3/19/2017

ME 323: FLUID MECHANICS-II

Dr A.B.M.
Dr. A B M Toufique Hasan
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, BUET

Lecture-04
20 March 2017

teacher.buet.ac.bd/toufiquehasan/
toufiquehasan@me.buet.ac.bd

ME 323: Fluid Mechanics-II (Jan. 2017) 1

Isentropic flow with area changes

For compressible flow, due to change of area both the velocity and density are affected.
For simplicity the following assumptions are made in deriving the area-velocity relation
for compressible flow:
(i) One-dimensional flow i.e. V = V(x) only
( )
(ii) Steadyy state flow
(iii) Frictionless ideal flow
(iv) Adiabatic condition

In case of steady 1-D flow, the continuity equation is:

( x)V ( x) A( x) m constant C
log log V log A log C
d dV dA
0 (i ) (On differentiating)
V A

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Isentropic flow with area changes cont

Now the 1-D momentum equation (Euler equation) in differential form:

dp
VdV 0 (ii )

And the equation for speed of sound in differential form:
dp
a2 dp a 2 d (iii )
d
Then equation (ii) comes as:
d d VdV
a2 VdV 0 (iv )
a2
Use the above expression (iv) into equation (i)

d
dV dA
0 (i )
V A
VdV dV dA
2 0
a V A
V 2 dV VdA
2 dV 0 (v ) (multiply both side by V)
a A
Dept. of ME, BUET ME 323: Fluid Mechanics-II (Jan. 2017) 3

Isentropic flow with area changes cont

V 2 dV VdA
dV 0
a2 A
V V
M 2 dV dV dA 0 Mach number, M
A a
dA A
( M 2 1) This equation governs the shape of a nozzle or a diffuser
dV V in subsonic or supersonic isentropic flow.

This equation shows the relationship between change of area with change of velocity for
different Mach number.
There are two regimes for this relation:
dA
Subsonic flow, M 1.0 ve Areaandvelocityinverselyproportional
dV
dA
Supersonic flow, M 1.0 ve
dV Areaandvelocitydirectlyproportional

Change of velocity with

change of area

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Isentropic flow with area changes cont

dA A
( M 2 1)
dV V

Subsonic flow dA
0 (ve )
dV
A A

dA
Supersonic flow 0 (ve )
dV

A A

Dept. of ME, BUET ME 323: Fluid Mechanics-II (Jan. 2017) 5

Isentropic flow with area changes cont

At sonic point (M=1.0),

dA dV

dA A
( M 2 1) A ( M 2 1) V 1
dV V dV dA ( M 2 1)

V A
dV


V
; at sonic point M 1.0
dA

A

Since infinite acceleration (dV/V) is physically impossible, the above mathematical

formulation states that dV can be finite only when dA = 0 - that is a minimum area
(throat).

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Isentropic flow with area changes cont

The throat of a converging-diverging section can smoothly accelerate a subsonic

(M<1.0) flow through sonic (M=1.0) to supersonic flow (M>1.0) as shown in figure:

m
M<1.0
Ve
M=1.0 (maximum possible velocity)

m
M<1.0 M>1.0
Supersonic velocity, Ve
M=1.0

Thrust, T m Ve

(T ) C D nozzle (T ) C nozzle

Dept. of ME, BUET ME 323: Fluid Mechanics-II (Jan. 2017) 7

Critical values at sonic point (M=1.0)

The stagnation values (p0, T0, 0) are useful exit Me=1.0

reference conditions in a compressible flow, but
pe ,Me pe=p*
me
of comparable usefulness are the conditions Reservoir pb
p0, T0
where the flow is sonic, M=1.0. The sonic or jet, Ve

critical
c t ca pproperties
ope t es a
are
e de
denoted
o ed by as asterisks:
e s s NPR= p0/pb
NPR
p*, T*, *. These are certain ratios of stagnation converging nozzle

properties when M=1.0 (sonic point). For air,

k=1.4;

k k
p0 k 1 2 k 1 p * 2 k 1 p*
at M 1.0; 1 M 0.5283
p* 2 p0 k 1 p0

T0 k 1 2 T* 2 T*
at M 1.0; 1 M 0.8333
T* 2 T0 k 1 T0 Critical
1 1 conditions
0 k 1 2 k 1 * 2 k 1 * For air
at M 1.0; 1 M 0.6339
* 2 0 k 1 0 k = 1.4

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Perfect-Gas Area Changes

Relation for local area, A(x) and local Mach number, M(x)
The perfect-gas and isentropic relations can be
used to convert the continuity equation into an
algebraic expression involving only area and
Mach number. Consider the mass flow at any
section, A(x) to the mass flow under sonic (M=1.0)
conditions as:
( x) A( x) v( x) * A * v *
A( x) * v *
.... .... ..... (1)
A * ( x) v ( x )
Now
* * 0

( x) 0 ( x)
1 1
2 k 1 k 1 k 1
1 M ( x) 2
k 1 2
1
2 k 1 2
k 1
1 2 M ( x)
k 1

Dept. of ME, BUET ME 323: Fluid Mechanics-II (Jan. 2017) 9

Perfect-Gas Area Changes

Relation for local area, A(x) and local Mach number, M(x)

And
v* a* v*
[at sonic point M 1.0 ]
v ( x ) v( x ) a*
kRT *

v( x)
1 1
kRT ( x) T * 2 T0 2

v T0 T ( x)
1 1
1 2 2 k 1 2
1 M ( x) 2
M ( x) k 1 2
1
v* 1 2 k 1 2
1 M ( x) 2
v( x) M ( x) k 1 2

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Perfect-Gas Area Changes

Use these two expressions in equation (1);

k 1
k 1 2( k 1)
1 M ( x) 2
A( x) 1 2

A * M ( x) k 1
2
k 1
A( x) 1 2 (k 1) M ( x) 2 2( k 1)
.... .... .... .... (2)
A * M ( x) k 1

This equation is to solve any one-dimensional isentropic gas flow problem given that the
shape of the duct A(x) and the stagnation conditions are known and assuming that there are
no shock waves in the duct (perfect/correct/ideal expansion).

Dept. of ME, BUET ME 323: Fluid Mechanics-II (Jan. 2017) 11

Perfect-Gas Area Changes

For air (k=1.4), the equation (2) comes as:v

k 1
A( x) 1 2 (k 1) M ( x) 2 2 ( k 1)
.... .... .... .... (2)
A * M ( x) k 1

A( x)


1 1 0.2 M ( x) 2 3

A * M ( x) 1.728
subsonic supersonic

Expansion ratio,

Figure shows that the minimum area that can occur in a

given isentropic duct flow is sonic, or critical, throat Throat

area.
Each area ratio (A/A*, expansion ratio) corresponds to
two Mach numbers values. One value is for subsonic
flow case and other is for supersonic flow.

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Problem

A planar (x, y) convergent-divergent (C-D) nozzle is being used to expand the air to
supersonic speed from a large reservoir as shown in Fig. The reservoir pressure is kept at
500 kPa. Determine the Mach number and static pressure at the points shown in the figure.
Graphically present your results. Consider 1D isentropic flow in your calculation.

The locations of the points are given in the following table:

Point 1 2* 3 4 5 6
height, y (mm) 25 20 22 25 28 31

Solution:

A( x)


1 1 0.2M ( x) 2 3

M (x)
A * M ( x) 1.728
k
p0 k 1 k 1
1 M ( x) 2 p ( x)
p( x) 2

Dept. of ME, BUET ME 323: Fluid Mechanics-II (Jan. 2017) 13