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Культура Документы
INPLANT 4.3
Keyword Manual
March 2013
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
New Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Occasional Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Experienced Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
About INPLANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
About SimSci-Esscor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Support Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Chapter 2 Overview
About This Chapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Scope and Objectives of INPLANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Property Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Calculation Modes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Pressure Drop Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
User Convenience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Typical Applications of INPLANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Relief Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Vessel Depressuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Process Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Utility Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Slug Catcher Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
Solving Networks with PIPEPHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
The Building Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Joining Segments Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Joining Links Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Chapter 5 Results
About This Chapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Report Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Description of Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Input Reprint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Intermediate Printout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Solution Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Input Reprint Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Thermodynamic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Component Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
General Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
PVT Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10
Network Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Source Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Structure Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
Network Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
Sizing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
PVTGEN Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Intermediate PRINTOUT Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Network Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Solution Output Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
Flash Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17
Separator Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
Link Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
Node Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19
Device Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19
Structure Data Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20
Velocity Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20
Results Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21
Link Device Detail Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21
Pressure and Temperature Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21
Pressure and Temperature Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22
Phase Envelope Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
Phase Envelope Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24
Holdup and Velocity Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25
Pressure Gradient Detail Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25
INPLANT Keyword Manual TOC-7
Taitel-Dukler-Barnea Flow Regime Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-26
Link Property Detail Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-26
Viscosity and Density Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-27
Friction and Surface Tension Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-27
Heat Transfer Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-28
Case Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-28
Sphering Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-29
Valve Sizing Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-30
Appendix B Glossary
Glossary of Frequently Used Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
Appendix C References
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
Chapter 5, Results, is a guided tour of the results output and how to interpret the output.
Chapter 6, Technical Reference, gives more detailed information on methodologies used
in the program calculations
Occasional Users
If you are an occasional user revisiting PIPEPHASE after an absence, take some time to
skim through Chapter 3, Using PIPEPHASE, to remind yourself of the programs
capabilities and conventions. Then go on to Chapter 4, Input Reference.
Experienced Users
If you use PIPEPHASE regularly, you will be able to find everything you need in
Chapter 4, Input Reference, and Chapter 6, Technical Reference.
About INPLANT
INPLANT is a powerful, steady-state, multiphase fluid flow simulator for investigating
process plant piping. It will help you to design new systems, monitor current systems,
and prevent or solve piping problems. INPLANT combines industry standard multiphase
fluid flow simulation technology with the most comprehensive physical properties
databank and thermodynamic capabilities available.
INPLANT rigorously simulates the most complex piping systems. With INPLANT, you
can examine and monitor single pipes, relief systems, process piping networks, flare
headers, and utility piping. You can design new systems for maximum efficiency and
revamp existing systems for new duties.
Whether you are looking at a single pipe run or a complex network in the petroleum,
petrochemical, or chemical industries, INPLANT is the tool to help you understand and
solve your fluid flow problems.
1-2 Introduction
About SimSci-Esscor
PIPEPHASE is backed by the full resources of SimSci-Esscor, a leader in the process
simulation business since 1966. SimSci-Esscor provides the most thorough service
capabilities and advanced process modeling technologies available to the process
industries. SimSci-Esscors comprehensive support around the world, allied with its
training seminars for every level of user, is aimed solely at making your use of
PIPEPHASE the most efficient and effective that it can be.
Support Services
Both new and experienced users will benefit significantly from attending one of SimSci-
Esscors regularly scheduled training courses on PIPEPHASE. If you would like to
obtain a list of available courses, or if you have any questions relating to the use of
PIPEPHASE, its methods, data, or technology, please call your nearest SimSci-Esscor
support office.
To contact your nearest SimSci-Esscor support office, select and click Technical
Support...from the Help menu. A Help desk page is displayed. Click the Support
Centres link to view the contact details of your nearest support centre. The SimSci-
Esscor support centres are also hosted on our website. Please visit the following link:
http://www.simsci-esscor.com/us/eng/support/supportlocations/default.htm
Chapter Contents
Special capabilities have been designed into PIPEPHASE like pipeline sphering. This
extends the range of PIPEPHASE applications so that varied pipeline and piping
network problems can be solved.
Property Data
PIPEPHASE can simulate fluids defined either by composition, by assay (ASTM, TBP)
curve, or by non-compositional means. For compositionally or assay defined fluids, all
component, thermodynamic, and transport property data are stored in, or created from,
PIPEPHASEs data and calculation libraries. For non-compositionally defined fluids,
2-2 Overview
PIPEPHASE uses built-in correlations to determine all physical property data the
program requires for pressure drop and heat transfer calculations. Details of the different
fluid types and how to define them can be found in Chapter 3, Using PIPEPHASE.
Calculation Modes
PIPEPHASE can be used for designing new systems or rating existing ones. Any piping
topology can be addressed, from a simple single link of flow devices to the most
complex network of pipelines, including multiple inlets and outlets and any degree of
looping. In network configurations, you are allowed to fix almost any combination of
pressures and flowrates and PIPEPHASE will solve for all the remaining unknowns. In
the case of a flare header system, INPLANT can also be instructed to calculate any or all
line sizes and relief valve requirements.
Piping Systems
PIPEPHASE rigorously simulates anything from a simple single pipe to the most
complex piping systems with multiple inlets and outlets. Line capacities, flow
distribution in loops, heat transfer effects, Joule-Thomson effects, in-line flow patterns,
vapor and liquid velocities, and preferential phase splitting at tees for steam systems are
all accurately determined. Details of how these are invoked can be found in Chapter 3,
Using PIPEPHASE.
Line capacities, flow distribution in loops, heat transfer effects, Joule-Thomson effects,
in-line flow patterns, vapor and liquid velocities and preferential phase splitting at tees
for steam systems are all accurately determined. Details of how these are invoked can be
found in Chapter 3, Using PIPEPHASE.
User Convenience
PIPEPHASE is fully supported by SimSci-Esscors experienced staff who can supply
advise on using the program and offer assistance if you are having problems. Simply call
or e-mail the nearest authorized SimSci-Esscor technical support center. Full
documentation is also available from these SimSci-Esscor centers. In addition to the
easy-to-use keyword version of PIPEPHASE, SimSci-Esscor offers a version with a
convenient Windows graphical user interface.
Vessel Depressuring
Flare systems are designed to remove material vented from vessels after a process upset.
The depressuring unit in INPLANT complements the flare calculations by determining
the flowrate of material into the flare system. The unit models vessels containing volatile
liquid under pressure when subject to an external fire. This calculation is performed
before the flare system is modeled.
2-4 Overview
Figure 2-3: Depressuring Unit
As heat enters a vessel from the fire, liquid vaporizes, and the pressure in the vessel
increases. INPLANT calculates the temperature-pressure-time relationships and shows
the amount of vapor and liquid present in the vessel at each time step. When the pressure
in the vessel reaches the relief pressure, the relief valve opens and material is vented into
the flare system. It is vital that the pressure in the vessel does not exceed the maximum
allowable value. INPLANT calculates the safe disposal minimum required to prevent
this from occurring. The temperature, pressure and composition are then calculated at
successive time intervals for a range of vent rates. The vent rate that keeps the vessel
pressure within the maximum allowable operating pressure for that source is then used to
size the flare system.
The depressuring calculations are then followed by the flare system simulation. Each
depressuring unit is referenced to a flare source and supplies the flow and conditions at
that source. The temperature, pressure, and composition at each flare source are those at
the safe vent rate conditions for each depressuring vessel.
Process Lines
A large percentage of the installed cost of a process plant comes from the piping and
fittings. Proper sizing and operation of these lines can dramatically reduce this cost and
can also significantly reduce the operating cost of the plant. INPLANT addresses
applications such as sizing a flowline, calculating pump and compressor horsepower,
determining heater and cooler duties, and calculating maximum capacity. Heat losses
from insulated pipes may be calculated by using an overall heat transfer coefficient or by
using the thermal conductivities of each of the insulating layers. Any type of single or
multiphase fluid may be modeled using the INPLANT thermodynamics package.
Utility Systems
Utility systems, such as cooling water, steam, lube oil, and instrument air, play an
important part in the operation of a plant. Accurate determination of the flow distribution
and capacity of these networks is essential for both an optimum design and a basis from
which system expansions can be evaluated. INPLANT provides an efficient and
effective way of modeling these often complex networks. You may fix almost any
combination of flowrates and pressures for any feeds or products in the system, and
INPLANT will calculate the rest. Single-phase systems, such as air or water, may be
modeled using the single-phase gas or liquid non-compositional fluid models. Single or
multi-phase steam may be accurately modeled using the built-in steam package. Any
other type of single or multi-phase fluid may be modeled with the rigorous
compositional package supplied in INPLANT.
Links
A link is a number of connected flow devices, fittings and equipment items arranged in
series with only one inlet and one outlet. As shown in the figure below, a link comprises
all pipes, fittings and equipment items from the fluid inlet to the outlet.
Networks
A network is a number of links joined together at junctions. A network may have one or
more inlets (sources), one or more outlets (sinks), loops, and crossovers. The following
figure shows a typical network.
All networks, with two exceptions, are treated the same regardless of the number of
sources, sinks, loops, and cross-overs. The exceptions are single links and flare gathering
systems. In the case of a single link, the solution method is much simpler, and normally
there is no need to invoke any special network convergence methods. In the case of a
flare gathering system, with several sources, no crossovers or loops, and only one sink
(the flare base), a special algorithm has been developed to extend the capabilities of the
program. These capabilities include line and relief valve sizing, together with
consideration for critical flow in this type of network.
The segment calculation takes into account frictional, elevational, and accelerational
pressure drop components. Frictional pressure drop is due to the shear stress between
pipe wall and fluid. Elevational pressure drop is a result of the conversion of fluid
potential energy into hydrostatic pressure and the accelerational pressure drop is the gain
or loss in pressure due to changes in velocity of the fluid. The following figure illustrates
an PIPEPHASE calculation segment.
2-8 Overview
Figure 2-8: Calculation Segment
In addition to the pressure balance for the pipe segment, a heat balance is also
performed. There must be a balance between heat coming into the segment and heat
leaving it. Heat can enter or leave with the fluid or through the flow device walls. The
transfer through the walls is governed by the temperature difference between the average
fluid flowing temperature and the ambient temperature and by the overall heat transfer
coefficient.
Convergence
For a junction or sink with multiple inflowing links and where you have not fixed the
pressure:
Pressures at a node (i.e., a sink, source, or junction) are calculated for each link inci-
dent on the node. If the pressures are equal within a user defined tolerance, the node
pressure (by pressure balance) has converged.
For fixed sink and junction pressures:
Pressures at a node are calculated for each link incident on the node. When the cal-
culated node pressure is equal to the set node pressure within the user defined toler-
ance, the node pressure has converged.
If the pressure discrepancy is not within tolerance in any of the nodes, the Newton-
Raphson method calculates new mass balanced link flowrate estimates and new source
pressure estimates for the next iteration.
Chapter Contents
About This Chapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Defining the Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Properties of Fluid Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Flows and Conditions of Fluids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Sphering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Piping Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
What PIPEPHASE Calculates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Global Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Units of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Printout Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Defining Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Defining Properties for Compositional Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Water as a Special Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Library Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Non-library Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Petroleum Pseudocomponents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Assay Curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Additional Component Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Transport properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Tabular Data for Compositional Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Multiple Thermodynamic Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Additional Thermodynamic Capabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Defining Properties for Non-Compositional Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Liquid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Compositional Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Piping Structure
Before beginning to input problem data into the application, is important that you
convert the structure of the piping system into a simpler schematic representation of the
relevant nodes (i.e., sources, junctions, and sinks) and links. Label each node and link
both uniquely and logically for future reference.
Global Settings
Before you provide PIPEPHASE with information about the fluid and piping structure of
your problem, global parameters may be set and the problem definition described.
Choices can be made on how to control the simulation, define the input units, specify
how much output you want, and set global defaults for use throughout the simulation.
To provide... See...
Descriptive You must use a TITLE statement that denotes that p. 4-13 TITLE
text the input has started. The only word that has to
appear on this statement is TITLE.
On the TITLE statement you may supply text; this p. 4-13 TITLE
text will appear at the top of every page of output,
and will make the run easier to identify.
You can further describe the problem using up to p. 4-13 DESCRIPTION
four lines of 60 characters each.
If you are using the Case Study facility, you may p. 4-121 DESCRIPTION
add one line of description for each case study. You
will find further details about case studies later in
this chapter.
Units of Measurement
PIPEPHASE allows you to construct a group of units of measure (or dimensions) which
are to be used throughout all the simulation input. However, you may locally override
individual units of measure where necessary. The output will always be in the units
supplied on the DIMENSION statement, unless specific output overrides or supplements
are requested on the OUTDIMENSION statement.
To provide... See...
Input units Global units of measurement are defined at the p. 4-13 DIMENSION
beginning of the input. PIPEPHASE has four pre-
selected sets for user convenience: Petroleum,
English, Metric and SI. You should select the set
that is closest to your requirements. You can then
re-define units of measurement either globally at
the start of the input or individually when you
supply the data. If you do not select a set,
PIPEPHASE defaults to the English set.
Printout Options
PIPEPHASE generates a great deal of data during its calculations. The default printout is
normally sufficient for most engineering applications. You may increase or decrease the
amount of output depending upon your requirements. For further details describing the
output printout, see Chapter 5, Results.
To set the... See...
Output units The default units of measurement for output are p. 4-29 OUTDIMENSION
the same as those defined globally for input on
the DIMENSION statement. Using the
OUTDIMENSION statement, you may define a
separate set of units for the output.
Input reprint You will always get a reprint of your input p. 4-27 PRINT
keyword file. PIPEPHASE then reprints its
interpretation of the input. You may suppress
this interpretation output.
PVTGEN Tables and plots can be requested when p. 4-27 PRINT
generating property data.
Defaults
Many of the data items required by PIPEPHASE have default values assigned to them. If
you do not explicitly specify a value for an item of data, or select a calculation method,
the program will automatically assign a value or method. For example, pipe thermal
conductivity assumes a default value of 29 BTU/hr-ft-oF if you do not specify a value.
Similarly, the Moody method for single-phase pressure drop calculations is chosen, by
default, as it is generally suitable for many engineering purposes. Beware, these default
selections are not neccessarily the most appropriate, or best for your particular
application. They do not substitute for engineering judgement. If an doubt, especially for
the choice of a calculation method, consult chapter 4 of the manual for advice.
For convenience, PIPEPHASE allows you to change some defaults globally at the start
of the input.
To define... See...
Flow device You can specify global values for the pipe inside p. 4-23 DEFAULT
parameters diameter, the surrounding medium, and the p. 4-79 PIPE
parameters associated with pressure drop and
heat transfer. You can override these settings for
individual pipes.
Heat transfer You can globally suppress heat transfer p. 4-23 DEFAULT
calculations and then reinstate them for p. 4-79 PIPE
individual pipes.
Library Components
The SimSci library contains over 1700 components. A full list is available in the SimSci
Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual. For all components, the databank
contains data for all the fixed properties and temperature-dependent properties necessary
to carry out phase equilibrium calculations. For all common components, the databank
also contains a full set of transport properties necessary to carry out pressure drop and
heat transfer calculations. If you need to supplement the data, or override the library data
with your own, you may do so.
To specify... See...
Library All fixed property data may be accessed from p. 4-33 COMPONENT
components the SimSci databank. All you need to do is
supply the name of the component.
Library You may override the SimSci constant p. 4-38 MW
components properties for any or all of the components. p. 4-38 SPGR
p. 4-38 API
p. 4-38 ACENTRIC
p. 4-38 ZC
p. 4-39 TC()
p. 4-39 PC()
p. 4-39 NBP()
p. 4-39 STDDENSITY()
p. 4-39 VC
Non-library Components
You may use components not found in the SimSci library. You must input all the
necessary data for thermodynamic and transport properties.
To specify... See...
Non-library If you want to use a component that is not in the SimSci Component and
components SimSci Bank, you must supply its name and all the Thermodynamic Data
required properties. Input Manual
Petroleum Pseudocomponents
To define hydrocarbon pseudocomponents, you must supply at least two of the following
three parameters:
1. Molecular weight
2. Gravity
3. Normal boiling point
PIPEPHASE will predict the third if you omit it. PIPEPHASE uses industry-standard
characterization methods to predict all fixed and temperature-dependent property data
for each pseudocomponent. You may select the method most suitable for your own
mixture.
To define... See...
Pseudo- Define petroleum pseudocomponents by p. 4-34 PETROLEUM
components supplying at least two of the following:
molecular weight, gravity, and normal boiling
point.
Property- You may select the method PIPEPHASE will p. 4-35 ASSAY
calculation use to calculate the properties of your pseudo-
methods components.
Assay Curve
If your fluid is defined by an assay curve (TBP, D86, D2887, or D1160), PIPEPHASE
will divide it into a number of cuts. You can control the number of cuts and the ranges
they cover. Each of the cuts is then treated as a pseudocomponent, as described
previously. You may also define a lightends analysis to go with the assay curve.
To supply... See...
Assay Data You supply an assay curve, and Page 4-35 D86, D1160,
PIPEPHASE will divide it into petroleum D2887, TBP,
cuts. You supply it in the form of D86, TBP10
D1160, D2887, TBP, or TBP at 10 mm Hg
curves.
You must also supply gravity as API or Page 4-38 API, SPGR,
specific gravity or UOP K-factor either as a UOP, DATA
curve against percent vaporized or as an
average value.
PIPEPHASE will calculate molecular Page 4-38 MW
weight data, or you may supply it as an
average or a curve against percent
vaporized.
You may define the number of petroleum Page 4-37 CUTPOINTS
fractions to be generated and their
temperature ranges.
You may select the method PIPEPHASE Page 4-35 ASSAY
will use to calculate the properties of the
generated petroleum fractions.
You can specify methods that you want to use for the following thermodynamic
properties.
To specify... See...
K-values, You must select a thermodynamic method for p. 4-51 METHOD
enthalpy, density calculating the vapor-liquid equilibrium and mixture
properties from component properties. Either select
a system with a predefined method for each property,
or select an individual method for each property.
Vapor-liquid- Use the (VLLE) qualifier on the SYSTEM keyword p. 4-51 METHOD
liquid equilibria or on the KVALUE keyword or have a second
KVALUE keyword with an (LLE) qualifier.
Different enthalpy You must include two ENTHALPY keywords, one p. 4-51 METHOD
methods for liquid with an (L) qualifier and one with a (V) qualifier.
and vapor
Different density You must include two DENSITY keywords, one p. 4-51 METHOD
methods for liquid with an (L) qualifier and one with a (V) qualifier.
and vapor
Aqueous phase If you have water in a hydrocarbon system, you may p. 4-55 WATER
enthalpy select a method for calculating aqueous liquid and
vapor enthalpies either by a simplified method
which assumes that the steam is at its saturation
point or by a rigorous method which takes into
account the degree of superheat of the vapor, if any.
Binary interaction For some systems, notably close-boiling mixtures, p. 4-56 PR
parameters the standard equations do not adequately reproduce p. 4-55 BWRS
experimental phase equilibria data. You may
improve the predictability of many of the equations
of state, or liquid activity coefficient methods by
inputting your own binary interaction parameter
values. For example, you can tune the PR, SRK,
BWRS and LKP equations.
Gas
All properties of a non-compositional gas are calculated by PIPEPHASE from the
specific gravity and the built-in correlations. You may choose which viscosity
correlation to use from the list in Table 4-26, Property Correlations.
To specify... See...
Gas definition A non-compositional gas is defined in terms of its p. 4-57 SET
gravity, and PIPEPHASE will use the appropriate
correlations to predict its properties.
Viscosity method You may define the method that PIPEPHASE uses p. 4-59 CORRELATION
to predict non-compositional gas viscosity.
Cp/Cv ratio A gas specific heat ratio may be defined to p. 4-57 SET
definition override the internal value used as default.
Define a One or more of the following gas contaminants p. 4-57 SET
contaminant may also be defined: nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or
hydrogen sulfide.
Gas Z-factor The method that PIPEPHASE uses to predict a p. 4-59 CORRELATION
non-compositional compressibility factor may also
be defined.
Compositional Sources
To specify... See...
Defined You must define the total flowrate and p. 4-66 SOURCE
components composition of the source stream. Components
can be either from the PIPEPHASE component
library or defined as pseudocomponents.
Assay data A source fluid may be defined by an assay p. 4-66 SOURCE
curve. You can combine library components p. 4-71 LIGHTENDS
and/or petroleum pseudocomponents with an
assay curve by supplying a lightend analysis.
Viscosity data To override the internally generated fluid p. 4-57 PVT
viscosity data, you may specify a viscosity
curve in the PVT data section.
Similar sources To reduce redundant data entry, you may refer p. 4-66 SOURCE
to a predefined source. Parameters may be
specified to override the parameters that are
different.
Non-Compositional Sources
To specify... See...
Steam sources You must define the pressure and quality of a p. 4-66 SOURCE
saturated steam source. The temperature must
be specified only if the steam is superheated
(Quality=100%) or subcooled (Quality=0%).
Gas and liquid One or more sets of fluid property data are p. 4-66 SOURCE
sources defined in the PVT data section. You must p. 4-57 PVT
assign a unique set number to each data set.
Each source must be referred to the appropriate
data set number.
Similar sources If one source is the same as or similar to p. 4-66 SOURCE
another, you may refer it to the other source.
PIPEPHASE will copy all the data from one
source to the other. You may then override the
parameters that are different.
Networks
A network generally has more than one link and one or more junctions. The variables are
the pressure and flowrate at each source and sink. You specify the values of the variables
that are known, and PIPEPHASE will calculate the unknowns. In order not to under- or
over-specify the system, simple rules must be followed in constructing the problem:
You must specify a number of knowns equal to the total number of sources and
sinks.
You must specify at least one pressure.
If any source or sink flowrate is an unknown, you must supply an estimate.
Flare Systems
A flare system is a gathering, tree network for compositional fluids. The system is a
network that lacks loops. A flare network can have more than one source; however, it
can have only one sink. INPLANT handles flare systems differently from other
networks. With a flare system, INPLANT can also size all the lines and relief valves to
meet user-supplied constraints.
To specify... See...
Sources and You must have at least one source and can have p. 4-66 SOURCE
sinks only one sink. p. 4-75 SINK
Links You must have at least one link p. 4-77 LINK
Pipe and valve In flare networks, INPLANT can calculate the p. 4-118 DEVICE
sizing sizes of pipes and fittings. You may ask for all p. 4-120 LINE
pipes to be sized or just selected ones.
You may supply a set of maximum velocities p. 4-120 MAXV
and a corresponding set of diameters or slip
densities. In flare networks you may instead
supply the percentage of the Moody pulse
model critical velocity that you want to be used
in the line sizing.
Pipe Horizontal, vertical or inclined. May be surrounded by air, water, or soil; insulated
or bare.
Fittings
Bend A standard mitred bend or non-standard bend with defined angle and radius.
Check valve Device that allows flow in only one direction.
Choke valve Restricts fluid flow. MCHOKE, a variant of CHOKE, introduces a discontinuity
into a network which is solved using a special sub-networking method.
PIPEPHASE calculates the choke size.
Contraction Reduction in diameter from larger to smaller pipe. Variable angle.
Entrance Entrance into a pipe from a larger volume such as a vessel.
Exit Exit from a pipe to a larger volume such as a vessel.
Expansion Increase in diameter from smaller to larger pipe. Variable angle.
Nozzle Flow restriction used in metering.
Orifice Orifice meter. Orifice plate can use thick or thin calculation formula.
Tee Tee piece. Flow may be straight on or through the branch.
Valve Any type of valve, e.g., gate, globe, angle, ball, butterfly, plug, cock.
Venturimeter Venturi flow meter.
Unit Operations
Hydrates Predicts the temperature/pressure regime under which hydrates are prone to
form.
Calculator A utility that allows you to compute results from flowsheet or network
parameters. These results can then be used as optimizer constraints or objective
parameters.
The following table lists recommended pressure drop methods for single-phase flow in
pipes with non-compositional fluids
Table 3-4: Pressure Drop Methods for Single-Phase Flow (Non-Compositional Fluids)
Liquid Gas
Moody Moody
Hazen-Williams Panhandle Bf
Weymouth
American Gas Association
The following table lists the pressure drop methods recommended for multiphase flow in
horizontal and inclined pipes. A legend and comments are located below the table.
Table 3-5: Applicability of Multiphase Flow Correlations
Horizontal Vertical Vertical
and Upward Downward Upward Downward
inclines < incline Incline 90o and > 90o and
Methods5 10o 10o<a<70o 10o<a<70o 70o > 70o
Beggs & Brill 4 4 4 4 4
Beggs & Brill - Moody1 4 4 4 4 4
Beggs & Brill - No slip 8 8 8 8 4
Beggs & Brill - Moody-Eaton3 8 8 8 8 8
Beggs & Brill - Moody-Dukler3 8 8 8 8 8
Beggs & Brill - Moody-Hagedorn & 8 8 8 8 8
Brown
Mukherjee & Brill2 8 4 4 8 8
Mukherjee & Brill-Eaton3 8 8 8 8 8
Ansari 8 8 8 4 8
Orkiszewski 8 8 8 4 8
2
dP
------- fq
----------- (3-1)
dL f 5
d
where:
= fluid density
q = volumetric flux
d = equivalent diameter (actual diameter in the case of pipe)
dP (3-2)
-------
dL e sin
where:
= fluid density
= inclination angle
The acceleration pressure gradient is generally small, except when the fluid is
compressible, and the velocity and velocity gradients in the pipe are high. In general, the
acceleration pressure gradient may be expressed as:
dP
------- dv-
dL a v dx
----- (3-3)
where:
= fluid density
v = fluid velocity
To specify... See...
Inside diameter If the majority of your flow devices have the p. 4-23 DEFAULT
and roughness same inside diameter, you can specify a p. 4-79 PIPE
global inside diameter at the start of the
simulation. Then you can override this value
for those devices which do not conform to
the default. Roughness can be specified also
as a global parameter or for each device.
Inclined pipes You can specify an elevation change or p. 4-79 PIPE
depth for each device If the elevation
change equals the length, the device is
vertical. If you do not specify an elevation
change, PIPEPHASE assumes that pipes are
horizontal.
Acceleration You may instruct PIPEPHASE to ignore the p. 4-19 CALCULATION
terms acceleration term in pressure drop
calculations, if desired.
To specify
nominal
diameter and
schedule for... See...
All devices as a You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-23 DEFAULT
global value that will be used for all the fittings in this table,
unless overridden by data in the input to the fitting
itself.
Your pipes and You may create a database of nominal diameters p. 4-23 DEFAULT
fittings and pipe schedules and have PIPEPHASE use it
instead of its own internal database
Pipe You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule. p. 4-79 PIPE
Bend You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule. p. 4-91 BEND
Entrance You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-97 ENTRANCE
for the downstream pipe.
Exit You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-97 EXIT
for the upstream pipe.
Nozzle You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-99 NOZZLE
for the upstream pipe.
Orifice You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-100 ORIFICE
for the upstream pipe.
Tee You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-101 TEE
for the upstream pipe.
Valve You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-102 VALVE
for the upstream pipe.
Venturi You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-103 VENTURIMETER
for the upstream pipe.
Contraction You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-96 CONTRACTION
for the inlet and outlet pipes.
Expansion You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-98 EXPANSION
for the inlet and outlet pipes.
2
-
P = KG
--------------- (3-4)
2g
where:
P = pressure drop across the fitting
K = resistance coefficient/ K-factor
G = mass velocity (mass flowrate/flow area)
= two-phase pressure drop multiplier
g = acceleration due to gravity
Q = UAT (3-5)
where:
Q = rate of heat transfer per unit length
U = overall heat transfer coefficient
A = surface area per unit length
T = temperature difference between bulk fluid and outside medium
The overall heat transfer coefficient either is input or may be calculated from the
constituent film coefficients and geometries.
For a pipe you may supply an overall coefficient or you may request detailed heat
transfer calculations. Detailed heat transfer calculations are invoked when you input any
one of the parameters required to carry out the calculations.
Case Studies
The CASE STUDY option provides the facility to perform parametric studies and to
print multiple problem solutions in a single computer run. Case studies are always
performed after the base case problem has been solved. If the base case problem cannot
be solved for any reason, then no case studies are performed. Each case study analysis is
performed based on the cumulative changes to the flowsheet up to that time.
Case studies are an efficient means of obtaining solutions for multiple scenarios to a
given problem and result in large savings in both computer time and cost. For problems
requiring iterative solutions, the converged results of the last solution are used as the
starting values for the next run. This can result in large computer time savings in runs
involving large networks, where it typically takes several iterations to move from the
initial pressure estimates to the final converged solution.
There is no limit on the number of CHANGE statements per case study or on the total
number of case studies that may be in a given run. The cumulative changes up to a given
case study run may be erased and the original base case restored at any time.
Since the case studies are performed sequentially in the order you input, it is best to
make changes in an orderly manner, proceeding from high values to low values or low
values to high values, but not in a random order. This enhances convergence and
minimizes total computer time.
PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-35
Global Changes
You may change one parameter in the entire problem.You may specify an old value so
that only those specified parameters with that old value will be changed. Otherwise, all
values will be changed. You may also change parameters for all devices in a link. In this
case, the old value cannot be used to limit the changes.
Individual Changes
Source, sink, and device parameters may be changed individually. You must specify a
name for each source, sink, or device where a parameter change is desired.
To... See...
Add descriptive text You can add one line of description for each p. 4-121 DESCRIPTION
case study.
Make changes You can change any of the parameters in p. 4-122 PARAMETER
Table 3-6, either globally or on individual
flow elements.
You can restore the base case at any time. p. 4-122 RESTORE
Chapter Contents
About This Chapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Categories of Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Order of Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Keyword Input. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Qualifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Commenting Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Default Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Units of Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Basis of Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Multiple Units of Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Continuing Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Layout of Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Input Statement Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
GENERAL Data Category of Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Global Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
TITLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
DIMENSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CALCULATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
FCODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
DEFAULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
SEGMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
LIMITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
PRINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
OUTDIMENSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
FLAREDEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
COMPONENT Data Category of Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Note: For Network Data GUI, the RESET function is not supported.
Which categories are mandatory and which are optional depend on what fluid type you
have:
Table 4-1: Categories of Input
Fluid Type Mandatory Categories Optional Categories
Non-Compositional GENERAL, PVT, STRUCTURE NETWORK
Compositional GENERAL, COMPONENT, PVT, NETWORK, UNIT
THERMODYNAMIC, STRUCTURE OPERATIONS
There are several other categories which can be selectively overridden on the flow
device and fitting statements in the Structure Data Category of input.
Line Sizing Determine pipe sizes in single-link calculations.
Depressuring Define depressuring vessels which feed sources
Case Study Change parameters and re-run.
Order of Categories
The only restriction on order of data input is that the General Data Category must be
first. However, it is always good practice to maintain a consistent order. The order of the
categories above, which is followed in this chapter, is recommended.
In the instructions presented in this chapter, the presence of an equals sign (=) after a
keyword means that PIPEPHASE expects a value or another keyword. In some cases,
however, more than one data item is required. When this situation arises, the instructions
will include the format for the data input. For example:
VISC= Indicates that a single value of viscosity is required.
VISC=temp1,value1 / Indicates that the program requires two data values with their associated
temp2,value2 temperatures
Qualifiers
Many keywords can be qualified by entering a keyword in brackets (parentheses) after
them. The most common use of a qualifier is for defining a unit of measurement to
override the set of units declared globally in the General Data Category of input. Other
qualifiers include the definition of estimates, maxima and minima, fluid type and basis
of a composition or flowrate. Some qualifiers are optional and some are mandatory. You
may use more than one qualifier for a keyword and the order in which they appear is not
important.
Commenting Input
For clarity, you may add comments to your input. If a dollar sign ($) is placed in a
statement, any text on that statement that appears after the $ is ignored. For example:
PRES(BAR)=3.54 $Field data, taken 2315 10/16/94
Default Data
Many of the data items required by PIPEPHASE have default values assigned to them. If
you do not explicitly specify a value for an item of data, or select a calculation method,
the program will automatically assign a value or method. For example, pipe thermal
conductivity assumes a default value of 29 BTU/hr-ft-oF if you do not specify a value.
Similarly, the Moody method for single-phase pressure drop calculations is chosen, by
default, as it is generally suitable for many engineering purposes.
Beware, these default selections are not neccessarily the most appropriate, or best for
your particular application. They do not substitute for engineering judgement. If an
doubt, especially for the choice of a calculation method, consult chapter 4 of the manual
for advice.
The input instructions indicate the defaults that the program will use in the absence of
user input. All the numerical defaults in the input instructions are expressed in terms of
the units of measurement of the English set.
When you specify a value or override a default in the General Data Category of input
your value becomes the default for the entire simulation. You can then override your
own default value later in the input. For example, to specify that all but one of your pipes
are surrounded by air, you would have in the General Data Category of input:
DEFAULT AIR, VELOCITY=20
You would specify most of your pipes in this way:
PIPE ID=4, LENGTH=150
For the one pipe that is buried, the PIPE statement would look like this:
PIPE SOIL, ID=5, LENGTH=100, BDTOP(FT)=1
Basis of Measurements
With some quantities, for example flow and composition, you can also choose a basis of
measurement. The basis may be molar weight, liquid volume, or gas volume and you
may use a qualifier to define it. If you also specify a dimensional unit for the quantity,
the unit must be appropriate to the basis. You cannot, for example, specify pounds per
hour for a liquid volume flowrate. A valid example would be:
RATE(GV,CFM)=1.E-3
where the value specified, RATE keyword and the qualifiers GV and CFM combine to
mean the gas volume rate has a value of 0.001 millions of standard cubic feet per minute.
The input instructions explain which bases are allowed. If a basis is specified but no unit
of measurement is entered, PIPEPHASE will assume the unit to be the default
appropriate to the basis which you defined.
Continuing Statements
Input statements too long to fit on one line may be continued onto a second line or
further by using an ampersand (&) or an asterisk (*) as a continuation character.
DIMENSION SI, LENGTH=FT, TEMP=C
is the same as
DIMENSION SI, LENGTH=FT, &
TEMP=C
Layout of Input
You may indent any line of input to make the data more readable and you may have any
number of spaces between data entries. For example:
DIMENSION SI, LENGTH=FT, &
TEMP=C
is equivalent to
DIMENSION SI, LENGTH = FT, &\
TEMP= C
However, you may not embed blanks in your keywords or data entries.
TITLE
Mandatory statement. Introduces the general category.
Optional entries:
PROJECT= Use any or all of these entries for administrative information. PROJECT,
PROBLEM= PROBLEM, USER and DATE entries appear on every page of output. The
USER= SITE keyword is used for accounting in multi-site installations. Each entry
DATE= can have up to 12 alphanumeric characters. The DATE entry can include the
SITE= / character.
Example:
TITLE PROJ=TEST1, PROB=FEED, USER=TECH DEPT, DATE=7/5/94
DESCRIPTION
Optional statement. Allows you to enter a description of the simulation. You can have up
to four DESCRIPTION statements. The information on these statements is printed once
at the start of the output page.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries:
Example:
DESC THIS SIMULATION CHECKS THE LINE LOSSES FROM STORAGE TANK
DESC THROUGH FEED PUMPS TO REACTOR HEAD TANK
DIMENSION
Optional statement. Defines the units of measurement for each data item in the input.
Select a set of units and/or override individual units. If you omit this statement, units will
default to those in the ENGLISH set. Table 4-3 and Table 4-4 define the Primary and
Secondary Units of Measurement in each standard set and other permitted units that can
be used with this statement. You can also use these units for specific data items by using
qualifiers.
Example:
DIME SI, LENGTH=KM,IN, VISC=CP, DENS=SPGR, RATE(GV)=CF
NETWORK or Select only one of these to invoke the calculation method. Select PVTGEN if
PVTGEN you want to generate PVT fluid property tables for use in a subsequent run
(See also the PVT Category of Input). You can use PVTGEN with
COMPOSITIONAL fluids only. Select NETWORK to solve basic network
simulations.
LIQUID or Select only one of these to describe the fluid type. LIQUID, GAS and
GAS or STEAM are non-compositional fluids. You can define their properties in the
STEAM or PVT Data Category of input. Use COMPOSITIONAL if you want to define
COMPOSITIONAL() the fluid as a mixture of components or petroleum fractions (entered either
directly or indirectly via a distillation curve). Use the qualifier GAS or LIQ
to specify that a compositional fluid is only gas or only liquid or only mixed
compositional models, therefore bypassing any two-phase flash calculations.
Optional entries:
SPHERING Use this keyword to invoke sphering or pigging calculations. Note that a
sphering report will be generated only if you specify DEVICE=PART, or
greater, in the print options.
ISOTHERMAL Suppress heat balances on all flow devices. You can override this on
individual flow devices. Not available with COMPOSITIONAL() fluids or
STEAM.
NOACCEL Ignore the acceleration term in pressure drop calculations.
NORUN Suppress calculations perform input checks only.
DEPR=ON or OFF When the Depressuring Data Category of input and Flare solution method
OFFFLARE=ON or OFF are used within a simulation, these keywords may be used to suppress either
of the calculations during solution. The depressuring calculation is activated
by the DEPR=ON keyword combination.
SHORTPIPE Only for COMPOSITIONAL fluids. This keyword invokes an alternative
pipe segment pressure drop and heat transfer methodology. Segment inlet
conditions are used to calculate fluid physical properties, and therefore this
method is non-iterative. Not available with COMP(GAS) or COMP(LIQ)
fluid models.
ADISCHARGE Only for COMPOSITIONAL fluids. Use of this keyword fixes the enthalpy
of each source fluid at the specified temperature and pressure estimate. This
is achieved by an isothermal flash calculation at each source. In solving for
the pressure at a source, the corresponding temperature will therefore change
with pressure in order to maintain constant enthalpy. This option is useful for
flare networks which contain loops or multiple sinks and are therefore
structured outside the current scope of the Flare algorithm.
PRANDTL Invokes a rigorous Prandtl number calculation for inside and outside film
heat transfer coefficients. If you omit this keyword, a Prandtl number of 1.0
will be used.
Example:
CALC SINGLE, LIQUID, ISOTHERMAL
CALC NETWORK, COMPOSITIONAL(GAS)
FCODE
Optional statement. Selects pressure drop and hold-up correlations. If you omit this
statement, PIPEPHASE will use MOODY for non-compositional liquid or gas or BBM
for any other fluid.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries:
PIPE= Define the correlation to be used for pressure drop calculations in pipes. See
Table 4-6a and Table 4-7 for available methods. Default is BBM for
compositional and steam fluids and MOODY for non-compositional liquids
and gases.
PALMER=0.924,0.685 Specify global Palmer liquid holdup correction factors. These global data
may be over-ridden on individual flow devices.
The PALMER keyword must follow immediately after the PIPE to which the
Palmer data is to be applied. The first number is applied to uphill flow
holdup correction and the second is applied to downhill flow.
Two values must be supplied: uphill and downhill. The defaults shown apply
only to BB or BBM correlations. If you want to use the defaults, enter only
the PALMER keyword without any values. If different values are required,
supply those values with the PALMER keyword. If you are using a
correlation other than BB or BBM, you must supply values with the
PALMER keyword. If you need to correct only for downhill holdup, supply a
value of 1.0 for the uphill correction factor.
LAMINAR=3000 Define the value of the Reynolds number to be used as the boundary between
laminar and turbulent flow.
Example:
FCODE PIPE=BBM, PALMER=0.9,0.7
Table 4-6b: Methods in Table 4-6a for Vertical or Near Vertical Upward Flow
Method Keyword
Ansari ANSA
Orkiszewski ORK
Duns & Ross DR
Hagedorn & Brown HB
Hagedorn & Brown - Beggs & Brill HBBB
Aziz AZIZ
Gray (not applicable for compositional) GRAY
Gray - Moody (not applicable for compositional) GRYM
Angel - Welchon - Ross ANGEL
1, 2, 3 See footnotes to Table 4-6c.
WATER or Use one of these to specify the medium surrounding the pipes. If no
AIR or surrounding is chosen, the default heat transfer coefficient for the pipe is
SOIL used. If more than one surrounding is entered, then without any overriding
information supplied on the PIPE statement in the Structure Data Category
of input, the hierarchy of usage is given by: SOIL has default preference over
WATER which has default preference over AIR
Therefore, if all three surroundings are defined on this statement, they will be
prioritized per the above logic.
More than one surrounding may be specified on this statement. In this case
the input order of the attributes of the surroundings (such as velocity) must
logically follow the surrounding medium these attributes refer to (see the
second example at the end of this section).
If any of the following keywords are entered and no surrounding is input, the
surrounding defaults to SOIL:
VISCOSITY VELOCITY DENSITY
BDTOP THKPIPE THKINS
CONPIPE CONINS CONSOIL
CONDUCTIVITY
HAUSEN Specifying this keyword activates a special inside film coefficient
calculation (Hausen) when laminar heat transfer flow conditions exist (valid
for Re < 2000). If this keyword is not specified, the normal turbulent flow
calculation is used for all conditions of flow.
VELOCITY()= Velocity of the surrounding air or water. Default values are 10 miles/hr for
air and 1 mile/hr for water.
TAMBIENT()=80 Ambient temperature of the surrounding medium.
DENSITY()= Density of the surrounding air or water. Defaults are specific gravity of
1.0 for air and 10.0 API for water.
VISCOSITY()= Viscosity of the surrounding air or water. Defaults are 0.02 cP for air and
1.0 cP for water.
CONDUCTIVITY()= Thermal conductivity of the surrounding air, soil, or water. Defaults are
0.015 BTU/hr-ft-F for air, 0.8 BTU/hr-ft-F for soil and 0.3 BTU/hr-ft-F for
water.
UPIPE()=1.0 If no medium is invoked directly or indirectly, this overall heat transfer
coefficient will be used.
HINSIDE()=0.0 Additional heat transfer resistance which will be added to the inside film heat
transfer resistance calculated by PIPEPHASE.
HOUTSIDE()=0.0 Additional heat transfer resistance which will be added to the outside film
heat transfer resistance calculated by PIPEPHASE.
HRADIANT()=0.0 Additional radiant heat transfer resistance which will be added to the outside
film heat transfer resistance calculated by PIPEPHASE.
BDTOP()=0 Depth of a buried pipe measured from the top of the outside of the pipe, in
short length units. A positive value must be supplied when SOIL has been
selected as the surrounding.
THKPIPE()=0.3125 Pipe thickness in short length units.
THKINS()=0 Insulation thickness in short length units. Maximum of 5 values.
CONPIPE()=29 Thermal conductivity of the pipe material, insulation (maximum of five
CONINS()=0.015 values, for five insulation layers) and soil.
CONSOIL()=0.8
IDPIPE()= or Inside diameter of pipes and fittings in short length units. Nominal inside
NOMD= diameter of pipes and fittings, in inches only.
PIPSCHEDULE= Name of external text file in the user directory containing pipe schedule data
DIAMDATA.DAT which are to be invoked for all nominal size specifications. If a file name is
supplied, the input file extension must be .DAT. The PIPSCHEDULE
keyword may or may not be included in this statement. If this keyword is
omitted, then an internal table is used with default values.
Note: If a nominal diameter is not available for a user-defined schedule in the selected table or file, the
next smaller schedule is searched.
SCHEDULE=40 Default pipe schedule to be used for fittings, pipe and line sizing options.
DESC= Twenty-character description of type of pipe used.
Note: If a nominal diameter is not available for a user-defined schedule in the selected table,
PIPEPHASE will generate an error message. If a schedule is not defined, the default schedule 40 is used
and, if a match cannot be found, PIPEPHASE will produce an error message.
Example:
DEFAULT AIR, TAMB=40, VELOCITY=30, THKINS=4
DEFAULT AIR, COND=0.01, VISC=0.018, VELOCITY=8, WATER,&
COND=0.34, VELOCITY=5
AUTO=OFF Allows the user to specify the flow device segment length, either directly, or
through a user-specified number of segments. By default, this option is set to
Manual Segmentation Method. The following defaults are invoked by this
keyword:
DLHORIZ=2000 feet
DLVERT=500 feet
NHOR=1
NVER=1
MAXSTEPS=20
FAST When invoked, this option uses an automated, yet more relaxed than AUTO,
segmenting procedure to estimate the size of segments. The following
defaults are invoked by this keyword:
PSEG = 50 psia
TSEG = 50 F
PTOL = 0.2 psia
HTOL = 1 Btu/lb
ITER = 1 (thus the traverse algorithm reduces to the forward Euler method)
MAXS = 20
Under the FAST keyword, PIPEPHASE will compute pressure traverses at a
faster rate than under the AUTO option. However, because of the coarser
segmentation and the use of forward Euler marching, the pressure traverse
estimates are expected to be less accurate than under default segmentation
procedures.
Note: Under the FAST and AUTO options, the user has complete control of the segmentation options
PSEG, TSEG, PTOL, HTOL, ITER and MAXS
Example:
SEGM DLHOR=50, MAXSEGS=10
Note: When using horizontal tubing devices, the user should use a set number of segments rather than a
vertical segmentation specification. With no vertical depth specified, the device will default to a few
segments regardless of the length. The user should specify a number of segments allow for better property
predictions along the horizontal well.
LIMITS
Optional statement. Set the minimum and maximum temperatures and pressures for
calculations. If calculations stray outside these limits, PIPEPHASE will print a warning
message. You should ensure that the pressure and temperature limits correctly bound
their anticipated values in the simulation prior to program execution. The default limits
are those judged to be representative for all of the thermodynamic methods available to
PIPEPHASE.
Example:
LIMITS PRES(MIN)=5
PRINT
Optional statement. Controls the level of output produced by PIPEPHASE.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries:
INPUT=FULL Select an option for each of these from Table 4-8, Options for Output.
SUMMARY=NEW or OLD CONNECT applies only to networks. FLASH applies only to compositional
or BOTH fluid types. The PLOT and MAP options can only be invoked with
DEVICE=SUMMARY or DEVICE=PART or DEVICE=FULL.
NONE or PART or FULL
PROPERTY=NONE or
SUMMARY or PART or
FULL
CONNECT=FULL
FLASH=FULL
PLOT=FULL
MAP=TAITEL or NONE Use MAP=TAITEL to print the Taitel-Dukler-Barnea flow regime map for
each link. DEVICE=PART or DEVICE=FULL must also be specified
MERGESUB Independent subnetworks are formed, when specifying the upstream pressure
or flow rate to a choke/regulator or inlet pressure to a Multi-Stage
Compressor. Pseudo nodes and links are created for the boundaries of these
individual networks. Invoke this option to merge these nodes and links back
to its original network before generating the output report.
NODACT Use this to report node summary at actual conditions. If ignored, node
summary is reported at standard conditions.
PSBLINE By default all the reports of Links selected in Link Groups are duplicated in
both Link Reports and Link Group Reports. Use this option to not generate
the reports of Links selected in Link Groups in Link Reports.
ITER Request detailed printout during the convergence of an iterative network
calculation.
DATABASE=FULL Controls the writing of data to a database after solution for use with the
Results Access System through the GUI. Options are FULL, LAST, and
NONE. FULL writes all data from all cases to the database; LAST writes
only data from the last case; NONE writes no data.
Example:
PRINT INPUT=NONE, PROPERTY=FULL, DATABASE=FULL
ADD or Use one of these options to specify whether the second output should be
REPLACE added to the first output or should replace it.
PETROLEUM or Select only one of these sets of units.
ENGLISH or
METRIC or
SI
VELOCITY= Define the units in which any or all of these quantities are to be printed out.
TEMPERATURE=
PRESSURE=
LENGTH=
VISCOSITY=
DUTY=
POWER=
DENSITY= or GRAVITY=
RATE(M)= Define the units in which any or all of molar, weight, liquid volumetric and
RATE(W)= gas volumetric flowrates are to be printed out.
RATE(LV)=
RATE(GV)=
Example:
OUTDIME METRIC, VISC=PAS, DENS=API, RATE(M)=LBHR
FLAREDEF
Optional statement. Valve sizing parameters and other options can be supplied for the
relief valve sizing calculations in INPLANT as either default values to be used where
alternative information is not supplied, or as specific local data for individual sources.
Within the General Data Category of input, the default valve sizing information may be
entered. If no data are specified on this statement, INPLANT will use default parameters
for valve sizing which are given in the API 520 (1993) documentation.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries:
COMPONENT
Mandatory statement for compositional fluids. Introduces the category.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries:
number, name{, , alias} / ... For each component, its number in the component list for this simulation
followed by its library name (not the full name). Separate one components
entry from the next using the / character.
Select components from the list in Chapter 1 of the SimSci Component and
Thermodynamic Data Input Manual.) For convenience, some components
have more than one allowable name.
Optionally, you may also enter an alias (up to 16 characters) for a
component, which will be used in the output reports. If you enter an alias,
you must have two commas before it.
You may enter the components in any order but there must be no gaps in the
component number sequence and each component number must be used
only once. This rule applies to all defined components, including Petroleum
pseudocomponents entered using the PETROLEUM statement below, but
does not apply to petroleum fractions generated by the program from ASTM
curves.
BANK Selects order of component databanks which are searched for pure
components. The entries allowed are SimSci or PROCESS.
Optional entries: (For details, refer to Chapter 1, SimSci Component Data Input Reference, in
the SimSci Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual.)
FILL Specifies that SimSci property prediction methods be used for components
missing library or user-supplied data.
Example:
LIBID 1, C1/2, C2/3, C3, BANK=SIMSCI, PROCESS
LIBID 1, C1, METHANE/3, C3/2, ETHN, PURE ETHANE, *
BANK=SIMSCI, PROCESS
PETROLEUM
Optional statement. Defines petroleum fraction pseudocomponents. Component
properties are calculated using the characterization method selected on the ASSAY
statement below.
Mandatory entries:
number, name, MW, std You may supply a name of up to 16 characters for each component. The
liquid density, NBP/... name is used in the output reports. You must supply at least two of the three
quantities: molecular weight, gravity and normal boiling point. The
remaining value is calculated. You may use qualifiers to define units of
measurement for gravity and/or normal boiling point.
Example:
PETRO 5, CUT11, 91,64,180/6, CUT12,100,,210/ &
7, CUT13,120,55,280/8, CUT14,150,,370/ &
9, CUT15,200,40,495/10, CUT16,245,,590/ &
11, CUT17,300,30,687/12, CUT18,360,,770
ASSAY
Optional statement. Used to specify the method by which PIPEPHASE calculates the
properties of defined pseudocomponents or those generated from assay data.
Mandatory entries:
CHARACTERIZE = CAVETT Define the method to be used for calculating critical properties and
enthalpies of pseudocomponents. Options are described in Table 4-11,
Characterization Methods.
MW = CAV80 Define the method to be used for calculating molecular weights of
pseudocomponents. Options are described in Table 4-10.
CONVERSION = API94 Selects the method for inter-conversion between ASTM-D86 and TBP
distillation curves. Options are described in Table 4-14, Inter-
Conversion Methods.
CURVEFIT = VER6 Defines the method for determining end points of petro cuts. Options
are described in Table 4-15, CURVEFIT Methods.
GRAVITY = WATSONK Define the method to be used for calculating gravities for pseudo-
components when only the average gravity of a curve is given. Options
are described in Table 4-13.
Other entries: (For details, refer to Chapter 1, SimSci Component Data Input
Reference, in the SimSci Component and Thermodynamic Data Input
Manual.)
FIT = SPLINE Selects the curve fitting procedure for user supplied assay data.
TBPIP = 1, Define the volume percents for determining the initial point (IP) and
TBPEP = 98 end point (EP) temperatures when specifying streams and reporting
assay curves at output time.
NBP = Designates the method used for calculating the normal boiling point of
narrow cuts.
Example:
ASSAY CHARACTERIZE = SIMSCI, MW = CAV80, GRAV = WATSONK, *
CONVERSION = API87, CURVEFIT = VER6, FIT = SPLINE
CUTPOINTS
Optional statement. Used to define the TBP cut points for components defined by assay
curve.
Mandatory entries:
TBPCUTS()= t0 is the start temperature for the whole assay, t1 is the end temperature for
t0, t1, n1{/t2, n2/..} the first group and n1 is the number of cuts in the first group. Then, for each
subsequent group of cuts, enter the end temperature for the group and the
number of cuts in that group.
The default is 100, 800, 28/1200, 8/1600, 4
Example:
CUTPOINTS TBPCUTS(F)=100,800,20/ 1000, 10/ 1200,8
CUTPOINTS TBPCUTS(F)=100,1200,38
MW
SPGR
API
ACENTRIC
ZC
Optional statements. Define constant properties of pure components.
Mandatory entries:
number1, value1/ The number corresponds to the components number on the LIBID statement.
number2, value2/ ...
numberN, valueN
Example:
MW 1, 59.3/4, 76.5
number1, value1/ The number corresponds to the components number on the LIBID statement.
number2, value2/ ...
numberN, valueN
Example:
STDD(LBFT3) 4,45/7,50
VC
Optional statement. Defines critical volume of pure components. Qualifiers may be used
to specify units of measurement and basis.
Mandatory entries: :
number1, value1/ The number corresponds to the components number on the LIBID statement.
number2, value2/ ...
numberN, valueN
Example:
VP()
ENTHALPY()
CP()
LATENT()
DENSITY()
VISCOSITY()
CONDUCTIVITY()
SURFACE()
Optional statements. Define pure component properties that vary with temperature.
Where appropriate, qualifiers may be used to specify phase, temperature unit, property
units and basis. Properties are listed in Table 4-16.
CORRELATION The correlation form for equation based data. See Chapter 1, SimSci
Component Data Input Reference, in the SimSci Component and
Thermodynamic Data Input Manual, for equation forms.
DATA = Data entry for equation based correlations. The format is: DATA = i, tmax,
tmin, C1, ..., C8/...
i corresponds to the components number on the LIBID statement.
tmax, tmin are temperature limits for the data. They must be entered for
Chebychev equations, and are optional for others. If omitted, the embedded
commas must be retained.
C1,...,C8 are equation coefficients.
EXPFAC= Exponential factor. Only used in equations 3 and 4.
Optional entries:
LN or LOG Select the logarithmic base e (LN) or 10 (LOG). Only used in equations with
logarithmic terms.
Example:
DENSITY(L,C,LBFT3) TABULAR = 60, 80, 100/1,55.5,43.7/2, &
45.8,,40.2
ENTHALPY(I,C,KCAL/KG,M) TABULAR=100,140,180/1,700000, &
825000,910000/ &
2,410000, ,470000
VP(C,MMHG) CORR=21, LN, DATA= 1,,, 14.321, -1068, 60.3/ &
2,,, 16.15, -1372, 1.7
NETWORK
Mandatory statement. Introduces the category.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries: None
SOLUTION
Optional statement. Selects the solution method and sets switches for the convergence of
a network. If you omit this statement, the PBALANCE method will be used with the
defaults shown below. See Pressure Balance Method, p. 6-33, for details of the
application of these parameters
Mandatory entries: None
PBAL or MBAL or Use one of these to specify the network solution algorithm. PBAL invokes
FLARE the Pressure Balance algorithm, MBAL the single-phase algorithm. MBAL
can only be used with single-phase gas or liquid systems. Use FLARE for
depressuring simulations. FLARE simulations are currently available with
COMPOSITIONALLY defined fluids only.
MAXITER = 20 Maximum number of iterations for the PBALANCE method.
FLOWALLOC = 1 Controls the initial estimate for flowrates in PBALANCE networks only.
Use FLOWALLOC=1 to estimate initial flowrates based on diameters of the
first pipe in the links.
Use FLOWALLOC=2 to estimate initial flowrates based on the frictional
resistance of each link.
Use FLOWALLOC=3 to estimate initial flowrates based on nodal mass
(MBAL) conservation.
Use FLOWALLOC=4 to use flowrates and pressure from a previous solution
of the network, to be read from a restart file.
The recommended and default method in GUI is FLOWALLOC=2.
PRELIMINARY = 1 The number of continuation steps to be used to compute the preliminary
solution for the MBAL method and for FLOW=3 in the PBAL method.
FINAL = 1 The number of final continuation steps required to move the pressure field
predicted by the preliminary solution to the final rigorous solution. This is
applicable to the MBAL method and FLOW=3 in the PBAL method
SUBITERATION = 200 Maximum number of iterations to be performed in each continuation step.
This is applicable to the MBAL method and FLOW=3 in the PBAL method
RELAXATION = 0.25 Extent of partial correction from iteration to iteration for the pressure field.
Values can be between 0 and 1.0. This is applicable to the MBAL method
and FLOW=3 in the PBAL method
DAMP = 0.25 Extent of partial correction from iteration to iteration for the preliminary
continuation stage. Values can be between 0 and 1.0. This is applicable to the
MBAL method and FLOW=3 in the PBAL method
EXPLICIT Applicable only to a single-phase gas or liquid system. When present, initial
estimates are obtained from the Blasius friction factor approximation.
Otherwise, the implicit Colebrook/BBM approach is used. This is applicable
to the MBAL method and FLOW=3 in the PBAL method
NOFR Include this keyword to specify that no flow reversals are to be permitted
within links during the solution of a network. Applicable to PBAL method.
QDAMP = Limits the magnitude of the flowrate adjustment for any link at each iteration
within a PBALANCE network. If a link flowrate change exceeds QDAMP,
the magnitude of the change vector is normalized such that the magnitude of
the vector is reduced but the direction of the adjustment vector is not
changed. The units of QDAMP are fixed as:
FLUID TYPE UNITS
Compositional & steam (MLBHR)
Gas (MCFD)
Liquid (BPD)
SCALE=1.0 Allows the user to control the extent of the Newton-Raphson correction to
the network pressure and link flow distribution. This number is a fraction
between 0 and 1. When the value is 1.0, a complete Newton-Raphson
correction is made to the estimated flow and pressure distribution. When this
value is less than 1.0, a fractional Newton-Raphson correction is made
during the PBAL iteration process. The value of the fractional correction is
the value of the parameter assigned to SCALE. Occasionally, fractional
values of SCALE can stabilize the Newton-Raphson iteration process.
However, extremely small fractional values can also slow down the
calculation procedure.
LINKS With this option, PIPEPHASE generates flow tables at the start of the
calculations that relate flowrate to exit pressure and exit temperature in all
links that originate with a source that has a fixed inflow pressure boundary
conditions. When available, the tables are then used in the place of the
normal pressure traverse procedure to compute exit pressures and
temperatures for links. This option can potentially speed up the PBAL
iteration procedure in PIPEPHASE.
XIAO With this option, the FLOW=3 allocation method will use the XIAO
mechanistic model instead of the default BBM model to estimate the
flowrate in pipes.
SYMMETRIC With this option, the FLOW=3 allocation method will approximate the
Jacobian Matrix used in the Newton-Raphson iteration procedure as a
symmetric matrix. This option has the potential of increasing the
computational speed of the FLOW=3 allocation method.
QUICK With this option, the FLOW=3 allocation method will (1) approximate the
Jacobian Matrix as a symmetric matrix, and (2) will use an approximate
method to compute flowrate derivatives. This option has the potential of
further increasing the computational speed of the FLOW=3 allocation
method.
Example:
SOLUTION PBAL, MAXITER=30, FLOWALLOC=2, PRELIM=2, FINAL=2, & SUBITER=100,
RELAX=0.5, DAMP=0.5, EXPLICIT, NOFR, QDAMP=10, & PDAMP=0.5, HALVINGS=4, NOLOOP,
CHECK, CHOKE=2
TOLERANCE
Optional statement. Defines the criteria for convergence of networks that require
iterative calculations.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries:
PTOL(psia) = Pressure tolerance for MBAL network solution and for network initialization under
.0001 FLOWALLOC = 3.
Example:
TOLERANCE PTOL = .0003, QTOL = 2, TTOL = .0005
Optional entries:
STOP When convergence is reached using the interpolated properties, use of this
keyword stops the calculations . Without this keyword, calculations continue
until convergence is reached using rigorous property values.
ISOTHERMAL = 1 Specifies the temperature at which properties are looked up in the matrix.
ISOTHERMAL = 1 looks up properties at the local ambient temperature.
ISOTHERMAL = 2 looks up properties at the local upstream node
temperature.
ISOTHERMAL = 3 looks up properties at TMIN.
Example:
ACCELERATION INTERPOLATION, NPRESS = 10, NTEMP = 10, &
PMIN = 1, PMAX = 100, TMIN = 10, TMAX = 500, STOP, &
ISOTHERMAL = 2
RESERVOIR
SIMULATOR = simname The name of the reservoir simulator. GEM is a commercially available
product from the Computer Modeling Group Ltd.
FNAME = filename The name of the reservoir simulation file
CONVERGENCE = The name of the convergence method. Optional for the GEM reservoir
method simulations as the IPRTABLE option is used.
TMIN = value Maximum elapsed time between integrated network and reservoir
simulation.
MAXITER = value Maximum number of iterations for user added methods (projects only).
DPCONV = value Pressure tolerance for user added methods (projects only).
DTCONV = value Temperature tolerance for user added methods (projects only).
DQCONV = value Rate tolerance for user added methods (projects only).
DZCONV = value Composition tolerance for user added methods (projects only).
METHOD
Optional statement. Defines the methods to be used for calculating thermodynamic
properties and transport properties of the flowing fluid. Choose systems with predefined
methods for all properties or choose individual methods for each property.
If you want to use different methods to calculate properties of different sources, use
multiple METHOD statements. Identify each METHOD statement using a SET keyword
and refer to that identifier with the SET keyword on the SOURCE statement in the
Structure Category.
Mandatory entries: You must specify either SYSTEM or KVALUE, ENTHALPY and DENSITY. All
other entries are optional.
Optional entries:
SYSTEM() = Select a thermodynamic system from Table 4-19. The SYSTEM will allocate
methods for calculating K-values, enthalpies and densities. If you select a
SYSTEM, you can still override one or more of the individual methods by
using the other keywords on this statement.
Use a qualifier to denote which type of equilibrium calculations are to be
performed. Allowable qualifiers are:
SYSTEM VLE vapor-liquid
VLLE vapor-liquid-liquid
KVALUE() = Select methods from Table 4-20 for calculating K-values, enthalpies, and
ENTHALPY() = densities. If you have selected a SYSTEM, you do not need these keywords;
DENSITY() = use them if you want to override the individual methods automatically
selected as part of the predefined SYSTEM.
Use qualifiers to denote which type of equilibrium calculations are to be
performed and the phases to which the methods apply. Allowable qualifiers
are:
KVALUE VLE (or none) vapor-liquid
LLE liquid-liquid
VLLE vapor-liquid-liquid
ENTHLPY VL (or none) both vapor and liquid
V vapor only
L liquid only
DENSITY VL (or none) both vapor and liquid
V vapor only
L liquid only
For other systems, refer to Chapter 2, SimSci Thermodynamic Data Input Reference, in
the SimSci Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual, Table 2.1.4-1.
Table 4-20: Thermodynamic Calculation Methods
Method Keyword K-value Enthalpy Density(L) Density(V)
API Method API Yes
BWRS-Twu BWRST Yes Yes Yes Yes
Braun K-10 BK10 Yes
Chao-Seader CS Yes*
Curl-Pitzer CP Yes
Grayson- GS Yes*
Streed
Johnson- JG Yes
Grayson
Lee-Kesler LK Yes Yes Yes
Lee-Kesler- LKP Yes Yes Yes Yes
Plcker
Peng- PR Yes Yes Yes
Robinson
Redlich- RK Yes
Kwong
Soave- SRK Yes Yes Yes
Redlich-
Kwong
* Not to be used for systems with more than a total of 5% molar carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide or for
fluids above their critical points.
DECANT = When ON, water is treated as a special component, its solubility in the
hydrocarbon phase is calculated and the non-dissolved water put into a
separate phase. When OFF, water is treated as being fully soluble in the rest
of the stream. When SRK, PR, GS, CS, GSE, CSE, IGS, LKP, BK10 or
BWRS methods are used, DECANT is optional and defaults to ON.
Optional entries:
GPSA Used with DECANT = ON to specify that water partial pressures are
calculate using the GPSA Data Book Figure 20-3. If this keyword is not
present, steam tables are used.
SOLUBILITY = SIMSCI Used to specify the method of computing the solubility of water in the
hydrocarbon phase. Options are in Table 4-23.
PROPERTY = The calculation basis of pure water properties. Options are in Table 4-24.
SATURATED
Example:
WATER DECANT=ON, GPSA, SOLU=KERO, PROP=STEAM
BWRS
LKP
Optional statements. Define the interaction parameters for the BWRS and LKP equation
of state.
i, j, kij /... Enter component pair numbers followed by the numerical value of the binary
interaction coefficient for the pair. Multiple entries are separated by the /
character.
Example:
BWRS 2,3,0.055/3,4,0.008
PR
SRK
Optional statements. Define the interaction parameters for the Peng-Robinson and
Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state.
Mandatory entries:
i, j, kija, kijb, kijc / ... Enter component pair numbers followed by the numerical value of the binary
interaction coefficients for the pair. Multiple entries are separated by the /
character.
Example:
PR 2,3,0.001, 0.054, 3.8/3,4,0.0089, 0.0006, 0.5601
PVT
Mandatory statement. Introduces the category.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries: None
SET
Mandatory statement. The entries on this statement depend on the fluid type.
SETNO= A numerical entry which identifies the set. This set number corresponds to a
set number on one or more SOURCE statements in the Structure Data
Category of input.
GRAVITY()= Defines the standard gravity of the fluid in gravity units. You must include a
qualifier to specify whether the fluid is LIQUID or WATER. If you use
LIQUID, correlations for liquid hydrocarbons will be used. If you use
WATER, correlations for water properties will be used. Additionally, if you
use WATER, you must enter a gravity value corresponding to a specific
gravity of greater than or equal to 1.0.
FILE PVTFILE= Defines the name of the PVT/Eclipse file.
VISCOSITY()=Viscosity Use this entry to define a constant viscosity or a log-log viscosity curve. You
may enter either kinematic or dynamic viscosity by specifying the
appropriate units. The format for the entry is:
either VISCOSITY()=value
or VISCOSITY()=temp1,value1/temp2,value2
CP()= Use this entry to define a constant heat capacity for the fluid.
Example:
SET SETNO=1, GRAVITY(LIQUID,LBFT3)=49.7, CP(KCKGC)=0.525,&
VISCOSITY(C,CP)=0,0.395/50,0.246
SETNO= A numerical entry which identifies the set. This set number corresponds to
SOURCE statements in the Structure Data Category of input.
GRAVITY(GAS)= Defines the standard gravity of the gas in gas gravity units. If the unit is
SPGR, it is relative to air at 60 F and 1 atmosphere. You must use the
qualifier GAS.
Optional entries:
CONTAMINANTS=0,0,0 Defines gas contaminants, which modify the correlated z-factor calculation.
All three values are required. The format for the entry is:
CONTAMINANTS=mole % N2, mole% CO2, mole% H2S
CPRATIO=1.30 Ratio of Cp/Cv.
Example:
SET SETNO=1, GRAVITY(GAS)=1.04, CPRATIO=1.45, CONT=0,0,0.2
SETNO= A numerical entry which identifies the set. This set number corresponds to
SOURCE statement in the Structure Data Category of input.
Optional entries:
GRAVITY(WATER,SPGR) Defines the standard gravity of the liquid water in gravity units. You must
=1.0 use the qualifier WATER. If you do not want to override the default value,
you can omit the entire PVT Data Category of input.
Example:
SET SETNO=1, GRAVITY(WATER,LBFT3)=66
Optional entries:
VISCOSITY()= Use this entry to define a constant viscosity or a log-log liquid viscosity
curve.You may enter either kinematic or dynamic viscosity by specifying the
appropriate units. The format for the entry is:
either VISCOSITY()=value
or VISCOSITY()=temp1,value1/temp2,value2
You must use a qualifier to define the phase to which the data refer. Options
are OIL, WATER and LIQUID for the hydrocarbon phase, the free water
phase and the total liquid respectively. If multiple sets of two-point viscosity
curves are supplied by the user, PIPEPHASE will blend these curves when
the streams mix. If viscosity curves are specified, they must be specified for
all sets. Only one set of single-point viscosity data is allowed.
Example:
SET SETNO=1, VISCOSITY(OIL,CP,F)=100,2.6/200,0.8
CORRELATION
Optional statement. Used for Non-Compositional Liquid and Gas.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries:
VISCOSITY()= Used Liquid and Gas. Specifies the correlation for the viscosity calculations.
Select an option from Table 4-26. You must use a qualifier to indicate whether
the phase is LIQ, GAS or OIL. The default depends on the phase and the fluid.
ZFACTOR=STANDING Used with Gas. Defines the method to be used for gas compressibility
calculations. Select an option from Table 4-26.
VISCOSITY (LIQ) = This keyword is required to define an user-defined viscosity correlation
USER or DAQING model. Up to 40 labels (maximum 16 characters) and corresponding constants
can be specified. Entry of CONSTANTS data is optional. See Table 4-18a for
user-defined labels and their default values. If required, default values can be
defined constants.
Example:
PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 4-59
PVT Data Category of Input > GENERATE (for Compositional)
CORR VISCOSITY (LIQ)=USER, CONSTANTS = AA1, 3.383 /CC4, 34.5/
CORRELATION VISCOSITY(GAS)=KATZ, ZFACTOR=DRY
Table 4-27: Labels and Default Values Used for User Defined Correlations
Labels Default Values Labels Default Values
CUT1 0.006 CC1 1.562
CUT2 0.74 CC2 2.7183
C1 7.1546 CC3 -0.03702
C2 2.7885 CC4 35.0
C3 0.6 CC5 2.7183
C4 7.2799 CC6 3.5
C5 2.8447 CC7 35.0
C6 0.6 AA2 3.3811
C7 7.2244 CC8 0.3892
C8 2.8506 CC9 2.7183
C9 0.6 CC10 -0.02237
C10 1.0 CC11 50.0
C11 2.8461 CC12 2.7183
C12 2.7183 CC13 3.5
C13 7.0 CC14 1.0073
AA1 3.3811 CC15 35.0
Note: The phase fraction generated in the Compositional PVT Table are Molar fractions.
Mandatory entries:
SOURCE= The name of the compositional source for which the table is to be created.
SETNO= If you are saving tables for a future run, this entry refers to the table number
and is used on the FILE statement in the future run. If you are not saving the
table, this entry must be the same as the set number on the SOURCE statement.
Optional entries:
TEMPERATURE()=100, Use these entries to define the temperatures at which the properties are to be
DT()=10, calculated. The format is:
NT=10 TEMP=initial value,DT=increment,NT=number of values
You must define at least three and not more than twenty data points.
PRESSURE()=14.7, Use these entries to define the pressures at which the properties are to be
DP()=20, calculated. The format is:
NP=10 PRES=initial value,DP=increment,NP=number of values
You must define at least three and not more than twenty data points.
PRINT=NONE Options are FULL or NONE or a list of individual properties:
PLOT=NONE PRINT=property, property, ...
Table 4-28 shows the keywords for the properties.
PVTFILE= Use this entry to specify an eight character prefix for the PVT data file. The
extension is always .PVT and the default is {input file name}.PVT.
Example:
GENERATE SOURCE=FEED, SETNO=1, TEMP=0,DT=30, NT=16,&
PRES=10,50,90,130,150, PRINT=LDEN,LVIS,LFRAC, PLOT=FULL
FILE
Optional statement. Allows you to retrieve data which have been generated in a previous
run. You may select only one table from a previous run (i.e., only one source
composition). When this statement is used, it is the only statement in the PVT Data
Category of input. Refer to your platform Installation Guide for assistance on file
management procedures for your operating system and computer hardware.
Mandatory entries: For compositional fluids:
Optional entry:
PVTFILE= The 8 character prefix for the user-specified filename. The file extension is
always .PVT and the default is {input file name}.PVT.
STRUCTURE
Mandatory statement. Introduces the category.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries: None
System Nodes
SOURCE
Mandatory statement. Defines a point where fluid enters the system. There may be more
than one source in a simulation. The data required depends upon the fluid type. A source
may be defined explicitly by giving all its properties, or you may instruct PIPEPHASE
that any property not given should be copied from another source.
Mandatory entries: For all fluids:
PRESSURE()= or Mandatory entry unless REFSOURCE is used. Use the ESTI qualifier if the
PDISCHARGE()= pressure is estimated. PDISCHARGE, the discharge pressure of a relieving
vessel, is used instead of PRESSURE in a flare simulation so as to ensure a
constant enthalpy.
TEMPERATURE()= Mandatory entry, unless REFSOURCE is used or, for a steam or single
component source, QUALITY is given. For single component source
QUALITY must be specified. If QUALITY=0 or 100%, then
TEMPERATURE must also be specified.
RATE()= Mandatory entry unless REFSOURCE is used or unless compositional rates
are specified. Use the ESTI qualifier if the rate is estimated. The units in
which you must express the flowrate of a non-compositional fluid depends
on the fluid type:
Fluid Type Rate Basis
Non-compositional gas Gas volume units
Non-compositional liquid Liquid volume units
Steam Weight units
For a compositional fluid, you may also use a qualifier to define the basis of
the flowrate. Options are: LV, GV, W, or M for liquid volume, gas volume,
weight, or moles. The default basis is moles, except for ASSAY. Rates set on
a Gas Volume basis are at ideal conditions and do not include the non-
idealities that can be seen using a more accurate PVT model. This can lead to
slight differences between users input value and the simulation results.
MAXBP= Maximum backpressure permitted on vessel relief valve. Optional entry for
use in conjunction with the flare solution method line sizing algorithm only.
Both MAXBP and PCRIT will then be used as sizing criteria.
EXCLUDE Use this keyword to exclude the item from the network using Network
Remapping Utility from the GUI
EXC2 Use this keyword to exclude the item from the link to the simulator defined
in the RESERVOIR card.
Component rates which sum to 1.0 or 100.0 are taken as fractions or percents
respectively. For other totals, the sum is taken as the total rate and checked
against the RATE entry. If the total rate and the RATE entry do not agree, an
error is signalled unless the NOCHECK keyword is also used. For
NOCHECK, component rates are normalized to agree with RATE.
NOCHECK Use this keyword with COMPOSITION to request normalization of
component percentages or fractions. Unless NOCHECK is invoked,
COMPOSITION must sum to 1.0, 100.0 or the value defined on the RATE
entry.
CLASS=name This entry corresponds to the name of the class of valve size parameters that
appear on the RELIEF statement in the Line Sizing Category of input. When
not used, the source valve is sized according to default valve size parameters
inferred or explicitly specified on the FLAREDEF statement in the General
Data Category of input.
Example:
SOURCE NAME=FEED, SETNO=1, PRES=0, TEMP(C)=40, RATE=100
SOURCE NAME=13, PRESS=125, TEMP=136, RATE(W)=2000,&
COMP=0.8/0.1/0.05/0.05
SOURCE NAME=12, PRESS=115,&
RATE(W)=1000, TEMPERATURE=136, REFS=13
SOURCE NAME=W, RATE=70000, PRES(ESTI)=170, QUALITY=98
SOURCE NAME=FEED, SETNO=1, PRES=114, RATE(W)=1500000, &
TEMPERATURE=60, ASSAY=LV
SOURCE NAME=100, TEMP=150, PRES=1000, &
COMP=1,3000/2,35/3,30/4,890/5,300/6,520/7,105/8,283/&
9,100/10,133/11,165/12,303/13,560/14,930/15,300/&
16,300/17,300/18,280/19,260, RATE=8800, NOCHECK
Example:
CSOURC NAME=1,RATE=100,TEMP=140,PRES(ESTI)=100, &
COMP=20/40/40,NOCHECK, SETNO=2
NAME=2,RATE=100,TEMP=100,PRES=89,REFSOURCE=2,SETNO=2
The FIT option on the ASSAY statement in the Component Data Category determines
the curve fitting procedure used to process the distillation data. The default cubic
SPLINE method requires a minimum of 2 data points. When only two data points are
present, PIPEPHASE uses a probability density function to fill in the remainder of the
curve. All other fitting procedures require 3 data points for TBP curves, and 5 points for
other distillation data.
By default, PIPEPHASE assumes a pressure of 760 mmHg for the supplied data. For all
distillation data options except D2887, the PRES option allows changing the pressure at
which the data were taken or to which the data were corrected.
D86 This statement supplies ASTM D86 distillation data, normally taken at
atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg). Use the PRES entry to correct for data
or measured at another pressure. Use the CRACKING entry (below) to correct
for thermal cracking.
TBP Supply true boiling point distillation data on this statement, using the PRES
or entry to indicate the pressure at which the data were measured.
D1160 This statement supplies ASTM D1160 distillation data, normally measured
in partial vacuum conditions. By default, data is corrected to 1 atmosphere
or (760 torr). Use the PRES entry to correct data to another pressure.
D2887 This statement allows entry of data that describes a distillation curve
simulated in accordance with the ASTM D2887 procedure.
DATA This entry is required to supply the actual distillation data points. Each data
point consists of two pieces of information:
(1) the cut point, expressed as a percentage of the cumulative distillates and
(2) the temperature of the cut.
Data must appear with the cut percentages in ascending order, consistent
with the basis declared on the ASSAY entry of the SOURCE statement. Any
data supplied on the LIGHTENDS statement override the corresponding
portion of the distillation data.
TEMP This optional entry identifies the dimensional unit used to supply
temperature data. If omitted, the temperature unit declared on the
DIMENSION statement in the General Data Category serves as the default.
Available arguments include C (Celsius), K (Kelvin), F (Fahrenheit), or R
(Rankine) degrees.
PRES The PRES entry allows specifying the pressure at which the distillation data
were measured, or to which the data are corrected. The default pressure is
760 mmHg. The default dimensional unit is the problem pressure unit.
STREAM This supplies a stream label. It is optional; but when used, it must agree with
the stream label declared on the SOURCE statement, or an input error
occurs.
CRACKING Presence of this keyword corrects D86 data for the effects of thermal
cracking. It is available only on the D86 statement.
Note: This correlation was removed from the API Data Book in 1987, but remains available as an option
to provide consistency for older data.
Gravity Data
Standard liquid gravity measured at 60oF (15.5oC).
API or AVERAGE= value, {STREAM= sid}, {DATA= pct, value / pct, value / pct,
SPGR or value / ...}
WATSONK
One of these statements must follow the distillation data statement after the SOURCE
statement. These statements offer alternative forms for defining the liquid density of the
assay at 60oF (15.5oC). The AVERAGE entry is required; all other entries are optional.
When the DATA entry is not supplied, PIPEPHASE generates a gravity curve based on
the distillation data and the average gravity value.
API API gravity.
SPGR Specific gravity.
WATSONK Watson (or UOP) characterization factor data.
AVERAGE This entry defines the average value for the fluid portion of the stream,
including any lightends. Solid components are not considered. This entry is
required.
Molecular Weight
The following optional statement defines the molecular weight curve for the assay
stream.
MW DATA= pct, value / pct, value / pct, value / ..., {AVERAGE= value,
STREAM= sid}
If this statement is used, the DATA entry must appear, but the AVERAGE and STREAM
entries always are optional. If the MW statement is not given, PIPEPHASE estimates the
molecular weights for all assay cuts, using the method chosen by the MW entry on the
ASSAY statement, in the Component Data Category of input.
DATA The data entry must define at least three points that appear in the order of
ascending weight percentages. An unlimited number of points may be
supplied.
pct Mid-volume percent or mid-weight percent of the data point.
value The gravity or Watson characterization value of the point
associated with the pct argument.
AVERAGE Optionally, this defines the average molecular weight of the fluid portion of
the stream. Solid components are ignored. If AVERAGE is given,
PIPEPHASE normalizes or extrapolates the molecular weight curve, as
required to satisfy the average molecular weight of the stream. If omitted,
PIPEPHASE uses quadratic extrapolation of the molecular weight curve, as
needed, to compute an average molecular weight.
STREAM Stream label. It is optional, but when used, must agree with the stream label
declared on the SOURCE statement, or an input error occurs.
LIGHTENDS
The LIGHTENDS statement defines the light hydrocarbon components in the assay
analysis.
LIGHTENDS COMPOSITION(M or WT or LV or GV)= i, value / ...,
{RATE(M or WT or LV or GV)= value or
FRACTION(WT or LV)= value or
PERCENT(WT or LV)= value or
MATCH or NOMATCH},
{STREAM= sid, NORMALIZE}
In the following figure, point a is the midpoint volume percent of the highest boiling
pure component. This cumulative percentage point is adjusted to intercept the TBP
curve. Point b is the volume percent of the total lightends.
STREAM Stream label. It is optional, but when used, it must agree with the stream
label declared on the SOURCE statement, or an input error occurs.
NORMALIZE Optional. When RATE, FRACTION, or PERCENT is present, the
NORMALIZE option normalizes the total rate of the lightends to obtain the
required rate, regardless of the sum of the values supplied for the
COMPOSITION entry.
PROPERTY
STREAM= 1, TEMP= 150.0, PRES= 50.0, &
RATE(LV)= 1200.0, PHASE= L, ASSAY= LV
D86
STREAM= 1, DATA= 0.0, 100./ 10., 210./ &
30., 240./ 50., 260./ 70., 275./ 90., 290./ 100., 310.
API
AVERAGE= 60.0, STREAM= 1
LIGHTENDS
STREAM= 1, RATE= 50.0, &
COMPOSITION= 1, 2./ 2, 10./ 3, 28./ 4, 7./ 5, 3.0
PROPERTY
STREAM= 2, TEMP= 100.0, PRES= 50.0, &
RATE(2)= 1500.0, PHASE= L, ASSAY= LV
SINK
Defines a point where fluid leaves the system. You may have more than one sink in a
network simulation. As demonstrated in the following table, the requirements for entries
for this statement depend on the type of simulation.
Table 4-30: Mandatory Entries for SINK
Simulation Type Mandatory Sink Data
Network Stream ID or Name.
Estimated or fixed pressure.
Estimated or fixed rate.
Conditional entries:
For the Compositional model the user has the ability to specify in addition to
the total mass rate of flow at the sink the standard volumetric flowrate of
either gas/oil or water at the sink with appropriate volume qualifiers. The
default basis is the mass flow at the sink. However, to specify the mass rate
with unit qualifiers, the user must specify that the basis is weight (WT), thus
the following is appropriate syntax:
RATE(wt,weight units)=
In addition the qualifiers, WATER/GAS/OIL are now used to allow the user
to specify the volumetric flows of the respective phases at the sink.
JUNCTION
Mandatory statement for the network calculation method, where two or more links
connect.
Mandatory entries for all network simulations:
PRESSURE(ESTI)= Estimate of pressure at this junction. The qualifier ESTI must be used. If you
supply a pressure estimate, it should be consistent with the estimated
direction of flow.
Optional entries for modeling preferential splitting at a tee junction, for Steam Systems only:
Note: The smaller diameter pipe leaving the junction is always considered the branch link.
ANGLE()=0 Angle of branch. Limits are 90 degrees for vertical incline; 90 degrees for
vertical decline.
Example:
LINK
Mandatory for network simulations. Defines a series of devices (flow devices, fittings
and items of process equipment). The statements defining these devices must appear
immediately after the LINK statement. Flow is assumed to be from one item to the next,
in the order in which they appear in the input and in the direction designated by the
FROM and TO entries.
Mandatory entries:
NAME= Identifies the link. Up to four alphanumeric characters. When using gaslift,
the name of the production string must be PROD and the name of the
injection string must be GASL.
Note: In a network, there may be more than one feasible link calculation sequence. In PIPEPHASE the
links are first ordered alphanumerically before the feasible ordering is done. This guarantees that the same
calculation sequence is arrived at no matter what the link input order was in the keyword file. However if the
link name is changed the program may arrive at an alternate feasible link calculation sequence
FROM=, or F= Identifies the source or junction where this link starts. Up to twelve
alphanumeric characters.
TO=, or T= Identifies the sink or junction where this link ends. Up to twelve
alphanumeric characters.
RATE(ESTI)= Estimate of the flowrate through this link. The qualifier ESTI must be used.
If a rate estimate is supplied for one link, an estimate must be supplied for all
links. Otherwise PIPEPHASE will generate its own estimates and ignore
those estimates supplied. The handling of user supplied estimate differs
based on the flow allocation method. For most methods, the simulator will
provide initial estimates which are overridden by the user estimates. The
FLOWALLOC=1 or FLOWALLOC=2 keywords (see the previous section
on Network Data Category of input) may be used to enable the mixing of
user-supplied and program-generated link flowrate estimates. In this case the
user estimates will be taken into account, but conflicting estimates will be
adjusted to be as close to the user estimates as possible. When using a restart
file, the restart file estimates are taken as the highest priority and user
supplied estimates for a given link will be used only if no data is available in
the restart file.
QMAX()= Enter the maximum flowrate to be allowed through the link. This maximum
flow constraint will be activated only if the following four conditions are all
met:
1 The flowrate is not fixed in the link.
2 The link is a source link with the source pressure fixed and the flowrate
is unknown.
3 There is at least one surface regulator with the pressure set to a value
higher than the system pressure (e.g., 99999 psia)
4 The regulator is not the last device in the link.
Note: If the flow exceeds QMAX beyond the upper tolerance, PIPEPHASE calculates the regulator
pressure that needs to be set in order to meet the maximum flow constraint specified.
Note: PIPEPHASE varies the choke or valve size as part of the network iterations to keep the flow below
the maximum within tolerance.
If 1 and 3b are not both true, then the maximum flow logic will be
inactivated.
If 1 and 3b are true and 2b is not true, the network will fail to converge.
QMIN()=0 Enter the minimum flowrate to be allowed through the link. If the flowrate
falls below this value, the PBAL convergence algorithm will shut down the
link.
TOLERANCE(LOWER)= Specifies the lower flow tolerances as a fraction of the QMAX value.
PIPE
Any value defined on any pipe statement will override the corresponding values set
globally in the General Data Category of input.
Mandatory entries:
Optional entries:
Note: If neither of these keywords is specified on the PIPE statement, either IDPIPE or NOMD must have
been specified as a General Default.
Note: If a nominal diameter is not available for a user-defined schedule in the selected table, then
PIPEPHASE will generate an error message. If the schedule is not defined, then the default schedule 40 is
used. If a match cannot be found, PIPEPHASE will produce an error message.
Example:
PIPE NAME=PIP1, LENGTH=30, ID=3.068
PIPE ID=3, LENGTH=5808, ECHG=140, U=0.0001
PIPE NAME=A-J, ID=8, LENGTH=170, &
WATER, VISCOSITY(CP)=1.5, VELOCITY=5, DENSITY(LBFT3)=68,&
COND=0.33, TAMB=5, CONPIPE=35, THKPIPE=0.8, THKINS=5
PIPE NAME=X1, NOMD=3, SCHE=30
Optional entries:
COMPRESSOR
Describes a single or multi-stage compressor. This unit cannot be used for steam
systems.
Mandatory entries:
CRVn()= and RPMC= If a curve is entered (up to 25 entries) for a multistage compressor, all stages
and use the same curve. For CURVE, you can use two qualifiers to specify units
RPM= or of measurement for actual flowrate (gas volume basis only) and/or long
POWER= or length. Format of data is:
PRES= CURVE=rate,head,efficiency/rate,head,efficiency/...
For multispeed curves, CRVn, RPMC, and one of RPM, PRESSURE, or
POWER are mandatory. One curve must be entered for each RPMC value
specified. Up to five RPMC values may be entered in ascending or
descending order:
RPMC=rpm1,rpm2,rpm3,rpm4,rpm5
Up to 25 data sets may be entered per curve:
CRVn=rate1,head1,efficiency1/.../rate25,head25, efficiency25
Optional entries:
Note: For multispeed curves, if RPM, or PRES, or POWER is specified, you can supply maximum
values for values not specified. For example, if you specify the RPM, then you can supply values of
PRES(MAX) or POWER(MAX), but not RPM(MAX).
Example:
COMP POWER(MAX)=55, CURVE=200,20,85/400,40,76
COMPRESS NAME=CMP2, POWER(HP)=250, PRES(MAX,PSIG)=1050, &
EFFICIENCY=85
Example: Multispeed compressor with data provided for three RPM curves.
COMP NAME = CMP1, PRES(MAX)=300, &
CRV1=200,20,100/300,40,98/ &
CRV2=400,50,100/500,60,98/ &
CRV3=600,70,100/700,80,98, &
RPMC=1000,2000,3000
MCOMPRESS
Describes a single or multi-stage, multi-train compressor station. It can model the effect
of intercoolers and scrubbers. This unit cannot be used for steam systems. You may
specify the performance of a multistage compressor in one of the following ways:
Total power: use the POWER keyword.
POWER()= Total power available to the multi-stage compressor. If you are using
PDISCHARGE or CURVE to specify the performance of the compressor,
you may use the MAX qualifier to specify a maximum power.
or
PDISCHARGE()= Discharge pressure. If you are using POWER or CURVE to specify the
performance of the compressor, you may supply an estimated outlet pressure
using the ESTI qualifier. Alternatively you may use the WARN qualifier and
PIPEPHASE will issue a warning if the discharge pressure rises above the
value you supply.
or
CURVE()= Performance curve(s) of flowrate, head and % efficiency for each stage.
Each stage may have a separate curve. Each stage curve may have up to ten
data points. If you input only one stage curve, each stage will use it. You can
select standard or actual conditions as the basis for the gas flow rate
measurement (standard is the default, but actual is recommended). You can
use two qualifiers to specify units of measurement for actual gas volume
flowrate and/or long length. Format of data is:
CURVE=stage, rate, head, efficiency/stage, rate, head, efficiency/...
or
PIN()= Suction pressure. Invokes a special subnet working algorithm. If PIN is
specified POWER, PDIS or CURVE must not be specified.
Optional entries:
POLY and Use these keywords to specify that compression calculations are carried out
PEFF= 100 and using polytropic equations and to override the default data for polytropic
PEXP= efficiency and polytropic exponent. If you do not enter POLY, adiabatic
compression equations will be used.
Use PEFF to enter the Polytropic efficiency of each stage, in ascending order,
separated by commas.
Use PEXP to enter the Polytropic exponent of each stage, in ascending order,
separated by commas. If you do not enter PEXP, PIPEPHASE calculates it.
INTQ() = or Interstage cooler duties or interstage temperatures. Up to five values, in
INTT() = ascending order, separated by commas.The last value refers to the duty or
exit temperature of the cooler located after the last stage.
INTDP() = Pressure losses associated with interstage piping and cooler. Up to five
values, in ascending order, separated by commas. The last value refers to the
pressure losses associated with the piping and cooler located after the last
stage.
PERCENT() = Volume percent of scrubber fluids to be reinjected downstream of the
compressor station. The value is used for all scrubbers in the compressor.
Use a qualifier to denote the phase to be reinjected. COND refers to the
condensate phase; WATER to the free water phase. Use two entries to specify
COND and WATER separately or use LIQ to refer to the combination of
condensate and water.
NOKCONV Use this keyword to suppress repeated calculations of gas specific heat ratio
during convergence of the compressor. Instead, PIPEPHASE will use the
inlet value throughout the compressor.
TDIS() = Warning temperature. If the calculated exit temperature exceeds this value a
warning will be printed.
PRSTAGE() = Warning pressure ratio. If any calculated stage pressure ratio exceeds this
value a warning will be printed.
STANDARD or Compressor data are specified at standard or actual conditions. The default is
ACTUAL to enter the data based on standard conditions.
Example:
MCOMPRESS NAME=CMP1, STAGES=3, INTT(F)=120,120, TWARN(F)=250,&
PDIS(PSIG,WARN)=3000, POLY, PERCENT=(COND)=100,&
CURVE = 1, 50, 3000, 72/ 1, 100, 2550, 74 /&
1, 200, 2100, 75/ 1, 400, 1650, 76, ACTUAL
MCOMPRESS NAME=CMP2, STAGES=5, PDIS(PSIG)=1200, &
INTT(F)= 100,100,100,100,100, EQUALPR,&
ADEF = 80,81,80,80,82, POWER(WARN,HP)=1500
MCOMPRESS NAME=CMP3, STAGES=2, POWER(HP)=800,&
NOKCONV, ADEFF=79,79, INTP(PSIG)=350
COOLER
Simulates the removal of heat from a fluid. Not available with steam systems.
TOUT()= or Use one of these entries to define the operation of the cooler. If both are used
DUTY()= in order to bound the outlet conditions, you must apply either the MIN
qualifier to TOUT or the MAX qualifier to DUTY.
Optional entries:
DPDT
Describes a general equipment item to model any device that changes the pressure and/
or temperature of a fluid stream.
Mandatory entries:
CURVE()= Up to 25 entries. Describes the relationship between the fluid flowrate and
the pressure and temperature differences across the device. A positive
difference indicates a rise in pressure or temperature across the device. The
format of the data is:
CURVE()= rate, dp, dt / ....
CRVn() specifies a curve in the multi-curve DPDT data. The 'n' refers to the curve
number and must be a intger between 1 and 5. Example: crv1=q1,dp1,dt1/
q2,dp2,dt2/..up to 25 points. The units for rate, dp and dt can be specified
locally. (GUI does not allow local units specification). This keyword not
allowed to be used with the (previously existing) CURVE keyword which is
allowed only for a single curve..
PINC() Inlet pressure curve parameter. The number of values must match exactly as
the number of curves specified.
(GUI does not allow local units specification).
Maximum 5 values:
eg. PINC = 100,200,300,400,500
or
POUTC() Outlet pressure curve parameter. The number of values must match exactly
as the number of curves specified.
(GUI does not allow local units specification).
Maximum 5 values
eg. POUTC=500,600,700,800
Qualifiers may be used to specify units of measurement for flowrate,
pressure and temperature. The units for flowrate allowed depend on the fluid:
Fluid Type Rate Basis
Non-compositional gas Std.Gas volume units
Non-compositional liquid Std. Liq. volume units
Steam Weight units
Compositional fluid Weight units
Optional entries:
Example:
DPDT NAME=E3, CURVE=1.5E6,7,35/0.5E6,15,40
EXPANDER
This statement is currently available only for steam systems and models the work
generated due to expansion of steam from a high pressure to a lower pressure.
Mandatory entries:
Optional entries:
Example:
EXPANDER NAME=EXP1, DP(BAR)=4,EFFIC=87
HEATER
Simulates the addition of heat to a fluid. Not available with steam systems.
TOUT()= or Use one of these entries to define the operation of the heater. If you use both,
DUTY()= you must apply the MAX qualifier to one of the entries.
Optional entries:
INJECTION
Describes a device for introducing an injection stream from a lateral SOURCE or re-
introducing a stream from a SEPARATOR to a point downstream. Used with blackoil,
gas condensate or compositional fluids.
Mandatory entries:
FROM= Identifies the SEPARATOR STREAMID from where the injected stream was
produced.
GAS or Identifies the separator effluent stream which forms the injected stream. If
WATER or you want to inject several streams from separators at the same point, use
LIQUID multiple INJECTION devices.
Optional entries:
Note: If the user does not specify either the pressure or temperature for the injected stream, the value from
the separator will be used in the energy balance. If the injection pressure differs from the pressure where the
fluid is injected, the required pressure difference will be calculated.
PUMP
Describes a single or multi-stage pump.
PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 4-87
STRUCTURE Data Category of Input > PUMP
Mandatory entries:
REGULATOR
Describes a device used to fix the pressure immediately downstream from it if the
upstream pressure is greater.
Note: For source links with source pressure fixed, if the link maximum flowrate is specified on the LINK
statement, you must specify a regulator at the surface with a very high set pressure. There must be at least
one flow device downstream of this regulator.
Mandatory entries:
Optional entries:
Example:
REGU NAME=R101, PRES(BAR)=2.435
In this example:
If Pinlet 2.435 bar, Poutlet = 2.435 bar
If Pinlet < 2.435 bar, Poutlet = Pinlet
SEPARATOR
Describes the equipment used to split some or all of the different phases from a multi-
phase stream. Used with compositional fluids.
PIPEPHASE models separators in networks for compositional fluid models.
Certain restrictions apply for the following configurations:
Note: You can operate on more than one phase on a single statement.
Optional entries:
Example:
SEPARATOR NAME=V2, PERCENT(COND)=100, PERCENT(WATER)=95
BEND
The BEND statement may be used to describe any type of bend, for example standard
elbows, mitre bends, pipe bends and flanged or butt-welded elbows. A BEND may be
standard or nonstandard.
Mandatory entries:
ID()= or Inside diameter of the bend pipe in short length units. Nominal diameter (in
NOMD= inches).
K= or Enter one of these. K is the resistance coefficient.
KMUL= If you enter KMUL, PIPEPHASE calculates the resistance coefficient by
multiplying the calculated friction factor by KMUL. If additional
information is supplied, such as the angle, this data will be ignored.
If you enter K for a nonstandard bend, you must enter the value for a 90o
bend and PIPEPHASE will calculate the resistance coefficient for the whole
bend. Recommended values of KMUL are given in the following table:
Note: If a nominal diameter is not available for a user-defined schedule in the selected table, then an error
message will be generated by PIPEPHASE. If schedule is not defined, then the default schedule 40 is used.
If a match cannot be found, PIPEPHASE will produce an error message.
STANDARD or Type of bend. Use STANDARD to specify a standard mitre bend or elbow;
NONSTANDARD NONSTANDARD for any other kind of bend.
RADIUS()= Radius of curvature of the bend in short length units. This entry is mandatory
for a NONSTANDARD bend and ignored for a STANDARD bend.
ANGLE()= Angle of the bend. This entry is mandatory for a NONSTANDARD bend
and ignored for a STANDARD bend.
ROUGHNESS()=0.0018 Pipe inside roughness in short length units. Use the qualifier REL to denote
roughness as a fraction of the pipe inside diameter.
CHISHOLM or Invokes the Chisholm or Homogeneous two-phase flow model. Only
HOMOGENEOUS applicable if the fluid is two-phase.
LAMBDA=1.0 The first parameter in the Chisholm equation.
C2=4.35 The second parameter in the Chisholm equation. The default is for a sharp
90 bend.
USER= Invokes a user-defined pressure drop method. A FORTRAN subroutine must
be written and linked with PIPEPHASE.
NUMBER=1 If you have more than one identical bend, you may use this entry to specify
how many there are in the link. Use this entry only when the properties of the
fluid do not change significantly.
Example:
BEND ID=10, KMUL=60
BEND ID=10, KMUL=60, HOMOGENEOUS
BEND ID=10, NONSTANDARD, ANGLE=60, RADIUS=30, KMUL=50
CHECK
Describes a device that allows flow only in the direction defined by the FROM and TO
entries on the LINK statement.
Mandatory entries:
Example:
CHECK NAME=CHK1, ID(IN)=3.25, COEFF=0.91
CHOKE
Describes a device used to restrict fluid flow.
Note: If QMAX is specified in an internal link (flow from junction to junction or junction to sink) where
the link flowrate is unknown, a Fortunati or UEDA choke or valve must be added as part of the link.
PIPEPHASE will adjust the choke or valve size automatically as part of the network iterations in order to
meet the flow constraint.
Mandatory entries:
Note: The ID64 keyword will allow the user to specify the Choke diameter in terms of 64ths of an inch
which is the common and typical approach in the field. This option is available for all the chokes. However
for Case Study data sections, the diameter variable must be referenced as ID. ID64 is used only for input and
the variable is merged with ID for all subsequent processing.
At least one pressure loss device before and after the choke must be present for the GF chokes to work
properly.
Optional entries:
The following keywords are applicable for the Gilbert Family of choke models:
A=() The value of the A coefficient. Default values are specified as shown in the
table below, Table 4-33. The user can override these values
B=() The value of the B coefficient. Default values are specified as shown in the
table below, Table 4-33. The user can override these values
C=() The value of the C coefficient. Default values are specified as shown in the
table below, Table 4-33. The user can override these values
CPR=0.55 Critical pressure ratio at the onset of critical flow. The default value is 0.55.
Besides the fluid type, a more general approach for choosing choke models in a network
system are:
Good quality results for critical and subcritical flow (Perkins).
Accurate prediction of the boundary between critical and subcritical flow (Perkins,
Fortunati)
Smooth transition between the two types of flow (Perkins).
The last consideration is important in order to avoid convergence problems during
calculations of the whole system.
Example:
CHOKE NAME=CHOK, ID(MM)=25.4, FN, COEF=1.05
Optional entries:
Example:
MCHOK NAME=MCH1, PUPS=2300, CPCV=1.45
MREGULATOR
This device introduces a pressure discontinuity into the defined network structure. Other
devices that invoke the same algorithm are MCOMPRESSOR and MCHOKE.
Use MREGULATOR to specify a flow boundary condition for the upstream network.
Mandatory entries:
Optional entries:
Example:
CONTRACTION
Defines a contraction from a larger to a smaller diameter pipe.
Mandatory entries:
IDIN()= or Inside diameter of the inlet pipe in short length units. Nominal inlet pipe
NOMID= diameter (in inches).
IDOUT()= or Inside diameter of the outlet pipe in short length units. Nominal outlet pipe
NOMOD= diameter (in inches).
Optional entries:
Note: If a nominal diameter is not available for a user-defined schedule in the selected table,
PIPEPHASE will generate an error message. If the schedule is not defined, the default schedule 40 is used.
If a match cannot be found, PIPEPHASE will produce an error message.
ANGLE()=180 Angle of the contraction. A sudden contraction has a 180 degree angle.
K= Resistance coefficient. If you omit this entry, PIPEPHASE calculates a
resistance coefficient.
CHISHOLM or Invokes the Chisholm or Homogeneous two-phase flow model. Only
HOMOGENEOUS applicable if the fluid is two-phase.
LAMBDA=1.0 The first parameter in the Chisholm equation.
C2=0.5 The second parameter in the Chisholm equation.
USER= Invokes a user-defined pressure drop method. A FORTRAN subroutine must
be written and linked with PIPEPHASE.
NUMBER=1 If you have more than one identical contraction, you may use this entry to
specify how many there are in the link. Use this entry only when the
properties of the fluid do not change significantly.
Example:
CONTRACT IDIN=6, IDOUT=4, ANGLE=135, HOMOGEN
IDPIPE()= or Inside diameter of the downstream pipe in short length units. Nominal
NOMD= downstream pipe diameter (in inches).
Optional entries:
Note: If a nominal diameter is not available for a user-defined schedule in the selected table, an error
message will be generated by PIPEPHASE. If schedule is not defined, the default schedule 40 is used. If a
match cannot be found, PIPEPHASE will produce an error message
Example:
ENTRANCE IDPIPE=3.068, K=0.3, LAMBDA=1.2
EXIT
Describes the exit from a pipe into a larger volume such as a vessel.
Mandatory entries:
IDPIPE= or Inside diameter of the upstream pipe in short length units. Nominal upstream
NOMD= pipe diameter (in inches).
Note: If a nominal diameter is not available for a user-defined schedule in the selected table, then an error
message will be generated by PIPEPHASE. If schedule is not defined, then the default schedule 40 is used.
If a match cannot be found, PIPEPHASE will produce an error message.
Example:
EXIT IDPIPE=2.15, K=0.7
EXPANSION
Defines an expansion from a smaller to a larger diameter pipe.
Mandatory entries:
IDIN()= or Inside diameter of the inlet pipe in short length units. Nominal inlet pipe
NOMID= diameter (in inches).
IDOUT()= or Inside diameter of the outlet pipe in short length units. Nominal outlet pipe
NOMOD= diameter (in inches).
Optional entries:
Note: If a nominal diameter is not available for a user-defined schedule in the selected table, then
PIPEPHASE will generate an error message. If the schedule is not defined, then the default schedule 40 is
used. If a match cannot be found, PIPEPHASE will produce an error message.
ANGLE()=180 Angle of the expansion. A sudden expansion has a 180 degree angle.
K= Resistance coefficient. If you omit this entry, PIPEPHASE calculates a
resistance coefficient.
CHISHOLM or Invokes the Chisholm or Homogeneous two-phase flow model. Only
HOMOGENEOUS applicable if the fluid is two-phase.
LAMBDA=1.0 The first parameter in the Chisholm equation.
C2= The second parameter in the Chisholm equation. If this entry is omitted,
PIPEPHASE calculates a value.
USER= Invokes a user-defined pressure drop method. A FORTRAN subroutine must
be written and linked with PIPEPHASE.
NUMBER=1 If you have more than one identical expansion you may use this entry to
specify how many there are in the link. Use this entry only when the
properties of the fluid do not change throughout the link.
COMP Invokes a compressible fluid expansion model. The model is for
homogeneous flow and is suited for situations in which the incompressible
models lead to large pressure rises across expansion. Only valid for
compositional systems.
Example:
EXPANSION IDIN=4, IDOUT=6, ANGLE=135
NOZZLE
Mandatory entries:
Optional entries:
Note: If a nominal diameter is not available for a user-defined schedule in the selected table, then
PIPEPHASE will generate an error message. If the schedule is not defined, then the default schedule 40 is
used. If a match cannot be found, PIPEPHASE will produce an error message
Example:
NOZZLE IDPIPE=4.6, IDNOZZLE=3.1
ORIFICE
Mandatory entries:
Optional entries:
Note: If a nominal diameter is not available for a user-defined schedule in the selected table, then
PIPEPHASE will generate an error message. If the schedule is not defined, then the default schedule 40 is
used. If a match cannot be found, PIPEPHASE will produce an error message.
Example:
ORIFICE IDPIPE=10, IDORIFICE=6, THICK, CPCV=1.5
IDPIPE()= or Inside diameter of the upstream pipe in short length units. Nominal upstream
NOMD= pipe diameter (in inches).
K= or Enter one of these. K is the resistance coefficient. If you enter KMUL,
KMUL= PIPEPHASE calculates the resistance coefficient by multiplying the friction
factor by KMUL. Recommended values of KMUL are 20 (through run) and
60 (through branch).
Optional entries:
Note: If a nominal diameter is not available for a user-defined schedule in the selected table, an error
message will be generated by PIPEPHASE. If schedule is not defined, the default schedule 40 is used. If a
match cannot be found, PIPEPHASE will produce an error message.
ROUGHNESS()=0.0018 Pipe inside roughness in short length units. Use the qualifier REL to denote
roughness as a fraction of the pipe inside diameter.
CHISHOLM or Invokes the Chisholm or Homogeneous two-phase flow model. Only
HOMOGENEOUS applicable if the fluid is two-phase.
LAMBDA=1.0 The first parameter in the Chisholm equation.
C2=1.75 The second parameter in the Chisholm equation.
USER= Invokes a user-defined pressure drop method. A FORTRAN subroutine must
be written and linked with PIPEPHASE. See User-Defined DP Correlations,
p. 4-142, for further information.
NUMBER=1 If you have more than one identical tee, you may use this entry to specify
how many there are in the link. Use this entry only when the properties of the
fluid do not change significantly.
Example:
TEE IDPIPE=12, KMUL=20, ROUGH(REL)=0.0001
Note: If QMAX is specified in an internal link (flow from junction to junction or junction to sink) where
the link flowrate is unknown, a choke or valve must be added as part of the link. PIPEPHASE will adjust the
choke or valve size automatically as part of the network iterations in order to meet the flow constraint.
Mandatory entries:
IDIN()= or Inside diameter of the pipe in short length units. Nominal inlet pipe diameter
NOMID= (in inches).
IDOUT()= or Inside diameter of the valve in short length units. Nominal outlet pipe
NOMOD= diameter (in inches).
K= or Enter one of these. K is the resistance coefficient. If you enter KMUL,
KMUL= PIPEPHASE calculates the resistance coefficient by multiplying the friction
factor by KMUL. Recommended values of KMUL are given in the
following table.
Optional entries:
Note: If a nominal diameter is not available for a user-defined schedule in the selected table, then
PIPEPHASE will generate an error message. If the schedule is not defined, then the default schedule 40 is
used. If a match cannot be found, PIPEPHASE will produce an error message.
Example:
VALVE NAME=GAT1, IDIN=3.068, IDOUT=3, KMUL=60 $ GLOBE VALVE
VENTURIMETER
The Venturimeter only models the pressure loss up to the throat. If you wish to include the pressure recovery
effect of the Venturimeter outlet, then an EXPANSION device should immediately follow downstream.
Mandatory entries:
Optional entries:
Note: If a nominal diameter is not available for a user-defined schedule in the selected table, then
PIPEPHASE will generate an error message. If the schedule is not defined, then the default schedule 40 is
used. If a match cannot be found, PIPEPHASE will produce an error message.
NUMBER=1 If you have more than one identical Venturimeter, you may use this entry to
specify how many there are in the link. Use this entry only when the
properties of the fluid do not change significantly.
Example:
VENTURI IDPIPE=12,IDTHROAT=9.5, CPCV=1.45
DEPRESSURING
Introduces the section
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries: None
VESSEL
Mandatory statement. Describes the depressuring vessel geometry and initial operating
conditions.
Mandatory entries:
REFSOURCE= Enter the name of the source to which this depressuring unit is attached. The
composition defined on this source is used in the depressuring calculations.
A source can only be referenced once.
TEMP()= The initial temperature of the fluid in the vessel.
PRES()= The initial pressure of the fluid in the vessel.
Optional entries:
Example:
VESSEL NAME=VES1, REFS=DEP1, TEMP=150, PRES=180, SPHERICAL, DIAM=20
VESSEL REFS=S1, TEMP=200, PRES=350, VOLUME=950
OPERATION
Mandatory statement. Operating parameters for the depressuring unit.
Mandatory entries:
PRELIEF()= Relief pressure of the vessel. If the vessel pressure reaches this value, the
contents of the vessel will be discharged.
PMAX()= Maximum allowable pressure for the vessel.
FTIME()= Duration of the simulation. After this amount of calculated time, the
simulation stops. The default time dimension is minutes.
DTIME()= Calculation time step. The default time dimension is minutes
DMODEL= Specify the phase of the vented material. The options are given in Table 4-37.
HMODEL
Model for external heat input. Descriptions of each entry are given in Table 4-38.
Table 4-38: External Heat Input Options
Optional entries:
Example:
OPERATION PREL=250, PMAX=295, FTIME=100, DTIME=5, DMODEL=GAS,*
HMODEL=APISCALE
UNIT
Introduces the section.
Mandatory entries: None.
Optional entries: None.
CALCULATOR
Introduces the Calculator unit operation. Calculator is a versatile utility module offering
much of the calculational power of FORTRAN. As a unit operation module, it may be
placed anywhere in the flowsheet calculation sequence. Using a simple language based
on FORTRAN 77, it computes a result or array of results for printout, for storage in a
stream vector, or for use by other unit modules. Its usefulness is limited only by the
imagination of the user. Typical applications include:
Compute special stream properties.
Compute process utility or operating costs for printout or convergence control.
Compute equipment size and cost, based on calculated unit parameters, for printout.
The CALCULATOR has two main sections:
Calculator Setup
and
Calculator Procedure.
The Calculator Setup section retrieves flowsheet variables involved in the calculations,
dimensions certain supplied arrays, defines invariant constants, sequences streams for
DO loop processing, and assigns descriptive labels to elements of the RESULTS vector.
The Calculator Procedure section contains FORTRAN-based statements which perform
calculations.
DIMENSION
Optional statement in the Calculator Setup section of the Calculator unit. The
DIMENSION statement overrides default dimensions to declare the number of elements
in CALCULATOR supplied arrays C, P, V, R, and IX.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries:
C(index) Constant values defined in the Calculator Setup section. Used only on the right
hand side of assignment statements
P(index) Flowsheet parameters set by DEFINE statements. Used only on the right hand
side of assignment statements.
V(index) A floating- point work array used on either the left or right hand side of
assignment statements. These elements are initialized to a large negative value
and are not available outside the calculator.
R(index) The array of calculator results, used on either side of assignment statements.
This results vector is available to other flowsheet modules external to the
CALCULATOR. These elements are initialized to a large negative value.
IX(index) An array of integer values. The form IX(index) is invalid on a DO statement.
It may be used on either side of assignment statements.
CONSTANT
Mandatory statement only if the code in the Calculator Procedure section references
streams or cycles through a series of sinks, sources, or junctions using a DO loop. The
CONSTANT statement allows initialization of numerical values that remain unchanged
by any calculations in the procedure section. Note that integer values are converted to
floating-point numbers. All these constants are stored in array C. The number of
elements in this array may be defined on the DIMENSION statement. Elements not
defined on the CONSTANT statement have large negative values.
i, j These positive integers denote the beginning and ending element index in the
CONSTANT array.
value The value stored in elements i through j of array C.
Integer values are stored as floating-point numbers.
Note: When j is given, all elements of array C between i and j assume the specified value. If j
is omitted, the single element specified by i is used. When i is missing, the next available element takes
the specified value.
DEFINE
Optional statement. DEFINE allows retrieval of device or source/sink/junction values
from the flowsheet, and stores them as elements of the P array. Each DEFINE
statement initializes a single element. The number of elements in the P array may be
defined on the DIMENSION statement.
Mandatory entries: DEFINE P(i) AS SIMU=SIMU, CCLASS=<CClass>, CNAME=<CName>,
VARIABLE=<Variable Name>, {INDEX=<Index No>}
CCLASS = This refers the CCLASS of the device. All the valid entries for
<CClass> are listed in Table 4-43a in CASE STUDY Data Category of
Input starting on p. 121.
CNAME = This refers the Name of the NODE or LINK or DEVICE or PVT.
VARIABLE = This refers the Parameter. All the valid entries for <Variable Name>
are listed in Table 4-43a in CASE STUDY Data Category of Input
starting on p. 121.
INDEX = This refers the Array element index for Array variables (Component
Mol Fractions, DPDT Curves, etc.)
Example:
DEFINE P(1) AS SIMU=SIMU, CCLASS=SOURCE, CNAME=S001, VARIABLE="Temperature"
DEFINE P(3) AS SIMU=SIMU, CCLASS=SOURCE, CNAME=S001, VARIABLE="XLFEED(M)",*
INDEX=1
RESULT
Optional statement. The RESULT statement allows the user to supply descriptive labels
for each CALCULATOR result.
i, text/... Descriptive label for each calculator result. Labels may consist of up to
12 characters of text, but must not contain the characters = , ( ) * or &.
Embedded blanks are acceptable.
Example:
RESULT 1, RELATIVE MB
PROCEDURE
The PROCEDURE statement is required.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries: None
FORTRAN Statements
Optional statements. You may supply any number of the following FORTRAN-like
statements between the required PROCEDURE and RETURN statements. Each
statement contains a maximum of 80 characters. An ampersand (&) at the end of a line
indicates continuation on the following line. Note that an asterisk ( * ) is not valid as a
continuation marker, since it signifies multiplication.
All lines of code except the PROCEDURE statement may be preceded by a unique
numeric label from 1 to 99999 (shown as nn in this manual). The dollar sign ($)
causes all following data on the remainder of the line to be interpreted as a comment
rather than as code.
Note: Unlike FORTRAN, a C in column one does not designate a comment statement.
Statement Description
{DIMENSION var( ), var( ), ...} The DIMENSION statement is used to define one or two-dimensional
arrays. Each subscript may be an integer constant, or two integer
constants separated by a colon to specify both the lower and upper
array bounds.
{INTEGER var, var, ...} Defines integer variables.
{REAL var, var, ...} Defines real variables.
Example:
DIMENSION A(20,20), B(20), X(20)
REAL MASS
INTEGER COUNT, TAB(100)
Expressions
{nn var = expression} The expression is governed by standard FORTRAN conventions. The
symbols for mathematical operations are given in Table 4-39 below.
Note: The CALCULATOR-supplied arrays C and P may not appear on the left side of an assignment
statement.
RETURN
The RETURN statement is required.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries: None
HYDRATES
Introduces the Hydrates unit operation, which predicts the pressure and temperature
regime in which the fluid at a node (source, sink, or junction) is vulnerable to hydrate
formation. Different ranges of temperature and pressure can be examined. Calculations
assume the presence of free water for hydrates to form.
The effect of NaCl, methanol, ethylene glycol, di-ethylene glycol and tri-ethylene glycol
hydrate inhibitors can also be studied.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries: None
STREAM= Name of the node SOURCE, SINK or JUNCTION at which the fluid is to be
investigated.
INHIBITOR(type)= Weight percent concentration of inhibitor. If you omit this entry, noinhibitor
calculations are performed. Use the qualifier to define the type of inhibitor.
Allowable types are: NACL or SALT sodium chloride METH or MEOH
methanol EG ethylene glycol DEG di-ethylene glycol TEG tri-ethylene
glycol
Example:
UNIT OPERATIONS
HYDRATES NAME=HYD1
SIZING
Introduces the category. This category is used for sizing pipes.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries: None
DEVICE
Identifies which pipe are to be sized.
Mandatory entries:
NAME=name,name,... Enter the name(s) of the device(s) that you want sized. If you want all
devices to be sized, enter:
NAME=ALL
Example:
DEVICE NAME=PIP1, LIN2, PIP3
RELIEF
The RELIEF statement is used to define unique classes of valve size parameters that
differ from default values supplied or inferred from the FLAREDEF statement in the
General Data Category of input. Up to 25 different classes of valve size parameters can
be defined, where each class is identified by a unique, user-supplied name.
Mandatory entries:
CLASS=name Defines the name chosen to be assigned to the class of valve sizing
parameters defined on the RELIEF statement.
4-118 Input Reference
Optional entries:
LINE
Optional statement. Defines the line sizes that are to be used by PIPEPHASE in
determining a diameter which satisfies the sizing criteria. If this statement is omitted,
standard API Schedule 40 inside diameters are used. These are (in inches):
1.049 1.610 2.067 2.469 3.068 3.548 4.026 5.074 6.065
7.981 10.020 11.938 13.124 15.000 16.876 18.814 22.626
Mandatory entries:
ID()=value,value,... Enter the inside diameters to be tried in short length units. Entries must be in
or ascending order.
NOMD=value,value... Enter the nominal sizes to be tried in inches. Entries must be in ascending
order. Default SCHEDULE is used to get corresponding ID. If the NOMD is
not in the SCHEDULE list, it is ignored.
Example:
LINE ID(MM)=26, 30, 35, 40
MAXV
Optional statement. Enter the maximum velocity criteria. If this statement is omitted,
PIPEPHASE will use the erosional maximum velocity criteria, VEM.
100
V EM = --------------------------------------
-
TwoPhaseSlip
ERVELC= or Enter the erosional velocity constant to replace 100 in the above erosional
velocity equation.
VELOCITY()= Enter a set of maximum velocities corresponding to a set of inside diameters
or densities.
ID()= or Enter a set of inside diameters or two-phase slip densities corresponding to
DENSITY()= or the set of maximum velocities. Entries should be in ascending order. ID is in
NOMD= short length units. NOMD is in inches and the default SCHEDULE is used
to get corresponding ID. If the NOMD is not in the SCHEDULE list, it is
ignored.
VALVE
Used only with flare networks for relief valve sizing.
Mandatory entries:
NAME=name,name,... Names of all the values you want sized. If you want all devices to be sized,
enter:
NAME=ALL
CASESTUDY
Introduces the category. Each new case is headed by a CASE statement and there are no
limits on the number of cases which can be entered in a simulation input.
Mandatory entries: None
Optional entries: None
DESCRIPTION
Optional statement. Allows you to enter a description of the simulation. You are
restricted to one DESCRIPTION statement per case study. The information on this
statement is printed once at the start of the case study output.
Mandatory entries: None
PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 4-121
Optional entries: Text string of up to 60 characters.
Example:
DESC Change pipeline ID to 3 inches
RESTORE
By default, each new case study uses the solution from the previous case as the initial
guess. Use this keyword to restore the original solution as the initial guess. Case study
changes are cumulative, but the restore option will reset device and node data back to the
base case values. Changes to compositions and some simulation data such as viscosity
data are not included in this logic and must be restored manually.
PARAMETER
This PARAMETER statement allows changes to be made to parameters on a node and/or
device. You may have as many PARAMETER statements as desired. The devices and
parameters that can be changed are listed in Table 4-43a.
CCLASS= This refers the CCLASS of the device. All the valid entries for <CClass>
are listed in Table 4-43a
CNAME= This refers the Name of the NODE or LINK or DEVICE or PVT.
Use GFROM and GNETWORK to make GLOBAL changes in the network.
Use GLINK along with LINK = <Link Name> to make GLOBAL changes
in a particular Link <Link Name>.
LINK = Indicates that variable changes to be made for all devices in the link <Link
Name>. This is used along CNAME = GLINK option.
VARIABLE= This refers the parameter. All the valid entries for <Variable Name> are
listed in Table 4-43a.
INDEX= This refer the Array Element Index for Array variables (Component Mol
Fractions, DPDT Curves, etc.)
SETCALC = Name of Calculator to retrieve data from.
VALUE= The new value to which you want the parameter changed.
Sources
Table 4-43a: SOURCE (CCLASS = SOURCE) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization &
Calculator Variables:
Pumps
Table 4-43f: PUMP (CCLASS = PUMP), ESP (CCLASS = ESP PUMP) Case Study, Time Stepping,
Optimization, & Calculator:
Available as a
Type Associated Variables Variable Change Calculator
<device> <property> Description Variable Parameter1
PUMP RPOW Required Power X
CPRE Outlet Pressure X
RPM Rotary Speed X X
RPM(MAX) Maximum Rotary X X
Speed
POWE Set Power X X
POWE(MAX) Maximum Power X X
PRES Set Outlet Pressure X X
PRES(MAX) Maximum Pressure X X
EFF Efficiency X X
CTEM Outlet Temperature X
See footnotes to Table 4-43ah.
Heater
Table 4-43g: HEATER (CCLASS = HEAT) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, &
Calculator
Available as a
Type Associated Variables Variable Change Calculator
<device> <property> Description Variable Parameter1
HEATER- RDUT Required Duty X
See footnotes to Table 4-43ah.
Table 4-43h: COOLER (CCLASS = COOL) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, &
Calculator
OUTLET PRES Outlet Pressure X
Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, & CalculatorCase Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, &
CalculatorChokes
Table 4-43i: CHOKE (CCLASS = CHOK) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, & Calculator
Available as a
Type Associated Variables Variable Change Objective
<device> <property> Description Variable Parameter1
CHOKE DP Pressure Drop X
ID Inside Diameter X X
COEF Resistance Coefficient X X
See footnotes to Table 4-43ah.
Separators
Table 4-43j: SEPARATOR (CCLASS = SEPA) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, &
Calculator
Available as a
Type Associated Variables Variable Change Calculator
<device> <property> Description Variable Parameter1
SEPARATOR CRATE(GAS) Gas Removal Rate X
Compositional CRATE(LIQ) Liquid Removal Rate X
CRATE(COND) Oil Removal Rate X
CRATE(WATE) Water Removal Rate X
RATE(GAS) Set Gas Removal Rate X X
RATE(LIQ) Set Liquid Removal X X
Rate
See footnotes to Table 4-43ah.
Regulators
Table 4-43k: REGULATOR (CCLASS = REGU) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, &
Calculators:
Available as a
Type Associated Variables Variable Change Calculator
<device> <property> Description Variable Parameter1
REGULATOR DP Pressure Drop X
RATE2 Set Flowrate X
PUPS Upstream Pressure X X
PRES Downstream Pressure X X
CPRE Outlet Pressure X
CTEM Outlet Temperature X
See footnotes to Table 4-43ah..
Expanders
Table 4-43l: EXPANDER (CCLASS = EXPAND) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, &
Calculators:
Available as a
Type Associated Variables Variable Change Calculator
<device> <property> Description Variable Parameter1
EXPANDER CPRE Outlet Pressure X
CTEM Outlet Temperature X
See footnotes to Table 4-43ah.
Injection
Table 4-43n: INJECTION (CCLASS = INJE) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, &
Calculators:
Available as a
Type Associated Variables Variable Change Calculator
<device> <property> Description Variable Parameter1
INJECTION FROM Injected from Separator X
CPRE Injection Pressure X
CTEM Injection Temperature X
DP Pressure Drop X
TEMP Set Injection X X
Temperature
See footnotes to Table 4-43ah.
DPDT Device
Table 4-43o: DPDT Device (CCLASS = DPDT) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, &
Calculators:
Available as a
Type Associated Variables Variable Change Objective
<device> <property> Description Variable Parameter1
DPDT DP Pressure Drop X
DT Temperature Drop X
CPRE Outlet Pressure X
CTEM Outlet Temperature X
DQCV Set Curve DT 4 X X
See footnotes to Table 4-43ah.
MCOMP
Table 4-43p: MULTICHANGE COMPRESSOR (CCLASS = MCOMP) Case Study, Time
Stepping, Optimization, & Calculators:
Available as a
Type Associated Variables Variable Change Calculator
<device> <property> Description Variable Parameter1
MCOMP POWE Set Power X X
POWE(MAX) Maximum Power X
PIN Set Inlet Pressure X X
PDIS Set Outlet Pressure X X
PRES(MAX) Maximum Pressure X X
STAGE Number of Stages X X
INTP Set Stage Outlet X X
Pressure 5
INTT Set Stage Outlet X X
Temperature 5
INTQ Set Stage Duty 5 X X
INTDP Set Stage DP 5 X X
PEFF Stage Polytropic X X
Efficiency 5
ADEF Stage Adiabatic X X
Efficiency 5
DP Compressor Pressure X
Increase
RPOW Required Power X
RDUT Required Duty X
CPRE Outlet Pressure X
CTEM Outlet Temperature5 X
uses INDEX to indicate
stage
See footnotes to Table 4-43ah.
Check Valve
Table 4-43r: CHECK VALVE (CCLASS = CHEC) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, &
Calculators:
Available as a
Type Associated Variable Change Calculator
<device> Variables DescriptionVariable Variable Parameter1
<property> Description
SIMULATION PDAMP Pressure Damping Factor X X
or QDAMP Flow Rate Damping Factor X X
SIMU=RESGR
HALVE PBAL Interval Halving X X
MXITER Maximum PBAL iterations X X
PTOL PressureTolerance for X X
PBAL
DAMP Damping factor for MBAL X X
model
RESET Recalculate initial estimates X X
0 use previous estimates
1 ests based on diameters
2 estimates based on flow
resistance
3 estimates using nodal
mass balance
VG(MAX) Max Gas Velocity X
VL(MAX) Max Liquid Velocity X
See footnotes to Table 4-43ah.
Entrance
Table 4-43t: ENTRANCE (CCLASS = ENTR) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, &
Calculators:
ENTR K Resistance Coefficient X X
CHISOLM LAMB Chisolm Lambda Coef X X
Exit
Table 4-43u: EXIT (CCLASS = EXIT) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, & Calculators:
EXIT K Resistance Coefficient X X
CHISOLM LAMB Chisolm Lambda Coef X X
Expansion
Table 4-43v: EXPANSION (CCLASS = EXPANS) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, &
Calculators:
EXPNS ANGLE Expansion Angle X X
EXPNS K Resistance Coefficient X X
CHISOLM LAMB Chisolm Lambda Coef X X
Nozzle
Table 4-43w: EXPANSION (CCLASS = EXPANS) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, &
Calculators:
NOZZLE K Resistance Coefficient X X
NOZZLE CPCV Specific Heat Ratio X X
CHISOLM LAMB Chisolm Lambda Coef X X
Tee
Table 4-43y: TEE (CCLASS = TEE) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, & Calculators:
TEE K Resistance Coefficient X X
TEE KMUL K-Value Multiplier X X
ROUGHNESS Absolute Wall Roughness X X
REL ROUGHNESS Relative Wall Roughness X X
CHISOLM LAMB Chisolm Lambda Coef X X
Calculator Unit
Table 4-43aa: CALCULATOR UNIT (CCLASS = CALCULATOR) Case Study, Time Stepping,
Optimization, & Calculators:
R(0004) Calculator Result R4 X X
R(0005) Calculator Result R5 X X
R(0006) Calculator Result R6 X X
R(0007) Calculator Result R7 X X
R(0008) Calculator Result R8 X X
R(0009) Calculator Result R9 X X
R(00010) Calculator Result R10 X X
R(00011) Calculator Result R11 X X
R(00012) Calculator Result R12 X X
R(00013) Calculator Result R13 X X
R(00014) Calculator Result R14 X X
R(00015) Calculator Result R15 X X
R(00016) Calculator Result R16 X X
R(00017) Calculator Result R17 X X
R(00018) Calculator Result R18 X X
R(00019) Calculator Result R19 X X
Objective Parameter
Table 4-43ac: OBJECTIVE PARAMETER (CCLASS = OBJECTIVE) Case Study, Time Stepping,
Optimization, & Calculators:
COEF Coefficient for Objective Parameter X X
TARGET Target for Objective Parameter X X
Constraint Variable
Table 4-43ad: CONSTRAINT VARIABLE (CCLASS = CONSTRAINT) Case Study, Time
Stepping, Optimization, & Calculators:
ALOWER Absolute Lower Limit X X
AUPPER Absolute Upper Limit X X
RLOWER Relative Lower Limit X X
RUPPER Relative Upper Limit X X
MLOWER Mechanical Lower Limit X X
MUPPER Mechanical Upper Limit X X
ERROR Relative Error of Constraint X
Decision Variable
Table 4-43ae: DECISION VARIABLE (CCLASS = DECISION) Case Study, Time Stepping,
Optimization, & Calculators:
TIME Time for Variable Change X X
ALOWER Absolute Lower Limit X X
AUPPER Absolute Upper Limit X X
RLOWER Relative Lower Limit X X
RUPPER Relative Upper Limit X X
MLOWER Mechanical Lower Limit X X
MUPPER Mechanical Upper Limit X X
CAPT COST Capital Cost for Decision Variable X X
Network Data
Table 4-43ag: NETWORK DATA (CCLASS = NETW) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization,
& Calculators:
CUM PROD Cumulative Production X
PDAMP Pressure Damping X X
QDAMP Flowrate Damping X X
HALVING Interval Damping X X
MAXITER Maximum Number of Iterations X X
PRES TOLER Pressure Tolerance X X
SCALE FACTOR Scale Factor X X
MAX VEL GAS Maximum Gas Velocity X
MAX VEL LIQ Maximum Liquid Velocity X
MAX VSG Maximum Superficial Gas Velocity X
MAX VSL Maximum Superficial Liquid X
Velocity
MAX MIX VEL Maximum Mixture Velocity X
MAX HL Maximum Liquid Holdup X
MIN VEL GAS Minimum Gas Velocity X
MIN VEL LIQ Minimum Liquid Velocity X
MIN VSG Minimum Superficial Gas Velocity X
MIN VSL Minimum Superficial Liquid X
Velocity
MIN MIX VEL Minimum Mixture Velocity X
MIN HL Minimum Liquid Holdup X
NETWORK PIMB Minimum Pressure Imbalance X
STD TEMP Standard Temperature X X
STD PRES Standard Pressure X X
MIN TEMP Minimum Temperature X X
MIN PRES Minimum Pressure X X
MAX TEMP Maximum Temperature X X
MAX PRES Maximum Pressure X X
LINK
Table 4-43ah: LINK (CCLASS = LINK) Case Study, Time Stepping, Optimization, & Calculators:
Available as a
Type Associated Variables Variable Change Calculator
<device> <property> Description Variable Parameter1
XLINK SCOM, NCOM=i Comp(m) (comp) X X
SCOM, NCOM=1 Comp(m) N2 X
(gas,cond,bo)
SCOM, NCOM=2 Comp(m) CO2 X
(gas,cond,bo)
SCOM, NCOM=3 Comp(m) H2S X
(gas,cond,bo)
GHV Gross Heating Value X
(gas,cond.bo)
WOBBE Wobbe Index X
(gas,cond,bo)
Also available as a DEFINE for a CALCULATOR unit.
2. The types of flowrates available in pipes and regulators depend on the fluid type, e.g.,
RATE(WT,GAS), RATE(LV,WATE), etc. See the RATE variables associated with the SOURCE,
SINK, and JUNCTION devices for details. Gas liquid, and water phase flowrates for
compositional systems depend on the temperature and pressure and are reported at the outlet of
the device. Rates are not available for devices in links with separators.
3. For compositional systems only.
4. Use INDEX for curve point.
5. Use INDEX to indicate stage..
PSPLIT
Introduces the category.
TABLE
Mandatory statement. Defines the table for the user defined phase split.
Mandatory entries:
LIQP= Up to 10 liquid weight percent values for the stream entering the junction,
separated by the slash (/) character.
GASR= Up to 10 values for gas Reynolds Number for the stream entering the
junction, separated by the slash (/) character.
GASP= Up to 10 sets of up to 10 gas weight percent values for the stream leaving the
junction and entering the outflowing link which has the smaller pipe inside
diameter for the first pipe in the link. The remainder of the flow goes into the
other link.
Each set must have the same number of entries, separated by commas, as the
number of LIQP values entered. There must be the same number of sets,
separated by the slash (/) character, as the number of GASR values entered.
Example:
TABLE LIQP=10/20/30/40/50, GASR=10000,20000, &
GASP=88,78,67,57,46/ 87,77,66,56,46
FORTRAN Standards
FORTRAN 77 coding standards should be observed to avoid any possible conflicts with
the PIPEPHASE program, which is written according to these standards.
Standard calls are provided to the PIPEPHASE Moody friction factor function and the
PIPEPHASE compositional equilibrium flash subroutine. The latter may be used to
determine physical, transport and thermodynamic properties for compositional fluids, as
well as the phase splits for these fluids. No user access is provided to the non-
compositional fluid property routines used in PIPEPHASE.
Standard naming conventions must be used for the user-written pressure drop
correlations. All transfer of information between these subroutines and PIPEPHASE is
accomplished through the subroutine argument lists.
The following good coding practices should also be observed when developing user-
defined correlations:
The entries DELP, DEN2, DPDLF, DPDLW and NREG must be determined in the user
subroutine and passed back to PIPEPHASE. NREG defaults to zero. All other
arguments are data passed from the user subroutine. Note that the arguments Z and
CMW are vectors and a local DIMENSION statement should be placed in the user
subroutine as follows:
COMMON/TOTBIN/BINRLI(16)
DIMENSION Z(50), CMW(50)
Note that the Z vector is supplied by PIPEPHASE in the calling vector for the user-
defined DP correlation. Various temperatures and pressures are also supplied in the user-
defined DP correlation argument list from PIPEPHASE.
where:
FF = Moody Friction Factor
REYN = Reynolds Number
ROUGH = Pipe Relative Roughness
Examples
Examples of user-defined DP correlations are given in this category. The FORTRAN
code is listed below. Note that these examples were developed for illustrative purposes
and SimSci therefore makes no guarantee as to their accuracy or applicability.
Chapter Contents
About This Chapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Report Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Description of Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Input Reprint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Intermediate Printout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Solution Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Input Reprint Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Thermodynamic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Component Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
General Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
PVT Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Network Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Source Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Structure Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Network Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Sizing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
PVTGEN Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Intermediate PRINTOUT Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Network Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Solution Output Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Flash Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Separator Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Link Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Node Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Device Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Structure Data Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Velocity Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Results Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Link Device Detail Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Pressure and Temperature Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5-2 Results
Report Options
The PIPEPHASE ASCII output is designed to provide concise information within
80 columns. The main PRINT statement in the General Data Category of input (see the
PRINT statement in Chapter 4, Input Reference) controls the overall level of printout. A
number of printout options are available to enable you to select the amount of
information that you require. For example, if additional information for only some of the
links is required, you need only set the PRINT option on the LINK statements for the
ones you want. If the PRINT option is entered on any link, detail reports will not be
produced for links which do not also have the PRINT option.
If stream property tables are being generated, tables and plots of the properties against
temperature and pressure can be produced by using the PRINT and PLOT options on the
GENERATE statement.
The output is normally produced in the units of measurement you defined globally as
input units. Instead of this output, or in addition to it, you can request an output in a
different set of units using the OUTDIMENSION statement in the General Data
Category of the input.
Description of Reports
The output from a simulation is in three main sections that correspond to the three phases
of the PIPEPHASE simulation run. These are the input check and input data reprint,
intermediate solution history and output, and the final results output. PIPEPHASE will
only continue from one section to the next if no errors are detected. If errors are found,
either in the users input data or during the solution procedure itself, self-explanatory
messages will be printed and the simulation will either terminate or, in the case of a
solution procedure error, PIPEPHASE will try to resolve the problem and continue with
the simulation.
Input Reprint
A reprint of your keyword input data file will always be created showing any syntax
errors you have made. If there are no syntax errors, PIPEPHASE then cross-checks the
data for logic and consistency. By default, it also prints out the full set of input data
which shows all the default values used, as well as the user-supplied data. All, or part, of
this full input data reprint can be suppressed, if desired.
The full input data reprint shows the data for all the data sections in the simulation. All
the possible categories of input are as follows:
A single simulation run cannot include all these data sections. For options, see PRINT,
p. 4-27.
Intermediate Printout
During solution of a network, PIPEPHASE iterates until it converges to within the error
tolerance you set or that is set by default. A summary of any errors or warnings
encountered during that iteration will be produced at the end of each iteration. The ITER
option on the PRINT statement can be used to request additional printout which shows
flowrates and pressures at each iteration of the solution path. This can be particularly
useful if you have inadvertently given conflicting specifications in the problem setup and
the program has failed to resolve the inconsistencies.
Solution Output
The solution output is made up of a number of sections as shown below. These sections
are listed in the order they appear in the output report, although not all simulation modes
will produce all sections (see Chapter 3, Using PIPEPHASE).
Table 5-2: Solution Output
To specify... See...
Flash Report A flash report is produced by default for each node P. 4-27 PRINT
in a compositional run unless property tables are
being used. This report contains the temperature,
pressure, composition, flowrate, and properties for
each phase present at each node. The flash report
can be suppressed by the FLASH=NONE option on
the PRINT statement.
Separator Report A separator report is produced for each separator in P. 4-27 PRINT
a compositional run unless property tables are being
used. This report contains the temperature, pressure,
composition, flowrate, and properties for each
separator product.
Link Summary The link summary is produced by default for all P. 4-27 PRINT
PIPEPHASE simulations and shows the flowrates,
pressure, temperature, and holdups for each link in a
tabular format. The flowrates displayed are the
volumetric rates at actual flowing conditions for
each phase. This report can be suppressed by the
SUMM=NEW option on the PRINT statement.
5-4 Results
Table 5-2: Solution Output (cont.)
To specify... See...
Node Summary The node summary is produced by default and P. 4-27 PRINT
shows the flowrates, pressure, and temperature at
each node in a tabular format. The flowrate is shown
for each phase, but the flow basis depends on the
fluid type. For a single-phase liquid or gas, standard
volumetric rates are shown. If the non-
compositional fluid is steam, weight flowrates and
quality are printed. For a compositional fluid, weight
flowrates and gravity are also given. This report can
be suppressed by the SUMM=NEW option on the
PRINT statement.
Device Summary The device summary is produced by default and P. 4-27 PRINT
summarizes each device (pipe, fitting, or item of
process equipment) in the order in which they were
defined in the link. The table shows the correlation
used, inside diameter, length, elevation change,
liquid holdup and the outlet temperature, pressure
and liquid fraction. The device summary can be
suppressed by the DEVICE=NONE or
SUMM=NEW options on the PRINT statement.
Structure Data The structure data summary is produced by default P. 4-27 PRINT
Summary and contains information for link devices including
length, elevation change and K-factor. This report
can be suppressed by the SUMM=OLD option on
the PRINT statement.
Velocity Summary The velocity summary is produced by default and P. 4-27 PRINT
contains link fluid velocity-related information such
as inlet and outlet velocities, critical velocity (see ,
Critical Flow - A Qualitative Description), pressure
gradient and the pressure drop per device. This
report can be suppressed by the SUMM=OLD
option on the PRINT statement.
Results Summary The results summary is produced by default and P. 4-27 PRINT
contains flow, pressure, temperature and quality
information for device inlet and outlet points. This
report can be suppressed by the SUMM=OLD
option on the PRINT statement.
5-6 Results
Table 5-2: Solution Output (cont.)
To specify... See...
Link Property The PROPERTY=PART or PROPERTY=FULL P. 4-27 PRINT
Detail Report option on the PRINT statement generates a link P. 4-77 LINK
property detail report for every link in the
simulation. The PRINT option on the LINK
statements can be used to restrict the report to
specific links. The report for each link is in several
sections:.
Viscosity and Density Results - This report shows
the viscosity and density at actual flowing
conditions for each phase at each calculation
segment.
Friction and Surface Tension Results - In addition
to the friction factor and surface tension, this report
shows the Reynolds number and the other properties
from which the friction factor is calculated.
Heat Transfer Calculations - This report is
produced only if the PROPERTY=FULL option is
specified on the PRINT statement. The report shows
fluid thermal conductivity and the thermal
resistances for each calculation segment. For
compositional or steam simulations, the phase
enthalpies are also shown. Hydrate formation is
flagged for compositional runs
Case Summary This report is produced for all simulations which use
the case study feature. The report summarizes the
node pressures, temperatures and flowrates for each
case study to allow easy comparisons of the cases.
Sphering Report This report is produced for all sphering calculation P. 5-29Sphering Report
runs. It shows the pressure, temperature, and
flowrate in the zones in front of, and behind, the
sphere as it proceeds along the pipeline. It also
shows the slug delivery time and rate and the time
required for the pipeline to re-establish steady state.
Thermodynamic Data
VLE K-VALUE DATA FOR SET 'SET01'
The following data
section appears at the SRK PURE COMPONENT DATA
5-8 Results
Component Data
In this example, the
first components are COMPONENT NBP CRIT. TEMP. CRIT. PRES. CRIT. VOLM.
F F PSIG BBL/LB-MOL
from the library and --------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
1 H2O 212.000 705.560 3208.117 0.1581
the rest are from an 2 CO2 -109.264 87.872 1070.599 0.2682
assay. 3 N2 -320.440 -232.420 492.314 0.2571
4 C1 -258.682 -116.680 667.195 0.2824
. . . . .
. . . . .
17 CUT17 687.000 1007.408 202.182 3.0709
18 CUT18 770.000 1083.132 182.052 3.4567
19 CUT19 865.000 1167.948 161.988 3.9089
By default, fixed
properties are listed COMPONENT COMP. TYPE PHASE MOL. WEIGHT API
--------------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
for all components in 1 H2O LIBRARY VAP/LIQ 18.015 10.063
2 CO2 LIBRARY VAP/LIQ 44.010 39.600
the simulation. This 3 N2 LIBRARY VAP/LIQ 28.013 43.600
includes library 4 C1 LIBRARY VAP/LIQ 16.043 340.167
. . . . .
components, defined . . . . .
17 CUT17 PETRO CUT VAP/LIQ 300.000 30.000
petroleum 18 CUT18 PETRO CUT VAP/LIQ 360.000 26.000
19 CUT19 PETRO CUT VAP/LIQ 430.000 22.000
components and assay
derived pseudo-
components.
General Data
This includes all the CALCULATION OPTIONS
dimensional units, RUN TYPE........ NETWORK
FLUID TYPE...... LIQUID
global default values, HEAT BALANCE WILL BE TURNED OFF
flow codes and print DIMENSIONAL UNITS - PETROLEUM
options. TEMPERATURE..... DEG F PRESSURE........ PSIA
MOLAR RATE...... MOLE/HR WEIGHT RATE..... LB/HR
LIQUID RATE..... BBL/DAY VAPOR RATE...... MM FT3/DAY
COARSE LENGTH... FT FINE LENGTH..... IN
DENSITY/GRAVITY. DEG API VISCOSITY....... CP
DUTY............ MM BTU/HR POWER........... HP
VELOCITY........ FT/SEC
FLOW CODES
PIPE FLOW CODE IS BEGGS-BRILL (MOODY)
REYNOLDS NUMBER(LAMINAR)..... 3000.0000
BASE CONDITIONS
STANDARD TEMPERATURE....... 60.00 DEG F
STANDARD PRESSURE.......... 14.696 PSIA
MINIMUM PRESSURE........... 0.096 PSIA
MAXIMUM PRESSURE........... 25014.690 PSIA
MINIMUM TEMPERATURE........ -60.00 DEG F
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE........ 800.00 DEG F
PRINT OPTIONS
INPUT........... GENERAL ASSAY COMPONENT
PVT FLOW TABLE METHOD
SOURCE STRUCTURE CASE STUDY
CONNECT......... PLOT
PVTGEN.......... NONE
SUMMARY......... OLD
DEVICE.......... PART
MAP............. TAITEL-DUKLER-BARNEA
PROPERTY........ FULL
FLASH........... FULL
STREAM.......... SUMMARY
SEGMENTATION OPTIONS
LENGTH CHANGE - HORIZONTAL....... 2000.0 FT
VERTICAL......... 1000.0 FT
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SEGMENTS....... 20
Note: The above is an abstract from the 3-Stage Letdown Application Brief.
PVT Data
The gravity, viscosity, PVT DATA SUMMARY
and specific heat have 1 CORRELATION DATA SETS 0 ERRORS 0 WARNINGS
been entered for a
DEFAULT PVT METHODS OPTIONS
non-compositional
run. The default Z FACTOR METHOD.......... STANDING
LIQUID VISCOSITY METHOD.. FOR OIL VAZQUEZ (TUFFP)
options are also FOR WATER BEAL
shown.
CORRELATION SET DATA
5-10 Results
In this example, PVT DATA SUMMARY
property tables have 1 CORRELATION DATA SETS 0 ERRORS 0 WARNINGS
PRESSURE TEMPERATURE
NO PSIG DEG F
-- -------- -----------
1 10.000 0.00
2 50.000 30.00
3 90.000 60.00
4 130.000 90.00
5 120.00
6 150.00
7 180.00
8 210.00
9 240.00
10 270.00
11 300.00
12 330.00
13 360.00
14 390.00
15 420.00
16 450.00
TABLES OF THE FOLLOWING PROPERTIES WILL BE PRINTED
LIQ DENS
Note: The above is an abstract from the 3-Stage Letdown Application Brief.
Network Data
The Solution SOLUTION METHODS/TOLERANCES
Methods/ Tolerances NETWORK SOLUTION METHOD IS PBAL
are shown for network MAXIMUM ITERATIONS..................... 20
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INTERVAL HALVINGS.... 3
calculations only. ABSOLUTE PRESSURE TOLERANCE............ 0.100 PSIA
RATE PERTURBATION...................... 0.010000
METHOD OF INITIAL SOLUTION ESTIMATION.. FLOW = 1
ZERO FLOW IN CHECK VALVES.............. OFF
CHOKE CRITICAL FLOW MODEL (FORTUNATI) . EXPONENTIAL
NEW ACCELERATION OPTION IS............. OFF
Note: The above is an abstract from the 3-Stage Letdown Application Brief.
Source Data
Compositional SOURCE FEED
source - the PHASE IS MIXED
composition of THIS SOURCE IS ON
PRESSURE.................. 1000.0001 PSIA
defined components TEMPERATURE............... 150.00 DEG F
as well as pressure Note: The above is an abstract from the 3-Stage Letdown Application Brief.
Network Connectivity
The connectivity NODE CONNECTIONS
shows the sources, ---- CONNECTIONS ----
NODE NODE NAME NODE TYPE TO NODE VIA LINK
junctions, and sinks. It ---- --------- --------- --------- ---------
does not show any of 100 100 SOURCE SINK L001
the flow devices SINK SINK SINK 100 L001
5-12 Results
+--------------------+
| |
| +----+ +----+ |
| |100.|----|SINK| |
| |SRCE| |SINK| |
| +----+ +----+ |
| |
+--------------------+
Note: The above is an abstract from the 3-Stage Letdown Application Brief.
Sizing Data
The pipe sizes which LINE DATA
may be used during =========
Z001 PIPE
Z002 PIPE
Z003 PIPE
Z004 PIPE
Z005 PIPE
Z006 PIPE
Z007 PIPE
Note: The above is an abstract from the 3-Stage Letdown Application Brief.
80 POINTS FLASHED
TEMPERATURE DEG F
PRESSURE -------------------------------------------------------------
PSIG 210.00 240.00 270.00 300.00 330.00 360.00 390.00
-------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
0.00 41.603 42.901 43.919 44.803 45.668 46.572 47.537
10.00 42.524 44.677 46.205 47.384 48.373 49.307 50.267
50.00 42.419 45.030 47.800 50.760 53.944 56.214 57.708
90.00 42.316 44.916 47.673 50.616 53.778 57.196 60.913
130.00 42.214 44.804 47.547 50.472 53.612 57.002 60.683
TEMPERATURE DEG F
PRESSURE --------------------
PSIG 420.00 450.00
-------- ------- -------
0.00 48.565 49.657
10.00 51.287 52.377
50.00 58.977 60.179
90.00 64.248 65.998
130.00 64.703 69.117
5-14 Results
Intermediate PRINTOUT Example
For network calculations, the intermediate printout details the path that the program took
to get to the final solution.
Network Directory
If the ITER option is PAGE CONTENTS
not specified on the
1 INTERMEDIATE PRINTOUT
PRINT statement,
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE 0.5 PSI PRESSURE IMBALANCE AT SELECTED NODES
then only the (RMS VALUE USED FOR STEP-SIZE SELECTION)
maximum and RMS ITERATION NUMBER 0.0
(root mean square)
LINK FROM TO FLOW RATE PRESSURE IN PRESSURE OUT IMBALANCE
average pressure NAME NODE NODE M LB/HR PSIA PSIA PSIA
imbalances are Q-I Q I 33.000 179.70 179.53
printed.Spur links are R-E R E 40.000 179.70 176.64
W-A W A 70.000 184.70 184.25
printed after the A-B A B 62.000 184.25 183.29
M-B M B 30.000 184.70 183.56 0.271
network has B-D B D 2.000 183.29 183.27
converged. E-D E
D-F1 D
D
F
28.000
27.073
176.64
183.27
176.12
179.17
-7.150
********************************************
These are spur links: PBAL SOLUTION CONVERGED AFTER 2 ITERATIONS
********************************************
LINK FROM TO FLOW RATE PRESSURE IN PRESSURE OUT
NAME NODE NODE M LB/HR PSIA PSIA
H-S H S 18.000 175.91 174.66
H-P H P 30.000 175.91 168.55
E-L E L 12.000 179.48 178.93
B-K B K 90.000 178.98 176.11
A-J A J 8.000 179.97 179.90
5-16 Results
Solution Output Examples
The solution output for PIPEPHASE can be very brief or extremely lengthy, depending
on the problem and the level of output selected. In general, it is best to start with the
default output and only request additional information where required. In large network
runs, put the PRINT keyword on only those links where specific information is desired.
Flash Report
By default, flash NODE SINK AT 6.7 DEG C AND 87.0 BAR
reports are produced
for every node in a --------------------MOLE FRACTION-------------------
compositional run ----HYDROCARBON---- COMBINED TOTAL
unless property tables COMPONENT VAPOR LIQUID1 VAP+LIQ1 LIQUID2 STREAM
----------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
are being used. The N2 0.004003 0.000442 0.004000 0.000000 0.004000
CO2 0.004121 0.003518 0.004120 0.000000 0.004120
reports can be C1 0.957304 0.384112 0.956800 0.000000 0.956800
C2 0.033951 0.055872 0.033970 0.000000 0.033970
suppressed by C3 0.000289 0.001288 0.000290 0.000000 0.000290
specifying NC4 0.000099 0.001172 0.000100 0.000000 0.000100
NC5 0.000019 0.000588 0.000020 0.000000 0.000020
FLASH=NONE on NC6 0.000009 0.000697 0.000010 0.000000 0.000010
C7PLUS 0.000204 0.552312 0.000690 0.000000 0.000690
the PRINT statement.
TOTAL RATE (INLET TO NODE IF JUNCTION)
KG/HR 8.5815E5 4117.44 8.6226E5 0.00 8.6226E5
KG-M/HR 5.1313E4 45.197 5.1358E4 0.000 5.1358E4
WT FRAC LIQ 0.004775 0.004775
PHASE PROPERTIES
----------------
MASS FRACTION 0.995225 0.004775 1.000000 0.000000 1.000000
VOLUME FRAC 0.999487 0.000513 1.000000 0.000000 1.000000
DENSITY LB/FT3 4.76 44.41 0.00
ACTUAL SPGR 0.577239 0.712141 0.000000
VISCOSITY CP 0.0132 0.2573 0.0000
ENTHALPY KCAL/KG 26.474 2.178 0.000 26.358
SURF TENS NEWTON/M 0.016 0.000
MOLECULAR WT 16.7238 91.1003 16.7892 0.0000 16.7892
VAPOR PHASE
-----------
GAS MM M3/HR 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
DENSITY KG/M3 0.00 0.00 0.00
VISCOSITY CP 0.000 0.000 0.000
ENTHALPY KCALKG 0.00 0.00 0.00
MOLECULAR WEIGHT 0.00 0.00 0.00
LIQUID PHASE
------------
LIQUID M3/HR 259.62 259.62 0.00
DENSITY KG/M3 430.70 430.70 0.00
VISCOSITY CP 0.066 0.066 0.000
ENTHALPY KCALKG 13.84 13.84 0.00
MOLECULAR WEIGHT 37.33 37.33 0.00
Link Summary
BASE CASE
This report shows the LINK SUMMARY
rate, pressure, and RATE, PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE SUMMARY
--------------------------------------
temperature at each FROM(F)
end of every link. By AND
TO(T) ----ACTUAL FLOW RATES***-- PRESS: ---HOLDUP**---
default, the report LINK NODE GAS OIL WATER PRESS: DROP TEMP: GAS LIQ
(MMCFD) (BPH) (BPH) (PSIG) (PSIG) (F) (MM (ABBL)
appears on every SCF)
PIPEPHASE output. ---- ------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------- ----- ------- -------
L001 100 (F) 0.0000 72624.2 3730.4 1000.0* 150.0
You may suppress it SINK(T) 0.8378 0.0 0.0 300.0 700.0 120.0 2.19E-5 102.7
by specifying the
* - INDICATES KNOWN PRESSURE
SUMM=NEW option ** GAS VOLUME REPORTED AT USER STANDARD CONDITIONS
on the PRINT *** RATE REPORTED AT ACTUAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE CONDITIONS
statement.
5-18 Results
Node Summary
This report shows the BASE CASE
rate, pressure, and NODE SUMMARY
Device Summary
This report gives DEVICE SUMMARY
summary information C
about each flow O ------- OUTLET ------ AVG.
LINK DEVI DEVI R INSIDE MEAS ELEV INSITU LIQ
device, fitting, and NAME NAME TYPE R DIAM LENGTH CHNG PRESS: TEMP: QUALITY
equipment item in the HOLDUP
(IN) (FT) (FT) (PSIA) (F) (FRAC)
simulation. It appears ---- ---- ---- ---- -------- --------- ------- ------- ------ ------- --
----
by default on every L001 ***SOURCE*** RATE= 830134. (LBHR) 1000.0 150.0 QUAL=
0.00
output. You can 100 1000.0 150.0
suppress it by E001 PIPE BM 10.000 1000.0 0.0 993.0 150.0 0.00
1.00
specifying E002 DREG DN 0.000 0.0 0.0 300.0 148.8 0.00 0.00
E003 XCH1 TC 0.000 0.0 0.0 300.0 200.0 0.00 0.00
DEVICE=NONE or D1 SEPR GS 0.000 0.0 0.0 300.0 200.0 0.00 0.00
SUMM=NEW on the E004 SEPR LQ
E005 PIPE BM
0.000
8.000
0.0
50.0
0.0
0.0
300.0 200.0
299.1 200.0
0.00 0.00
2.81E-5
PRINT statement. 1.00
E006 DREG DN 0.000 0.0 0.0 100.0 192.7 0.00 0.00
E007 XCH1 TC 0.000 0.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 0.00 0.00
This example is the V1 SEPR GS 0.000 0.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 0.00 0.00
E008 SEPR LQ 0.000 0.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 0.00 0.00
Device Summary for E009 PIPE BM 8.000 40.0 0.0 99.3 200.0 4.38E-5
1.00
the Three-Stage E010 DREG DN 0.000 0.0 0.0 16.7 186.1 0.00 0.00
Letdown Application E011 SEPR LQ 0.000 0.0 0.0 16.7 186.1 0.00 0.00
E012 PIPE BM 10.000 20.0 0.0 16.6 186.1 1.00 0.00
Brief. E013 XCH1 TC 0.000 0.0 0.0 16.6 120.0 0.00 0.00
E014 SEPR LQ 0.000 0.0 0.0 16.6 120.0 0.00 0.00
E015 PIPE BM 10.000 20.0 0.0 16.6 120.0 1.00 0.00
E016 INJE 0.000 0.0 0.0 16.6 155.0 0.00 0.00
E017 COMP XX 0.000 0.0 0.0 100.0 275.1 0.00 0.00
E018 XCH1 TC 0.000 0.0 0.0 100.0 120.0 0.00 0.00
E019 SEPR LQ 0.000 0.0 0.0 100.0 120.0 0.00 0.00
E020 INJE 0.000 0.0 0.0 100.0 155.6 0.00 0.00
E021 COMP XX 0.000 0.0 0.0 300.0 252.0 0.00 0.00
E022 XCH1 TC 0.000 0.0 0.0 300.0 120.0 0.00 0.00
E023 SEPR LQ 0.000 0.0 0.0 300.0 120.0 0.00 0.00
SINK *** SINK *** PRES= 300.0 (PSIA) TEMP= 120.0 (F)
Velocity Summary
This report shows BASE CASE
velocities and pressure VELOCITY SUMMARY
drops for all flow
PRESSURE
devices. By default, DEVICE DEVICE MIXTURE VELOCITY CRITICAL GRADIENT PRESSURE
the report appears on LINK NAME TYPE (INLET/OUTLET) VELOCITY (INLET/OUTLET) DROP
(FPS) (FPS) (PSIFT) (PSIG)
PIPEPHASE output. ---- ------ ------ ---------------- -------- -------------- --------
LINK EN1 ENTR
You may suppress it LINK PIP0 PIPE 4.41 4.41 0.00 -7.3E-3 -7.3E-3 -2.932E-2
LINK PMP1 PUMP
by specifying the LINK PIP1 PIPE 4.41 4.41 0.00 -7.3E-3 -7.3E-3 -0.2
SUMM=OLD option LINK GAT1 VALV
LINK BEN1 BEND
on the PRINT LINK PIP2 PIPE 4.41 4.41 0.00 -0.35 -0.35 -3.5
LINK BEN2 BEND
statement. LINK PIP3 PIPE 4.41 4.41 0.00 -7.3E-3 -7.3E-3 -0.5
LINK BEN3 BEND
LINK PIP4 PIPE 4.41 4.41 0.00 -0.35 -0.35 -10.4
LINK BEN4 BEND
LINK EX1 EXIT
5-20 Results
Results Summary
This report shows the BASE CASE
rate, pressure, and
temperature for each RESULTS SUMMARY
flow device. By
default, the report DEVICE DEVICE MIXTURE PRESSURE TEMPERATURE QUALITY
LINK NAME TYPE FLOW RATE INLET/OUTLET INLET/OUTLET INLET/OUTLET
appears on every (GPM) (PSIG) (F) (FRAC)-
--- ------ ------ --------- ----------------- ----------------- --------
PIPEPHASE output. ----
LINK EN1 ENTR
You may suppress it LINK PIP0 PIPE 101.68 -4.72E-2 -7.66E-2 104.00 104.00 0.000 0.000
by specifying the LINK PMP1 PUMP
LINK PIP1 PIPE 101.68 30.0 29.8 104.00 104.00 0.000 0.000
SUMM=OLD option LINK GAT1 VALV
LINK BEN1 BEND
on the PRINT LINK PIP2 PIPE 101.68 29.7 26.2 104.00 104.00 0.000 0.000
statement. LINK BEN2
LINK PIP3
BEND
PIPE 101.68 26.2 25.6 104.00 104.00 0.000 0.000
LINK BEN3 BEND
LINK PIP4 PIPE 101.68 25.6 15.2 104.00 104.00 0.000 0.000
LINK BEN4 BEND
LINK EX1 EXIT
5-22 Results
Phase Envelope Summary
This report is produced PHASE ENVELOPE SUMMARY (USING SRK)
for compositional fluids ----------------------------------
when the PLOT=FULL
option is present on the TEMPERATURE
F
PRESSURE
PSIG DESCRIPTION
PRINT statement. The --- ----------- ----------- ----------------------------------------
1 846.01 0.000 DEW POINT
report is produced with 2 882.53 9.534 DEW POINT
the DEVICE=PART 3 913.32 21.450 DEW POINT
4 945.27 39.228 DEW POINT
and DEVICE=FULL 5 977.91 65.749 DEW POINT
6 1010.23 105.313 DEW POINT
options. 7 1010.86 106.263 INTERPOLATED FROM SPECIFIED TEMP OR PRES
8 1015.73 114.004 INTERPOLATED FROM SPECIFIED TEMP OR PRES
9 1040.28 164.337 DEW POINT
10 1063.78 252.390 DEW POINT
11 1071.09 339.714 CRICONDENTHERM
12 1069.31 383.749 DEW POINT
13 1053.24 471.965 DEW POINT
14 1034.19 517.456 DEW POINT
15 1023.02 534.712 CRITICAL POINT
16 1011.92 547.550 BUBBLE POINT
17 982.98 567.154 BUBBLE POINT
18 953.39 572.792 CRICONDENBAR
19 894.20 556.061 BUBBLE POINT
20 834.90 515.069 BUBBLE POINT
21 777.18 460.866 BUBBLE POINT
22 725.73 405.645 BUBBLE POINT
23 679.63 353.606 BUBBLE POINT
24 637.97 306.327 BUBBLE POINT
25 599.99 264.189 BUBBLE POINT
26 565.08 227.043 BUBBLE POINT
27 532.78 194.523 BUBBLE POINT
28 502.72 166.185 BUBBLE POINT
29 474.63 141.573 BUBBLE POINT
30 448.28 120.252 BUBBLE POINT
31 440.12 114.004 INTERPOLATED FROM SPECIFIED TEMP OR PRES
32 429.67 106.263 INTERPOLATED FROM SPECIFIED TEMP OR PRES
33 400.12 85.907 BUBBLE POINT
34 378.03 72.189 BUBBLE POINT
35 357.12 60.372 BUBBLE POINT
36 337.29 50.201 BUBBLE POINT
37 318.48 41.449 BUBBLE POINT
38 300.59 33.920 BUBBLE POINT
39 283.58 27.442 BUBBLE POINT
40 267.37 21.869 BUBBLE POINT
41 237.18 12.937 BUBBLE POINT
42 209.63 6.302 BUBBLE POINT
43 172.61 -0.632 BUBBLE POINT
T E M P E R A T U R E F
I = INTERPOLATED B = BUBBLE D = DEW
X = TRAVERSE T = T EXTREMUM P = P EXTREMUM
C = CRITICAL
5-24 Results
Holdup and Velocity Report
The T-D FLOW REGM HOLDUP AND VELOCITY DETAIL REPORT
column heading refers ---------------------------------
DEVICE
to the Taitel-Dukler- NAME ---LIQUID HOLDUP--- SUPERFICIAL T-D
AND SEG. NO LIQ GAS MIX . FLOW FLOW SONIC
Barnea flow regime. TYPE NO. SLIP SLIP TOTAL VEL VEL VEL REGM REGM VEL
(AGAL) (FPS) (FPS)
The report is produced ------ ---- ----- ----- -------- ------- ------- (FPS) (FPS)
------- ---- ---- -------
with the E014 0001
E015 0000
DEVICE=PART and (PIPE) 0001 0.00 0.00 102.7 0.00 111.98 111.98 1-PH 1-PH 882.57
(INJE) 0000
DEVICE=FULL E016 0001
options (COMP) 0000
E017 0001
(XCH1) 0000
E018 0001
(SEPR) 0000
E019 0001
(INJE) 0000
E020 0001
(COMP) 0000
E021 0001
(XCH1) 0000
E022 0001
(SEPR) 0000
E023 0001
VSG
5-26 Results
Viscosity and Density Results
Detailed property BASE CASE
tables for any or all LINK "1 " PROPERTY DETAIL REPORT
Case Summary
This report is always BASE CASE
produced to
summarize case study PRESSURE TEMPERATURE FLOW RATE
NODE PSIG DEG F LB/HR
results. It shows the ---- -------- ----------- ---------
node pressures, FEED 114.0 60.0 1500000.00
J1 0.106E+03 0.100E+03 0.00000E+00
temperatures, and J2 0.926E+02 0.142E+03 0.00000E+00
PROD 87.4 182.4 -1500000.00
flowrates for each
case. CASE STUDY 1
CASE STUDY 2
5-28 Results
Sphering Report
The sphering report is BASE CASE
produced when sphering
calculations are *******************
performed and * SPHERING REPORT *
*******************
DEVICE=PART, or
greater, is specified in the
print options. The effect INLET ----RE-EST: FLOW ZONE-- ----------------SPHERE-----------------
-----BEHIND SPHERE----
of the sphere is followed PRESS: FLOW
along the length of the TIME PRES: DISTANCE PRESS: TEMP: DISTANCE DROP PRESS: TEMP: RATE
pipeline. (SECS) (PSIA) (FT) (PSIA) (F) (FT) (PSIA) (PSIA) (F) (LBHR)
------- ------- -------- ------- ------ -------- ------- ------- ------ ----
This report shows the SPHERE NUMBER 1 LAUNCHED FROM STATION 1
conditions at the inlet, at
the re-established two- 19.0 360.4 32.1 360.3 119.9 494.3 8.5 359.5 118.4 41370.
38.0 361.7 64.1 361.5 119.8 984.7 8.5 359.8 116.7 41370.
phase flow zone, and at 57.0 361.7 96.2 361.4 119.7 1475.1 8.5 358.8 115.1 41370.
the sphere. 76.0 363.0 128.1 362.6 119.6 1959.5 8.5 359.2 113.5 41370.
95.0 363.0 160.2 362.5 119.5 2449.5 8.5 358.2 112.0 41370.
114.0 364.2 191.9 363.7 119.4 2928.8 8.5 358.6 110.6 41370.
133.0 364.2 224.0 363.6 119.3 3417.1 8.5 357.6 109.2 41370.
152.0 365.4 255.6 364.7 119.1 3891.6 8.5 357.9 107.8 41370.
171.0 367.1 286.9 366.3 119.0 4356.4 8.5 358.7 106.5 41370.
190.0 368.5 318.3 367.6 118.9 4819.6 8.5 359.2 105.3 41370.
209.0 369.8 349.6 368.8 118.8 5280.9 8.5 359.6 104.2 41370.
228.0 371.0 380.8 370.0 118.7 5740.0 8.5 359.9 103.1 41370.
Finally, the time STEADY STATE NOT REACHED YET. TIME IS 30329.94 SECS.
required for the STEADY STATE NOT REACHED YET. TIME IS 30492.76 SECS.
pipeline to return to STEADY STATE NOT REACHED YET. TIME IS 30655.57 SECS.
steady state is shown. STEADY STATE NOT REACHED YET. TIME IS 30818.38 SECS.
STEADY STATE NOT REACHED YET. TIME IS 30981.19 SECS.
STEADY STATE NOT REACHED YET. TIME IS 31144.01 SECS.
The second report, VALVE SIZE SELECTION AND VALVE RATING REPORT
Valve Size Selection ============================================
VALVE API SIZE NOMINAL NOMINAL HEM MINIMUM VALVE
and Valve Rating NAME ESTIMATE SIZE TYPE RATING RATING CLASS
(IN2) (LBHR) (LBHR)
Report offers a - - - - -
selection of valve S1 1.5206 1.838 IN2 K 6.59E4 6.00E4 DEFAULT
S2 0.1346 0.110 FT2 D 3.30E5 3.05E3 B190
sizes based on the
nominal valve sizes
provided by the
manufacturer. The
report also rates the
capacity of the
selected nominal
valve size.
Finally, individual VESSEL S1 AT 171.9 DEG F AND 240.0 PSIA
valve reports are MOLE FRACTION-
HYDROCARBON COMBINED TOTAL
provided that describe COMPONENT VAPOR LIQUID1 VAP+LIQ1 LIQUID2 STREAM
-
the computations used C3 0.019421 0.012854 0.014000 0.000000 0.014000
to estimate valve PRLN 0.506044 0.302466 0.338000 0.000000 0.338000
NC4 0.472786 0.682627 0.646000 0.000000 0.646000
sizes. IC4 0.001749 0.002053 0.002000 0.000000 0.002000
NC5 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
IC5 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
N2 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
C2 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
TOTAL RATE (INLET TO NODE IF JUNCTION)
LB/HR 9920. 50080. 60000. -1.79E-3 60000.
MOLE/HR 199.5 943.3 1142.7 0.0 1142.7
WT FRAC LIQ 0.834668 0.834668
PHASE PROPERTIES
MASS FRACTION 0.165332 0.834668 1.000000 -2.98E-8 1.000000
VOLUME FRAC 0.717091 0.282909 1.000000 0.000000 1.000000
DENSITY LB/FT3 2.31 29.58 0.00
SPECIFIC GRAV 1.716592 0.474321 0.000000
VISCOSITY CP 0.0105 0.0817 0.0000
ENTHALPY BTU/LB 206.411 87.525 0.000 107.181
SURF TENS DYNES/CM 4.464 0.000
MOLECULAR WT 49.7331 53.0912 52.5051 0.0000 52.5051
5-30 Results
Source Vessel VESSEL SOURCE S1 VALVE SIZE REPORT
-
RELIEF VALVE OPERATION
VALVE FLOW RATE 5.9999E4 LB/HR
UPSTREAM TEMPERATURE 171.907 DEG F
DOWNSTREAM TEMPERATURE 95.153 DEG F
UPSTREAM PRESSURE 240.012 PSIA
DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE 79.252 PSIA
OVERPRESSURE FRACTION 1.100
GAUGE SET PRESSURE 204.829 PSIG
GAUGE BACK PRESSURE 64.552 PSIG
GAUGE RELIEF PRESSURE 225.312 PSIG
VALVE OVERPRESSURE 20.483 PSIG
INLET CONDITIONS GAS + LIQUID
API 520 API 520 VALVE SIZE MODEL
VALVE TYPE CONVENTIONAL
VALVE CLASS DEFAULT
DISCHARGE MODE GAS + LIQUID
GAS DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT 0.975 (API DEFAULT)
LIQUID DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT 0.700
VALVE SIZE ESTIMATE 1.521 IN2 CRITICAL FLOW ENCOUNTERED
AREA GAS RELIEF 1.269 IN2
AREA LIQUID RELIEF 0.251 IN2
HEAT CAPACITY RATIO (GAS) 1.035
CRITICAL FLOW PRESSURE (GAS) 143.682 PSIA
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR (GAS) 0.875
LIQUID SPECIFIC GRAVITY 0.548
VISCOSITY CORRECTION (LIQUID) 1.000
BACK PRESSURE CORRECTION (LIQ) 1.000 (API CONVENTIONAL DEFAULT)
BACK PRESSURE CORRECTION (GAS) 1.000 (API CONVENTIONAL DEFAULT)
LIQUID DISCHARGE RATE 3.1375E4 LB/HR
LIQUID DISCHARGE RATE (VOLUME) 114.508 GAL/MIN
GAS DISCHARGE RATE 2.8624E4 LB/HR
CALCULATION BACK PRES. (GAS) 143.682 PSIA
CALCULATION BACK PRES. (LIQ) 79.252 PSIA
HEM-Diers HEM-DIERS VALVE SIZE MODEL
HEM DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT 0.950
VALVE SIZE ESTIMATE 1.673 IN2 CRITICAL FLOW ENCOUNTERED
CRITICAL FLOW PRESSURE 174.005 PSIA
Valve Selection and VALVE SELECTION AND RATING
Rating NOMINAL VALVE SIZE 1.838 IN2
NOMINAL VALVE IDENTIFICATION K
NOMINAL VALVE RATING 6.5920E4 LB/HR
Chapter Contents
2 2
mv 1 g mv 2 g
Q + Ws + U 1 + p 1 V 1 + ---------- + mZ 1 ----- = U 2 + p 2 V 2 + ---------- + mZ 2 ----- (6-2c)
2g c gc 2g c gc
where:
Q= heat added to, or taken away from, the fluid (e.g., by a heat exchanger, or by
transfer to or from the surroundings)
Ws = shaft work done on or by the fluid (e.g., by a pump, or in a turbine)
Changing the basis of equation (6-2c) to that of unit mass, and looking at differential
changes rather than macro-system changes results in equation (6-3):
p
du + d --- + vdv g
--------- + -----dZ + dq + dw s = 0 (6-3)
gc gc
where:
u= specific internal energy of the fluid
q= specific heat exchanged
ws = specific shaft work
r= fluid density
dh = du + d pV (6-4a)
p
dh = du + d ---
(6-4b)
1 1
= du + --- dp + pd ---
from the Second Law of Thermodynamics, for reversible work, wrev, and heat, qrev:
1 (6-6)
= pd ---
and
where:
ds = the differential specific entropy change in a system
T= the absolute temperature value at which q is exchanged
Therefore, equation (6-4a) may be rearranged to make du the subject and equations (6-6)
and (6-7) can be substituted into relationship (6-5). The resultant expression may then be
directly substituted into equation (6-3), to create equation (6-8):
p p vdv
Tds + dp g
------ d --- + d --- + --------- + -----dZ + dq + dw s = 0 (6-8)
g g
c c
Equation (6-7) is valid for a truly reversible process. In reality, due to irreversibilities
such as friction, there will always be losses inherent in any process. Equation (6-7) for
irreversible processes then becomes:
dq + dL w = TdS (6-9)
where:
Lw = lost friction work
If the assumption is made that there is no shaft work performed by, or on, the fluid
(ws=0), then expression (6-9) becomes:
dp
------ + vdv g
--------- + -----dZ + dL w = 0 (6-10)
gc gc
A pipe, inclined at an angle to the horizontal, as shown in Figure 6-2, will effect a
change to the vertical dZ term in equation (6-10). Since dZ = dL sin , multiplying
equation (6-10) through by/dL gives:
g sin dL w
vdv + -----
dp- ------------
----- + + ---------- = 0 (6-11)
dL g c dL g c dL
Equation (6-11) can then be rearranged and integrated over a pipe length L to give the
familiar steady state pressure drop equation (6-12). The resulting equation is known as
Bernoullis equation for the case of integrating for fluids of constant density, or as
Eulers equation when used for an ideal fluid, where the loss term, (Lw), is set to zero.
2
g- L sin + L + -
p = ---- w ----------------- (6-12)
gc 2g c
When computing the total pressure drop, p, the lost work due to friction must be
expressed in more common terms. The loss component from equation (6-11), (dLw/
dL), can be more explicitly defined by performing a simple force balance on a section of
circular pipe between the wall shear stress (which accounts for the frictional losses) and
pressure forces (Figure 6-3).
2
dp-dL g c d i = d dL
p 1 p 1 ----- ---------------
- (6-13)
dL 4 w i
dp- 4g c w dL w
----- - = ----------
dL FRICTION = ---------------
di dL
(6-14)
vdv + -----
dp- + ------------
----- g sin + 4g c w- = 0
--------------- (6-15)
dL g c dL g c di
For both laminar (streamline) and turbulent flow, a dimensionless friction factor, f, is
defined as the ratio of shear stress to the fluid kinetic energy per unit volume:
w 2 w
f FANNING = ---------------
- = ---------
- (6-16)
2 2
v 2 v
Equation (6-16) represents one of the original friction factor formulations as defined by
Fanning. The Darcy-Weisbach (or Moody1) friction factor, fd, is used in PIPEPHASE,
and is defined as being four times larger than the Fanning factor:
w 8 w
f d = ---------------
- = ---------
- (6-17)
2 2
v 8 v
Note: The superscripts given in the text in this chapter refer to the appropriate entry in
C.
Substituting equation (6-17) into the pressure loss component of equation (6-15) gives:
2 2
dp-
-----
di fd v di fd v
= w ----------- = -------------
- ----------------
- = -------------- (6-18)
dL FRICTION gc Ai 8g c d 2 4 2g c d i
i
The general pressure drop expression for a single-phase fluid can then be re-written as:
Note: Users of SI or Metric units of measure: The unit of force in SI and Metric unit sets
is the Newton. The Newton is defined so as to make the proportionality constant, gc,
unity, thus eliminating it from equation (6-19).
For a laminar flowing fluid, the following equation for the Darcy-Weisbach friction
factor can be derived analytically from Poiseuilles equation:
64
f d = ----------- (6-20)
vd i
where:
= fluid viscosity
vd
Re = -----------i (6-21)
This number is used as a basis for many pressure drop- and heat transfer-related
correlations.
Turbulent Flow
As the flowrate of a fluid is increased from laminar flow conditions, the fluid particles
begin to move randomly in all directions of flow, and in a more haphazard fashion as
velocities increase. As the flowrate increases even further, the fluctuations in the
behavior of the particles becomes more significant, and the flow is termed turbulent.
Typically, the transition between laminar flow and full turbulent flow occurs over a
region between Reynolds numbers of 2000 and 3000.
1- 2 18.7 -
-------- = 1.74 2log 10 ----- + --------------- (6-22)
fd d
i Re f
d
To solve these types of equations usually requires an iterative procedure to determine fd.
In standard texts these equations are represented as graphs of friction factor versus
Reynolds number, containing lines of constant /d (see Figure 6-6).
Figure 6-6: Friction Factor Chart (Semi-Log fd vs Log Re) after Moody
q
v s G = -----G- for the gas (6-23b)
A
where:
q= volumetric flowrate of the phase
A= cross-sectional area of the pipe
s = superficial velocity of the phase
subscripts G and L refer to the gas (vapor) and liquid phase respectively
The fluid mixture velocity is then defined as the velocity of the total mixture, and can be
shown to be equal to the sum of the component superficial velocities:
L q +q G
M = ------------------
- (6-24a)
A
M = s L + s G (6-24b)
where:
subscript M refers to the mixture
A
H L = -----L- (6-25)
A
AG
H G = ------
- (6-26)
A
For a given steady-state snapshot of a two-phase fluid flowing in a pipe, there can be
two feasible liquid holdup scenarios slip liquid holdup (where the gas and liquid are
traveling at different velocities) and no-slip liquid holdup (where both phases are
actually traveling at the same speed). These concepts are important in the study of two-
phase flow systems, and will be utilized fully when describing two-phase pressure drop
The slip velocity is defined as the difference between the actual gas and liquid
velocities:
s = G L (6-27)
Now,
q
G
G = ------
- (6-28a)
AG
q
L = -----L- (6-28b)
AL
Then from equations (6-23a), (6-23b), (6-25) and (6-26) it is simple to show that, for
cases of no-slip w hereG = L:
s L
L = H L, NO SLIP = -------
- (6-29)
M
where:
L= no-slip liquid holdup
Therefore, the no-slip liquid holdup can be shown to be a function only of the superficial
velocities of each phase, and is thus simple to calculate if the volumetric flowrate of each
phase is known.
qL
L = ----------
- (6-30)
AH L
M = L HL + 1 HL G (6-31)
The viscosity of a fluid is used in all pressure drop correlations, at least in the
determination of the friction factor, fd, via the Reynolds number, Re. It is also typically
used within correlating parameters in more empirically-based methods. This can be seen
in the two-phase pressure drop correlations given in Table A-6a through Table A-6e,
Two-Phase Pressure Correlations. These types of equation formulated for two-phase
viscosities are more varied than those developed for density (above), since the concept of
a mixture viscosity is more difficult to comprehend. A typical formulation for mixture
viscosity is shown in equation (6-32):
HL HG
M = L G (6-32)
In dealing with two-phase flow, surface tension is another physical property which
affects pressure drop. It is typically used as a correlating property in determining slip
liquid holdup, as well as in determining the different flow regimes (described later).
In systems involving a wet hydrocarbon mixture, there will often be enough water
present to form a separate, second liquid phase. A majority of the current, accredited
industry-standard methods are available in PIPEPHASE. In each method only one liquid
phase is considered to be present. Therefore, when two liquid phases actually exist, they
are bulked together to form one liquid phase. The physical transport properties required
by the pressure drop method for the bulk liquid are then calculated by weighting the
where:
x= liquid viscosity, density, or surface tension
VOLFR = volume fraction
subscripts HC and WAT refer to the hydrocarbon and aqueous phase respectively
Other viscosity mixing rules, e.g., the API methods and the Woelflin procedure (for
cases involving water-in-oil emulsions) are also available in PIPEPHASE.
Two-Phase Flow Pressure Drop
The formula for calculating the pressure drop for two-phase fluids in pipes is analogous
to the equivalent single-phase flow version shown in equation (6-19), except that the
friction factor and physical properties are replaced by their two-phase equivalents:
2
dP g sin + f M M M + M M d M
------- = ----- --------------------- ------------------------- (6-34)
dL gc M 2g c d i gc dL
Note: The definitions of the mixture density (M) and mixture friction factor (fM) terms
are specific to the correlation in which they are employed.
The pressure loss term in equation (6-34) includes a two-phase friction factor, fM. In the
past, researchers have spent a majority of effort in developing predictive correlations for
the two-phase friction factor, as well as the slip liquid holdup term.
Flow Regimes
When two fluids with different physical properties flow together in the same pipe, there
will be a wide range of possible flow regimes. A flow regime (or flow pattern) is
essentially a description of the flow structure, or distribution of one fluid phase relative
to the other. For example, for upward flow of air and water in an inclined pipe, the
dominant flow regime is generally described as either mist flow or slug flow. Different
inclinations of pipe, together with the direction of flow, both have a major effect on the
actual flow regime. Several correlations have been developed specifically for one type of
topology and flow direction (see A). The types of flow regime encountered include, but
are not limited to, those shown in Figure 6-8. Depending on the researcher, categories of
flow regime may be labeled differently.
Note: The flow regime predicted by an individual pressure drop correlation may not
reflect the actual regime encountered in reality, but the use of this regime in that
particular correlation will produce the results as correlated and expected by the
researchers.
One of the latest flow pattern predictions is the Taitel-Dukler-Barnea model. The Taitel-
Dukler-Barnea flow map can be used as a good yardstick to determine which flow
regime will actually prevail. The user can then utilize this map to design out undesirable
topological components of a piping run which are found to instigate severe losses, or
which produce mechanical and/or operational problems. An example of a plant process
which exemplifies typical operational problems due to high-velocity two-phase flow
(slugging) is shown below. This is a section of piping which is used to transport a
refinery atmospheric bottoms stream from a charge heater to the vacuum unit.
Knowledge of the two-phase flow patterns and holdup behavior allow the engineer to
make better decisions, whether mechanically retrofitting an existing system, or when
developing a new design.
In the holdup and velocity detail report section of the output to PIPEPHASE, both the
flow regime (FLOW REGM) as predicted by the pressure drop correlation, and the flow
regime (T-D FLOW REGM) predicted by the Taitel-Dukler map are presented to the
user for reference (PRINT DEVICE=DETAIL must be selected in the General Data
Category of input).
Steps to determine flow Pattern using T-D method:
Operational Variables: Flow Rates qL and qg
Geometrical Variables: d,
Physical Properties: L, g, L, g,
Calculate equilibrium liquid level (holdup) from combined momentum equation
Check transition A: stratified flow or non stratified flow
If stratified, check transition C: smooth stratified or wavy stratified
If non-stratified, check transition B or D
Transition B: intermittent-annular transition
Transition D: intermittent-bubble transition
The decision path is shown below:
PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 6-19
Figure 6-10: Decision Path
Transition Criterion
This phenomenon of critical flow is observed for single-phase gas as well as two-phase
gas-liquid flow. For single-phase gas, the critical flow is reached when the velocity
reaches sonic velocity. For multiphase flow situations, sonic velocity and critical flow
velocity are not equal in magnitude.
A plot of critical velocity versus the liquid holdup generates an unusual U-shaped curve
(see Figure 6-12). This indicates that the critical velocity for two-phase flow (HL > 0.0)
may be much less than the critical velocity for gas only flow (HL = 0.0). The minimum
critical velocity is reached at a liquid holdup value of approximately 0.5.
The Pressure Discontinuity
When the critical, or choked flow condition has been reached, further lowering of the
outlet pressure does not increase the flowrate. In reality, a pressure (and temperature)
discontinuity occurs at the outlet of the pipe. Referring to Figure 6-12, to the left of the
discontinuity, the velocity is critical and the pressure is critical pressure. To the right of
the discontinuity, the flow is subcritical and the pressure is set pressure, which is less
than the critical pressure.
For flow in a pipe of uniform cross sectional area, a pressure discontinuity and critical
flow can normally occur only at the outlet of the pipe. This implies that critical flow can
potentially occur where the flow area changes to a higher value (such as expansions).
In reality, the pressure discontinuity manifests itself as a shock wave. Critical flow is
therefore often accompanied by an intense rhythmic dissipation of energy and vibrations.
A localized increase in the rate of heat transfer may also be observed.
Single-Phase Flow
Table 6-1 lists recommendations for the single-phase pressure drop correlations
available in PIPEPHASE. The recommendations are provided to help the user choose the
most appropriate correlation for a given application. For users who need more
information, see A.
Note: The original Panhandle B and Weymouth correlations for gas flow were
reformulated to separate the pressure losses due to friction, elevation, and acceleration.
Equivalent friction factors were also derived.
Correlation Recommendations
Gases
Panhandle B Good for long and/or large diameter pipes.
Weymouth Good for short and/or small diameter pipes.
Moody (default) Applicable for all diameters and lengths. Especially good for
high velocity lines since acceleration losses are considered.
American Gas Association Recommended by the American Gas Association.
Liquids
Hazen-Williams Applicable for low viscosity fluids like water and gasoline.
Should not be used for high viscosity fluids.
6-24 Technical Reference
Correlation Recommendations
Moody (default) Applicable for fluids over a wide range of conditions.
Two-Phase Flow
The available two-phase empirical correlations for Horizontal and Inclined Flow are
listed in Table A-2, Recommendations for Two-Phase Pressure Drop Correlations
In addition, PIPEPHASE offers several hybrid correlations, see Table A-4, Hybrid
Models Summary.
Mechanistic Models
PIPEPHASE supports the following mechanistic two-phase flow correlations:
The Ansari model for vertical flow
The Xiao model for horizontal and near-horizontal flow
The comprehensive TACITE hydrodynamic model, and
The comprehensive OLGA hydrodynamic model.
A brief description for each of these methods is provided in the following sections.
Ansari
The Ansari75 method, developed at the Tulsa University Fluid Flow Projects (TUFFP) is
a comprehensive mechanistic model for upward two-phase flow, covering each of the
flow patterns encountered as well as the corresponding transitions.
Xiao
Like the Ansari work, the Xiao81 model was also developed at TUFFP. It is a
comprehensive mechanistic model developed for horizontal and near-horizontal
pipelines. Flow pattern prediction, which forms the basis of the analysis, were based on
the pioneering work of Taitel and Dukler82 and its subsequent extensions.
The Taitel and Dukler two-fluid formulation has been used as the basis for the stratified
flow model. Interfacial shear has been addressed through a combination of the separate
approaches by Andritsos and Hanratty83, and Baker et al.84 The treatment of the annular
flow geometry, under the assumption that flow in the gas core is homogeneous, is similar
to the two-fluid stratified flow model. The Oliemans et al.85 model, originally developed
for vertical annular flow, was used to represent interfacial friction and liquid entrainment
Intermittent flow was characterized by alternating liquid slugs and gas pockets, with a
stratified layer flowing along the bottom of the pipe. The Taitel and Barnea86 approach
was used to develop the fundamental slug flow model, with the Taitel and Dukler
approach to shear stress modified for the specific flow geometry.
Field validation was based on the American Gas Association (AGA) database, as well as
field data presented by Mcleod et al. A majority of the validation was based on
comparison of model predictions against small-scale laboratory data.
OLGA
The OLGA model has been described by Bendiksen et al.91 The physical model, valid
across the range of inclination angles, is based on separate conservation of mass
relationships for the gas and liquid phases, as well as for the entrained liquid droplets.
The additional equations in the formulation are momentum balances for each of the two
phases, and a combined mixture energy balance.
When specifying the size of a pipe segment, a general rule of thumb is that the pressure
drop across the segment should be 2-10% of the segment inlet pressure. If you are unsure
as to what this value will approximately be, then you should first run the simulation with
default segmenting. In subsequent runs, the segment sizes should be adjusted using the
results of a prior run. In high-velocity systems, such as flare relief networks, the
automatic segmenting option may be useful. This method should not be relied upon
alone as a catch-all for segment size problems. In these particular cases, you are
strongly advised to inspect the DEVICE DETAIL REPORT section of the output in
order to judge whether the changes in pressure over segments in high-velocity pipe
devices are high enough to warrant and additional simulation run with smaller defined
segments.
Definition of a Network
An INPLANT network is defined as a system of two or more links joined together. A
link is defined as a connection between two nodes. A node can be a sink (where fluid
leaves the system), a source (where fluid enters the system), or a junction (where two
links join together).
The network solution algorithm can be used to solve any type of pipeline network, from
complex, multiphase looped systems to simpler single-phase fluid distribution systems
(e.g. instrument air, cooling water, etc.).
Internally, PIPEPHASE generates a set of material and pressure balance equations from
the input data, and proceeds to solve these equations simultaneously using a Newton-
Raphson scheme and a matrix solver. As will be seen in the following section, almost
any combination of flow and pressure node conditions can be solved, which gives you
tremendous flexibility in solving a wide variety of problems.
Q in = Q out (6-36)
Therefore,
Q net = 0 (6-37)
You may then specify the details of the structure within the links. The devices
appearing in each link should be ordered sequentially in the direction dictated by the
FROM=/TO= statement (see 4), or, in the case of loop links, the expected direction
of flow.
Assuming all other categories of input are satisfied, you are then ready to run the
simulation. When problems are encountered, a printed iteration history can assist in
diagnosing which course of action to take to produce a solution. To do this, use the
ITER keyword in the PRINT statement prior to executing the run.
There are several additional tips on the setting up of networks, and these are given in a
later section on Converging Network Simulations.
Flare relief systems analysis for the venting of process fluids in the event of an upset
requires special treatment in both the solution algorithm and modeling logic. This is
because of the inherent likelihood of high velocities, high accelerations, and the
occurrence of critical flow in such systems. Generally, aside from the network piping
and device topology, the relief flowrates (loadings) are known. Also known is the
pressure at the base of the flare stack. The relief load can be found by using the
depressuring unit in INPLANT, or by direct input by the user. The relieving calculation
can be integrated with any relieving source, and can therefore automatically feed in the
stream conditions at relief for the users convenience (see a later section on Depressuring
Calculations). The objective of the majority of flare system simulations falls into one or
more of the following categories:
Evaluation of relief valve sizes for emergency discharge scenarios.
Checking existing flare line capacity for emergency discharge scenarios. Additional
sources added to a flare system in a revamp situation are often justified simplisti-
cally on the basis of assuming single-phase flow, or worse have been justified with-
out simulating the relieving network in its entirety. The checking of existing designs
and existing implementations is a common use of the flare solution algorithm in
INPLANT.
Evaluation of the occurrence of critical flow, its severity, and location(s) of inci-
dence. In addition to this, the case study feature in INPLANT is typically used once
problem areas have been identified, in order to find a local device (e.g., pipe) size
which eliminates the critical condition.
Let us assume that there is a critical flow condition at the point marked (1) in
Figure 6-18. INPLANT begins its iterative, segment-by-segment calculations and finds a
pressure, Pb, at junction B, based on the known pressure downstream at node C, which
in this example is the flare base sink. At junction B, a critical flow check is made on the
devices immediately upstream of the junction (in this case 2 and 6 pipes), which we
will assume have an outlet pressure of P1. To begin the critical flow check, we will
assume that P1= Pb.
The actual mass flux, Gb, at the junction may be compared with the critical mass flux,
Gc1, as predicted by the Moody Pulse Model at the pipe outlet temperature, T1, pressure,
P1 (= Pb for the primary check), and specific link composition. If the actual value is
greater than the critical mass flux (i.e., Gb > Gc1), then the situation is infeasible and a
new (higher) pressure is calculated for the outlet of the upstream device such that Gb =
Gc1 and critical flow prevails.
The pressure which corresponds to this criterion is the critical pressure at the pipe outlet,
and consequently provides the solution algorithm with the next fixed pressure point with
which node A can be pressure balanced.
In the example shown in Figure 6-19, let us assume that the relieving source 4, which
has a user-supplied ID of 4, is found after solution to have its user-supplied maximum
back pressure violated. INPLANT will then select the next largest pipe ID in link 4-3,
which in this case the user has supplied as 6.5.
Resizing this pipe to 6.5, however, violates the logic that all pipes must increase in
diameter towards the flare base, since link 3-2 is only 6 ID. Therefore the pipe in link 3-
2 also has its diameter increased to the next supplied value, 8. No further resizing needs
to be performed from this point, since link 2-1 piping has the same ID, 8.
Note: If the user does not define a pipe inside diameter set from which the algorithm is
to choose a next largest diameter, and a feasible solution does not exist, then INPLANT
will continue increasing the pipe size until an limit of 99 is reached.
Pipe line resizing will only be invoked if a maximum source back pressure or percentage
critical flow limit is violated. If a pipe is oversized, therefore, the sizing algorithm will
not attempt to reduce the diameter. In flare system sizing simulations, therefore, the user
is advised to undersize the original supplied pipe diameters so as to invoke the resizing
algorithm. The user is also advised to undersize the diameters reasonably to ensure
convergence.
W TZ
A = --------------------------------- (6-38)
CK d P 1 K b M
where
A= Area of the relief valve (in2)
W= Required flow through the valve (lb/hr)
and
k+1
------------
k1
2
C = 520 k ----------- (6-39)
-
k+1
Conventional Valves
For conventional safety relief (not balanced bellows), INPLANT uses the API-520
recommended formulae for back pressure correction. Thus for critical flow, or choked
flow,
Kb = 1 (6-40a)
735F 2 1 r
K b = ------------------------------
- (6-40b)
C
where:
r= Defined as the ratio of the absolute back pressure, P2, to the upstream pressure, P1
and
2--- k----------
1- k
k ----------
k
k - -------------------
1r 2 k1
---------- r ,r r c = ------------
k 1 1r k + 1
= (6-41)
k
----------
2 k1
1 ,r r c = ------------
k + 1
Clearly, for choked flow the API formulae yield a back pressure correction of unity
(Kb=1), as is expected.
INPLANT also allows the user to specify a curve that defines the relation between Kb
and the pressure ratio P2/P1 for circumstances in which the manufacturer might
recommend a different correlation.
Balanced Bellows Valves
INPLANT uses as default values of back pressure capacity correction, Kb, that are
suggested by API-520 (1993) at an overpressure of 10 percent (see Figure 7-21). The
predictions in Figure 6-20 show a correlation between Kb and the ratio of gauge back
pressure to gauge set pressure (Pb/Ps). The gauge set pressure of a valve is the difference
between the gauge relief pressure and the overpressure on the valve. The correlation
shown in Figure 6-20 is valid when the overpressure is 10 percent of the gauge set
pressure.
INPLANT allows the user to override the default back pressure correlation shown in
Figure 6-20 and the default overpressure ratio of 10 percent. The user is advised to
override the back pressure defaults when appropriate data are available from the valve
manufacturer.
Figure 6-20: API 520 Suggested Kb for Balanced Bellows Valves in Vapor Relief
where:
A= Required effective discharge area (in2)
Q= Flowrate (U.S. gallons per minute)
Kd = Effective coefficient of discharge. This value should be obtained from the valve
manufacturer. INPLANT uses a default value of 0.65 which can be overridden.
Kw = Correction factor due to back pressure. For conventional valves INPLANT uses a
default value of Kw=1. For balanced bellows valves, default values of Kw are shown in
Figure 6-21. The values in Figure 6-21 are those recommended by API 520 (1993) in
the absence of manufacturer valve data. INPLANT also allows the user to override the
default values for Kw when valve data are available.
Kv = Correction factor due to viscosity, as determined from Figure 32 of API 520 (1993).
G Specific gravity of the liquid at the flowing temperature referred to water = 1.0 at 70oF.
In INPLANT this value is approximated by the specific gravity that applies at upstream
conditions of temperature and pressure.
P1 Upstream relieving pressure (psig)
P2 Back pressure (psig)
Figure 6-21: API 520 Kw for Balanced Bellows Valves in Liquid Relief
max P P
2 P c
V dP
W o
G = ---------- = --------------------------------------------- (6-43)
AK d V
where
G= Rate of mass discharge through valve per area of relief valve
A= Area of relief valve
Kd = User specifiable discharge coefficient for valve
Po = Upstream pressure at relieving conditions
P= Downstream pressure
Pc = Critical (choked flow) pressure of discharging fluid. Pc is defined to be that pressure
which maximizes the value of G in equation (6-43)
V Specific volume of the discharging fluids
dP Differential of pressure.
W-
A = ---------- (6-44)
Kd G
PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 6-45
User-Specificable Valve Sizing Parameters
INPLANT enables the user to specify the adjustable parameters that appear in the
API 520, and HEM-DIERS valve-sizing equations. For details on the format required to
specify these parameters, see 4 for a description of keyword requirements for valve size
estimation.
Discharge Coefficients (Kd)
When not specified, the following values are used as default:
Kd=0.975 in the API 520 model for gas relief. Note that this value is the API stan-
dard.
Kd=0.65 in the API 520 model for liquid relief.
Kd=0.975 in the HEM model for one and two-phase relief.
Gas Discharge Back Pressure Capacity Correction Factors (Kb)
INPLANT allows the user to specify a piece-wise linear approximation to this function.
For balanced bellows valves, INPLANT requires that Kb be expressed as a function of
the ratio of gauge back pressure to gauge set pressure. The set pressure on the valve is
related to the relieving pressure by a user-specifiable valve overpressure fraction. For
conventional valves, INPLANT requires that Kb be expressed as a function of the ratio of
absolute relieving pressure to absolute back pressure. When the capacity correction
factor Kb is not specified, INPLANT uses API 520 recommended default values (see
Figure 6-20 and equations (6-40a) and (6-40b).
Liquid Discharge Back Pressure Capacity Correction Factors (Kw)
INPLANT allows the user to specify a piece-wise linear approximation to this function
in terms of the ratio of gauge back pressure to gauge set pressure. As in the case of gas
discharge, INPLANT relates the set pressure on the valve to the relief pressure through
the specification of a valve overpressure fraction. When not specified, INPLANT uses
API 520 recommended values for Kw. Therefore, for conventional valves, INPLANT
uses Kw=1, and for balanced-bellows valves, INPLANT uses values for Kw that are
shown in Figure 6-21.
Allowable Overpressure Fraction
This variable is the ratio of the gauge relief pressure to the gauge set pressure on a valve.
With balanced-bellows valves, INPLANT uses the overpressure fraction to calculate the
set pressure on a valve from its relief pressure. The set pressure is then used to calculate
the capacity correction factor for the valve. When not specified, INPLANT uses a
default value of 110% for the overpressure fraction. Since correlations for capacity
correction due to back pressure depend on the overpressure fraction (see Figure 27 of
API 520), the user is warned to check that the specified overpressure fraction is
compatible with the specified back pressure capacity correction factor.
Depressuring Calculations
The depressuring unit in INPLANT is able to be run either as an independent unit, or
alternatively simulated as part of a relief network. In a flare relief system, depressuring
units may be mixed with sources which have specified flowrates. Up to 50 depressuring
units may be simulated in a single INPLANT simulation.
How the Depressuring Unit Works
(For a more general discussion of the general material and energy balance equations
which apply to a vessel subject to emergency relief, the reader is referred to a 1992
publication by Fisher60.)
The Depressuring Data Category of input allows you specify one or more vessels which
are in relief under fire conditions (see 4). The user inputs the initial temperature and
pressure, together with the vessel volume, initial wetted area (directly or via geometry),
and the vessel source which defines the vessel composition. The operation of the relief
vessel is specified by inputting the relief pressure, the maximum allowable operating
pressure (MAOP) for the vessel, the time for the simulation to run, the time step for
integration, the type of disengagement model (gas or homogeneous), and the phase of
the vented fluid. Finally, the model for the inflow of heat to the vessel is chosen and
specified by the user, including any supplementary data relevant to that method.
Note: INPLANT currently does not model depressuring where mass continues to flow
into the vessel.
When the simulation is run, INPLANT performs the following steps to achieve the vent
rate which is to be used in the flare relief network.
1. From the conditions within the vessel at a given time (initial conditions to begin
with), INPLANT simulates the addition of heat to that vessel by performing a flash
Single-phase Gas
This fluid model is used when there is no liquid phase present throughout the simulation.
The gas specific gravity is used to calculate required physical properties.
PM-
G = --------- (6-45)
zRT
Gas Viscosity (G )
You have the choice between the Lee8 (default, shown below) and the Katz9 correlations.
Both correlations calculate the gas viscosity as a function of specific gas gravity,
temperature, and pressure. The Katz method uses experimental data in the range 40-
400F and 1<Pr<20.
Lee (default)
P-
G = 0.0001K exp 0.0433X G ----- (6-46)
zT
1.5
9.4 + 0.02M T A
K = --------------------------------------------
- (6-47)
209 + 19M + T A
986- + 0.01M
X = 3.5 + -------- (6-48)
TA
where:
TA = Temperature in Rankine
Gas Specific Heat Capacity (CpG)
Specific heat is calculated as a function of temperature (F) using the correlation:
Single-Phase Liquid
The single liquid phase fluid model is used when there is no gas phase present
throughout the simulation. The liquid specific gravity is used to calculate required
physical properties. With the non-compositional single-phase fluid model the you are
able to specify the liquid as water or hydrocarbon, and in doing so activate the relevant
default physical property correlations.
Hydrocarbon Liquid Viscosity (l)
You have the choice between the TUFFP (Beggs/Robinson)10 (default, described below)
and Beal-Standing/Chew-Conally11 correlations for hydrocarbon liquid viscosity
calculations. The latter method is based on an API gravity of 60 or lower, and a
temperature of 300F or lower. Also, PIPEPHASE sets a minimum viscosity of 0.2 cP
and a maximum of 10,000 cP for the Beal-Standing/Chew-Conally method.
Standing Correlation
Beal had presented a graphical correlation to determine dead-oil viscosity. However,
Standing was able to present Beal's correlation with a mathematical equation for dead-oil
viscosity. The API gravity and temperature should be known. The pressure should be 1-
atm and temperature expressed in R. Refer 6-2.
Glaso Correlation
This correlation has been found to be extremely accurate for the ranges it has been
recommended to be used. Glaso had derived the empirical correlation using data from
North Sea. Refer Table 6-2.
Note: Vazquez and Beggs correlation is not applicable for dead oil
Table 6-2:
BEGGS & x Used for Ranges:
L = 10 1
ROBINSON68
3.0324 0.02023API 16 < API < 58
X = 10
----------------------------------------------- 70 < T (F) < 295
1.163 0 < P (psig) < 5250
T
API Used for oil-water mixture.
PROCEDURE
Fluid flows from sources A1, A2, and A3 to junction node A. Then, the combined fluid
flows through link A-B.
Assume that the sources are associated with different PVT data sets to represent their
fluid properties. What set of PVT properties are we going to use to calculate pressure
drop or heat transfer in link A-B?
Node GHV (BTU/SCF)
A1 1200
A2 1100
A3 1250
Fluid properties like Oil Gravity, Gas Gravity, and Water Gravity for link A-B are also
calculated as an average weighted volumetric average:
For Oil Gravity:
API c = (QoA1 * APIA1 + QoA2 * APIA2 + QoA3*APIA3)/ (QoA1 + QoA2 + QoA3)
where:
API c: Combined Oil Gravity to be used in Link A-B
QoA1: Volumetric Oil Flow Rate at Standard Conditions in Source Node A1
APIA1: Oil Gravity for Fluid Coming from Source Node A1
QoA2: Volumetric Oil Flow Rate at Standard Conditions in Source Node A2
APIA2: Oil Gravity for Fluid Coming from Source Node A2
QoA3: Volumetric Oil Flow Rate at Standard Conditions in Source Node A3
APIA3: Oil Gravity for Fluid Coming from Source Node A3
Note: Mixing methods are the same as blackoil.
Steam Model
Although the methods used are actually compositional, the steam fluid model is listed in
this category because its use is activated by a statement which does not fall under the
compositional fluid model category. This model involves a pressure-enthalpy
formulation in order to calculate a pressure and temperature traverse. For water systems
modeled with the steam method, PIPEPHASE uses the methods given in Table 6-3 for
calculating fluid properties:
Table 6-3: Steam Property Calculation Methods
Property Method
Steam quality and enthalpy SimSci steam package51
Enthalpy
The energy balance part of the iterative calculation segment solution procedure is based
on fluid enthalpy. Fluid enthalpies are calculated (except for the Johnson-Grayson
correlation) from the relationship:
V
* *
H = H H = H + RT z 1 + Td
-----P- P dV (6-50)
dT v
where
H= Enthalpy
H* = Ideal gas enthalpy of the mixture
H = Enthalpy deviation for the mixture
Table 6-5 lists notes and references for the enthalpy correlations currently available in
PIPEPHASE.
Note: See The Calculation Segment, p. 6-28, for a discussion of the calculation
segment, and Enthalpy, p. 6-57 for the logic for enthalpy balancing
dq = U TdA (6-51)
where:
dq = rate of heat transfer from the fluid to the surroundings
U= overall heat transfer coefficient
T = temperature difference between fluid and the surroundings
dA = area through which heat flows and on which U is based = d dL
d= diameter
L= length
The change in the fluid temperature due to heat transfer from the fluid is given in
differential form as:
dq = mC p dT (6-52)
where:
dq = rate of heat change in the fluid ( denotes difference with Eqn. (6-51))
m= mass flowrate
Cp = specific heat capacity of the fluid
dT = differential change in fluid temperature ( denotes difference with Eqn. (6-51))
In order to calculate the fluid temperature changes, equations (6-51) and (6-52) are set
equal, and integrated over the segment length L.
A special numerical integration yields an approach to an exponential curve, where the
fluid temperature approaches the ambient temperature.
where:
H = Overall change in enthalpy
HKE = Change in enthalpy due to kinetic energy
HPE = Change in enthalpy due to potential energy
Qout = Energy change with surrounding medium
m sG P U d T avg T G L
z -----------------------------------------------
H = ----------------------------------
- + ------------- - (6-54)
778 3217 P 778 3600 m
where:
P = Estimated change in pressure over the segment (psia)
P= Average pressure in the segment (psia)
z = Vertical elevation change over the segment (ft)
L = Length of the segment (ft)
d= Reference diameter on which U is based (usually di or do)
Tavg = Estimated average temperature in the segment (F)
TG = Ambient Temperature at the middle of the segment (F) = TGa - (Tgrad)(z)
TGa = ambient temperature at the middle of the previous segment (F)
Tgrad = Temperature gradient (F per ft. elevation)
vm = Mixture velocity
vsG = Superficial gas velocity
Figure 6-23 (a) represents the analytical solution of equation (6-54). This would be the
result if PIPEPHASE were able to compute an infinite number of segments. Instead,
PIPEPHASE uses numerical integration techniques. Therefore, as shown in Figure 6-23
(b) and (c), the approach to reality (Figure 6-23 (a)) becomes closer with the more
calculation segments you specify.
1
U = -------------------------------------- (6-55)
Resis tan ces
Resis tan ces = Rinside, film + Rpipe + Rinsulation + Rsurr + Rinside + Routside + Rrad (6-56)
where:
Rinside, film = Boundary layer on the inside of the pipe
Rpipe = Material from which the pipe is made
Rinsulation = Insulation (up to five concentric layers)
Rsurr = Surroundings (soil, air, water or user-defined)
Rinside = An additional resistance inside the pipe (optional)
Routside = An additional resistance outside the pipe (optional)
Rrad = Radiation (optional)
d
R inside, film = ---------------------------
- (6-57)
0.8
0.27k f Re
where:
d= pipe inside diameter
kf = thermal conductivity of the film
Re = Reynolds number
L L + G G L + G d i 124.016
Re = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- (6-58)
L L + G G
Pipe resistance
dlog e d o d i
R pipe = --------------------------------
- (6-59)
24k p
where:
di = pipe inside diameter
Insulation resistance
n
dj
1 1
R insulation = ------ d ---- log e -----------
(6-60)
24 k d j 1
j=1 j
where:
subscript j refers to the Jth layer of insulation (1J 5), and as applied to the diameter, d,
subscript J refers to the outer diameter of the Jth layer, and J-1 refers to the inside
diameter of the Jth layer.
2 2 0.5
dlog e 2D + 4D D t D t
R surr = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- (6-61)
24k surr
where:
D= depth from top of soil to pipe center line
Dt = diameter of pipe plus insulation
ksurr = thermal conductivity of surroundings
do
R surr = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (6-62)
0.333
12k surr 10 log Re surr 1.3681 Pr
Note: You can supply the inside and outside heat transfer coefficients by using the
HINSIDE and HOUTSIDE keywords.
where:
Hrad = Radiative heat transfer coefficient (BTU/hr-ft2 F)
Note: You can supply the radiative heat transfer coefficient by using the HRAD
keyword.
The additional inside resistance (Rinside) is added to the Inside Film Resistance (Rinside,
film) and the additional outside heat resistance, (Routside) is added to the fluid
surroundings resistance or buried surrounding resistance, (Rsurr).
If the radiation film resistance (Rrad) is available, then this contribution is not added to
(Rsurr + Routside) but rather treated as a parallel contributor in the following way:
Note: PIPEPHASE does not consider any length or elevation pressure drop effects
within these equipment types.
Pump Compressor
DPDT device Choke
Check Valve Heaters and Coolers
Separators
Q P
Power = --------------- (6-68)
1715
where:
Lost work (through pump inefficiency) is converted to heat, which may cause the fluid
temperature to rise. The resulting fluid temperature is given by equation (6-69).
where:
the specific gravity of the fluid
T= the temperature in degrees Rankine (R)
Cp = the fluid specific heat capacity at constant pressure, and for compositional fluids is
equal to dH/dT, which is computed rigorously through flash calculations.
Subscripts inlet and outlet refer to the pump inlet and outlet conditions respectively.
Compressor
PIPEPHASE uses the standard GPSA equation to relate compressor power and outlet
pressure:
k----------
1-
k
1545mz avg T inlet P 2 P 1 1
Power = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (6-70)
550M adia k 1 k
where:
zavg = the compressibility at average temperature and pressure
adia the adiabatic compressor efficiency
Cr = fluid specific heat capacity and constant volume
m= mass flowrate
M= average molecular weight of fluid
P2 = outlet pressure
P1 = inlet pressure
Lost work (through inefficiency) is assumed to be converted to heat which may cause the
temperature of the fluid to rise:
k 1-
----------
k
T inlet P 2 P 1 1
T outlet = T inlet + --------------------------------------------------- (6-71)
adia
DPDT Devices
DPDT devices simulate equipment for which no standard PIPEPHASE model exists.
These devices are typically used to model the performance of specially designed valves
and fittings. For these devices, you supply data relating the fluid flowrate, the pressure
change and temperature change in tabular form.
Chokes
The fluid model type you have chosen dictates which correlations are used for
calculating the pressure drop across a choke.
P = P1 P2 (6-72)
2
o o 96.26YC
P 1 = --------------------------------------------
- (6-73)
1
2 2 o
2
-----------
o o ----------- 2 2 2 2
o --------- -1
64.4 64.4 64.4
P 2 = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (6-74)
144
4
Y = 1 0.41 + 0.35 1 k 1 P o P 1
= d0 d1 (6-76)
where:
k= Specific heat ratio, Cp/Cv
Y= Gas expansion factor for nozzles
Ddis = Orifice discharge coefficient
B
Aq l R p
P l = ----------------
C
- (6-77)
d
Check Valves
Check valves are used to permit flow in one direction only. To effect this, the valve
closes to prevent backflow. In PIPEPHASE, these actions are similarly simulated and the
relevant pressure drop calculations use the square-edged orifice equations as per the
choke device implementation. If the flow is determined to be multiphase, PIPEPHASE
uses the same square-edged orifice equations, but assumes the fluid is a uniform mixture.
Q = mC p T (6-78)
Q = mH (6-79)
The pressure drop across the heater or cooler device can be modeled either by:
Specifying the value directly
or
Defining the coefficient and exponential term in the relationship:
exp
P=coeff .(rate) (6-80)
where the rate is always expressed in units of pounds per second (lb/sec).
Separators
In INPLANT separators are used in simulations with compositionally-defined fluids
only. In this type of equipment, the user specifies a fluid separation by percentage by
volume or absolute volumetric rate of fluid of a phase or of phases. The equilibrium
phase split calculations are determined by a flash calculation at the separator temperature
and pressure conditions.
Fittings
PIPEPHASE allows you to specify the pipe fittings shown in Table 6-7 as flow devices
within any link:
Table 6-7: Equipment Devices Modeled by PIPEPHASE
Expansion Contraction
Valve Bend
Orifice Nozzle
Venturimeter Entrance
Exit Tee
With the exception of the nozzle and venturimeter devices, all other fittings pressure
drop equations are taken from the Crane57 manual. The nozzle and venturimeter pressure
drop equations have been taken from Blevins.59 You are referred to these publications for
further details concerning these formulations.
2
P FITTING = K FITTING
---------
2g c
(6-81)
2
f d
= Kmul FITTING -------------
2g c
where:
= the two-phase multiplier for the standard pressure drop equation
KFITTING = the (single-phase) K-factor for the fitting device
KmulFITTING = the (single-phase) K-multiplier (KMUL), or L/d, for the fitting device
fd = friction factor of the device
Chisholm Method
The two-phase pressure drop across a fitting using the Chisholm model, PTP, is given
by:
P TP
- = 1+C 1-
= ------------ ---- + ----- (6-82)
PL X X2
when:
The factor C in equation (6-82) is given by:
P L 0.5
X = ----------- (6-84)
P G
2n
= 0.5 2 2 (6-85)
Changing either the or C2 default values is only recommended when users are
experienced in the application of the Chisholm correlations. These default values have
been chosen to be conservative for a majority of applications.
Homogeneous Model
The homogeneous model requires no user input, and the value appropriate to the
device is defined as:
GL
= 1 + --------- x (6-86)
L
where:
x= Mass vapor quality
Note: For an introduction on how the network solution methods operate, refer to 3:
You can have PIPEPHASE print out a simple box diagram of the structure once all data
has been entered. This is achieved, in the General Data Category of input, by including
the following statements:
CALC NORUN, ..... $$ Which stops PIPEPHASE from performing any calculations
PRINT CONNECT=FULL $$ Which activates the box structure diagram
All pressures and flowrates (i.e., fixed or estimated) for each node should be clearly
marked on the network diagram. Any subsequent changes in problem definition to
assist convergence can be evaluated and implemented simply and quickly.
A hard copy of the PIPEPHASE keyword file for the simulation. This allows you to
check categories other than the Structure Data Category of input where necessary, so
that all link flow device data can be referenced and checked.
A list of the objectives of the simulation. You can then efficiently evaluate the
impact on simulation objectives of all possible changes in network configuration.
Recommendations for converging network simulations are broken into two main
categories.
General Recommendations
Simulation Input Granularity
Within the simulation itself, you must make common sense decisions concerning
which flow devices are important to the simulation and which are not. For high pres-
sure drop systems such as in long pipe runs, it is unlikely that simulating all fittings
in every pipe run will enhance the simulation accuracy by any substantial degree.
However, in low pressure drop systems, the simulation of every part of each pipe
configuration may be critical to ascertaining the pressure drop accurately.
Note: Outside of their use in the above list, junctions must be viewed as simulation
devices only, and should not be confused with any physical representation of the plant.
Iteration History
You should include the statement PRINT ITER in the General Data Category of
input when running new or problematical simulations. This will ensure that the con-
vergence history is printed both to the screen and to the output file, to facilitate fault
diagnosis.
Specific Recommendations
Link Shut-Ins (NM)
A link shut-in is the description given to a link (a series of devices between two
nodes) which PIPEPHASE has closed down and removed completely from the solu-
tion procedure.
Link shut-ins occur during the network solution procedure in these circumstances.
When a source tries to becomes a sink.
When a sink becomes a source.
When insignificant flowrates are determined for a link within a loop configura-
tion.
If a sink or source has reversed its flow directions, the user should first look at the
way the simulation has been structured around the problem link(s). INPLANT will
print out messages warning the user that the link has been shut-in, and therefore any
results from the simulation will be incorrect. As part of INPLANTs network algo-
rithm, a link may be shut-in during the solution procedure, but then be brought back
into the simulation at a later stage of the iteration so that a true solution is reached.
2 5
Qi di Pi (6-87)
where:
n 5
2 d i
Qj ------- P j
li
(6-88)
i=1 j
where:
subscript j represents the jth link
In this model, each pipe (from pipe 1 to pipe n) of diameter d and length l in the link
is taken into account in the link flow allocations.
Note: The flow allocation models 1 and 2 can be specified in the Methods Data
Category of input of input using the FLOWALLOCATION keyword
(FLOWALLOCATION=1 and FLOWALLOCATION=2 respectively)
In Figure 6-27, the sinks J, L and M all have fixed flowrates. Taking the individ-
ual link KM as an example, the sink node M flowrate is known and therefore its
pressure must be calculated. This calculation is based only on the calculated
pressure at junction node K.
Therefore link KM can be left out of the network solution until the nodes on
which iteration must be performed (including node K) have reached a solution.
KM is thus known as a spur link. Similarly, since sink nodes L and M also have
known flowrates, the section of links to the right of junction node I then form a
As a theoretical example, for the network defined in Figure 6-28, you have dis-
covered that by using PIPEPHASEs flow allocation model 2, the output link
CF is being allocated only 10% of the total inlet rate to junction node C. Using
this model then subsequently causes convergence problems, as indicated in the
convergence history. You may then override this initial internal flow allocation
by supplying the value directly in the link statement. You must remember that
all links emanating from the node which produces link CF must also be given
rate estimates. In this example, this means that link CE must be given an esti-
mate in addition to CF. The reason for this logic is that PIPEPHASE uses the
ratio of outflowing link rate estimates in allocating the actual link rate estimates.
PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 6-79
Let us continue with this example, and track PIPEPHASEs processes up to the
beginning of the simultaneous solution procedure. Let us first assume that the
flowrates at nodes A and B in Figure 6-28 have user-supplied estimates of 100
and 80 lb/hr respectively, and also that you expect the flows in links CF and CE
to be approximately equal. PIPEPHASE then follows the steps given in the
paragraphs below:
First, PIPEPHASE takes all fixed and user-estimated pressures at each node, and
based on these pressures produces its own estimates for nodes which have not
been supplied with any pressure value.
Second, PIPEPHASE uses the flow allocation model (in this example, model 2)
to assign flowrates to each link. If you have supplied any flowrates, (in this case
let us assume that you have given estimates of 80 lb/hr for each of the links CF
and CE emanating from node C) then these will be summed together and a ratio
produced. In this case, the sum is 160 lb/hr, and the ratio is 50% to link CF and
50% to link CE.
Third, PIPEPHASE performs a material balance using estimated and fixed flow-
rates at the source and sink nodes. In this example, the source rate estimates of
180 lb/hr total are fed to node C, where the user-defined split ratio of 50/50 is
used to produce link rate estimates of 90 and 90 lb/hr in links CF and CE (there-
fore overriding the users incorrect estimates of 80 lb/hr per link). The material
balance algorithm is also an iterative process and will override user-defined sink
rate estimates where necessary to be consistent with fixed values elsewhere in
the network. This completes the initial estimation procedure for PIPEPHASE,
and the program will then continue to perform the simultaneous solution proce-
dure until either convergence or the maximum iteration limit is reached.
Jump-Over Piping
So-called jump-overs are short pipe runs that connect longer, parallel pipes in
order that flows in each pipe are relatively well-balanced. These jump-over pipes are
usually of no hydrostatic significance, and the loop that is created by virtue of their
inclusion in the simulation can be eliminated by making the two junction nodes into
one, as is shown inFigure 6-30, with negligible loss in simulation accuracy.
General Tips for Loops Where the Flow Direction is Known or Unknown
Networks which include loops fall into two basic categories those which all link
flow directions are known, and those which one or more link flow directions are
unknown.
Interval Halving and Loops Where Flow Direction is Known
In these simulations, you need to check all of the input link flow direction logic in
order to ensure all FROM=., TO=. link statements are as required, and to spec-
ify the keyword NOFR in the Methods Data Category of input. This will ensure that
PIPEPHASE will not attempt to reverse flows during the solution procedure, and
therefore should assist in converging with these network types. A typical situation
encountered where the user has instructed PIPEPHASE not to reverse flow direc-
tions (see also Using Regulators, below) is in interval halving. In links where a flow
reversal cannot occur, PIPEPHASE will instead halve the absolute change in flow-
rate that has been predicted by the solution algorithm in order to try to prevent flow
reversal in the link.
Figure 6-31 shows a refinery case where the user has fixed the flowrates of sinks D
and E at values of 5,000 and 10,000 bpd respectively. In addition, the user has speci-
fied in the input that no flow reversals are allowed (the schematic is part of a larger
network, upstream, and the FROM=..., TO=... definitions are as indicated in the first
diagram).
For iteration 1 (i=1), the upstream network is producing a feed to node A of 15,000
bpd, which is split accordingly to satisfy the two fixed sink flowrates. The flow
direction in loop link BC is as input by the user.
In the next iteration, 2, (i=2), the upstream network increases the next estimate for
the flow to node A to 20,000 bpd. PIPEPHASE then splits the flow according to its
solution algorithm, and finds that its first attempt requires the loop link CB to change
This example shows that the network is converging successfully up until the point
indicated by the arrow. When this position has been reached, PIPEPHASE decides to
reverse the flow direction in one or more links of a particular loop. By reversing the
flow in this/these links, the solution path begins to diverge and a final solution
becomes unachievable. The user may inspect the iteration history to ascertain in
which link the flow reversal occurred first. Placing a regulator device in that link
will prevent the flow reversal.
Using Regulators
A regulator is a device which is used to maintain flow at a fixed downstream pres-
sure. In flow through such a regulator, if the inlet pressure is greater than the user-set
pressure, then the outlet pressure becomes the user-set pressure, and if the inlet pres-
sure is less than the set pressure, then the outlet pressure is set equal to the inlet pres-
sure. In network configurations involving loops, however, its use is almost
exclusively tailored to preventing flow reversals in loop links. Regulators are used in
looped networks mainly to assist convergence
To prevent link flow reversal during solution, you should set the regulator outlet
pressure (in the flow direction) to an unrealistically high value (e.g., 9999 psig). This
action enables the use of the regulator as a convergence aid without affecting the
pressure traverse calculation in that link.
Use of two regulators in this example prevents the situation where flow travels from
node B to node C via one loop, and back to node B via the other.
The approximations inherent in using the strategy outlined above are the temperature at
the new, truncated sources depicted in diagram B at the as yet unknown value of Px, as
well as the PDISCHARGE value that should be used. For these values the user should, in
a separate simulation, mix all of each sub-networks relieving source fluids adiabatically
at their lowest source pdischarge, and use the resultant temperature and PDISCHARGE
as values for the new source.
Figure 6-35: Choke Performance Curve (Choke Outlet Pressure vs. Flow Rate)
Figure 6-30: By selecting "DP from Network", (Choke=3) the user forces PIPEPHASE
to calculate the critical flow rate for a given Pin and set this as the Qmax constraint for
the link. The Critical flow rate is defined as the intersection of the Tubing Performance
Curve and the Critical Choke Performance Curve.
P out
--------- r c
P in
(6-89)
Q Qc
(6-90)
where:
Pout = Pressure down stream of the Choke
Pin = Pressure upstream of the Choke
rc = Critical Pressure Ratio
Qc = Critical Flow Rate
Q = Flow rate through the choke
Note the Gilbert choke model only operates on the Critical Choke Performance Curve.
The Gilbert coefficients determine the slope of this line. Fortunati, Perkins, and Ueda on
the other hand can operate on the Critical Choke Performance Curve plus anywhere
within the Sub-Critical Flow Region.
For "Critical Pressure Ratio", (i.e. CHOKE=4) a different convention is used. Instead of
PIPEPHASE imposing constraints by way of an exponential or linear curve the
following equation is used.
For Q > Qcritical
P out
--------- r c
P in
(6-91)
Figure 6-31: Choke Performance Curve as defined by Choke=4. Notice following this
curve it is possible to predict flow rates through the choke far in excess of the actual
critical flow rate. As a result, this method is not recommended when modeling chokes.
QMIN. This keyword appears on individual LINK statements. This keyword
constrains the minimum flow in links to be greater than a user specifiable value.
This feature can be useful in seeking the solution to network flows in which
links not associated with wells can display heading phenomena.
MBAL Solution Algorithm
The MBAL solution algorithm offers an alternative to PBAL for the solution of single
phase network flows. As with PBAL, the defaults that govern the operation of this
algorithm can require adjustment for successful solution of network flow fields.
Suggested keywords for modification include: RELAX, DAMP, SUBITERATION,
QTOL, PTOL and TTOL. Explanations follow:
6-94 Technical Reference
DAMP and RELAX. As with the Newton-Raphson procedure used with the
FLOWALLOC=3 option of PBAL, under-relaxation of Newton-Raphson steps can
be required with the MBAL algorithm. The keyword DAMP applies to the initial
solution estimate used by MBAL (this is the same algorithm that is used in the
PBAL initialization procedure FLOWALLOC=3), and the keyword RELAX applies
to the non-linear MBAL solution procedure. The default value of both keywords is
0.25. A reduction in the value of these parameters is warranted in circumstances in
which an examination of the residual history (either flow imbalances or nodal pres-
sures) does not show a sustained decrease. Please see above comments for the use of
the DAMP keyword in the FLOWALLOC=3 option of PBAL.
SUBITERATIONS. Because the MBAL algorithm is independent of PBAL, you
must ensure that sufficient iterations are allocated for the chosen level of under-
relaxation through either DAMP or RELAX for the desired solution tolerances to be
attained. The default value of the parameter is 200.
QTOL, PTOL and TTOL. These define the required level of convergence for the
nodal flows, and the changes in the pressure and temperature fields. You are advised,
that often the application of the MBAL algorithm yields minimum values of these
quantities that exceed the specified values of QTOL, PTOL and TTOL. Often this
can not be changed. In these circumstances, you are advised to relax the solution
requirements for the MBAL algorithm.
Link name = L1
A B
Mreg or Mchok or
Mcomp
When the specification as mentioned above are invoked for the devices, subnetworks are
formed with
Upstream link containing all the devices before the break point
Downstream link containing all the devices after the break point.
During the formation of subnetwork, a new sink (pseudo sink) is created for the
upstream link and simultaneously a new source (pseudo-source) is created for the
downstream link. The upstream link retains the original link name but the downstream
link will be given an unique link name. The new nodes (pseudo-sink and pseudo-source)
are also assigned internally generated unique names.
Many sub-networks will be created if several such devices are included in the network.
At calculation time the sub-network containing the upstream link(s) is solved prior to the
sub-network containing the downstream link(s). The flow coming out of the upstream
link (pseudo sink) is transferred to the downstream link (pseudo source); prior to the
calculation of the downstream sub-network pseudo link.
6-96 Technical Reference
Figure 6-39: Broken Links (Sub-Network)
Flow specified
source
A 2 3 B
Mreg or Mchok or
Mcomp
Pressure or flow
specified sink
2
dp- fd v
-----
dL FRICTION = -------------
2g c d i
- (6-92)
2
f d v
P = ------------ (6-93)
2g c d
If we now define the term head, which is gained or lost over a length of pipe L, as hL,
where P = ghL (for each pressure drop term in equation (6-19)), then the velocity in a
pipe changes at the expense of the static, or elevation head. Therefore the decrease in
the elevation head due to velocity is known as the velocity head:
2
v-
H L = ------- (6-94)
2g c
The flow of fluid through a valve or other pipe fitting, such as an elbow, will also result
in a change in head. This may also be expressed in terms of the velocity head:
2
v
H L = K -------- (6-95)
2g c
The loss term K in equation (6-95) is defined as the resistance coefficient, K-factor, or
number of velocity heads. The K-factor, therefore, can be viewed as a constant for any
particular valve or fitting, and independent of friction factor or Reynolds number. From
equation (6-93), the frictional pressure drop over a straight section of pipe is similarly
given by:
2
L v
H L = f --- -------- (6-96a)
d 2g c
where:
L
K = f --- (6-96b)
d
Therefore by equating equations (6-100) and (6-101), it can be seen that the K-factor is
equivalent to (f L/d), where the ratio L/d is the equivalent length (in pipe diameters) of
straight pipe that will cause the same pressure drop as the valve or fitting under the same
flowing conditions.
Crane57 presents evidence that in valves and fittings the K-factor varies with size as
does the friction factor, f, for straight clean commercial steel pipe at flow conditions
resulting in a constant friction factor, and [the] equivalent length L/d tends toward a
constant for the various sizes of a given line of valves or fittings at the same flow
conditions. This conclusion leads to the idea that instead of using a K-factor, the
equivalent length, L/d, should instead be used as a constant multiplier of the friction
factor. The value of the constant should then be derived from field test data and
applicable to all sizes of the particular valve or fitting with which it is identified. In
PIPEPHASE the equivalent length constant, as reported in standard publications such as
Crane, is known as the K-multiplier (keyword KMUL).
In summary, therefore, the K-multiplier should always be chosen, if available, in
preference over a K-factor value, since the K-factor varies with the size of the valve or
fitting.
FAQ 2: Should one use equivalent lengths inside links with two-phase
flow to represent fitting pressure drops?
The K-factor - pipe equivalent length analogy was originally derived only for
incompressible single phase flow (see previous FAQ), where the pressure drop is due
only to friction. The analogy is also applicable for single phase compressible flow where
velocities and velocity changes (i.e., acceleration) are low.
However, for two-phase flow in pipes the same analogy cannot be applied, and the use of
equivalent pipe lengths is not recommended as good simulation practice. The
equivalent length value (i.e., the K-multiplier) multiplied by the prevailing friction
factor is not the same as the true K-factor because the accelerational effects are not
considered in its evaluation. In typical piping system simulations these acceleration
terms may be significant and can cause pressure drops to be predicted which are much
higher than the K-factor method. In the case of two-phase flow, there is no direct
established procedure, equivalent to that presented in the previous FAQ, to derive the
equivalent length analogy, and therefore it should not be used in these situations. A
two-phase multiplier, j, is used in PIPEPHASE (see a previous section in this chapter on
Fittings for further information) to correct the single phase pressure drop equation
(6-96a) for a fitting device to account for two-phase flow.
2
A 2 L v
P = 1 -----1 K exp --------- (6-97)
A2 2g c
where:
subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the small and large diameter points respectively, and
Kexp = the user-supplied K-factor
If we define as the ratio A1/A2, then it can be seen by inspection of equation (6-97) that
if 1-2- Kexp > 0 then P2 > P1 and there is a pressure recovery.
This phenomenon occurs when the 1-2, or velocity head loss is larger than the frictional
pressure loss over the expansion (as calculated by the Crane methods). Pressure rises
over expansion devices are generally unusual, but if they occur in network simulations,
then PIPEPHASE may have trouble solving pressure balances because of this behavior.
In these cases the user should replace these devices with other devices exhibiting
equivalent, but continuous, pressure vs. flow behavior, such as DPDT devices or
alternative fittings with similar K-factors.
2
v v
2
P = K exp -------1- + ----------------
- (6-98)
2g c 2g c
Since PIPEPHASE evaluates conditions at the inlet conditions to the fitting, the velocity
head term can be expanded:
2 L 2 2
v - = -------
---------------- -v v (6-99)
2g c 2g c 2 1
A1 v1 = A2 v2 (6-100)
2 2
A1 v
-----2 = ----22 (6-101)
A2 v1
2 2
A
2 v2 v1
-----1 1 = --------------- (6-102)
A 2 2
v1
2
v
2 L v1 A1 2
----------------- = ----------- ----- 1 (6-103)
2g c 2g c A 2
Substituting equation (6-103) into equation (6-99), and reversing the signs gives
equation (6-88).
q 2
K ---
A
p = ---------------- (6-104)
2
where:
p = device pressure drop
q/A = mass flux per unit area
The device K-factor that appears in equation (6-104) can be related to the discharge
coefficient Kd used to size valves in the API 520 (1993) formula for liquid relief:
Q G
A = -------------------------- ------- (6-105)
38K d K w K v P
where:
A= Required effective discharge area (in2)
Q= Flowrate (US gal/min)
Kd = Effective coefficient of discharge for valve
Kw = Correction factor due to back pressure (Kw=1 for conventional valves)
Kv = Correction factor due to viscosity as determined from Figure 32 of API 520 (1993)
G Specific gravity of the liquid at the flowing temperature referred to water = 1.0 at
70 F
P Valve pressure drop
In the limit of single-phase liquid flow, equation (6-105) can be combined with equation
(6-104) to yield the following relation for K-factor in terms of the valve discharge
coefficient Kd and viscosity correction factor Kv:
1
K = ------------
2 2
- (6-106a)
Kd Kv
In the limit of high Reynolds number flows Kv approaches 1, so that equation (6-106a)
can be approximated as:
1-
K = ----- (6-106b)
2
Kd
FAQ 6: What is the relation between the flow coefficient of a valve (Cv)
and the K-factor for the valve?
The flow coefficient Cv of a valve is defined as the volumetric flux of water, in either
UK or US gallons per minute, at a temperature of 60 and at a pressure drop of one
pound per square inch (1 psia) across the valve (Crane, 1988).
The following expressions relate the resistance coefficient K to Cv:
For valve flows in UK gallons per minute:
2
29.9d
C v = ---------------- (6-107b)
K
where:
d = diameter of the value (in)
Clearly, the coefficient Cv can be related to the discharge coefficient Kd of a valve
through equations (6-107a) and (6-107b).
H = H 2 H 1 (6-108)
where:
H1 and H2 = the enthalpies upstream and downstream of the expansion
The temperature drop that accompanies the pressure drop across the expansion is termed
the Joule-Thomson65 effect. In the limit of incremental changes in pressure, the
temperature change across the expansion is quantified by the Joule-Thomson coefficient:
T
JT = ------ (6-109)
P H
where:
Note: JT can be either positive or negative. In an ideal gas, JT is zero. The Joule-
Thomson effect occurs in those gases for which JT is positive.
Note: This method is not applicable when using the SHORTPIPE segment calculation
method.
The file TEST.PVT which is generated from step (1) is shown below (in abridged format
for clarity). PIPEPHASE uses the data in this file in step (3) when the original file
TEST.INP is re-run. The data contained within the file are in fixed format, and the units
PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 6-105
of measure for each property are also fixed. Since in this example the user wishes to
override liquid density information (to make all values of density at all specified
temperature and pressure ranges equal to 50 lb/ft3), the new values are manually input by
the user, overwriting those internally generated:
TEST.PVT
6 1 COMPOSITIONAL TABLE
1 INTRP 0 EXTRP
6 TEMP 5.19670E+02 6.71670E+02 7.61670E+02 8.51670E+02 9.41670E+02
1.03167E+03
8 PRESS 5.80152E+00 1.16030E+01 1.46959E+01 1.74046E+01 2.32061E+01
2.61068E+01 2.90076E+01 3.48091E+01
3 COMP 1.10000E-01 8.00000E-01 9.00000E-02
0 BUB-T
0 DEW-T
0 WAT-T
0 BUB-P
0 DEW-P
0 WAT-P
AMW 2.12138E+02
TCRIT 1.44092E+03
PCRIT 3.45631E+02
1 PHASE 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 PHASE 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 PHASE 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 PHASE 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
5 PHASE 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 PHASE 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 2
1 VFRAC 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
2 VFRAC 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
3 VFRAC 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
4 VFRAC 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
5 VFRAC 7.75616E-01 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
6 VFRAC 1.00000E+00 9.25658E-01 8.43983E-01 6.98157E-01 7.42643E-02
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
1 LFRAC 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00
1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00
2 LFRAC 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00
1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00
3 LFRAC 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00
1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00
4 LFRAC 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00
1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00
5 LFRAC 2.24384E-01 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00
1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00
6 LFRAC 0.00000E+00 7.43422E-02 1.56017E-01 3.01843E-01 9.25736E-01
1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00 1.00000E+00
1 VMW 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
2 VMW 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
3 VMW 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
4 VMW 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
5 VMW 2.04269E+02 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
6 VMW 2.12138E+02 2.08475E+02 2.06323E+02 2.04524E+02 1.96965E+02
0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00
1 LMW 2.12138E+02 2.12138E+02 2.12138E+02 2.12138E+02 2.12138E+02
2.12138E+02 2.12138E+02 2.12138E+02
2 LMW 2.12138E+02 2.12138E+02 2.12138E+02 2.12138E+02 2.12138E+02
$
END
FAQ 11: FAQ 11: Why is the OLGAS model reporting a negative frictional
pressure loss?
The OLGAS mechanistic model occasionally shows negative frictional pressure losses
in vertical slug flow with low flow rates. In slug flow, OLGAS calculates the pressure
drop in the slug and the bubble. In the bubble, the liquid may be flowing downward,
down the walls of the pipe, giving a negative friction pressure gradient. If the friction
gradient is low in the slug, the net result may be an overall negative frictional pressure
gradient. It is usually a small number compared to the overall pressure gradient.
COLUMN UID=COL2,NAME=FRAC-002
PARAM TRAY=22,IO=20
FEED 8,9,NOTSEP
PROD OVHD=OV8,BTMS=BT8,4289
COND TYPE=BUBB,PRESS=1000
DUTY 1,1,-40/2,22,40
PSPEC TOP=1000
PRINT PROP=PART,ITER=PART,XYDATA
ESTI MODEL=SIMPLE,CTEMP=-100,TTEMP=-50,BTEMP=50,RTEMP=140, *
RRATIO=2
SPEC COLUMN=COL2,TRAY=1,PHASE=L,RATE(M),*
RATIO, *
This*Page Intentionally Blank
STREAM=OV8, RATE(M),
VALUE=2
SPEC STREAM=BT8,RATE(M), *
VALUE=4289
VARY DUTY = 1,2
TOLER ENTH = 0.001
METHOD SET=SET01,22
*
END
In this case, the temperature and composition of stream 6 in the PRO/II file is used
automatically to complement data entered for source node KA.
Here, the component data and temperature of PRO/II stream 6 are used as fixed values,
where the pressure from stream 6 is used as an estimate value.
General Information
The Component Data category defines the pure and pseudocomponents in the problem
and, if necessary, defines or modifies component properties. All components
encountered in a problem, except for assay stream components, must be defined in this
category. Streams defined by distillation assay curves in the Stream Data category are
broken into pseudocomponents based on the rules defined in the Component Data
category.
Using keyword input, PRO/II accepts an unlimited number of components.
Petroleum Components
PRO/II handles petroleum components using industry standard characterization
techniques. PRO/II estimates all required component data given two out of three of
molecular weight, boiling point, or gravity.
Refer to the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual for
instructions on how to enter basic PETROLEUM data, how to change the default
characterization procedures, and entering stream assay data.
Solid Components
PRO/II handles solids with particle size distributions and user-defined attributes. See the
SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual for information on
property data requirements for solid components and associated input format. The
SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual is also used to define
particle size intervals and GENERAL attributes, and for entering actual solid component
attribute values.
Component Properties
The user may define or override component properties for all components in the
simulation. This includes components in the PRO/II component library, user-defined
components, petroleum pseudocomponents and solid forming components. The
properties include constants (such as molecular weight or critical properties), as well as
temperature dependent properties (such as enthalpies in various phase states). Where
appropriate, properties may be given on a mole or weight basis. Refer to Section 1.8 of
the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual for entering component
property values.
UNIFAC Data
Section 1.9 of the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual
discusses the methods for assigning UNIFAC structural groups and van der Waals
parameters for pure components. As discussed starting in Section 20 and in the PRO/II
Reference Manual, UNIFAC provides a means of estimating liquid activity coefficients
when actual VLE or LLE data are unavailable.
COMPONENT DATA
The COMPONENT DATA statement has no entries and is required for all PRO/II
simulations.
Remaining COMPONENT Data Category Statements
The remaining Component Data category statements are discussed in the SIMSCI
Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual.
Component Definition
Petroleum Component Characterizations
Solid Attributes
Component Properties
Component Structural Data for UNIFAC
Category Heading Statement (required)
COMPONENT DATA
Multi-property entries
FORMATION(V or L or S, unit, M or WT) i, enthalpy, Gibbs/...
VANDERWAALS i, area, volume/...
Note: If data or index values are not supplied, the kinematic viscosity is computed using the Twu method
or DENSITY(VL)= option
DENSITY(V)= option and DENSITY(L)= option,
or ENTROPY(VL)= NONE
ENTROPY(V)= option, ENTROPY(L)= option,
Note: Only the STANDARD option is available for molar liquid volume (MOLVOL) calculations when
the WILSON K-value method is selected.
DIFFUSIVITY(L)
DIFDATA (tunit) i, j, c1, c2, c3 / ...
HEXA(K or R) i, j, kija, kjia, kijb, kjib, kijc, kjic, cij, cji / ...
(For vapor fugacity, vapor density, vapor enthalpy, and vapor entropy)
HOCV i, i, nii / i, j, nij / ...
(For vapor fugacity, vapor density, vapor enthalpy and vapor entropy)
IDIMER i, i, Aii, Bii / i, j, Aij, Bij / ...
FLORY i, j, / ...
SOLUTE i, {j ...}
HENDATA(pres, temp) i, l, c1, c2, c3, c4 / ...
C(unit) i, value/...
PC(unit) i, value/...
VC(unit) i, value/...
ZC i, value/...
ACENTRIC i, value/...
NBP(unit) i, value/...
MOLVOL(unit) i, value/...
DIPOLE(unit) i, value/...
RADIUS(unit) i, value/...
SOLUPARA i, value/...
RACKETT i, value/...
WDELT i, value/...
PARACHOR i, value/...
PENELOUX(volunit) i, value/...
Appendix Contents
1 p b 0.04
f = ------ ------------
94 vT b
Weymouth 2
g sin -
dP
------- fv - dP
------- = ----------------- dP
------- = 0
dL f = --------------------
2g c d144 dL e g c 144 dL acc
1 -
f = ---------------------
0.33
71.6d
Moody (default) 2
dP g sin - dP V 1 V 1 V 2
dP
------- fv - ------- = ----------------- -------
dL acc = --------------------------------
-
dL f = --------------------
2g c d144 dL e g c 144 144g c L
1
----- 2 18.7
= 1.74 2 log ----- + ---------------
f d N f Re
vd
N Re = 1488 ---------
f from Moody diagram
Duns & Ross Flow patterns from Duns & Ross flow pattern map
Bubble flow, slug flow
2
V m V s + 4V s + V sl
H l = V s V m + ------------------------------------------------------------
-
2V s
V s calculated from correlation
Mist flow
V sl
H l = l = ----------------------
V sl + V sg
Transition flow
H l = A 1 H l slug + B 1 H l slug
A 1 = f(dimensionless numbers), 0 A1 1
B1 = 1 A1
Bubble and Slug Flow Bubble, Slug and Mist Flow Bubble and Slug Flow
dP f m l V sl V m dP tp V sl g sin dP
------- = ------------------------- ------- = -----------------------------
- ------- = 0
dL f 2g c d 144 dL e g c 144 dL acc
f m from correlation tp = l H l + g H g
f g V sg
2
dP V m V sg n dP
dP
------- = --------------------------
- ------- - -------
= ---------------------
dL f dL acc g c P 144 dL T
2g c d 144
2 n = l l + 1 l g
V sg d
V sg = ------------------
-
2
d
e = roughness from pipe and
liquid film
dP
------- = dP
------- = dP
------- =
dL f dL e dL acc
dP dP dP dP dP dP
A 1 ------- + B 1 ------- A 1 ------- + B 1 ------- A 1 ------- + B 1 -------
dL f slug dL f mist dL e slug dL e mist dL acc slug dL acc mist
f t Vm
2
dP s g sin dP V m V sg n dp
dP ------- = -------------------
- ------- - ------
= ---------------------
------- = -----------------------
- dL e g c 144 dL acc g c P 144 dL T
dL f 2g c d 144
2
t = -----n-
s
s = l Hl + g Hg
s = l Hl + g Hg
1488 n V m d
N Re = ----------------------------
-
s
dP f m l V sl V m dP s g sin dP
------- = ------------------------- ------- = -------------------
- ------- = 0
dL f 2g c d 144 dL e g c 144 dL acc
Vm V m 2 V sg
H l = 1 1--- 1 + ------
- 1 + ------
- 4 -------
- V s = 0.8ft s
2 Vs Vs Vs
Slug Flow
s g
H l = ----------------
-
l g
s = l V sl + V b + s V sg + l
V b = f N Re
N Re = f V b
(calculation is iterative)
Mist Flow
Same as Duns & Ross
Transition Flow
H l = A 1 H l slug + B 1 H l slug
A 1 = f(dimensionless numbers), 0 A1
B1 = 1 A1
Flanigan 1
H l = --------------------------------------
-
1.05
1 + 0.3264V sg
Bubble flow Bubble, Slug and Mist Flow Bubble and Slug flow
dP s g sin dP
V sl 2 ------- = -------------------
- ------- = 0
f l ------- dL e g c 144 dL a
Hl
dP
------- = -----------------------
-
dL f 2g c d 144
Slug flow
V sl 2 dP
------- =
f l ------- dL f
dp Hl
------ = ----------------------- dP dP
- A 1 ------- + B 1 -------
dL f 2g c d 144 dL f slug dL f mist
dP
------- dP
-------
dL f = dL acc =
dP dP dP dP
A 1 ------- + B 1 ------- A 1 ------- + B 1 -------
dL f slug dL f mist dL acc slug dL acc mist
Beggs & Brill Flow Pattern from Beggs and Brill Flow Pattern Map
b
a L
-
H l = --------
c
N Fr
= 0, = 0
0, = 1 + C sin 1.8 0.33 sin 1.8
f g
C = 1 L ln d L eN LV N Fr
a,b,c,d,e,f,g = constants, f(flow pattern)
TransitIon Flow
H L = A 4 H L seg + B 4 H L int
A 4 = f(dimensionless numbers), 0 A4 1 B4 = 1 A4
dp- s 1---
----- 2 2
dL L dp- s f L L V sL L V sL d
x = --------------s- ----- -----------------------
- N Re,L = 1488 ------------------
dp- dL L = 2g d 144 L
----- c
dL g
2
dp- s
----- f L g V sg g V sg d
= -----------------------
- N Re,g = 1488 -----------------
dL g 2g c d 144 L
f tp s V m
2 dp-
----- s g sin dp-
----- V m V sg s dp
dp-
----- = ----------------------
-
f tp
----- = e
5
dL e
= -------------------
- = ---------------------- ------
dL f g c 144 dL acc g c P 144 dL T
2g c d 144 fn
n Vm d s = L HL + g Hg
N Re = 1488 ----------------
n
y
S = ----------------------------------------------------------
-
2 4
a0 + a1 y a2 y a4 y
a0 = 0.0523 a1 = 3.182
a2 = 0.8725 a4 = 0.01863
y y
S = ln 2.2 e 1.2 if 1 e 1.2
L
y = ln -----2-
L
Transition Flow:
dp-
----- dp-
----- dp-
-----
dL f = A 4 dL f,seg + B 4 dL f,int
f tp n V m
2 dp-
----- s g sin W L V L + W g V g
2 2
dp-
----- = -------------------
- dp-
-----
dL f
= ----------------------
- dL e g c 144 dL acc
= ------------------------------------------
-
2g c d 144 2g c q m L 144
f tp calculated from correlation s = L HL + g Hg
Slug Flow
V sg
H l = 1 ----------
- V bfsl = 1.2V m + V bsl
V bfsl
1
---
dg L g 2
V bfsl = C ----------------------------
2
-
L
C = f(dimensionless numbers), calculated from correlation
Mist Flow
TransitIon Flow
H L = A 3 H L slug + B 3 H L mist
A 3 = f(dimensionless numbers), 0 A3 1 B3 = 1 A3
Gray 1
A
Hl = 1 Hg 1e -
H g = ----------------
R+1
1
B
A = 2.314 N v 1 + 205
---------
1
N d
f s Vm
2
dP s g sin dP
dP
------- = ----------------------- 1488 l V m d ------- = -------------------
- ------- = 0
dL f
- dL e g c 144 dL acc
2g c d 144 N Re = ----------------------------
l
f from Moody diagram s = l Hl + g Hg
Slug Flow:
2
dp-
----- f l Vm Hl 1488 l V m d
dL f = 2g
-----------------------
- N Re = ---------------------------
-
c d 144 l
dp-
----- dp dp dP dP dP
= A 4 ------ + B 4 ------ ------- = A -------
dL a 1 dL a, slug
+ B -------
1 dL a, mist
dL f dL f, slug dL f, mist
f tp s V m
2
1488 n V m d dP s g sin dp- V m V sg s dp
dp-
----- - = -------------------
- ------ - ----- = ---------------------- ------
dL f = 2g
-----------------------
- N Re = ---------------------------- dL e g c 144 dL acc g c P 144 dL T
c d 144 n
s = l Hl + g Hg
2
H L = f L N Rek N Rek = f H L
2 2
k Vm d L L g g
N Re = 1488 ---------------- k = -----------
- + ------------
n HL Hg
Mukherjee & Brill Flow pattern from Mukherjee and Brill flow pattern map
b
a L
- p
H l = --------
c
N Fr
0.371771
H2 N GV
HL = e H 2 = H 1 --------------------
0.393952
-
N LV
2
H 1 = 0.51664 + 0.789805 sin + 0.551627sin 2 + 15.519214 N L
0.079951
H2 N GV
HL = e H 2 = H 1 --------------------
0.504887
-
N LV
2
H 1 = 1.330282 + 4.808139 sin + 4.171584sin 2 + 56.262268 N L
0.475686
H2 N GV
HL = e H 2 = H 1 --------------------
0.288657
-
N LV
2
H 1 = 0.380113 + 0.129875 sin + 0.119788sin 2 + 2.343227 N L
f tp k V m
2 dp-
----- s g sin 2 2
dp-
----- = -------------------
- g V eg L V sL
dL f = -------------------------
- dL e g c 144 -------------- + ---------------
2g c d144 dp- Hg HL
----- = ----------------------------------------------
s = L HL + g Hg dL acc g c L 144
f y
---- = 1 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------
fn a0 a1 y + a2 y a3 y + a4 y
2 3 4
a0 = 1.261 a1 = 0.478
a2 = 0.444 a3 = 0.094
a4 = 0.0084
y = ln L
fn = 0.0056 + 0.5 N Rek
Stratified Flow
f g V g
2 dp-
----- s g sin dp-
----- V m V sg s dp
dp-
----- dL e = -------------------
- ---------------------
- ------
dL f
= ------------------------- g c 144 dL acc = g c P 144 dL T
2g c d h 144
g Vg dh s = L HL + g Hg
N Re = 1488 ------------------
g s = g for stratified flow
d h = hydraulic diameter of the pipe
2
dp-
----- f m V m
= ----------------------
-
dL f 2g c d 144
n Vm d
N Re = 1488 ----------------
g
Mist Flow
2
dp-
----- f fr g V g
= ----------------------
-
dL f 2g c d 144
n Vm d
N Re = 1488 ----------------
n
f fr calculated from correlation
f from Moody diagram
B-2 Glossary
ring heat to the pipe wall medium. Heat transfer coefficients are
generally complex empirical correlations, and are related to a
number of dimensionless numbers, including the Reynolds
number. The individual heat transfer coefficients may be com-
bined to produce the overall heat transfer coefficient,
Heat Transfer Is the reciprocal of the heat transfer coefficient,
Resistance
Internal Energy This describes the energy possessed by a fluid by virtue of its
existence at a certain temperature (for an ideal gas) and pressure
(for a real gas). Only differences in internal energy are of use in
analysis, and then only in deriving other functions such as
enthalpy, heat capacity at constant volume (Cv), etc.
Interval Halving This phrase refers to a network method solution technique when
flow reversals are detected in loop configurations, but where
flow reversals during the solution procedure have been disal-
lowed by the user.
Junction This term describes a node which connects two or more links
together.
K-factor (Also known as resistance coefficient.) This term refers to the
number of velocity heads equivalent to the frictional pressure
drop over a valve or fitting. The K-factor is numerically equal to
fL/d.
K-multiplier See Equivalent Length.
Kinetic Energy This term refers to the energy possessed by a fluid by virtue of
its motion. Kinetic energy is related to the mass and velocity of
the fluid.
Laminar Flow Also known as Streamline Flow. This term refers to single
phase fluid flow where the value of the Reynolds number is less
than 3000 (user-definable value).
Link This is the term used to describe the serial string of devices
which appear between any two nodes. The series of devices are
ordered in the direction of flow as specified by the user.
Liquid Holdup This term is defined as the fraction of a pipes cross-sectional
area which is occupied by liquid. Holdup is used extensively in
two-phase fluid flow analyses, including the determination of
B-4 Glossary
Node This phrase refers to a fluid source, sink or junction.
Potential Energy This term is the energy possessed by a fluid by virtue of its posi-
tion. Potential energy is related to the mass and elevation of the
fluid relative to a reference datum.
Pressure Traverse Is a phrase used to describe the pressure drop calculation across
a calculation segment in the forward direction.
Resistance Coefficient See K-factor.
Reynolds Number This is a dimensionless number which represents the ratio of a
fluids inertia forces to its viscous forces. This number is used
extensively in pressure drop analyses and correlations.
Roughness This term describes the absolute value of the mean size of
roughness on the inside of a section of pipe. This factor is used
in correlations for the prediction of friction factors.
Segment A calculation segment in INPLANT refers to that subdivision of
pipe over which iterative heat and mass balances are performed.
Shear Stress This term refers to the frictional force working at the pipe wall
against the direction of fluid flow.
Shock Wave This term describes a fast and violent dissipation of energy
associated with the change from a critical flow condition to that
of subcritical flow.
Shut-in This phrase refers to a source or sink in a network which has
either zero flow during (or at) solution, or has become its oppo-
site number by virtue of flow reversal in the connecting link.
This source or sink is subsequently eliminated from the solution
procedure together with corresponding feed link(s).
Single Link Method This term describes a simulation type which involves only one
fluid source, one sink, and one series of devices.
Sink This is a node from where fluid leaves, or is rejected from, the
system.
Slip This term is used to describe a two-phase fluid flow phenome-
non where one phase travels at a different speed than the other.
The faster phase is then said to slip past the slower phase.
Positive slip refers to situations where the gas phase is travel-
ling faster than the liquid, and negative slip refers to the reverse
situation.
B-6 Glossary
Appendix C
References
Bibliography
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2. Colebrook, C.F., J. Inst. Civil Engrs. (London), 11:1333 (1938).
3. Y. Taitel & A.E. Dukler: A Model for Predicting Flow Regime Transitions in Hori-
zontal and Near Horizontal Gas-Liquid Flow, AIChE Journal Vol. 22, No. 1, Jan.
1976, pages 47-55.
Y. Taitel, D. Barnea & A.E. Dukler: Modeling Flow Pattern Transitions for Steady
Upward Gas-Liquid Flow in Vertical Tubes, AIChE Journal Vol. 26, No. 3, May.
1980, pages 345-354.
D. Barnea, Y. Taitel & O. Shoham: Flow Pattern Transition for Vertical Downward
Two-Phase Flow, Chemical Eng. Science, Vol. 37, No. 5, 1982, page 741-744.
D. Barnea, Y. Taitel & O. Shoham: Flow Pattern Transition for Downward Inclined
Two-Phase Flow Horizontal to Vertical, Chemical Eng. Science, Vol. 37, No. 5,
1982, page 735-740.
4. Moody, F.J.: A Pressure Pulse Model for Two-Phase Critical Flow and Sonic
Velocity, Journal of Heat Transfer, Aug. 1969, Transactions of the ASME.
5. API Recommended Practice 520: Recommended Practice for the Design and
Installation of Pressure-Relieving Systems in Refineries: Part I - Sizing and Selec-
tion, Sixth Edition (1993).
6. Leung, J.: Size Safety Relief Valves for Flashing Liquids, Chemical Eng. Prog-
ress, Feb. 1992, pages 70-75.
7. Standing, M.B. and D.L. Katz: Density of Natural Gases Trans. AIME, 1962, 140.
Yarborough, L. and K.R. Hall: How to Solve Equations of State for Z Factors, Oil
and Gas Journal.
C-2 References
Reid, Prausnitz and Sherwood: The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw-
Hill, p. 481-504 (1977).
Perry, R.H. and C.H. Chilton: Chemical Engineers Handbook, McGraw-Hill, p. 3-
244 (1973).
19. API Technical Data Book - Petroleum Refining, 5th Revision (1978), pp. 6-45, 6-46.
20. Soave, G., Chem Engr. Sci., 27, No. 6, p. 1197 (1972). Erbar, J.H., GPA K & MOD
II Program (August 1974).
Reid, Prausnitz, and Sherwood, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 3rd Edition
(1977).
21. Peng, D.Y., and D.B. Robinson: A New Two Constant Equation of State, I. & E.C.
Fund., 51, pp. 59-64 (1976).
22. Kesler, M.G. and B.I. Lee, A.I.Ch.E. J., 21, No. 3, p. 510 (1975).
Kesler, M.G. and B.I. Lee, Hydrocarbon Proc., p. 153, March 1976.
Tarakad, R.R. and Ronald Danner, A.I.Ch.E. J., 22, No. 2, pp. 409-411, March 1976.
API Technical Data Book - Petroleum Refining, 3rd Edition, pp. 2-1 to 7-4.
23. Lee, B.I., M.G. Kesler, A.I.Ch.E. J., 21 (3), 510 (1975).
Leland, T.W., W.H. Mueller, I. & E.C., 51 (4), 597, (1959).
Pitzer, K.S., G. O. Hultgren, J.Am.Chem.Soc., 80, 4793 (1958).
Plocker, U., Helmut Knapp, John Prausnitz, I. & E.C. Proc.Des.Dev., Vol. 17, No. 3
(1978).
Prausnitz, J.M., R.D. Gunn, A.I.Ch.E.J., 4, 430, 494 (1958).
24. Simulation Sciences Inc., 1983: The Twu Method for Prediction of Critical Proper-
ties and Molecular Weights for Petroleum and Coal Tar Liquids, Technical Bulletin
#27.
Starling, K.E., J.E. Powers, I. & E.C. Fund., 9,531 (1970).
Starling, K.E., L.L. Lee, C.H. Twu, K.C. Mo, 1978: Self Consistent Correlation of
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties, Thesis, Gas Research Institute and
A.G.A. School of Chemical Engineering, University of Oklahoma.
Twu, C.H.: Prediction of Thermodynamic Properties of Normal Paraffins Using
only Normal Boiling Point, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 11 (1983), 65-81, Elsevier Sci-
ence Publishers, B. V., Amsterdam.
Twu, C.H.: Boiling Point as a Third Parameter for Use in a Generalized Equation
of State, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 13, (1983), 189-194, Elsevier Science Publishers.
C-4 References
39. Flanigan, O.: Effect of Uphill Flow on Pressure Drop in Design of Two-Phase
Gathering Systems, Oil and Gas Jour. (March 10, 1958) 56.
40. Lockhart, R.W. and R.C. Martinelli: Proposed Correlation of Data for Isothermal
Two-Phase, Two Component Flow in Pipes, Chem. Eng. Prog. (Jan. 1949) 45, 39.
41. Eaton, B.A.: The Prediction of Flow Patterns, Liquid Holdup and Pressure Losses
Occurring during Continuous Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipelines, Ph.D. The-
sis, The U. of Texas (1966).
42. Steady-State Flow Computation Manual for Natural Gas Transmission Lines, Amer-
ican Gas Association, New York (1964).
43. Mukherjee, H. K.: An Experimental Study of Inclined Two Phase Flow, Ph.D. dis-
sertation, University of Tulsa, 1979.
44. Browne, E.J.P.: Practical Aspects of Predicting Errors in Two-Phase Pressure Loss
Calculations, SPE 5000, Presented at the 49th Annual SPE fall Meeting, Houston,
Texas, 1974.
45. Degance, A.E. and R.W.Atherton: Horizontal - Flow Correlations, Chem. Eng.
(July 13, 1970), 95.
46. Dukler, A.E., et al: Gas-Liquid Flow in Pipelines, I. Research Results, AGA-API
Project NX -28 (May 1969).
47. Mandhane, J.M.,G.A.Gregory,K.Aziz: Critical Evaluation of Holdup Prediction
Methods For Gas-Liquid Flow in Horizontal Pipes, SPE 5140, Presented at SPE
Annual Fall Meeting, Houston, Texas, Oct. 1974.
48. Vohra, I.R., et al: Comparison of Liquid Holdup Correlations For Gas-Liquid Flow
in Horizontal Pipes, SPE 4690, Presented at the SPE Annual Fall Meeting, Las
Vegas, Nev., Oct. 1973.
49. Palmer, C.M.: Evaluation of Inclined Pipe Two-Phase Liquid Holdup Correlations
Using Experimental Data, M.S. Thesis, The U. of Tulsa (1975).
50. Payne, G.A.: Experimental Evaluation of Two-Phase Pressure Loss Correlations for
Inclined Pipe, M.S. Thesis, The U. of Tulsa (1975).
51. SIMSCI Steam Package from: Keenan, J.H. et al: Thermodynamic Properties of
Water Including Vapor, Liquid and Solid Phases, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
52. Eaton, B.A.: The Prediction of Flow Patterns, Liquid Holdup and Pressure Losses
Occurring during Continuous Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipelines, Ph.D. The-
sis, The U. of Texas (1966).
53. API Technical Data Book for Petroleum Refining (1980). Procedure 2B2.1
54. Twu, Chorng H.: An Internally Consistent Correlation for Predicting Critical Prop-
erties and Molecular Weight of Petroleum and Coal Tar Liquids, 1983 submitted
for publication.
55. Fortunati, F.: Two-Phase Flow Through Wellhead Chokes, SPE 3742, presented at
SPE European Spring Meeting, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, May, 1972.
C-6 References
75. Ansari, A.M.: A Comprehensive Mechanistic Model for Upward Two-Phase
Flow, MS Thesis, University of Tulsa (1988).
76. Taitel, Y., Barnea, D., and Dukler, A.E.: Modelling Flow Pattern Transition for
Steady Upward Gas-Liquid Flow in Vertical Tubes, AIChE J. (1980), 26, 345- 354.
77. Barnea, D.: A Unified Model for Predicting Flow-Pattern Transition for the Whole
Range of Pipe Inclinations, Int. J. Multiphase Flow (1987), 13, 1-12.
78. Caetano, E.F.: Upward Vertical Two-Phase Flow Through an Annulus, Ph.D. Dis-
sertation, University of Tulsa (1986).
79. Fernandes, R.C., Semait, T., and Dukler, A.E.: Hydrodynamic Model for Gas-Liq-
uid Slug Flow in Vertical Tubes, AICHE J., (1986), 29, 981-989.
80. Sylvester, N.D.: A Mechanistic Model for Two-Phase Vertical Slug Flow in Pipes,
ASME J. Energy Resources Tech., (1987), 109, 206-213.
81. Xiao, J.J., Shoham, O., and Brill, J.P.: A Comprehensive Mechanistic Model for
Two-Phase Flow in Pipelines, 65th Annual SPE Conference, New Orleans, Sep-
tember 23-26, 1990.
82. Taitel, Y. and Dukler, A.E.: A Model for Predicting Flow Regime Transitions in
Horizontal and Near Horizontal Gas-Liquid Flow, AIChE J., 22, No. 1, 47-55
(1980).
83. Andritsos, N. and Hanratty, T.J.: Influence of Interfacial Waves in Stratified Gas-
Liquid Flow, AIChE J., 33, No. 3, 444-454 (1987).
84. Baker, A., Nielsen, K. and Gabb, A.: Pressure Loss, Liquid Holdup Calculations
Developed, Oil & Gas J., 55-59 (March 14, 1988).
McLeod, W.R., Rhodes, D.F., and Day, J.J.: Radiotracers in Gas-Liquid Transpor-
tation Problems - A Field Case, J.Pet.Tech., 939-947 (August, 1971).
85. Oliemans, R.V.A., Potts, B.F., and Trope, N.: Modelling of Annular Dispersed
Two-Phase Flow in Vertical Pipes, Int. J. Multiphase Flow 12, No. 5, 711-732
(1986).
86. Taitel, Y. and Barnea, D.: A Consistent Approach for calculating Pressure Drops in
Inclined Slug Flows, Chem. Eng. Sci. 45, No. 5, 1199-1206 (1990).
87. Pauchon, C., Dhulesia, H., Lopez, D., and Fabre, J.: TACITE: A Comprehensive
Mechanistic Model for Two-Phase Flow, BHRG Conference on Multiphase Pro-
duction, Cannes, June 16-19, 1993.
88. Andritsos, N. and Hanratty, T.J.: Influence of Interfacial Waves in Stratified Gas-
Liquid Flows, AIChE J., Vol. 33, 444-454.
89. Nicklin, D.J., Wilkes, J.O, and Davidson, J.F.: Two-Phase Flow in Vertical Tubes,
Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs., Vol 40, 497-514.
90. Andreussi, P. and Bendiksen, K.: An Investigation of Void Fraction in Liquid Slugs
for Horizontal and Inclined Gas-Liquid Flow, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol 15, 2,
937-946.
C-8 References
Appendix D
Default Values of Schedule Pipe Sizes
A B
ACCELERATION 4-47 Ball valve 4-102
Acceleration Basis
network solution 4-47 mass 4-20
pressure gradient 3-27 measurement 4-9
ACENTRIC 4-38 BEND 4-91
Acentric factor 4-38 Bend 4-91
Adiabatic angle 4-92
compressor 4-84 elbow 4-92
efficiency 4-82, 4-83 mitre 4-92
Air pressure drop calculation 3-30
density of surrounding 4-80 resistance coefficient 4-91
thermal conductivity 4-23, 4-80 roughness 4-92
velocity 4-80 user-defined pressure drop 4-92
viscosity of surrounding 4-80 Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling 4-55
Ambient temperature 3-34, 4-23, 4-80 Binary
Angle interaction parameters 3-12
of bend 4-92 user-supplied 4-50
of contraction device 4-96 Buried pipe 3-34, 4-23, 4-80
of expansion device 4-99 depth 4-24
of valve 4-103 partially buried 4-81
Angle valve 4-102 Butterfly valve 4-102
API gravity 4-38, 4-70 BWRS 4-55
API statement 4-38
ASSAY 4-35
Assay
C
in source 4-67
Assay data 3-10, 4-32 CALCULATION 4-19
API gravity 4-38 Calculation
characterization 4-35 accelerated 4-47
cutpoints 4-32, 4-38 automatic segmentation 4-25
lightends 4-71 keywords 4-19
method 4-35 limits 3-7
molecular weight 4-35, 4-71 maximum segments 4-25
specific gravity 4-35 modes 2-3
ASTM network method 4-76
D1160 4-69 phase-splitting at junction 4-77
D2887 4-69 Prandtl number 4-19
D86 4-69 segment 4-25
solubility 4-55
Automatic segmentation 4-25
tolerances 4-46
Auxiliary
Calculation segment 2-8
power for pump 4-89
N
M
NETWORK 4-42
MAOP Max. Allowable Operating. Pres. 6-47 Network 2-7
Mass basis 4-20 accelerated calculations 4-47
Matching field data 4-24 acceleration 4-47
Material calculation method 4-76
thermal conductivity 4-24 connectivity plot 5-12
convergence 3-20, 4-78
Maximum power 4-82
convergence parameters 4-42
Maximum pressure 4-82 data category 4-6
Maximum speed 4-82 initial estimates 3-20
MCHOKE 4-94 input data in report 5-11
MCOMPRESS 4-82 junctions 3-21
links 3-21
Measurement
pressure balance solution method 2-10
basis 4-9
results 5-15
Medium solution 4-42
conductivity of surrounding 4-23 steam 3-22
density of surrounding 4-23, 4-80 structure 3-20
surrounding pipe 4-23, 4-80 subnetwork 3-22
temperature of surrounding 4-80 tolerance 4-46
thermal conductivity 4-80
Network Well-Posedness 6-97
velocity of surrounding medium 4-80
viscosity of surrounding 4-23, 4-80 Node
reports 4-28, 5-5, 5-19
METHOD 4-51
system 4-66