KEP.

TRANSKULTURAL
(BUDAYA BARAT DAN BUDAYA TIMUR)

Semester Antara
Januari 2017
 OBJECTIVES
1. RAISE AWARENESS OF CULTURAL SAFETY AND DISCRIMINATION IN ITS
VARYING GUISES
2. EXAMINE AND CHALLENGE PERSONAL FEELINGS AND ATTITUDES
3. IDENTIFY NEW STRATEGIES TO POSITIVELY RESPOND WHEN WITNESSING
DISCRIMINATORY ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOURS.
4. ENCOURAGE GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF PROFESSIONAL NURSING
PRACTICE
5. CULTURE INCORPORATES CUSTOMS, BELIEFS, VALUES AND ATTITUDES
SHARED BY A GROUP OF PEOPLE AND PASSED DOWN THROUGH GENERATIONS
6. DISPARITIES IN HEALTH STATUS EXIST AMONG DIFFERENT CULTURAL GROUPS
Ones culture gives an individual the beliefs and values that support a sense of
identity and security, as well as providing a prescription for behaviours about how
one is to conduct life and approach death (Sherman 2001, p. 4).
Nurse ethicists are fairly consistent in their view of the guiding moral principles,
which are usually identified as respect, beneficence, and justice. The ethical
principles of autonomy and veracity tend to be incorporated under respect (Kelly
1990, p. 72).
Nurses must be aware that cultural values must be evaluated in the cultural
context they exist in. Prematurely to force ones own actions and values on an
individual from another culture, may cause a serious imbalance in that person.
This imbalance may result in poor communication between the patient and the
practitioner and, as a final consequence, to the patient turning away from the
health personnel (Thiederman 1986, p. 56).
Multiculturalism as a value involves an understanding, appreciation and
valuing of ones own culture, and an informed respect and curiosity about the
ethnic culture of others. It involves a valuing of other cultures, not in the sense of
approving of all aspects of those cultures, but of attempting to see how a given
culture can express values to its own members (Blum 2002, p. 14-15)
CLUSTERS OF EASTERN AND WESTERN CULTURES

Figure 4.1 Clusters of Eastern cultures

Source: House et al (2004): 201
COUNTRIES COMPOSING EACH CLUSTER

Figure 3.2 The countries composing each cluster

Source: House et al (2004): 190
 WEST AND EAST

Individualistic VS. Collaborative

I AM SPECIAL. I AM PART OF MY FAMILY.

I AM PART OF MY COMMUNITY.
I AM UNIQUE.
I AM PART OF MY COUNTRY.
I AM ME.
THE GOODNESS OF THE WHOLE
I AM AN INDIVIDUAL. IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN
THE INDIVIDUAL.
I AM WHO I AM.
MY ACTIONS DIRECTLY IMPACT
I AM A RATIONAL AGENT. MY FAMILY AND MY
COMMUNITY.
I AM RESPONSIBLE FOR MY
OWN ACTION.
 WESTBetween
The Difference AND EAST
West and East

INDEPENDENCE INTERDEPENDENCE

DEVELOP EARLY INDEPENDENCE LEARN TO DEPEND ON OTHERS

EXPRESS YOURSELF READ NONVERBAL CUES

RESPONSIBLE FOR SELF LISTEN TO AUTHORITY

LIVE ON ONES OWN BE RESPONSIBLE FOR OTHERS

ONES OWN GOALS TAKE PRIORITY PERSONAL GOALS SECONDARY TO

MOTIVATED BY OWN GOALS OF THE GROUP
PREFERENCES, NEEDS , MOTIVATED BY THE NORMS OF, AND
RIGHTS DUTIES IMPOSED BY, THE GROUP
TASKS MORE IMPORTANT THAN RELATIONSHIPS MORE IMPORTANT
RELATIONSHIPS THAN TASKS
COGNITIVE SKILLS INDEPENDENT SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE SKILLS
OF SOCIAL SKILLS INTEGRATED
WESTBY (2009)
 SOUTH AFRICAN

HARMONY WITH NATURE

HARMONY OF MIND, BODY, AND SPIRIT
 ASIAN

PHYSICAL AND SPIRITUAL HARMONY WITH NATURE

BALANCE OF YIN AND YANG
 EUROPEAN

PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY WITH DIET, REST, EXERCISE, AND PREVENTION

 HISPANIC

GOOD LUCK
REWARD FROM GOD
BALANCE BETWEEN HOT AND COLD FORCES
 MIDDLE EASTERN/ARABIC

SPIRITUAL CAUSES
CLEANLINESS
 ILLNESS

ABNORMAL FUNCTIONING OF A BODYS SYSTEM OR SYSTEMS

CAUSES VARY BASED ON CULTURAL/ETHNIC BACKGROUND
 SOUTH AFRICAN

SPIRITS/DEMONS
CONFLICTS IN LIFE
GODS PUNISHMENT
 ASIAN

IMBALANCE OF YIN AND YANG

SUPERNATURAL FORCES
UNHEALTHY ENVIRONMENT
 EUROPEAN

SIN
OUTSIDE SOURCES: MICROORGANISMS, TOXINS
 HISPANIC

SINS
FRIGHT
EVIL EYE
ENVY
IMBALANCE BETWEEN HOT AND COLD
 MIDDLE EASTERN/ARAB

SINS
SPIRITUAL CAUSES
 NATIVE AMERICAN

SUPERNATURAL FORCES
VIOLATION OF A TABOO
IMBALANCE BETWEEN MAN AND NATURE
 WARM FOODS COLD FOODS

All meets and fish Cabbage, coliflower, cucumber,

Carrots, aubergines, onion, chilli peppers, yams potatoes, pumpkin, lettuce, spinach
Apples, bananas, mango, melon, olives Citrus, peach, pear, pineapple,
Most nuts, currants, raisins, dates, figsmaize, peas, wheat plums, lychies, watermelon, grapes
Butter, oil Oatmeal, yoghurt, milk
Sugar, honey Vinegar
Tea and coffee Egg whites
Spices, except corriander
Yin = feminine energy Yang = masculine energy

Cold Warm
Dark Light
Wet Full
Empty Sweet
Bitter Internal
External Active
Passive
 CULTURAL COMPETENCE
CULTURAL AWARENESS
Assessment skills
Self awareness
Diagnostic skills
Cultural identity
Clinical skills
Heritage adherence
Challenging and addressing
Ethnocentricity
prejudice, discrimination and
Stereotyping
equalities
Ethno history

CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE CULTURAL SENSITIVITY

Health beliefs and behaviours Empathy
Anthropological, Sociological, Interpersonal communication skills
Psychological and Biological Trust,
understanding Acceptance
Similarities and differences Appropriateness
Health inequalities Respect
PARENTING STYLES WITHIN THE CONTEXTS OF
EAST AND WEST BELIEFS AND VALUES

FAMILY IS A SOCIAL-CULTURAL-ECONOMIC ARRANGEMENT THAT

INFLUENCES CHILDRENS SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT TO A
GREAT DEGREE (ALIZADEH, TALIB, ABDULLAH, & MANSOR, 2011).
TRADITIONAL WESTERN PHILOSOPHY BELIEVES IN PROBLEM SOLVING
THROUGH ACTIVE AND DIRECT MANIPULATION OR CONTROL TO CHANGE
THE ENVIRONMENT.
WESTERN CULTURE EMPHASIZES DEFINING AND ATTACKING THE PROBLEMS
DIRECTLY.
CONFUCIAN PHILOSOPHY STRESSES RULES TO PROMOTE LOYALTY, RESPECT,
AND HARMONY AMONG FAMILY MEMBERS (MOODLEY & WEST, 2005).
ASIAN CULTURES TEND TO ACCOMMODATE OR COPE WITH PROBLEMS
INDIRECTLY (SUE & SUE, 2008).
 PARENTING STYLES WITHIN THE CONTEXTS OF
EAST AND WEST BELIEFS AND VALUES

IN TERMS OF THE RELATIONAL DIMENSION, THE U.S. CULTURE IS CHARACTERIZED AS AN

ACHIEVEMENT-DRIVEN SOCIETY AND THE CONCEPT OF INDIVIDUALISM IS EMPHASIZED.
IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE INDIVIDUAL IS THE PSYCHOSOCIAL UNIT OF OPERATION; THE
INDIVIDUAL HOLDS ACCOUNTABILITY FOR HIS/HER OWN BEHAVIORS; INDEPENDENCE
AND AUTONOMY ARE HIGHLY VALUED; AND ONE SHOULD BE INTERNALLY DIRECTED
AND CONTROLLED.
RELATIONSHIP IN ASIAN CULTURES IS LINEAL IN NATURE. COLLECTIVISM IS STRESSED IN
MANY ASIAN CULTURES. OBEYING THE WISHES OF ANCESTORS OR DECREASED
PARENTS AND USING IDENTITY IN RELATION TO THE FAMILY AND HISTORICAL PAST ARE
COMMON PRACTICE IN ASIAN CULTURES. HOWEVER, SUCH BEHAVIORS MIGHT BE
MISINTERPRETED AS NOT BEING ABLE TO ESTABLISH INDEPENDENT IDENTITY AND NOT
HOLDING ACCOUNTABILITY ON ONES OWN BEHAVIORS.

(SUE & SUE, 2008)

 EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL CLASHES
MR. SMITH IN ROOM 222 IS THE IDEAL
PATIENT. HE NEVER HAS A SINGLE
COMPLAINT.
EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL CLASHES
MRS. COHEN IN ROOM 223 IS A REAL
COMPLAINER. SHE IS CONSTANTLY ASKING
FOR PAIN MEDICATION AND PUTTING ON
HER LIGHT.
 EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL CLASHES
MR. CHEN IN ROOM 225 SAYS NOTHING. I
OFTEN WONDER WHAT HE IS FEELING.
 HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS

MUST CHANGE TO ACCOMMODATE OTHER CULTURAL

BELIEFS AND BEHAVIORS TOWARDS HEALTH AND ILLNESS
 REFERENCES
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