal requirement and normally
will reduce the amount of the landfill due less waste generation. Although there was a
reduce in wastes but which cannot say that the amount of the landfill also can be control,
The final rank which is rank 5 with index 2.64 is wastes minimization will lower
Co2 emission and provide clean environment. In this advantage there just only 6
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persons strongly agree to it and 10 agree it. Most of the respondents choose moderate
which mean that they all no agree and disagree about this advantages. And continue
55
Chapter V: Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
The conclusion has been drawn out from the analysis itself as mention before in
relation to the achievement of the studys objective which aims to understand about
The research has achieved its objective form the literature review and data
collected and analyzed for the questionnaires. The conclusion derived base on three(3)
objectives as following:
Though the literature review, the factor cause the construction wastes are
frequent design change, wrong material storage, effect by the weather poor planning,
workers mistake and left over materials. And for the data analysis, the majority agree
of the factor that which is effective is storage of materials. Material which located at
wrong place normally will get damaged continue become wastes and this is not a
problem in one construction site, there are many site face same problem. Besides that
planning which also is one of the importance factor that contribute construction.
Weather, location of materials, worker performance and design all those factors can
contribute the wastes is depend on how successful of the planning. After planning,
control during practices also shall be consider as factor that contribute construction
wastes, because workers mistake and leftover material all depend on how we control it.
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Objective 2: To study the advantages of construction wastes minimization.
Through the literature review, there are many advantages when minimize the
construction wastes. As a summary minimize the construction wastes will have the
advantages to the environment and the productivity of the project which help it save
time, cost and better quality. For the data collected and analyzed, majorly agree that
For the literature review, the methods that can use in minimize the construction wastes
is 3R (reduce, recycle and reuse) method and Site Waste Management Plan. Although
majorly agree that 3R method a good and environmental practices and method to
minimize, but not all the wastes can be recycle and reuse, so some time landfill and
burn the wastes also can be consider and select. Besides that, site waste management
plan (SWMP) is the must requirement of the construction project. Because SWMP is
a framework that helps contractors or project managers to record and predict the type
and amount of the construction that generated in a project. SWMP also setting-up an
The purpose of this plan is to minimize issue such as illegal dumping and improve the
57
References
1. Sasitharan Nagapan1, Ismail Abdul Rahman1, Ade Asmi, Aftab Hameed Memon1,
Imran Latif1 Issues on Construction Waste: The Need for Sustainable Waste
Management
2006
form 5 January 2006; accepted 27 January 2006; Available online 23 March 2006
6. Ismail Abdul Rahman, Ade Asmi, A Review of Construction Waste Cause Factors
SasitharanNagapan
<http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/misc/cdm/introduction.htm>
58
9. Achieving good practice Waste Minimisation and Management - viewed on
20thNovember2015
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimisation#cite_note-USEPA-1-viewed on
20thNovember2015
11. <http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/WMM%20guide%20Mid%20level.pdf>
<http://www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/3r-minimization.html>
13. Hamid Aadal, Kiyanoosh Golchin Rad, Ali BagheriFard, PejmanGhasemi Poor
20 2013
2004.
59
Appendices
60
Research Questionnaires
Introduction
Dear respondent,
The information you provide will assist the academic institution. The data
collected form this survey will be used for academic and research purpose only. The
name if respondent will not be used in any reports of the research and their right will be
protected. Respondents answers will be report and aggregated with other respondents.
Please be sure to answer ALL the questions. There are no right or wrong answers.
Researcher:
(14WTR12927)
Kuala Lumpur
Ph: +60168655641
Email: dennisho5641@gmail.com
Supervisor
61
Part 1 : Respondent Profile
This section is for demographic input of the respondent. The name of the respondent
will not be used in any report of the research and their right will be protected.
Respondents answers will be reported and aggregated with other respondents. Please
be sure to answer ALL the questions.
Name :
Occupation :
Company Name :
Date :
62
Part 2 : General Knowledge of Construction Wastes
In this section, please tick the answer that you think is correct. There is no right or
wrong answers. We are interested in your true experience or opinions.
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Preconstruction/Planning step
Construction step
Contractor/sub contraction
Workers
Other: _____________________________________________________
63
Part 3 : Factors of construction wastes
In this section, please answer by circling one number that represents the level of your
agreement according to the ranking below. There is no right or wrong answers. We are
interested in your true experiences and opinions.
3 Leftover materials make the site dirty and require extra work to 1 2 3 4 5
clean it.
more wastes.
condition.
64
Part 4 : Advantages minimize the construction wastes
In this section, please answer by circling one number that represents the level of your
agreement according to the ranking below. There is no right or wrong answers. We are
interested in your true experiences and opinions.
environment.
works.
requirement.
65
Part 4 : Methods of construction wastes minimization
In this section, please answer by circling one number that represents the level of your
agreement according to the ranking below. There is no right or wrong answers. We are
interested in your true experiences and opinions.
2 Burning is the faster and economic way the solve the problem of 1 2 3 4 5
construction wastes.
66