CHAPTER 6 TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS AND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 6.1 LOGARITHMS 1 y=ingx > y'=L\a)=4 2 y=n@+ = $=(g)M=ghy 3. yoni a Ba (S)Ge) =} 4. y= (nx) 9 = Gn 9? Lng = MS 5. y=tdn 9? > = ng? +2400 0) Lin) = (in 924 DA = (in yt +2 Int -ir2 6 yey t= (ln yo = an y+ fan ey"? ne) = dng 4 =(nyv?4—1 =n 433 28 = 8 in x “TF ae z wnt = 90 _ sine o. yates @ SOO pos Gtinay(inx+x-$)-(ein0(8)_ (4iny)?—inx eee oye 3 . i yet ets Y= Wsinx? "Gein wes L aay 12 y=In(n(inx) 9! = aah sy fi(tnn9)) = sy wy hn) = eH 18. y= Alain (In 6) coin 8] => 8 = n(n +006 6] + econ 8)-}—sin (in #)-3] = sin(In 8) +c08(In 8) +cos (In 4) —sin (In 6) = 2 cos (In 6)498 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations dy _ sec 0 tan 0-4 sec% _ sec O(tan 6-4-8006) 14 y= In (sec 6+ tan 6) = Gp = See O+tan "tan Dae 0 0c 8 =n ee = tn xf inf) > y' =f 15. ystn hey = tn xf ines) 33! =f 16. y= yn Jin Cin 7 afin AY gn 8) = fin AY g(r) = Hin enya pane 1 we in ve gy _=lny(}) a+ 0 B42 Beer T) ~~ PRET (ch)=-2es y aleet)= 1 ihys feltedolt a ae ? Gono ima ve yottdno? ay C= GroV(ERY-C4Ory-2B4) gine " a (1—(nt)*y “t= tn tp sec(in 6) tan (In 6) tan (in 6) sect ay = GeO ODA gg = EGE) Ark) = Beaty 28. y = ogy logy + = (25)( I 2m (logy )_ 319 26, y =8 logy (loge t) = {Pf (8oacohealibe)= ardenSection 6.1 Logarithms 499 = yey tn Yi as = Cin V2) £2) (in f)-h(P) = ax tn etn tm i pow % 28, y= int at $= (In Ya)-Z()-(tm V8)-L( va) =(In Va)(Pe7")— (lm YB(Jx*”*) vi nye nye “ave WE 4 a0, | fex=lintai]75 =i 2—In 9=in 2. { yeh = [le I5x—2)), In 2-5 =n 4 a u J gare hlt-aslec 32, J typaemlar—siec | rth sin tt =|[In|2—cos tl] = In 3—In 1 =In 5; or let u=2~cos t = du = sin t dt with t=0 sectadiersanss | rita | dau =[in jul]? =in 3-1 =In3 a3 Asin o 9 =-in3-ta} aie = af Aga 2 ao [in 11 4 con olfy/? = tnt -21= —In 3 = In for let w= 1-4 om 9 => du =A sin O.d9 a “3 4 with @=0-0=-tande=$eu=-15 [ isnt a= | au =[in iui a a 35. lt u=In x du= fax; x= 19 v0 and x22 usin a [eos 86. Let u=Inx => du=}dx;x=2-5u=In2andx=4— u=In4y ye dx. iu =(In wf =In(in In In| in(: | Uf beets ot ncn inn = (4) =o 8) = ye? = (In 2)?500 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations 3, Let u=Inx > du ns Jax; x=2 u=In2andx=4>u=In 4 38. Lets Inxp dv =f de; x= 259 w= In? and x= 16-2 win 165 | ay [van all = yarte Vid = VARI n= 23 Vind = Vin | Let v= 6-43 tan t => du =3 sect dt; J pghe- J du = tn jut+C =In|6-+3 tan t]4C 40. Let u = 2-+s0c y = du = see y tan y dys [SLB y= | Poimmcm mite yiee in = au =} con! = coe =} 49, Let u=sin $= du =f coe 9.40 = 6 du =2 con § dl; @ =F + u=f and . . 8 vin 2 coe J reoegan= J meee J $= olin uly" (in A np th 44, et w= cos 8x = du = -9 sin Ox dx > 2 du = sin Sx dx x=0 u=Landx= fe u=p; 8 oa wi Gtandedz= f S8BRax= 2 [P= -afininly/Y? “ttn Spin tata Vista n= 7 dx #2 Inu 45. =ltyrsdi ees | a my J #=mmcSection 6.1 Logaithms 501 =mnfit ye|ec=in(i4 yz)40 46, Let u = see x4 tan x-4 du =(see x tan x-+-see2x) dx = (se x)(tan x 4 400 x) dx => see x dx = 48 \ writes: J shies Je wu)? du = 2(In u)!/? 40 = ala eee F tana) +0 47. (a) fx) 0. 0 for —Eex <0 and P(x) <0 for van(-a)=m(e(-8) In 2. Therefore, the absolute minimum occurs at with {(f) = In 2 andthe absolute maximum occurs atx = 0 wit (0) ie sin (In x) f(x) = cos(In x) = =O x= 1 M(x) >0 for F< x <1 and f(x) <0 for ther i lative maximum atx = 1 with 2) = cota 1) = e080 = 1: 4(9) =con(n(f)) = con(—In 2) = con(tn 2) and (2) = corn 2), Therefore the abiolte minimum occurs at x =} and a with ¢(f) =1(2) = cos (ln 2}, and the absolute maximums osu at = 1 with 48. (a) fx) () fa) = =In x = f(x) = 1-4; if x > 1, then f(x) > 0 which means that {(x) is increasing =n 11> f(x) = In x>0,ifx> 1 by part (a) ¢ Inx1 49. | toxin) x= | {-ln x+In 2+In x) dx = (In 2) | dx = (In 2)(5—1) = In 2 = In 16 ° 1s ° “p was | mtsnane | zoe | ato | BBE dx = [In eos x1], [in eos x 7/3 te Lan Jp) =(In tot) =tn VEsina fina 1 Yeats for (,a) oo yextinisthCrysdaxete Ca2eyaxtaiee? ot, Bharata Hata nC nd 1atan 04 C= Baten tty ft) de In joce x14+x-+C; and 0 =In [sce O140-+C; = C, Sy =In|sec xi +x wx a =ba] Jae) +0-fat +0502 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations 54, | a Nota % yy = | (2)(12) ax = < i [fo 2] =ffoa 47° cu 9?}=J0 9" =} mn 2)? = 202)? 2 5, | lose (+2) | ape oe] (eal Zilog +0 gy 2 » [ee salts) nT) (wa = peep mio) > =In10 57 Jafar =inx> du=}er] = (10) | (z)(R) ax= cm 10) J fae = Go 10ptmra1+C= Cn 10) IIn x1 +e faye eae sce- Ain, 59. () U(x) = (0) +(0) x, and f(x) = In(d-+x) 360), = 58. late $151) =n 141-x > 1 (b) On [001 fs) and (ere both increasing Benue f(s) = -Lz> 0 and Le) =1> 0for0.¢ 04. Ta addition 0 EOD) = Mls) LG) is non increasing on {00.1} because E'(x) = (x) = |f(0.1) -1(0.1)|=fIn (1.1) - 1.4] 0.00469. (©) The approximation y = x for In(L-+) is best for smaller postive values of x on the interval [0,0] as seen on the raph, As x increases oo does the magnitude of the ‘error [in (x) —x|. From the graph, an upper bound for the magaitude ofthe error is|In({-1) ~0.1|> 0.00469 which io consistent wth the analytical result obtained in part (b). (on the interval. Therefore, the largest error is a 60, tn(1.2) =In(14.2) 0.2, (8) =In(1 + (-0.2)) ® 0.25 with Simpton’s rule for n=2, 1n(1.2)= | dae iSection 6.2 Exponential Functions 503 0.182525282 and In(0.) = [ 4 dt » 0.298148148; alternatively, In (1.2) =In(1-40.2) phat ~0.209148148. = 0.182829282 and In(0.8) = [ pty 6:2 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS L yee Bly ya eres a yse™ Sy! (ove) 3. yal $7 6-19) yf = 10 sy'=e (Vi) a jean) Ly = (14 Bx)e"™ = y! = (14 3x) (—e* Be™ = (2 Sxe™ y= (P24 2)eE a yl = (Oe Det Be + Dot a ae® y =eM(sin + cos 6) = y! = ef(sin 8 +008 6) +e%(cos O—sin 0) = 26° cos @ 7. y=In(36e*) = In 3 +In 6 + Ine” =In3+In9—0> $5=}-1 (c-#*) =(—sin(e-#))(«-#) (1?) = 28e-® sin (o-#) 8 y= cole) > MY = -sin(o-*) 4 in Je - - into % a -14(1-) isin y= -1 4802 in t)=In 24+In et ln sin t= In 2—t-+Insin => SE = 1 +( 1) Pein t) = 14 S08 Syste db(i4d)=4-b(sse) 2G =1-(15) nye in Vim + VA) = =() HlvO)-( EQ) HO vO) =a) ats) ata) IS ea atm 12, y =etit(in e841) > Y= eH (c08 (In a 1)a Zetine = emt (In + 1)(cos ) +3] ne 1a ataey :504 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations ways J intatsy'= a rat afielV5( $n) = re tn 2) ho) (in V5) ah) = an (2c) —(4y/ay (eV) (ay) vi 15. Iny =e sin x = (p)y! =(y'e)(sin x) +0 cos x = y'(}—e% sin x)= 0" co x ye? cos x =e cox y= 16. nay =e? + Inxtlny eet £4(f)p! =(L4ser7 oy nytt) pete — oy(ogt arate yarbeten » = (148y" 3 1 pe 17, @ = sin (x +3y) => 26” = (1439!) c00 x +8y) 3 1487 = Pa 9 8 saa! 20% —cos(x-+8y) SVE Tes tay) 1) cos? WB. tany =o 4ln xo (ety yl ata b oy =GetDetySection 6.2 Exponential Functions 505 x8 dx; saga} [oa nforace] 3 éen} [era afersonfe 21. Let u=tan 8 > du = sec 9 dd; 0=0 > 0 A on J Greet) ere ans | wceass | edu =ttan 015/44 [6 a a 2 =(1-0)+(e-1) =e 28, Let w= cot 0 = du=—cc?0 do; =F u=1, =F u=0; oy ap [cre eatea= | tsar | eau atc ontfi-[el? a ns i =(+1)-(-d=e 1 29. Let u=sec xt => du=dsec nt tan rt dt = du =ee wt tan at dt; Jer rPecc ay tan nt) dt =F [ o 30. Let ue > du=2xe" dx x=0tu=1x=vine su sin (1) 0.84147 cole?)ax=| cos u du ={sin ulf = sin (x) —sin(1) = BL. Let u=1 tel = du=e dr; freee = J kav=inwi¢c=mn reece a | phgae= | hae leew X41 =p du = —e™ dx = — du [she -J hau =-Iniul+C = —In(e* 41) +506 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations 38, y= o> y= Ind 4 yaoV oo Ba oMi a (fut) =(Bg) 35, yaxt yf sal) aes y= con VE = V8 on fein at yarn 7-5 = (oF Ha Te tan) = TMT e808) i y= tina SY = (anno tn 208 3)8) = (8 con 3) (24) tn 2) uo, yatta Bart 40. y=(n0yr > B= xn M(H 4. In(x-+1)-In(x—1) yams qeegy = ot (2) onsite) ap ee) Fpl) 1 L ay ot 3 _(x+2)—%__ ayin Tx 9 n(x +2) > = TTR TRAD) Bee t2) RFD) ‘s. (in 8) +1n(cos ¢)~In e? In(sin 8) +1n (cos #) -@—8 In 2 TT in? = ey ea mr HF = (ae) rt on etn) gid) nx? pln Plo 2—ln EST _ 2a RIn 2} neat D) 6 y=ton (SAEs) = BT MetI—x gee d 2 = Sha THEE ROD RPT 45, fc 1) ony = In (x1 = x inf t 1) + F< t) +e wep? = (+1 ey thet]4. 4 ). Let u = cos t > du = . Bae sin(e'-2) > y Section 6.2 Exponential Functions 507 yal) inysin (0) any 2 = (Jon 407) = meg at dy _/Int+2),vi -3-(S2) 1 y= xt" in y = In x = (in x(ln x) Y= (con x)ln x) + (sin =)(B) = Bz Cn (608) pines x+ x(ln3)(cs 2)] y= (in x™* = ny =(inx)in(lnx) > ind pd (ingasd+1) 4)tn tmx) + x) (2) Ln a) = ays Jan x)* let ux? du= tx dr fdu snag eas ustjx=VP4 0% vi 2 [ ee | Dean Ilal (oka)? ats int dt => —du=sin tats t=O u=1t=Fau=0 7p | roancae-| wr do =[- Ea =(G4)- =p Let u=in x du= bax x= 15 u=0,x=2 =n J aetann "Po ana]? = (ia)? -a =p 1 ; . J wv a =") a [LV eartse | (ae aM ac ofan, vind ws | xh-toe[ atta got =e =n? =? Let usint du dfyu=0 when t= 1, and w= when t= [ites] ewedsfedson ef sin(e—2) dt; letuset—2=¢ duse'dtsey= J sis udu = ~cor n+ 6= ~con(e'—2) +6; y(ln 2) =0508 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations = —cos (8? -2)4 = 0 = —cos (2-2) +C = 0 = C= cos 0 = 1; thus, y = 1 ~cos(e!—2) =} -ftan(e-})40-% G1. £(x) =e 2x = £ (x) = = 2; (x) = 0 => = 2 = x= In 9; {(0) = 1, the absolute maximum; {{In 2) = 2-2 In 2-2 0.619706, the absolute minimum; f(1) = e~2 4s 0.71828, a relative or local maximum since {"(x) = e* is always positive 62. The function f(x) =2e*(*! has a maximum whenever sin = 1 and a minimum whenever sin $= —1. ‘Therefore the maximums our at x= -+2k(2n) and the minimams ocat at x = 9x-+2(2), where kia any integer. ‘The maximum ise 549656 and the minimum i 0.79578 dein fxs —x(2 nx 1); (0) <0 x= 008 ae nf Ho) =teid4 (Pe) 4 lnx= J, Since x= Oe ot inthe domain off x=e7¥/# =e. Alta) >0 for 0 Je, Thy (fz) = bin y= bin! =f mf the tate sina aoe of f assumed at x=, ee ins «| (re ac= [te] =(SP-e)-( 65. Let x= fob k= Gand an 00, — 0 im (1-46) = J (1 439° = Bim (C149)Section 6.2 Exponential Functions 509 UY, since ut is continuous, However, ti (1 +2)! (by Theorem 2), therefore, x xn 2 [iter Ba 28 y= te? 40; 90) 0502 40404 0= Flayae?— ney 7, Note that y=In x and e” =x are the same curve; | In x x= aes under the curve betmeen 1 and 5 a | ©” dy =ares to the left ofthe curve. The sum ofthese ares is equal to the ares of the rectangle =] Inxdxt 7 ody=alna. 68. (a) y= e% = y"” =e > 0 for all x = the graph of y = . (b) area of the trapezoid ABCD < J &* dx < area of the trapezoid AEFD = }(AB-+CD)(In b—In a) a * is always concave upward ws <'f eacc(22p22)cab-tn 9, Now JA 46D) et hgh be mii ue M.= #19017 since the curve containing the points B and C is linear => 4+!0)/2 in b—In a) mp 0 for x <1 or x>3, and f(x) <0 for lex<3 fll (3) =0 is a local minimum. Since f(x) > 0 for all x, (3) = 0 is also an absolute minimum. 4e % 10.87 is a local maximum and510 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations 70, x 0 and In(e*) for all x. My TI-92 Plus calculator gives correct results for In(e*), but for which is incorrect. Try graphing el" * for -2 (x) = e% La) = £0) +F(O)(e=0) > L(x) = 1 4x (6) On (0,0. (x) and L(x) are both increasing because M(x) = e* > O and L(x) = 1 > 0 for 0 1/(x) on the interval [0,0.3 since &€ > 1 on the interval E(x) = (x) —L(3) is non-decreasing on [00.2] since E(x) = f(x) ~ L(x) 20.01 (0,0.2}. Therefore, the largest error is [B(0.2)|=|#(0.2) - £(0.2) | =e? — 1.2 = 0.02141 on (0,02) (6) Since f(x) is concave upward for all x, the tangent line lies below the curve y = e¥ forall x except at x =0. Consequently, the linear approximation is never an overesi in (x) 72. Using Newton’s Method: f(x) = In(x)-1=9 £0) = $= mai =%q “ay tet x[2—In(s,)]- ‘Then x, = 2 = xp = 2.61970564, xj = 2.71624903 and x, = 2.71828183. Many other methods may be used. For example, graph y = In x—1 and determine the zero of y. 6.3 LINEAR FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS uxMiyeeiare supt: &+(3)y=%, Ps) =$, Qe) = Step 2: Joo d= f fex=tnixi=inx,x>0 eye sip wayne any step 4s y=afy | von ate) ax =k | x(K) oe= Mer +0) = FS YY oy = 2k Haze Step 1: Step 2 | Pts) ax= [2 de =2x v(x) =f PDS = ySection 6.3 Linear First Order Differential Equations 511 3. xy’ +3) saz x>0 step i: B+ (Ry = 8858, Pee) = $, ace) =H sip [ faendtnieindisr0 Step 3: v(x) =e8* Step 4: yok [e(tna)e in x dx = fy(—cos x +6) = S= 98%, x>0 A. yt (tan ay =coe?s, Bex <¥ step 1: $+ (tan x)y = cos, P(x) = tan x, Q(x) = costx Step 2: Jan cai= [ SB ax-=—In oon t= noon 1 Beak J (cons) Step &: v(x) =e = (cos x) Step y=, J (cos x)~1 -c08?x dx = (cos x) Joona (om x)(sin x +0) (cos x)" 5 Menat-bare sup 4()y Step 2 J Bex=2tmixi=inxt,x>0 Step 8: v(x) =e =x? steps y=4 [x a) ax 6. (Ltxy!ty= yk Step 3: v(x) =O) <1 4x supe y=rhy fa+n(8) 1, Bo fyafol oP) =f.) = fer [Pr de= fea eer?512 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations x0? 08/2 syeaky [ete Gen)ace? | far=e"(hx+c) xe => P(x) = 2, Q(x) = 2xe™ => fre x= fe dx= 2x > v(x) =e sys & Je@ne™) a= a ‘| Dx dx = e-*(x? +.) = x8e-™ 4 Com S855, x>0- PCa) = 8, OG) = 25% -> J PO) d= | Foe=2Inixi= In x>0 sve avayed J2() dead [conn de =dyGoin x4 6) = ABS 11 dts (ys= faye es PO =rhp =F AS aye = froa=fz ar Joon 2 = o 8 it c agi Oe aH) ap ee =A Inft—11=In(t—1)t = v( =O = Ito 0= (an stemancen se iat ts fte(chy)s=t4 chs s r= chy WW =a e+? = [rears | Zpamamlestiamernes Or" aos? CHys+e+y]e= Te Joc+n?+e+n da “aH J 7 = qi ples vitae tle c]= (e+ + (e417 Mines) + ee peer -1 18. Gh (cot Or =e 8, 0< 0 PO) = eat 8, 6) = 0c 8 | PLO) a0 = {cot a0 =In|sin | tin 6 because 0<0<$ 9 r=ghy J ton see 8) ae aah | tan #40 = gh pln eee 61+0) = (ose 6)(In ee 81+) dry ir 14, tan 0 S54 r= sin?6, 0<0<5 > sin’ = 4 iF + (cot 6)r = sin 6 cos 0 = P(0) =cot 4, Q(0) sin 8 cos 0-5 J P40 f cot #40 In sin 01 tn (sn 8) since 0< <= w() =e) =sinSection 6.3 Linear First Order Differential Equations 513 shite) oat ‘ 15, V4 ry =3 > P(t) =2, QW) =3 > rma [rena syd [star sre | (in 0) (in 8 om 6) do = he | sno cos 9a =k(Je'+0): 90 =19 $40=15.02-fay=}-fe™ 2 Bakiron ry =f.ayare |r a=zinnie =e 4a -(d j= 8, ¢. = 8 saca(foo)ePegier=iet 17, $+(})v= 898 o> 0-4 Pe) =}, 0) =H > | P(e ae =Inl6l-+ v6) = eml¢l=I01 v= ph Jloi(tige) ao} | 0(8g-f) a0 tor 0 40-9 y=} [vn 040 = =~ feo 0+ Gs y(f)=1 9 O= Fs y=— jem 0+ ay 1 (—cos 9+0) 18. —(B)y = 08 ee 8 tan 8,0 > 0-9 PQ) = 3, Q() =O acc #tan => { POH) a0 = 2 In16] v0) setiell 6-8 > yay J 6-9)? seco tan 0) a = 0? Jee otan 0-40 = Pee 040) = 0? voc 408%; y(§)= 22 (F)os+c(F)oc=-2s y= eca+(H-2)e ay 962 4x)y = 1 ste) nee aay = fs pa= 38. 4) Ba? andy = Shy xo 1 Bay = OE By = oH = P= = ={- A) eX 0) = GETS J Pe) de= J rede (Sale =" {1 =o[22D" 6] 408%, ¥(0) = =35-14¢2 =e | chpane [stra St 08s (0) =5 > 4+C=5-140=5 Pa vaet ayes Je 2 2 SCa bay abe 20, Yay =x PG) =x, QG) =x > JP ex= Jroatowne Payee [etna =t(7" =1 ; ¥(0) = -6 > 14+C=-6 C=-7 = 4 gale eo)a14 Fino 402 -t20=-teya1-514 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations a. Bowy202 2) =a =0 [PO at= [Karate 9 aa Jo at = (0-40) = Co, ¥(0) = v9 C= ¥9 > ¥ = Yoh 8.x J fax = x(n 1xi+C)=x Inixi+ Cx > (b) is correct 24. (a) $= 1000 + 0.10x = 0.01(10,000 + ) = dx = 0.1(10,000 +x) dt => Feary = 0.1 at Jnls410,o00|_ 03140, = J xen = | 0-1 at im|x+ 10,000]= 0.1040, = eet19.001 = [x + 10,000] = oe = x-+ 10,000 = + Cyc = x(t) = -10,000 + Ce, where C, = et and C= £Cy. Apply the initial condition: x(0) = 1004 = x(t) = ~10,000 + 11,000" (b) 100,000 = —10,000 + 11,000404* = <4! = 10 = t = 10 In(10) » 23.03 ~ 28 years and 11 days. 10,000 + Ce? = C = 11,000 1 tt) =the ann fi nth cnr an) =the atl one oi inh aa ine Thee ete ii no (0) Rate entering = 2154! 9 t/a (b) Volume = V(t) = 100 gal + (5t gal~4t gal) = (100-44) gal (6) The volume at time tis (100-+t) gal. ‘The amount of salt in the tank at time tis y Ibs. So the concentration at any time tis yg¥rrlbs/aal. ‘Then, Rate leaving = pyd°z (Ib/gal) 4 (gal/min) so Hin mantle 2 + (rote) =102 PO = sage 0 =10 [PCO a= [aac = 4190049) (9 =A) = 0L YF y= TEL | 00+ YHA ay = alte Ot +c) = 200049 + EMO =50 = 2000-40)+ EE (150)(400)" 5 y = 2(100 +4) -—150_, “a00 (200 +8) (Mite) = C= ~(150)(100)* = y = 2(100 +1) -Section 6.3 Linear First Order Differential Equations 515 = = (150)(200)8 concentration = 2025). py (2) w(25) = 2400 +25) — Taye 18.56 Ib = concent dies 15 Ib/eal 26, (a) WV = (5-3) =2 > V= 10042 ‘The tank is fall when V = 200 = 100-4 2¢ => ¢ = 50 min, (©) Let y(t) be the amount of concentrate in the tank at time t $= (18)(88)-Con'em B)( Bt) = =F) a =$ PO =9(teg) > fr a=3 [tga v(t) sol POM BO) 6 ys/2 = $ n(t+50) since +50 >0 J Qheesor ae= 450) *Ale+50° +c] 909 =14504 —1__ c 10 Gi? Apply the initial conditi fa = 50°? = y(t) = - ee en the tank is full at t = ¥(0)=0= 80+ 58 = C= 80874 y(t) = 450 yee When the tanks fl ot ¢ = 50, (60) = 100 —SE7 89,22 pound of concentrate, n (je, distilled water in the tank at ¢ I Ley be he amount of rile in he tak at net Then ae entering = 11 £8 1 Band the volume in the tank at time t is V(t) = 100 (gal) + [1 (gal/min) ~3 (gal/min)]t min = (100 ~2t) gal. Hence 35 thefmin = 8 5 rate ot = (qgphyg)8 = pope Hbs/min => $Y = (1 yg gp) tb/min > Y-+ (gygbgg)y =1 + f rin at f spp ae 2RUM=2D y= om or-s0y2 wm = (100-20)? = y= jo J 0 =207-9 at = (000 -20)°/7[(200-2)-"”? + 6] = (10024) + C(100 = 21°; (0) =0 = [100—2(0)] + Cf100 210)? = C(100}°? = -100 3/2 3 = 21y2(—1 (109) 2 fy y= 100~29 O20 44 8 a nn -(E)OmD = BOD <4 ATER yy 20 = 5 TODA 400 = 10025) = 40 = 900-188 0 12748 ln the tine trac the mina. ‘The maximum emount shen (200 — 227.9972 0 =18t (27.8) {u00 ~ 227.8)] — 148 1b 28. Let y = y(t) be the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) in the room at time t. The amount of CO entering the room i (fy) = rp mi, a8 the amount of CO leasing the oom i (355) fh) = pigs 84m516 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations ‘Tous = ABs ashon = + rehony = rhb > POO = raha: QO = rp > wen = 2/2600 syeanhes J ibe at vg) =t/15,000( 1 9¢/88,000 4c); (0) = 0 0 = 1(1804-C) > C= -180 = y = 180 180e"*/*50%, When the concentration of CO is 0.015 inthe room, the amount of CO satisfies gg = 25 = y = 045 £2, When the room contain this amount we 98.0 5 « = 15,00 nH AIRES) 9788 min 1910) -H0-9 = =k ta fin 2 wee have 0.45 — 180e"¥/18,000 _, 179.55 180 ~ 180 = Mss 29, Steady State = ¥ and we want Lo Bt5 Lil sing=-Bs-fin}= 90. () §i+Bi-os dai Rave nis -Btyo, 4 ice ce (0) <151=6 oF amp (b) Hate RV hg Bain }=—n2o tan 2 ee (© taf ia teR/MEI) = 16 amp 3 @ totes # — {-R/LIGLIR)) = ¥(a— 9) 08509 amp, or about 95% ofthe tnd state valve Baie yuan (0) ta Be iY e-REIUM) -MC 0.8647 amp, or about 86% ofthe stendy tate valve 32. (a) diy = Jrea=f Pa=Bs v9 =a eV) +c]=Yroe ee (b) i(@) @isfog solution of Ba (11 1= Ge" wp fi RC Og tW/0 4 (ce OVEN) = 9 = = CoV satin dig Rie di+Bizo 64 EULER'S METHOD; POPULATION MODELS 1. yy = Yo Holl Yo) dx = 0+ 1(1 —0)002) Ya = +; (1—¥) dx = 0.2 +1.2(1 ~0.2)(0.2) = 0.392,Section 6.4 Euler's Method; Population Models 517 Yg= yp 4% (1=¥y) dx = 0.902 + 1.40 —0.309)(02) = 0.5622; }+oec=-}>mnli-y ett . ¥y = Yo + (2xp¥q + 2¥) dx = 3 + [2(0)(3) + 2(3)](0.2) = 4.2, Yo =¥1 + (xy; + 2y) 1.2 + [2(0.2)(4.2) + 2(4.2)](0.2) = 6.216, Ya =a + Rxgva +2y,) dx = 6.216 + [2(0.4(6.216) + 2(6.216)](0.2) = 9.6970; aryiatt) 2 ¥ 4040 (x-+1) dx = In} ysoopln +05 C=In3-1 o> Iny = (xt YP bin Bad ya eA HNS A antec 8 gee 5 9(0.2) 0 6581, (0.4) * 7.8851, (0.6) 6 14.2765 V1 =Yo+YR(L + 2xq) dx = 1+ 17[1 +.2(—1)](0.5) = 0.5, Yaa, ty +m) dx = 05+ (05) +2(-08)(05) = 0.5, Ya=Yy ty +24) dx = 08+ (05)41 +200](08) = 0.628; Ya 4n dee fortes Gas hystetet4(Peoe cata pated = 0.8) = 08, ¥(0) = 1 ¥(05) = 4 5. yy = 141002) = 1.2, ya = 124 (1.2)(02) =1.44, yg = 144 + (144)(0.2) = 1.728, Yq = 1.728 + (1.728)(0.2) = 2.0736, ys = 2.0736 + (2.0736)(0.2) = 2.48892; Wo ax > ny =x+C, oy = Ce yl) =19 12 3 Cal sy =e > yl) sew 2T83518 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations a= sys2es (2)= Let ty = Yn + 2p naa +1) Ax and yy, = Iya + nina +1) Aq +1) AX with 29 = 0, Yo = 3, and dx =0.2. The exact solution is y = 36+), Using a programmable calculator or a spreadsheet (We used a spreadsheet) gives the values in the following table. x 2 yapprox | yrexact Error 0 = 3 3 0 oF a2 £608 | 465812 | 0.050107 oa_[8mi9e1 | Te73475_| 7.835089 | ~O.211614 os [1.80067 | 13.56369 | 127646 [0.712777 + (Sell Yas) +A(1=9)) +x a(0 =: Jdx with x = 1, yp =0, and ‘The exact solution '. Using a programmable calculator or a spreadsheet (We used ‘a spreadsheet) gives the values in the following table. x 2 yeapprox | _y-exact Error T = 0 a 0 iz Oz 0.108 | 0.197481 | 0.001487 14038806 —0-378026_| 0.381217 | 0.003191 6] 0.552178 | 0.536753 | 0.541594 | 0.004841 ,0018P(150 —P) = 9225 ps0 —P) = fyPOM —P) ‘Thus, k= -—M 159 205 and M = 150, and P= — MS san PTA Tee Initial condition: P(0) =6 + 6=—150 55 14A=25 > A=24 T+ae =——150 Formula: P= 160 Tyee (0) 100 Bly 6 1+ HAA a ne OH = yg 0.05 = t= BB «172 weeks 125 = em 1 eH Bag He = AIM Sy 0.28 =n aD t= 20 x 21.28 {It will take about 17.21 weeks to reach 100 guppies, and about 21.28 weeks to reach 125 guppies.Section 64 Buler's Method; Population Models 519 10. () $B = 0.00047(250 -P) = $4 P(250-P) = fy PMP) 5 uM 250 50, and P= —M og, = 250, ° T+ Ae 14 Ae OTE Initial condition: P(0) = 28, where t= 0 represents the year 1970 250 25 1 iis 3 2801 +A) = 250-9 A= BP = Mio 7.9286 ‘Thus, k= 0.1 and M 1 : 250 or approximately P(t) = 250 Formula: P(O = Tayi Mtoarag & approximately Pt) = eon (b) The population P(t) will round to 250 when P(t) > 249.5 = 249.5 = 250 Teinte 7a aie = m95( 14g) => t= 10(In 55,389 —In 14) ~ 82.8 1 will take about 83 years. 9 > (avs)nite8) 5 =p elt = Olt =In gly 4 55,389 35,389 11. (a) Using the general solution from Example 6, part (c), ay \-7) 7. =< M . 8x10" 8x10" GE = (0.08875 x 10-7)(8 107 —y)y = 0) = Man = SS arayan = oe Apply the initial condition: (0) = 163107 = 820 3 a= 8 au =4>y(1)= eon 2.69671 x 107 kg. in (©) ye) =4xt0" = SHU denM at at 18/4 1.95253 years. 12, (a) Ifa part of the population leaves or is removed ftom the environment (e.g., a preserve or a region) each year, then ¢ would represent the rate of reduction of the population due to this removal and/or migration. ‘When griztly bears become a nuisance (e.g, feeding on livestock) or threaten human safety, they are often relocated to other areas or even eliminated, but only after relocation efforts fail. In addition, bears are killed, sometimes accidentally and sometimes maliciously. For an environment that has a capacity of about 100 bears, a realistic value for ¢ would probably be between 0 and 4. (b), 89, the population will decrease to about 89 bears. 13) Party sdy=(14y) dt = ats nf ty|=tt+o, bl L4y = £Cze! > y= Cet—1, where C, =e" and C= £C,. Apply the initial condition: (0) = C215 Ca25y=20-1, ay dy (0) GE = 0.5(400 —y)y = dy = 0.5(400—y)y at = Sag decomposition in Example 6, part (2), me obisingig( $+ agg) ov =08 at => (}-+agicy) ay .5 dt. Using the partial fraction =200 at f (3-sam) r= J 200 dt = Injy|~In]y — 400] = 200 +C, = In 2008 +C, O84, _ 200041 5 Cy (her Cy =e) > 5 Yigg = 4 cye™™ 100 (where C= Cy) => y = Coy ~ 400Ce2" =9(1 — Cx y = — 40020" = 40gge20 Ly 400 __ 400 where A = — initial condition: 9m Geb 9 Ta feemme Teac the A= Aly the nl condton: VO 400 40 1005 > A = 199 = y(t) = —400_ T+ad = TF ope 4 Brample, part (2), we obtain (f+ php) aP =r t= (B+ yrhp)ar=neae > | (bp by) ar (M—P)P = dP =H(M—P)P dt = path =r dt. Using the partial fraction decomposition in c ®M dt = In{P|—In|P—M1=(eM)t+C, = lupe |= (Merc, seSection 6.4 Euler’s Method; Population Models 521 =e | (mye Col (here Cy =) > pay = 2 Cy Mcal™X p= Moet ply = el (where C= £C,) > P=CeO™P— Mca! > (1 —Cel™M)P = cet =— ons M where A = —2 R= TEA c 2 [rtae [eae ransce P(0) =Py + Py=-h+ 16. () B= 10 PP =m) P= 1200 ~ PP 100) > Gama P= a0 PHP =T00} at 1100 aP_ (P— 100) + (1200—P) gp > TBD P)PH TOD) dt = 1% > “Tra— PHP — Too) dt = OF 1 1_)ap_ = (dept pam) £ = 1100" (9 (sasbe-+ Frye) oP = 110" at > f (sapfp+ pigy) a” = J sto ae = In(1200 =P) +n (P= 100) = 008+ 6, =| fg 9% 1002+, + F Cel00rt sehere C= et = P—100 = 1200Ce!0% — cpe!00% 10 11008 root 1200 + 1006 00) = y209ceH00R 5 199 = p = 1200Ce1 9% 100 ¢ = PCL CeO) 11009 P= 8» Sr 1200 + 100A¢~1200r8 =P= ¢ Ae where A= fp Apply the initial condition: 300 100 + 300A = 1200 + 100A => A= 11008 = p = 24004-9006 We ern (Note that P ~+ 1200 as t ~+ 00.) 2496 HM-P\P—m) = app ray Het SE a amy 3 BBY EOD AP mie (ghpt pig) se = 3 | (gry tpg) aP= J (meat = tno) +In(P—m) =m + 6, © Baw-7e-m =F 0 (M—m)r522 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations (=m +0, > BB = eee Fig = GO where C= tet pa MCeMm 4 CaO 1 Mice rm = Mime) 1+ Ac Oa ial condition P(0) = Py: Mim 4p 4,A=MrmA= A (Note that P —+ M as t- 00 provided Py > m.) (0.1) = yy + 0.20 (On a TI-92 Plus calculator home sereen, type the following commands: 2STO> y: 0 STO> xy (enter) y40.2"x"e'(€2) STO> y: x40.1 STOD: y (enter, 10 times) ieplayed gives Ypute(1) © 8.45895 ‘The exact solution: dy = 2xe™ dx = y = e® +0; y(0) = emul) = 1-40 % 3.71828 2 xt x 1D, Gr = Be ¥(0) = 2 = Yang = Yn t Daye dx = Yq + Beye ‘The last value +CaCalayaite? 18, Bay te%—2, 90) =2 > Yags = Yat On FEM =D) A= Yy + 0.5(q +22) On # TI-92 Plus caleulator home screen, type the following commands: 28TO> y: 0 STO> xy (enter) y+0.5"(y +e%—2) STO> y: x+0.5 STO>x: y (enter, 4 times) ‘The lat value displayed gives yyq(2) © 9.82187 ‘The exact solution: @Y —y =e —2 = P(x) = 1,06) = -25 | 96) = sya | Meh 2) dx =eX(x +2040); yO) = 25 403C= SY HEADS Yoxee( 2) = 207 +2 16.7781 yg= 0.39704 [237] yg= 0.34195 [22% ]o0Section 6.4 Buler’s Method; Population Models 523 Ys = ~0.27812, yq = ~0.25745, yy = -0.24088, yg = —0.2272; Sie dks -poavircme as 2403C=-15y Tohye 2 = hye ozs 140-9(9)=1, va=1+(1=2°)(8) = 0.6840, Ya = 0.6840 +-(0.68400—4/8)($) = o.a504, 0.35244 + (0.5044 —<8/8)(]) = -2.99204, 2.0mm (2.90094 <9)(J) = -2.070, #70709 +(-8.70709-299)() <2 Pls) =—1, Q(x) =e = | PC) dx J em (-e%) de +0); yO)=15 -1405C=25y ++ 20? ms —39.8200 a. ~ox+C = t+2ory= 1 2 se xo) 37 23)+2— (b) To find the approximation, set yy = 2y2(x— 1) and use EULERT with initial values x = 2 and y step size 0.2 for 5 points. This gives y(3) © ~0.1851; error ~ 0.0149, (€) Use step size 0.1 for 10 points. ‘This gives y(3) ~ —0.1929; error ~ 0.0071. (€) Use step size 0.05 for 20 points. This gives y(3) as ~0.1965; error =: 0.0036. 2. (a) vote | Sy= J as iny-ajextos|y- HC y= deer 7 yols SysAeX4l condition: y(0)=3 > 3=Ae°+1>A=2 B28 +1 Init Solution: jon, set yy = y ~1 and use a graphing calculator or CAS. with inti and y = 3 and step size 0.2 for 5 points, This gives y(1) ~ 5.9766; error = 0.4599. (€) Use step size 0.1 for 10 points, ‘This gives y(1) ~ 6.1875; error ~ 0.2401, (@) Use step size 0.05 for 20 points. ‘This gives y(1) » 6.8066; error ~ 0.1300,524 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations 23. ce ‘The exact solution is y #0 ¥(3) a 2, To find the approximation, let Yaar +2101) dx and Yq Yq + (V2 a(%pg — 1) +22(22 = 1)) de with initial values xo = Use a spreadsheet, graphing calculator, or CAS as indicated in parts (a) through (4). 0.2 with 5 steps to obtain y(3) = —0.2024 => error «0.0024. (b) Use dx = 0.1 with 10 steps to obtain y(3) © —0.2005 = error 0.0005. (€) Use dx = 0.05 with 20 steps to obtain y(3) & 0.2001 => error = 0.0001. (a) Bach time the step size is cut in half, the error is reduced to approximately one-fourth of what it was {for the larger step size. ‘The exact solution is y = 26 + 1, so y(I) = 2e' + 1 = 6.4366. To find the approximate solution let 14-2 $y Dd and ¥q = Iq-1 +( 2H dx with initial value yq = 3. Use a spreadsheet, a= naa + nat ina te a sraphing calculator, or CAS as indicated in parts (a) through (4). (a) Use dx = 0.2 with 5 steps to obtain y(1) 6 6.4054 = error = 0.0311. (b) Use dx = 0.1 with 10 steps to obtain y(1) a 6.4282 = error 0.0084, (©) Use dx = 0.05 with 20 steps to obtain y(1) © 6.4344 = error = 0.0022. (@) Each time the step size is cut in half, the error is reduced to approximately one-fourth of what it was for the larger step size. 25-30. Example CAS commands: br Lon ‘Afieldplot(eq{xy), x=a.-b, y=—4.4, scaling=CONSTRAINED); Aisplay({elot1})5 sgen_sol:= dsolve{eq}.v(=)s seq(oubs(_C1=i, gen_sl) ot(tograph, x=0., splay({plot1,plot2}, title = ‘Direction Field and Sol prox:= proe(fx0 yn) local ih (—1,0,1,3,9))}5 CONSTRAINED): ¥():= evalf{y(i-1) + bef{x(i-D).v(i-1))): x6 (Gv) & a hea) unaply(% (53) x(i-1) +h od; cexlerapprox(f,0,~7/10,4)s plot3:= plot(%, style=LINE,scaling=CONSTRAINED, title="Euler Approximation’): aisplay({plot3}); y1O= "V0 parteol'= deolve({ea, ¥(0)=—1/10), ¥(8); plot: implicitplot(partsol x=—1 display({plot3, plot4}, til 40 scaling=CONSTRAINED) "Actual Solution & Euler Approximation’);Section 6.4 Euler's Method; Population Models 625 ‘Mathematica: Need package for plotting vector fields: << "Graphics’PlotField*” Also load package to improve solving of ODE’s: << Calculus DSolve* SetOptions[PlotVectorField, PlotPoints -> 6]; Cleartx,y,yPsb] Note: here we define “eulerstep” to find the next Euler point, given the current one, assuming that the variables a" (initial point), “b (final point), and n” (# of steps) have been defined, along with the function "yplx,y]" (which specifies the derivative). Then the vhole Euler solution is given as a list of points {x,y} by: NestList[ eulerstep, N[{a,ya}}, 2 ] where "ya" is the initial value. stepl (x,y_}] {xth, ytheNCyp[x.y]} N[(b-a)/n) x+y (0.1); ya {aminaamax) = {—4,4); {yminymax) = {—44); ot VertorFiel{ Ixy) (sxmin xmas} (y;ymin,ymax}, SealeFunction -> (I&e) } ode = vfs] == yobsrte) Dsolvel ode, yieh x ] gensol = yi) /. Frst{%] fols = Map{ (gensol /. Cll} > #)k, {~: p2 = Plot{ Evaluatefsols), {x,xmin,xmax} } Show( {pl, p2}, PlotRange -> {Automatic,{ymin,ymax}} ] Dsolvel {odes y{a] == ya}, vleh x ] partsol = yfs) 7. Firt{X) p3 = Plot{ partsol, {x,a,b} ] n= 10; -1,0,1,2} ] NestList{ eulerstep, N{faya}], mj: pA = ListPlot{ approxl, PlotJoined > ‘True ] Show/{p4,p3)}] Here’s an alternate approach to plotting the tvo solutions (simpler but less obvious): Showlp8, Epilog -> {Linelapprox]} ] NestList{ eulerstep, Ni{ava}], 0 J; Plot{ approx2, PlotJoined => True ] NestList{ eulerstep, N{faya}], Js pi = ListPlot{ approx, Plotdoined => True ] Show'(p4.p3)] pproxd = NestList{ eulerstep, Ni{aya}], a js pA = ListPlot{ approx4, Plotloined “> True ] Show[{p4,p3}] yb = partsol /. x -> b // N errl = Lastlapprox1}([2]] — yb percentl = errl/yb + 100526 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations err2 = Last{approx2]{[2]] — yb percent? = err2/yb * 100 er:3 = Last[approxa]{f2]] — yb percent’3 = err3/yb + 100 errd = Last{approxd]{[2]] — yb percentd = erri/yb + 100 31. Example CAS commands: wi pt panes y)(3 plotl:= impliitplot(partsoll, #=~2..6, y=—1.10, scaling=CONSTRAINED): display(plot2); slve( {eq2, (0}=0), v(x) impliitplot(partol2, x=—2.6, y=—1.4, saling=CONSTRAINED): Aisplay(plot2); partsol3:= dsolve({eq3, ¥(0)=0}, y(x))s plotd:= impliitplot(partsol3, x=~2.6, y=~2.10, ealing=CONSTRAINED): Gisplay(plot2); solve feat, y(0)=0), v(x) pl implicitplot(partsol4, display (plots); display {pot plot2,plot3.plot4))s 3..2, saling=CONSTRAINED): fx] = 2x DSalve ode, soll = yfx} /. Fest(% Plot{ soll, {x;eminjxmax} ] va}, yixh x ] ffx] = Sinl2x} Dsolvel odes yla) == ya), yeh x ] sol2 = yf) /- Fiest(%) Plot{ sol2, {x xminjxmax} ] ffx_] = 3 Explx/2} DSolve{ {ode, y[a] sol3 = bx) / va}, viel x] /. Firet(%6] Plot{ sol8, {xyxmin,xmax} Cos 2x) I ya}, vie) x] Plot{ olf, (xxmingxmax) | Plot{ {soll, sol2, sol8, sold), {x.xmin,xmax} }32, Section 6.5 Hyperbolic Functions 527 Example CAS commands: Maple: with(plots): with(DEtools): e4:=D(y)(x)=(Bex2+40x42)/(24(y—1))s plotl:=dfieldplot(eq xy)ax=a.b Alisplay({plot1}); plot2:=implicitplot(tograph,x=a..b, display(plot2); b)s (8x2 + 4x + 2) / (2-1) 3}; {yminymax) = {—3,3}; pl = PlotVectorField{(I.yplsy]}, (&.xmin,xmax), {y.ymin,ymax), SealeFunetion -> (1&)'] impeqn = Integrate(Denominatoriyp(xaiy] == Integrate(Numerator(yplxyila} -+ Cll << GrephicsTmplicitPlot” eqns = Mapl (impeqn /. Cll] -> #)&, {-6,-4,-20,2.4,6} i p2 = ImplicitPlot{ Evaluatefeqns), {x,xmin,xmax} ] Show[ {pl, 2} ] impega /.'{x -> 0, y -> -1) Solve(%,Ciu]} partegn’ = impegn /.. Finst{] ImplicitPlot{ Evaluatefparteqn), {xaminxmax} ] 6.5 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 1 sinh x= $= cosh x= ViFamIR = fi +(-3) = Yio coth x= akg ey oe 4 sah x= cosh x= ViFeaTE = io = (B= ae ach 3, seth x= he = B, and och x= oho =} och x= HE, x> 0-9 sinh x= VeossTx—1 = y(H2) of comxe cb aU wen et 8 --b =i 2 fpeooth xa oh a web xo he = Bh and ch x= gh = IB528 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations cosh = 82.30. sinh x= Veo ST = BEI = =H, eax = b= =ot- =ab- = 25 oth = alr = TBs Oh <= cag = Tp aad Oh XS 5, Boob) =2( MEH EH) ey dase came_gut_geet_(¥73) 6. sink (2 In x) = SBE Sere _ dev ge” LA ata 1 ah tat 5x EY (sinh x-+cooh x)¢ = (25% 4 HE) (elf = et non anh x) +n (oth sinh 3) = in (con? —sink?x)=In 1=0 |. (a) sinh 2x = sinh (x-+x) = sinh x cosh x + eosh x sinh x = 2 sinh x cosh x (b) cosh 2x = cosh (x +) = cosh x cosh x-+ sinh x sin x = cosh? x + sinh? x 12, cook sinh?x = (5S) (BSA) aM pe) +(e ea) te)-(#-€)] = }(20%)(20*) = }(40°) = H¢ 1, y=6 sinh § = SE = 6 (cosh 8)(}) =2 comh § 14, y= fink (2-41) = $2 = fleoeh (2x +1))2) = cosh (2x-+1) 15, y= 2 tanh y= 200 can op MY = [och (e/2)(er¥/2)04) + (tah )(-2?) meeut yin ahve 16, y= tanh f=? tanh 1 > SF = [onen?(eJ(—t-2) (2) + (29 (tanh 8) = ane? $2 tanh 17, y= In (sinh 2) = GL = PRE = coth x 18. y = In (cosh 2) => $2 = sith = tanh 2 1B, y= (ech (1—In sch 6) = SY =(—= Heh gah 2) ech 4) + (=e @ tan (In ach 8) ech 9 tanh 0— (seh 8 tanh 6(—In etch 6) = (ech 8 tanh 6) —(1—In ee 9) = (sech @ tank 6)(In sech 0)Secti 6.5 Hyperbolic Functions 529 20. y = (esch 8)(1 =! In cach 0) > B= (cseh 6)(~-=ss2hf cath 2) + (1 In esch 8)(~cech 8 coth 6) = cach 8 coth @— (1 ~In esch 8)csch 8 coth 6) = (ech 6 coth 6)(1 ~1 + In each 6) = (cach 6 coth 6)(In esch 8) sah 21 y= In cosh vf tanh => $Y = Sake (8) 2 tan v) (eect?) = tanh v= (tanh v (eek) = (tanh v)(1-~seeh?) = (tanh sets) = tanh y dy _ cosh v 22. y= Insinh vf oth? 9 SY gph ~($) 2 coth v)(—eschv) = coth v + (coth v)(eseh?v) = (coth v)(1 + each?) = (coth v)(coth?v) = coth'y 2. y= (e+ t)oech (ns) = 6241) sexes (4x? — 1) esch (In 250 = dy _ sixa a4 Qe 25, y= sinh? /& = sinh“"(x4/2) 5 Y= AB eo “on Joey TVET aS 26. yet 2/ FFT = coi (202497) = foro" 1 nao) tanto 0 -9( cy) bd enarten hy aab9 we e T+ aA ema tor sy +O he Jaa) tanh“! (041) = LEM 5 92ytahl (043) = 042) tah 4 1)-—1 “in y=(1-Heat Vix (twat) 2 8-4-0) I} yeoth“H() = Ca aro 20, y= (1-2) cote Np (1) g) + (29 cathhe = at coh Hy cements Bon ral [a play) +00 waht] = alge lh = seek“580 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations 2 echt 9 Y sechx 9 32, y=Inx+ VI—x? sech“! =hH x7 Ye) Oem sect =inx+(1-2)" an ycoai({)o f= flay ==) toa ooy eo eo BM. yseach 12? > B= oF S han 9) = = et = tg = RE = SEE cine Vis (ana? Voedts = (occ x)(tan x) __ (see x)(tan x) _ (see x)(tan x) _ = cosh“ (oe x) 2 seen 0K § 36. y = cosh”? (sec x) => 5 lacbg nt lanky fan xl GO 0 for all x. £40 = hw du, where u =~ and du = 8 coth F540 = Vi | sth 2, here w= fe and du = ois Wil, Wi _tvlgg = V5 in|sinb ul+0, = V3 9 Vila on 2 Fale = Vink */V3|_ 5m 240, = Vin sect? (x) x= feech? du, where u=(x—}) and du = de tanh w+ C= tanb(x—f) +0 cach? (5 —x) dh = [ie a, tee = (6) ad coth u) +C = coth u+C = coth (5x) +C Avia Via ena tech u tanh u du, where w= VE =2(-tech u) $0=-2 ch VE+C ‘each (In t) coth (In t) ebm otha a | cech u oth uu, where w= In ¢ and du = exch u+C-=~each (In t) +C ms fs cothax= | bE de= | fau=[insuly/® wa aK inh x, du = cosh x dx, the lower limit is sink (In 2) ‘and the upper 2G) _s 2)532 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations 4 nit san a 9 etter 27) “ } [haus finials” =ffia(§P)taa]—fin AF, where in) i he owe iit an O= 1 andthe poe 52, it is cosh (2 In 2) = cosh (In 4) fT oacannatea= | ote bere w= tan 8, da=see26 a, the lower limit i tan(—2 limit is tan ~ ; a 1 ete! sa. | asnn(in dew 008-2 | anh wae = 2th w= neo 1c) =a Jn 8, du = cos 6 dO, the lower limit is sin 0 = 0 and the upper ete! —2, where a 2 st. J coho) ay = cosh udu =(sinh ull)? = sink (In 2) —sinh (0) = 2225278? _ 9 = tn, du-=1 ay the lower limit in 1 = 0 andthe upper limit i In 2 { ox f BPE acne f cn wan = tinh af = ih 2a 1) (25) -(2>9%)] a(e- where u = JX 409, gy = }a¥? = 585. the lower limit is Y= 1 and the 9 da pc Be the lover ink = and the wpeSection 6.5 Hyperbolic Functions 533 Timit is V4 =2 9 cosh x41 4, @ Q . L cosn?() x= f sembett n=} | (cosh x +1) dx = Hfoinh x43], oha E(x) is even, and (x) = IEE) _ MO =NO9 _ _ (x) = O14) is odd. Consequently, (x) cam be written a ‘a gum of an even and an odd function.Section 6.5 Hyperbolic Functions 535 (b) (9) =D prcanse OSI) = 6 and (x) = IIE pecans LIAM) 0, chs te) = 220 ana) 204 20 2xe! =e 1 =e 2x07 1 0 In(x+ V7 #1), Since e > 0, we cannot qv dv iv img av 09 mfp mentots a AH VO pag | VO ~ 1 yo ( ats) (aha) = [ Va tatt( Ve) = Vic v= fan VBe4c), wi) =0%020 JB nV) © im, v= ig, Enh VEE) = Ei ena VER) = Ben = PE (0 AR = Y= 80 = soy 17800 78. (a) s(t) =a cos kt-+b = ak in Wek cos kt => Sf k? s(t) => acceleration is proportional to ¢. The negative constant —k? ds a 2 od ak? cos kt — bk? sin kt 1? (a cos kt + sin kt} implies that the acceleration is directed toward the origin , (2) at) = coo Kt bin Kt o> = a in K+ coo kt > 2 = ak con KB? sn = (a cosh kt-+sinh kt) = k?s(t) = acceleration is proportional to s. The positive constant k? implies that the acceleration is directed away from the origin. fy Rosy 1 ax. ix => y = ech"! (x) - VT yes ate iat tans | ata | ghee ret VR rcae ta y=0=C=0 = y =sech"*(x)— 80. To find the length of the eurve: y =} cosh ax = y! . inh ax = J /1+ (eink ax)? ax . sinha, Then te area under the eve A= [om ax de (Hsin ab) whic isthe area of the rectangle of eight f and length «536 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations 2 2 sven [ (cosh? x—sink?x) x= = [ Ldx=2" 0 a ny 82, Vaan f sect? dx = 2attanh xl V8 Lest 8, y= food 2 9! -l{) lo mys somone | fisGmaPan | cont 2 d= [inh 24]°Y8 q i 4. (a) Let the point located at (cosh x,0) be called T. ‘Then A(u) = area of the triangle AOTP minus the area emp cae unde te ervey = VTi fom Ato P= A) = foot ah- |” VETToe =} cosh? +3 sinh?) = heosh?u +} sinha (&) Aw) =} cosh w sinh w= J VH=T dx = AY) = H(cosh? u+-sink?u) —(veoshu=1) (sinh u) A cost? ~sink?u)=($)(0) =} (Mo) =}. Alu) =9-+C, and fom past (9) we have A(Q)=0 = C=O Au) => u=2A 85, (a) y= Hf cosh(fpx) = tan 6 = li) (8) (b) ‘The tension at P is given by T cos 6 =H => T= see ¢= HIF tan? = Hy/1 + inh Fx) = H cosh (px) = w (Gf) cosh( fx) = wy 86.=4 sinh ax => sinh ax =as =} ax =sinh!as = x= = Vanier = VET = 7 (a) Since the cable e328 long, #= 16 and x= 15. From Exercise 88, x = fsinh “Yan => 10 = inh 160 3 sinh 15a = 160 1 z sinha: y = coh ax =f VeoaFaxChapter 6 Practice Exercises 537 (b) The intersection is near (0.042,0.672). (©) Newton's method indicates that at 0.017525 the curves y= 16a and y —sinh 15a interect (@ T= wy = (21g fyspg) 47.90 (©) The sag is about 4.8 f. wa gal = (2395tHe0sh(0.4075 2) Ce a CHAPTER 6 PRACTICE EXERCISES 1 fet sin(et)dx= J sina da where w * and du = e* dx, cos u+C = ~coa(e*) +6 2 fe coo(tet—2) dt =f [cos udu, where w= 3e'—2 and du =e dy sin u+ C=} sin(3e!—2)4+0 Je se?(e¥—7) dx = Jocte du, where stan ut =tan(e—7)+C 7 Jerclet +1) cor(er+a) ay Jvc weotu du, where w= 641 and du =e ay, +1) 40538 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations =e 4a tX4C 6. | (coc? x)eo* ax. [ercu wee wn et xen da = catty PARC a, where w= 81-4, du dxyxs-lsu = Hin jus) = fin 11m | -71]= $0 7) = ind 8. | MBE aca | 0 du, wns usin x a= fds; x=1 4 4=0, i 2 =[2u3/2)* = [219722992] 2 = [Ge] 7-307 ]=3 1a 3 | ban, i where oo(§), ou=—Jon(9) du x= 0-4 us tears sh = -sfhnyoh/* = -aftn|p]-to lat] = -2 =n 2 =n 8 tau, Jin mx, du = x cos mx dx; in = Flin ratty? tana uL do, where w= 1? =25, du= 24 dbs 10 n= 25, ¢= 4-9 $= In|-9|—In|-25|=In 9—In 25 =1n $= ln |-81—In|=25| = In 9—In 25 = In ap13. M4. 1s 16. 1. 18. 19. 20, a. Chapter 6 Practice Exercises 539 tan (lov) 4 Joenu due f BH do, where w= In-v and du=$ de, In jeos wi+C In feos(in w)+C aiiy eve | fu, wheres inv and do =f, =In1ul+C=lalln vI+C (in x) 3 i GP ax = [un du, where u = In x and du =} dx, dx = fw du, where = In(x—5) and du ePeoaltte oc Peaet(1-bins) de= [cou dy where a= 1+ In and a cot u+C = ~cot(I+ln 1) + SCTE ay =~ f coma d, where w Ltn v and du (-ny +c 200% weet dx = f 2 dy, where u = tan x and du = see" dx, =pym)sc=t +0 fax =3flarei] =30n 7-In 13107 In?540. Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations 23, 4 (1) de = “fe edu, where w= (x41), du=—de x=—2puslx=-lsua0 =-[e=-(0-e =e Q wm | eae} { du, where u= 2m, du =2 dw; w=—-In2 > u=Ind,w=0u=0 ina na) “Hela Feed Dek , wa ws | MOA a= | moenr trav | stan where v=tn(v +1) du= hyde w= 1p ueIn 2 v3 ula = fluP BS = Han 4)°—(n 27°] = Hee tn 2° (h 2)9]= (a BP (1) = Fm 29 ame crmnenoa=f eirnasmoa= fa vs 26. _tingrenssa(o(otom)acnonowcsssstea in a usding ine in 2)2 Moles = Hea in? (2 27] = 6 99° @ in 29)] = 2 (6 —1) = 30(1n 2)? we py | cn(Zanapby | wae, where wine, du= fap, o=1 = 8 0=8u=In8 8 In 2)? a gfegluell = peglan 9-0] = GR = 2p? 28, 802 8)0085 ap | Saste- | cwo(g)arae | wat where w=in@,d0= dh, 0=19 00,0202 01,Chapter 6 Practice Exercises 541 wf 29-3) -%o- Tay 4) Tae du ie Freamirtu+c= gh tnbt(Fy) +c fr|fylct + Bey <} , M1. yarn xn 9 =3(h) +n (t4)—1= In solving y' = 0 = x=53 y" > for x > and y! <0 for re. 0 1 relative mini haxehe(h)=-1 xc} = relative minimum of =} at x= $5 (.)=- and #(§)=0 + sbsote minim iB atx =F and the yesmaes absolute maximum is 0 at x= $ Gs-0.) =F 82, y= 10x(2—In x) = y' = 10(2—In x) ~10x(2) 0 ~ 10 In x~ 10 = 10(1 —In x); solving y’ = 0 Sx=6y' eandy’>0forx relative maximum at x=e of 10; B. 4 in 3h In 2, and Ay = | dax=[ln xi]? =n 2-In 1=In2 » 4x =[In i, = to Mbt ka = in EB =n B= In B—In and A, = | dax=finixi? 3. wver | Gayens | 1A ae 3%. The two functions die by In § because K = In (6x) —In (2x) = In 5-+Inx—In 3 In x= In 5—In =n542 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations 38. (a) No, there are two intersectio one at x and the other at x= 4 (b) Yes, because there is only one intersection point. 39. Force = Mass times Acceleration (Newton’s Second Law) or F=ma, Let a= d¥ = dv.de dt ds ‘dt spas omgRbe tg wn gta va gir tas vd = eR? des [de = fan? 2 2 2 a Peco ta ME 420, AR Lc. when =0,y=vgand sane d=" ec 2 = C= Wh 2gR > v? = BR 4 vB —29R 2 7 get 40. oy = VR then? = 26 y= PB, ace v2 08492 VEE ae os Vide = VIRRT at [asa [ VIERT at 20°? = (VIER) 40, 3 #8? = (3 VIR) +; 3 ‘1 2 and s= R= RY? = (3 V7) 0) +0 > C= RY? 3 5? = (VARA) RY? =(3 3/2. R3/7(3R-1/2 3/2] oy) | = (Gry) ne? = weM|( gat mee] = Re (EYFE) a vies AL, y! cos x—y sin x 3 3%) afr +(e] in De Noting that Lycos) = ¥en xy sin x me an rete he diferent euaion in Dx = y cos x= — hoon e+ C > y = GE ys 0) = 1 > hicChapter 6 Practice Exercises 543 1 eevay, yw = "Hest --iee pe 2 = In(in e?) = seta) dx > la(lay) ~tan“*x4 0; x= 0 and J tan1040 = In 2=C = In(in y) =—ten*x+In2 +e A) a gy elon et) ny = eH) tant) y =exp(exp(—tan“!x +In 2)) 43. Bs (SE )y = chp PO) = 7h qe) = gop | POs) x= {Ga dx =2In[x+1]=In(x+ 1)? 2 v(x) = ent? = arora Jorma chp [iesvax =() (F+¥+0):x= oad y=191= 020409021 39 (P4841) 44, 1 4(Z)y =H! = Pw =F, a) ees Joo ac f ¥ee=2inixi=in x2 v(x Jan [Pande A (tea tc)= es Gixetandy= 1 2 eyed [earns : sls}ifecscaley=t4le gh $e Mein x) fe ax (Bin 2); sinx=25x solving y! yf e? and and y! > 0 for x <¢? => a maximum of 2; In x= § = x= 8/9; the curve is concave down on. (oe!) ana concave op on (3,0) ante axe (b) solving y! y/ <0 for x>0 and y’>0 for x <0= @maximum at x= of e = 1; there are points at x= +L, the curve is concave down for w of inflecti “4h 0 and y'>0 yecene for x <0 => a maximum at x =0 of (1+0)e° there is a point of inflection at x= 1 and the curve is concave up for x > 1 and concave down for x <1 4. y=xinx=y! y sinxt1=05Inx al press x > eo! and y! <0 for x < eM! => a minimum of e-? In e“? 4 A At. Since he hal ea 100 yas and A) = Ay we have AP = Age = > In (0.5) = 1008 1n(08) 12(0°5)__ with 10% of the orginal carbon-I4 remaining we ave 0.1Ay = Age 5% * = 0.1 os n(01) = ABD = SHON sk 18,935 years (rounded to the nearest year). 48. T-T,=(T., = (220 —40) eM 0/PF 5 ¢ = 106 01.78 hr = 107 mi, the otal time - the time took to coo fom 180" F to 70° P was 107 — 15 = 92 min 49. (a) ayy = x.co8 x = y' + hy =c08 x POX) w= Jre Pa = | PG) ax=ta xsince x>0 =xsy=ch | P(x) cosxdx =| x cos x dx. Integration by parts: let u =x anc exsyeghy| rede sdc=Bxconcds: nega by paras Waa and dv =con x de and v sin x= [x con dx=xsinx~ [ sin x dx= xin x tex +C; xin x-+cos x+C 4 Ct gos x xsin x 608 x46 _ gin x C+ G08 *, ‘Therefore, ¥Chapter 6 Practice Exercises 545 (b) ‘The graphs, from the bottom curve to the top, are for C= ~2, =1, 0, 1, 2, respectively. ‘As x — 00, all of the solution curves get closer to sin x regardless of the value for C. Asx —+ 0*, the solution curves get close to St iG -1, and if 1, then lim, y(x) = 0. aot 50, Une the Fndamenal Thane of Cale (J a)rgbenon (aa? yr fhtoin 8 488241) = (on 04) 464 ‘Thus the diferent equations said. Vel the nal condtons: (0) yo)= | sng?) a0? 4042 (2+) x £08 (x2) +6 (sin 0) + 300) 41 51. 52. 0 find the approximate value let yy = Yqca + (inca +€08 Xy-1)(O-1) with x = 0, ¥o = 0, and 20 steps Use a epreadsheet, graphing calculator, or GAS to obtain the values inthe following able. xy ¥ y a) Tr eur 0.1 0.1000 12 1.8319 0.2 0.2095 13 2.0513 0.3 0.3285 14 2.9882 04 0.4568 1.5 2.5285 05 0.5946 16 2.7884 06 0.7418 17 3.0643 0.7 0.8986 18 3.3579 08 1.0649 1.9 3.6709 09 L241 2.0 4.0057 Lo 1.4973546 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations 53, To find the approximate solution let 2, = fnmt + ((2=¥n-1)(2Xq—1 + 3))(0-1) and ’, (asain #9) 0—08,43)) nit (0.1) with initial values xp = 3) Yo= 1s ‘and 20 steps. Use a spreadsheet, graphing calculator, or CAS to obtain the values in the following table. y x ¥ T 195.9686 0.6680 18 0.2599 -17 6.9831 0.2294 -16 0.8011 -15 =7.3488 1.4509 14 ~7.2558 2.1687 -13 -6.9813 =2.9974 12 6.5430 -3.7333, <1 -5.9655 4.5268 1.0 —5.2805 5.2840 yaa 2p 0.05) aad yy = Yana +9(2L— + 2 (0.05 Xa tl 0, yo = 1, and 60 steps. Use a spreadsheet, programmable calculator, ot CAS to with initial values obtain y(3) = 0.9063. whan th 55. To eatimate y(4), let yq = Yaa +! (0.05) with initial values xp = 1, yo = 1, and 60 steps. a a Use a spreadsheet, programmable calculator, or CAS to obtain y(4) ~ 4.4974, 56. Let yy = ons (pgr)) wi taig vate 9 =a yp 3a step 0 dB, ‘ea spreadsheet programmable calculator, oF CAS to generate the allowing graph (@) kk (02 651by1-25,03) (b) Note that we choose a small interval of x-alues becuse the y-values decrease very rapidly and our Caleulatar cannot handle the ealelations for x <1. (This occurs because the analytic solution is Ja 2-4 In(2—e-*), whieh has an asymptote a x =~ln 2-70.69, Obviouly, the Euler 2pproximations are misleading for x < 0.7.) (102) y-10.3),Chapter 6 Practice Exercises 547 Nhat t¥o-1 Af St Yon, atte it BT. Let ona-(H (€x) and yq = yp +$( Bat *¥nmt 4 a2) ay) with stating values v= POT Neate Mt, (e%) 0, and steps of 0.1 and ~0.1. Use a spreadsheet, programmable calculator, or CAS to generate the toiowing graphs @) (b) 58. (0) $B =o.00n0(1~gha) => P= 0.000 (005 02 a = nf 84-2] = 0000-0 = a00_ 1 qeoom 00 > SPT oom ial condi s00 Initial condition: P(0) = 50 = 50 = 8005 > 14A= 16> A=15 ti ti (0) Thad + Solution: P= Bt Pa (0) $B = v.002P(1— gy), PO) = 50 Py =P, +00m”, (1-25) ae=P, + 0001, (On a 71.02 Plus calculator home screen, type the following commands: 50 STO> p:0 STO> tip (enter) P+0.001¢p+(1 — p/800) STO> p:t+0.5 STO> tep (enter, 40 times) ‘The last value displayed gives Prajg(20) F 51.9073, 00 From part (8), Pxacs(20) = 251.0081 att (8); Penact(20) = aOR) > = [22078 81-9081 | 100% 0.154% sx 1 12 14 16 8 0.56 xadysxdxs licec 310) =B-J-=fle ne xc ve ‘548 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations 60. x Bf dy =f dc y= lnc Chand y= 1 -1sIn 1409 C=-155y (exact) =tnixi-1 y = y(2) =In 21 = -0.3069 is the exact value LSS Tato 61. x 14 1.6, 1.8 2.0 x y 08 BB TaT——TaIT 2 Rea mn 2 Bec tn BSS: WW A gy Bon dxs iniyi= Hees yaet ae RUNS Hh x NURSE = Oye" /?; x= 1 and y= 1 = -1=Cyell? => C, = eV? BSS Le wy (eae) =e 2 PI 3 (2) 2-8 yy fs ~4.4817 is the exact value * i t @x 1 12 14 16 yt 1580 2 Wels yaysdxes faxtCx=1andy=-1 sheitcs 1 2 = y(2) = V3 = 1.7921 is the exact value u A= f URE ae oy | ae dna] = Gap] -rbas hehe 2. ffx) = 0) = (x) = 6 g(x), where (x)(Chapter 6 Additional Exercises~Theory, Examples, Applications 549 8 @ are. =x (&) 0) = | 2ipta—o (©) HE = 2x = f(x) = 2 +6; (0) = 0 3 C= 05 f(x) =x? > the graph of f(x) isa parabola 4 (a) The igure shows that Wet > NE rine > eins inet >In sta ot > xt ® (9)Q)—Bg > LSPs sting 7 yf >0 for 0. an absolute maximum occurs at x ook Ines y Lo x=ey!<0forx>e and 5. The area ofthe shaded region i | sin~1x dx = | sinly dy, whichis the sme asthe area ofthe region to i (ty of he stage by ne ad dt in eee [arto e"f sacacsoveton on xéxt | sinxde | sinxdx the left of the curve y x=). The area of the rectangle “| 8. (a) slope of ly .< imb=lna (6) aea of small (shaded) rectangle < area under curve < area of large rectangle sho-a<[ faxrcho-asf (cin x)""* ig not defined for all values in that 7 panne interval o its translation by 2x.550 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations 9. (a) SP = uP cos at ~b) = $F = k cos (at ~b) dt = InlP|= sin (at ~b) + x k k k k = IPL = BRM PIFEL = QMagatin(at-b) _ 6 cksintb) pa c,ehtn(et-P) _ cabtin(t—) where GaSi nd cn £05 9) =P, 2 che oc etn’ oy px pees bite) a pyeon b¢singn-b) (b) The following graphs are for a=1, 2,3,b=1,k=1 ‘The graphs show that as a increases, the frequency of the oscillations inereases and the amplitude decreases. ‘The next graphs are for a=1,b=1, 2,3,4,k=1 ‘The graphs show that as b increases the solution curve shifts to the right and the amplitude oscillates. An interesting picture is obtained by graphing the solution curves for a= 1, b= 1, 2, .. 20, k= 1 and is shown in the next graph. ‘The next graphs are for a = 1, b= 1, k = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0,Chapter 6 Additional Exercises~Theory, Examples, Applications 551 oBRRREBS ‘The graphs show that as k increases, the maximum population increases and the minimum population decreases, getting closer to zero. In the long term, all the population appears to oscillate forall values of the parameters, 10. (@) Lak G(e-y) 3 dy =-kbYy-9 at > 9 offerte =k CHO, y—e= te%e*V Apply the initial condition, ¥(0) = yo = yo =e+C > C= ¥y~e nue sy=et(yo—oe*¥ (b) Steady state solution: ¥qp = lim, y(t) = lim | [e+ao-oe**'] + (¥o—€)(0) = UL y= tant tan'(f) > 9 = by (3) 1 Ta? Tao? and the constant is F for x > 0; it is ~ for x <0 since 0a tanta ttan-t(Q) a conan tae betta t(A) nt, Nex the tp, [t-te tan (Q)]552 Chapter 6 Transcendental Functions and Differential Equations NOTES: