148 CHILD ATTITUDE JOWARD JLLNESS SCALE

data were reported for the 50 and 28 item parent versions, discussion will be limited o these two formats.
The parent versions can be used for children ages 5 and older, and the children ages 10 years and older can
independently complete the child version. Younger children may be able o complete the child version if items are
read o them. All three versions I the instrument include the following 12 concepts: Physical Functioning, Role/
Social-physical, Bodily Pain, General Behavior, Mental Health, SelfEsteem, General Health Perceptions, Changes in
Health, Family Activities, and Family Cohesion. The parent versions include two additional scales: Parental Impact-
emotional and Parental Impact-Time. The child version includes two additional scales: Role/social-emotional and
Role/socialbehavioral. In the parent versions, these two scales are combine ino a single scale. The number I items
for each concept varies from one o six for the parent form, and from 1 o 16 for the child form. Response sets vary
across each concept. Subjects are asked o recall the previous 4 weeks when answering most items. A
comprehensive user's manual describes the scoring procedure. Raw scores are calculated using the mean response
for each scale. The manual also provides algorithms o compute transformed raw scores form 0 o 100. Facor
analytic studies I the 10 scales administered in all the field trials suggested a two-facor solution corresponding o
physical and psychosocial well-being. These two summary scale are score using a norm-based method. Z-scores for
the 10 scales are calculated based on the normative data presented in the manual. Each aggregate summary score
is then calculated by multiplying the scale scores by their facor coefficient and summing the 10 products. Formulas
for these calculations are provided in the manual. Finally each summary score may be transformed ino a norm-
based (M= 50, SD= 10) score with a simple calculation. Standardization and Norms. The parent versions were
standardized using a general U. S. population sample (N= 391). The authors report that the sociodemographic
characteristics I this sample were comparable o those I the general U. S. population. The parent versions were
also standardized using five clinical condition benchmarks: asthma, attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder, juvenile
rheumaoid arthritis, and psychiatric disorder. The manual includes norms for the population sample by age, gender,
parent ethnicity, parent gender, parent education, and par - ent work status. The manual also provides benchmark
data for the clinical samples. Preliminary benchmark data for the child version are forthcoming. The CHQ is currently
being used across a variety I other conditions in addition o the benchmarks described in the manual. These include
behavior disorders, burns, cancer, cardiology, cerebral palsy, chronic pain, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, epilepsy, head
injury, HIV, Kawasaki disease, muscular dystrophy, and renal failure. Reliability and Validity. Extensive studies I the
psychometric properties I the CHQ are described in the manual. These data suggest strong internal consistency,
content validity, and construct validity. Numerous tests I criterion validity are underway as the CHQ is being used in
a large number I studies in the United States, Europe, and Australia. Currently, there are more than 25 translations
I the CHQ, using stringent international criteria. A short-form I the child self-report version is currently udnerway
using data from the Unites States, United Kingdom, Australia, and the Netherlands. Summary I Strengths and
Limitations. The CHQ is one I the most comprehensive and psychometrically sound generic measures currently
available. The developers have thoroughly demonstrated reliability and validity, though further research is necessary
o confirm criterion validity. Additional normative